Sustainable Urban Form

Sustainable urban form : multifunctionality and
adaptation : redefining urban spaces as multifunctional

shared areas
Atieh Ghafouri
To cite this version:

Atieh Ghafouri. Sustainable urban form : multifunctionality and adaptation : redefining urban spaces
as multifunctional shared areas. Architecture, space management. Université de Strasbourg, 2016.
English. �NNT : 2016STRAH004�. �tel-01523818�
HAL Id: tel-01523818

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01523818
Submitted on 17 May 2017
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés.
81,9(56,7e'(675$6%285*

ÉCOLE DOCTORALE 413 « Sciences de la Terre et de l’Environnement »

/DERUDWRLUH,PDJH9LOOH(QYLURQQHPHQW/,9(805

7+Ê6(SUpVHQWpHSDU
$WLHK*+$)285,

VRXWHQXHOH-XLQ

SRXUREWHQLUOHJUDGHGH'RFWHXUGHO¶XQLYHUVLWpGH6WUDVERXUJ
'LVFLSOLQH6SpFLDOLWp$PpQDJHPHQW8UEDLQ

/$)250(85%$,1('85$%/(
08/7,)21&7,21$/,7((7$'$37$7,21
5HGpILQLUOHVHVSDFHVXUEDLQVHQWDQWTXH]RQHVSDUWDJpHV
PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOHV

7+Ê6(GLULJpHSDU
:(%(5&KULVWLDQH '5&156XQLYHUVLWpGH6WUDVERXUJ

5$33257(856
+$1,2728+pOqQH 3URIHVVHXU8QLYHUVLWpSRO\WHFKQLTXHQDWLRQDOHG
$WKqQHV178$
:(%(5%HQGLFKW 3URIHVVHXU(FROHG¶$UFKLWHFWXUH3DULVOD9LOOHWWH
%$'$5,277,'RPLQLTXH 3URIHVVHXU)DFWXOWpGH*pRJUDSKLH6WUDVERXUJ

$875(60(0%5(6'8-85<
'8)5$61(6(PPDQXHO
0DLWUHGHFRQIpUHQFHV(16$6WUDVERXUJ
3523(&.=,00(50$11eOLDQH
0DLWUHGHFRQIpUHQFHV+'5)DFXOWpGH*pRJUDSKLH6WUDVERXUJ

$WLHK*+$)285,
/$)250(85%$,1('85$%/(
08/7,)21&7,21$/,7((7
$'$37$7,21

5pVXPp
3OXVGHODPRLWLpGHODSRSXODWLRQPRQGLDOHYLWGDQVOHVYLOOHVHWFHWWHSURSRUWLRQQH
FHVVHG¶DXJPHQWHU$ILQGHUHQGUHQRVYLOOHVH[LVWDQWHVSOXVGXUDEOHVGHJpQpUHUGH
QRXYHOOHV IRUPHV G¶LQVWDOODWLRQ HW G
DSSRUWHU GHV PRGLILFDWLRQV HQ SOXV O
XWLOLVDWLRQ
GHVLQVWDOODWLRQVDFWXHOOHVGHYUDLHQWrWUHSOXVHIILFDFHDLQVL
8Q HVSDFH XUEDLQ j GLIIpUHQWHV pFKHOOHV ±XQ LPPHXEOH XQ vORW XQ TXDUWLHU RX XQH
YLOOHHQWLqUHDXQHIRQFWLRQGpILQLHTXLHVWOLPLWpHjFHUWDLQHVKHXUHVGHODMRXUQpH
OHVMRXUVGXPRLVRXOHVPRLVGHO
DQQpH3DUH[HPSOHOHVSODFHVGHVWDWLRQQHPHQW
G
XQLPPHXEOHSRVVqGHQWGHQRPEUHX[HVSDFHVOLEUHVSHQGDQWOHVKHXUHVGHWUDYDLO
WDQGLV TXH O
DLUH GH VWDWLRQQHPHQW G
XQ EXUHDX D GHV ]RQHV OLEUHV HQ GHKRUV GHV
KHXUHVRXYUDEOHVHWDXVVLOHVMRXUVIpULpV&HVHVSDFHVSRXUUDLHQWrWUHUDYLYpVDYHF
G
DXWUHV IRQFWLRQV SHQGDQW OHXUV KHXUHV GH UDOHQWL '
DXWUH SDUW OHV HVSDFHV DYHF
GHV XVDJHV SULYpV RX VHPLSULYpV SRXUUDLHQW pJDOHPHQW rWUH DWWULEXpV j XQH
UHSUpVHQWDWLRQSXEOLTXH3DUH[HPSOHOHVFRXUVGHVpFROHVSHXYHQWrWUHRXYHUWHVDX
SXEOLFSHQGDQWOHVYDFDQFHVVFRODLUHVHWWHPSRUDLUHPHQWXWLOLVpHVFRPPHXQHVSDFH
FRPPXQDOSDUWDJp
/
REMHFWLI GH FHWWH WKqVH HVW G¶pWXGLHU OHV SRVVLELOLWpV GH IDLUH UHYLYUH OHV HVSDFHV
SXEOLFVHWVHPLSXEOLFVSRXUG
DXWUHVIRQFWLRQVTXHOHXUIRQFWLRQSULQFLSDOHSHQGDQW
OHXUV KHXUHV FUHXVHV DILQ G¶HQ IDLUH GHV HVSDFHV SDUWDJpV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV 3RXU
FHW REMHFWLI O¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ HW OD FRPSUpKHQVLRQ GX IRQFWLRQQHPHQW GH FHV HVSDFHV
OHXUVIRQFWLRQVDFWXHOOHVHWSRWHQWLHOOHVHWHQILQOHXUVXWLOLVDWLRQVSRVVLEOHVVRQWG
XQH
LPSRUWDQFH SULPRUGLDOH ,O HVW LPSpUDWLI GH GpWHUPLQHU O¶HQVHPEOH GHV SRVVLELOLWpV

G¶XVDJH PDLV DXVVL OHV OLPLWHV GH WHOV HVSDFHV G¶HQYLVDJHU OHV UHVWULFWLRQV
MXULGLTXHV UpJOHPHQWDLUHV HWRX FXOWXUHOOHV DX UHJDUG GHV EHVRLQV GHV XWLOLVDWHXUV
SRWHQWLHOV RX GHV DFWHXUV ORFDX[ (QYLURQ FDV RQW pWp DQDO\VpV TXL VRQW
VSRQWDQpPHQWXWLOLVpFRPPHXQHVSDFHPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHORXTXLRQWOHSRWHQWLHOG
rWUH
O
XQ G
HQWUH HX[ FULWqUHV RQW pWp VpOHFWLRQQpV SRXU O
pWXGH HW O
DQDO\VH GHV
HVSDFHVXUEDLQVPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV
/H UpVXOWDW ILQDO HVW XQ HQVHPEOH GH FULWqUHV UHFRPPDQGpV j SUHQGUH HQ
FRQVLGpUDWLRQSRXUFKDQJHUXQ HVSDFHPRQRIRQFWLRQQHOj O
XQPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO&HV
FULWqUHVQRXVFRQGXLVDLHQWjO
LQIRUPDWLRQTXLGRLWrWUHUHFXHLOOLHGDQVOHEXWGHFUpHU
XQHEDVHGHGRQQpHV6,*1RXVFRQFOXRQVSDUXQHGLVFXVVLRQVXUOHVFDSDFLWpVGHV
6,* SRXU DWWHLQGUH OHV REMHFWLIV GDQV FH GRPDLQH HW GH OD IDoRQ G
DPpOLRUHU VHV
IRQFWLRQV
0276 &/(6 GXUDELOLWp XUEDLQH IRUPH XUEDLQH HVSDFH SDUWDJp PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO

6,*GHVRXWLOVGHSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ
5pVXPpHQDQJODLV
0RUHWKDQKDOIRIWKHZRUOGSRSXODWLRQOLYHVLQFLWLHVDQGWKLVSURSRUWLRQLVLQFUHDVLQJ,QRUGHU
WR ZHOFRPH QHZ SRSXODWLRQV DYRLGLQJ XUEDQ VSUDZO WR PDNH RXU H[LVWLQJ FLWLHV PRUH
VXVWDLQDEOH EHVLGHV JHQHUDWLQJ QHZ IDFLOLWLHV DQG PDNLQJ FKDQJHV WKH XVH RI FXUUHQW
IDFLOLWLHVVKRXOGEHPRUHHIILFLHQWDVZHOO7RVDWLVI\WKHVHJRDOVQHZRSSRUWXQLWLHVKDYHWR
EHIRXQGWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHXUEDQVXVWDLQDELOLW\7KHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIXUEDQVSDFHVPLJKW
EHDQHIILFLHQWFRQFHSWWRUHGHVLJQFLWLHVDQGWRSURSRVHQHZXUEDQSODQQLQJUXOHV
7KH DLP RI RXU UHVHDUFK LV VWXG\LQJ WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV RI UHYLYLQJ SXEOLF VHPLSXEOLF DQG
SULYDWHVSDFHVIRUIXQFWLRQVRWKHUWKDQWKHLUPDLQGHVWLQDWLRQDQGGXULQJWKHLULGOHKRXUVWR
FRQVLGHU WKHP DV PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VKDUHG XUEDQ VSDFHV 'LIIHUHQW W\SHV RI UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ
IXQFWLRQVRIVSDFHDQGWLPHKDYHEHHQVWXGLHG,WKDVEHHQWULHGWRFODULI\WKHGHILQLWLRQRI

³PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH´LQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGXUEDQGHVLJQEDVHGRQGHILQLWLRQVRIWKHFRQFHSWV
LQDJULFXOWXUHDQGODQGVFDSH$ERXWFDVHVKDYHEHHQDQDO\]HGZKLFKDUHVSRQWDQHRXVO\
XVHGDVDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHRUZKLFKKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWREHRQHFULWHULDKDYHEHHQ
VHOHFWHG IRU VWXG\LQJ DQG DQDO\]LQJ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO XUEDQ VSDFHV 7KH ILQDO UHVXOW LV WKH
FULWHULDUHFRPPHQGHGWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWZKLOHWUDQVIRUPLQJDPRQRIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHWRD
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDORQH7KHVHFULWHULDZRXOGOHDGXVWRWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWPXVWEHJDWKHUHGLQ
RUGHUWRFUHDWHD*,6GDWDEDVHFXVWRPL]HGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH7KLVUHVHDUFKLVFRQFOXGHGZLWK
D GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH FDSDFLWLHV RI *,6 VRIWZDUH LQ WKH ZD\ WR LPSURYH WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI DQ
XUEDQVSDFHWKURXJKWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
.(<:25'6XUEDQVXVWDLQDELOLW\XUEDQIRUPPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVKDUHGVSDFH*,6GHFLVLRQ
PDNLQJWRRO

81,9(56,7<2)675$6%285*

6867$,1$%/(85%$1)25008/7,)81&7,21$/,7<$1'
$'$37$7,21
5HGHILQLQJXUEDQVSDFHVDVPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVKDUHGDUHDV

3UHVHQWHGE\
$WLHK*KDIRXUL

6XSHUYLVRU
&KULVWLDQH:(%(5'5&156

To my past "ALI"
my future "RAHA"
and my eternity "BATOOL"

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW
)LUVWO\,ZRXOGOLNHWRH[SUHVVP\VLQFHUHJUDWLWXGHWRP\DGYLVRU3URI&KULVWLDQH:(%(5
QRWRQO\IRUWKHFRQWLQXRXVVXSSRUWRIP\3K'VWXG\DQGUHODWHGUHVHDUFKEXWDOVRIRUKHU
SDWLHQFHPRWLYDWLRQHQFRXUDJHPHQWDQGLPPHQVHNQRZOHGJH+HUJXLGDQFHKHOSHGPHLQ
DOOWKHWLPHRIUHVHDUFKDQGZULWLQJRIWKLVWKHVLV,FRXOGQRWKDYHLPDJLQHGKDYLQJDEHWWHU
DGYLVRUIRUP\3K'VWXG\DQGDOVRDEHWWHUPHQWRUIRUP\IXWXUHOLIH
%HVLGHV P\ DGYLVRU , ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH UHVW RI P\ WKHVLV FRPPLWWHH 0U (PPDQXHO
'XIUDVQHVDQG0UVeOLDQH3URSHFN=LPPHUPDQQQRWRQO\IRUWKHLULQVLJKWIXOFRPPHQWVEXW
DOVR IRU WKH KDUG TXHVWLRQ ZKLFK LQFHQWHG PH WR ZLGHQ P\ UHVHDUFK IURP YDULRXV
SHUVSHFWLYHV
0\VLQFHUHWKDQNVDOVRJRHVWRDOOWKHPHPEHUVRI/,9(ZKRSURYLGHGPHDQRSSRUWXQLW\WR
MRLQWKHLUWHDPDVLQWHUQDQGZKRJDYHDFFHVVWRWKHODERUDWRU\DQGUHVHDUFKIDFLOLWLHV
,WKDQN0RKDPPDGUH]D0HKUDEDQLJRO]DUIRUWKHVWLPXODWLQJGLVFXVVLRQVGXULQJWKHODVWIRXU
\HDUVDQG0HKGL)DWHPLIRUKHOSLQJPHGXULQJWKH*,6SDUW,WKDQN/HLOD.HWDELDQG6DUDO
(UIDQL IRU DFFRPSDQL\LQJ PH GXULQJ WKH VOHHSOHVV QLJKWV EHIRUH DOO WKH GHDGOLQHV DQG GU
%DUGLD .KDGLYL IRU KHOSLQJ PH PDQDJLQJ P\ VWUHVV :LWKRXW WKHLU SUHFLRXV VXSSRUW LW ZRXOG
QRWEHSRVVLEOHWRILQLVKWKLVUHVHDUFKLQWLPH
$OVR,WKDQNP\FROOHXJHVLQ',%$'21$7(DQG'$67$'$67,QSDUWLFXODU,DPJUDWHIXOWR
$OLUH]D%HK]DGL-DYDG<D]GDQLDQG)DH]HK'HUDNKVKDQLIRUWKHLUSDWLHQFHDQGVXSSRUW
/DVWEXWQRWWKHOHDVW,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNP\IDPLO\P\SDUHQWVP\VLVWHUVP\EURWKHUDQG
WKH OLWWOH 5DKD IRU VXSSRUWLQJ PH VSLULWXDOO\ WKURXJKRXW ZULWLQJ WKLV WKHVLV DQG P\ OLIH LQ
JHQHUDO
36,DOVRZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKHEHDXWLIXO675$6%285*IRUWKHMR\KRSHDQGPRWLYDWLRQLW
RIIHUHG PH LQ WKH ODVW IRXU \HDUV ,W KDG D JUHDW UROH LQ IORXULVKLQJ D SDUW RI P\ WDOHQWV DQG
GLVFRYHULQJDJUHWHUZRUOGERWKLQVLGHDQGRXWVLGH7KHSUHFLRXVPRPHQWVRIP\OLIHLQWKLV
FLW\ZLOOEHXQIRUJHWWDEOH

7DEOHRIFRQWHQWV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
%DFNJURXQG
5HVHDUFK*RDO
5HVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV
5HVHDUFKDVVXPSWLRQV
5HVHDUFKEDFNJURXQG
0HWKRGRORJ\
5HVHDUFKVFRSH
$FKLHYHPHQWVDQGUHVXOWV
6WDWHRI$UW:KDWLVPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\"
,QWURGXFWLRQ
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDJULFXOWXUHHFRORJ\DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOVWXGLHV
'HILQLWLRQ
7KHEHQHILWVRI0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDJULFXOWXUHODQGVFDSHDQGHFRORJ\
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDUFKLWHFWXUHXUEDQJHRJUDSK\DQGXUEDQGHVLJQ
)URP]RQLQJWRPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
7KHGLVDGYDQWDJHVRI=RQLQJ
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOODQGXVHYV=RQLQJ
7KHEHQHILWVRI0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQXUEDQGHVLJQ
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\DVDQHZUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWLPHDFWLYLW\DQGVSDFH
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7LPHVSDFHIUDPHZRUNRIDQHYHQWRUDFWLYLW\LQWLPHJHRJUDSK\
7LPHVSDFHIUDPHZRUNRIDQHYHQWRUDFWLYLW\LQDUFKLWHFWXUH
7KHQRWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\RIDVSDFH
)XQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIDVSDFHLQGLIIHUHQWSHULRGVRIWLPH
7KHQRWLRQRI)XQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\DQG)XQFWLRQDOGHQVLW\RIDVSDFH
7KHEHQHILWVRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGXUEDQSODQQLQJ
)XQFWLRQDO GHQVLW\ RSWLPL]LQJ WKH FDSDFLWLHV RI H[LVWHG VSDFHV ZLWK
GLYHUVLILHGDFWLYLWLHV

)XQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\RSWLPL]LQJWKHFDSDFLWLHVRIH[LVWHGVSDFHVIRU
DODUJHUWLPHLQWHUYDO
7KHSRWHQWLDOVIRUPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXVHRIXUEDQVSDFHV
&KRRVLQJDQDSSURSULDWHPHWKRG
&RPPRQUHVHDUFKPHWKRGVLQDUFKLWHFWXUH
*HQHUDO$SSURDFKHVRI&ULWHULD'HYHORSPHQW
3UHYLRXV([SHULHQFHV
&DVHEDVHG5HDVRQLQJ&%5
3DWWHUQ/DQJXDJH
7KH %DFNJURXQG RI 8VLQJ &%5 DQG 3DWWHUQ )LQGLQJ LQ $UFKLWHFWXUDO
5HVHDUFKHV
+RZGLGZHXVHWKHVHPHWKRGVLQRXUZRUN"
'LIIHUHQWFDWHJRULHVRIXUEDQVSDFHV
7KHFULWHULDRIDQDO\VLV
0HWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFK
&DVHVWXGLHV
6RXUFHV
$QDO\VLV
&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNDEOHSRLQWVH[WUDFWHGIURPVWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLVIUHTXHQF\
RIDQVZHUV
5HVXOWV
&ULWHULDZHLJKWLQJ
5HVXOWV
$FWLYLW\H[FKDQJHV
+RZWRFUHDWHDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH
'HFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV
&RQFHSWXDOGHVLJQXVLQJ3DWWHUQ
3ODQQLQJ3URFHVVXVLQJFULWHULDHYDOXDWLRQ
6FKHGXOLQJE\WKH7,0(IDFWRU
&DOFXODWLRQRIWKHFRHIILFLHQW7(03
)LQDOL]LQJ WKH FKRLFHV XVLQJ VLPLODU H[LVWLQJ FDVHV FDVHEDVHG UHDVRQLQJ

&UHDWLQJD*,6GDWDEDVH
&UHDWLQJFRQFHSWXDO*,6GDWDPRGHO
'LVFXVVLRQ 'RHV *,6 VRIWZDUH KDYH DOO FDSDFLWLHV QHHGHG LQ WKH
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV"
([SHULPHQWDWLRQ
6WUDVERXUJXUEDQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGQHHGV
'HILQLQJWKHVFHQDULRVFKRRO\DUGSOD\JURXQGV
3URMHFWWREHLPSOHPHQWHG
7KHEHQHILWVRIWKLVSURMHFW
5HTXLUHPHQWVWRVHWXSWKHH[SHULPHQW
%DFNJURXQGLQ)UDQFHDQXQVXFFHVVIXOH[SHULHQFH
7KH1HZ<RUN&LW\
VH[SHULHQFHVFKRRO\DUGVWRSOD\JURXQGVSURJUDP
$VXFFHVVIXORSHQVFKRRO\DUGSOD\JURXQGH[SHULPHQWLQ6WUDVERXUJ
&RQFOXVLRQDQGSHUVSHFWLYH
5HIHUHQFHV
$QQH[,6WXGLHG&DVHV
$QQH[,,$SSOLFDEOH*ULG
$QQH[,,,$EULHIVXPPDU\LQ)UHQFK
,QWURGXFWLRQHWSUREOpPDWLTXH
/DGpILQLWLRQGHODPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp
/HV DYDQWDJHV GH OD PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp GDQV O
DUFKLWHFWXUH HW
O
XUEDQLVPH
7\SRORJLH /HV SRWHQWLHOV SRXU O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOH GHV
HVSDFHVXUEDLQV
&UpHUXQHEDVHGHGRQQpHV6,*
&ODVVLILFDWLRQGHVFULWqUHVHWOHVPRGqOHVFRQFHSWXHOVSDWWHUQV
$SSOLFDWLRQ
&RQFOXVLRQ

7DEOHRI)LJXUHV
)LJXUH:KDWDUHWKHVRXUFHRI(XURSHDQ&2HPLVVLRQV"2(&'
)LJXUH7KHGLPHQVLLRQVRIXUEDQVXVWDLDELOLW\$OOHQ
)LJXUH &RPSDULVRQ RI WKH FRQFHSW RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ ZLWK WKDW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
/RYHOO 7D\ORU
)LJXUH :LQH URXWH LQ $OVDFH D JRRG H[DPSOH RI D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ODQGVFDSH
ZZZDOVDFHZLQHURXWHFRP
)LJXUH0RUHWKDQGRYHFRWHLQWKHIDUPVDURXQG,VIDKDQ,UDQWKDWEHFDPHWR
KLVWRULFDOPRQXPHQWVDVDSDUWRIFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH
)LJXUH 7KH ULFH ILHOGV LQ WKH QRUWK RI ,UDQ ZKLFK KDYH WKH DHVWKHWLFDO YDOXH DQG
DWWUDFWWKHWRXULVWVEHVLGHIRRGSURGXFWLRQ
)LJXUH 7KH LQHVFDSDEOH LQWHUFRQQHFWHGQHVV RI DJULFXOWXUH¶V GLIIHUHQW UROHV DQG
IXQFWLRQV,$$67'
)LJXUH7KHIXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\JUDSKRIDVDPSOHVSDFHGXULQJDGD\OHIWDQD
ZHHNULJKW*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH7KHGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIXVLQJDVSDFH)XQFWLRQGXULQJDF\FOHRILWVDFWLYLW\
7LPH*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH7KHSRWHQWLDORIPXOWLSOHXVLQJRIDFHUWDLQVSDFHLQWKHGDLO\ZHHNO\DQG
DQQXDOUK\WKPV*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH*UDSKLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHTXDOLW\RIRXWGRRU
VSDFHVDQGWKHUDWHRIRFFXUUHQFHRIRXWGRRUDFWLYLWLHV*HKO
)LJXUH 7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI DFWLYLWLHV DQG LQ FRQVHTXHQFH ODQG UHOHDVH IRU QHZ
RQHVOHDGWRDKLJKTXDOLW\VSDFH*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH 5HODWLRQ EHWZHHQ FDVHV FULWHULD SDWWHUQV DQG SULQFLSOHV LQ RXU UHVHDUFK
*KDIRXULEDVHGRQ1D\\HULDQG$OH[DQGHUHWDO
)LJXUH&%5&\FOH$DPRGW 3OD]D
)LJXUH 8VLQJ &%5 PHWKRG LQ RUGHU WR H[WUDFW WKH FULWHULD RI DQDO\VLV *KDIRXUL

)LJXUH$VXPPDU\RIWKHRYHUDOOSURFHVV*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH 9DULHW\ RI WKH FDVH VWXGLHV DFFRUGLQJ WR JHRJUDSKLF GLVSHUVLRQ ORFDWLRQ
DQGPRUSKRORJ\*KDIRXUL

)LJXUH ([SDQVLRQ RI WKH JHQHUDO FRQFHSW LQ FDWHJRUL]LQJ WKH FDVHVWXGLHV
*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH &ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI XUEDQ VSDFHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU PRUSKRORJ\ VL]H DQG
DFWRUV*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH6RXUFHDQGWDUJHWIXQFWLRQVLQWKHVWXGLHGFDVHV*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH)URPFDVHVWRSDWWHUQV*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH 7KH IUHTXHQF\ SHUFHQWDJH RI UHSHWLWLRQ RI HDFK SDWWHUQ LQ DOO FDVHV
*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH 6FKHPDWLF SURFHVV IRU FKDQJLQJ D PRQRIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH WR D
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDORQH
)LJXUH$VFKHPDWLFSURFHVVIRUFKRRVLQJDVSDFH$LQWKH]RQH=ZKLFKPD\
KDYHDVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQ;LQDVSHFLILFWLPHLQWHUYDO7*KDIRXUL
)LJXUHFRQFHSWXDO*,6GDWDPRGHOEDVHGRQFULWHULD*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH7KHSOD\JURXQGVLQWKH*,6GDWDEDVHRIWKHDJJORPHUDWLRQZLWKDP
EXIIHU*KDIRXUL
)LJXUHVRPHH[DPSOHVRIVFKRRO\DUGVLQ6WUDVERXUJZZZ5REHUWVDXHX

)LJXUH$VFKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRIWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIIXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH
VSDFHLQWKHVHFRQGVFHQDULRLQGDLO\OHIWDQGZHHNO\ULJKWF\FOH*KDIRXUL

)LJXUH 7ZR H[DPSOHV RI WKH VFKRRO\DUGV SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ WKH 3OD1<& 3URJUDP
ZZZQ\FJRY
)LJXUH &HQWUDO VFKRRO DW %LVFKKHLP 6WUDVERXUJ DW :HGQHVGD\ DIWHUQRRQ
*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH7KHVFKRRO\DUGVLQWKH*,6GDWDEDVHRIWKHDJJORPHUDWLRQZLWKDP
EXIIHU*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH 7KH FRPSDULVRQ RI )LJ DQG )LJ WKH VSDFHV WKDW GR QRW KDYH
DFFHVV WR D SOD\JURXQG LQ D P UDGLDO GLVWDQFH XQOHVV WKH VFKRRO\DUGV EHFRPH
RSHQWRSXEOLFRXWRIVFKRROKRXUV*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH /HIW 7KH SOD\JURXQGV LQ WKH *,6 GDWDEDVH RI WKH DJJORPHUDWLRQ ZLWK D
PEXIIHU

)LJXUH7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIVFKRRO\DUGVSOD\JURXQGVLQWKH*,6GDWDEDVHRIWKH
DJJORPHUDWLRQZLWKDPEXIIHU*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH 7KH GLIIHUHQW HIIHFWV DQG EHQHILWV RI DSSO\LQJ WKH FRQFHSW RI
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQXUEDQSODQQLQJDQGGHVLJQ*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH &RPELQDWLRQ RI DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH VFDOH RI D QHLJKERUKRRG XQLW *KDIRXUL

)LJXUHFRQFHSWXDOSDWWHUQVH[WUDFWHGIURPDQDO\]LQJWKHFDVHV*KDIRXUL

)LJXUH $Q 2/$3 'DWDFXEH IRU ILQGLQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO WR FUHDWH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
VSDFHV

7DEOHV
7DEOH5HVHDUFKNH\HOHPHQWV
7DEOH7KHEHQHILWVRIVKDULQJXVHRIXUEDQVSDFHV
7DEOH 6\QWKHWLF VWXGLHG FDVHV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ,GHDO JULG RI PDQGDWRU\ FULWHULD RI
DQDO\VLV
7DEOHRIFDVHVVWXGLHGIRUIXOOOLVWSOHDVHVHH$QQH[,
7DEOH7KHFDVHV
7DEOH&ODVVLI\LQJWKHFDVHVEDVHGRQWKHLUSK\VLFSULPDU\DFWRUVXUEDQFRQWH[W
IXQFWLRQDQGWHPSRUDOLW\LQRUGHUWRPDNHDJURXSLQJDQGILQGWKHSRWHQWLDOVRIHDFK
W\SHRIXUEDQRSHQVSDFH
7DEOH &ODVVLI\LQJ WKH FDVHV EDVHG RQ WKHLU SK\VLF SULPDU\ DFWRUV XUEDQ FRQWH[W
DQGWHPSRUDOLW\LQRUGHUWRILQGWKHSRVVLEOHVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQV
7DEOH7KHUHVXOWVRITXDQWLI\LQJWKHFULWHULD
7DEOH$VXPPDU\RIUHVXOWVWKHJUD\OLQHVDUHWKHPRVWFRPPRQSRVVLELOLW\IRU
HDFKFULWHULRQ
7DEOH4XDQWLI\LQJWKHTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDRIWKHPDLQPDWUL[
7DEOHVFRULQJWKHFULWHULDIURPWREDVHGRQWKHSDLUZLVHFRPSDULVRQPHWKRG

7DEOH&DOFXODWLQJWKHQRUPDOL]HGYDOXHIURPWRRIHDFKFULWHULRQ
7DEOH7KHYDOXHRIHDFKFULWHULRQIURPWRDQGQRUPDOL]HGYDOXHV
7DEOH7KHIHDVLELOLW\RIUHSURGXVHRIGLIIHUHQWFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRUHODWLYHYDOXHRI
HDFKFULWHURQ

7DEOH 7KH KLJKHVW LPSDFW RI HDFK FULWHULRQ PLJKW KDYH LQ WKH IHDVLELOLW\ RI WKH
ZKROHSURMHFW
7DEOH7KHVRUWHGFULWHULDZLWKWKHLUPRVWIHDVLEOHRSWLRQXSRQWKHLULPSDFWLQWKH
IHDVLELOLW\RIWKHZKROHSURMHFWLQDSSOLFDEOHJULG
7DEOH,QLWLDODQGVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQV
7DEOH &ODVVLI\LQJ WKH VWXGLHG FDVHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU LQLWLDO DQG VHFRQGDU\
IXQFWLRQV
IXQFWLRQV
IXQFWLRQV
7DEOH7KHSKDVHVLQZKLFKHDFKFULWHULRQHQWHUVWKHGHVLJQSURFHVV
7DEOH&ODVVLI\LQJWKHFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUWHPSRUDOLW\
7DEOHWKHFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUWHPSRUDOLW\
7DEOH 7KH GLIIHUHQW OHYHO RI LPSRUWDQFH RI HDFK W\SH RI GDWD LQ SODQQLQJ DQG
GHVLJQSURFHVV
7DEOH 7KH SRWHQWLDOV IRU PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO XVH RI D VLGHZDON DQG WKH UHTXLUHG
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVHFRQGFKRVHQDFWLYLW\
7DEOH7KUHHOHYHOVRIFULWHULD
7DEOH7KHGLIIHUHQWLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGHGIRUPDNLQJGHFLVLRQVDQGVWXG\DQGWKHLU
VRXUFH
7DEOH62/$3¶VDELOLW\LQFRPSOHWLQJWKH*,6¶VFDSDELOLWLHVLQGHVLJQLQJWKHIRUP
RIDVXVWDLQDEOHFLW\

,QWURGXFWLRQ

%DFNJURXQG
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDOJURXSRQWKHHYROXWLRQRIFOLPDWHFKDQJHZRXOG
OHDG WR D ULVH LQ JOREDO DYHUDJH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WR & DQG LW DIIHFWV DOO WKH
FRQWLQHQWV7KHUHIRUHFOLPDWHFKDQJHDQGJOREDOZDUPLQJKDYHOHGWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRPPXQLW\WRUHGXFHJUHHQKRXVHJDVHPLVVLRQV'D&XQKD
,QDGGLWLRQWRHQHUJ\LVVXHVWKHFKDOOHQJHVUHODWHGWRFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGWUDQVSRUWSOD\
DELJUROHLQWKLVJDPH)LJXUH
)LJXUH:KDWDUHWKHVRXUFHRI(XURSHDQ&2HPLVVLRQV"2(&'
%HVLGHVPDNLQJFKDQJHVLQVPDOOVFDOHVLVRODWLRQDQGUHGXFHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ
LQ EXLOGLQJV XVLQJ VXVWDLQDEOH PDWHULDOV WKH XVH RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ WKH IRUP RI
WKHFLW\KDVDFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSDFWRQWKHZKROHFLW\
VIXQFWLRQLQWKLVSURFHVV
0RUHWKDQKDOIRIWKHZRUOG¶VSRSXODWLRQOLYHVLQWKHFLWLHVDQGWKLVUDWLRLVLQFUHDVLQJ
VWHDGLO\ 81 &RQVHTXHQWO\ ODQGVFDSHV DQG IRUPV RI WKH FLWLHV DUH
FRQVWDQWO\ FKDQJLQJ GHYHORSLQJ DQG H[SDQGLQJ KRUL]RQWDOO\ DQG YHUWLFDOO\ ,Q
DGGLWLRQ XUEDQ VSUDZO LV UHFRJQL]HG DV D KDUPIXO SURFHVV GXH WR WKH LQFUHDVH LQ
&2 HPLVVLRQV LQFUHDVH RI DUWLILFLDO VRLO IUDJPHQWDWLRQ RI ODQGVFDSH LQ SHULXUEDQ
DUHDV DQG VR RQ 1J &RVWV LQFXUUHG E\ WKLV VSUHDG VXFK DV WUDQVSRUW
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG RXWO\LQJ DUHDV DUH RI SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH 0RUHRYHU WKH

YHUWLFDOJURZWKDQGLQFUHDVHGGHQVLW\GHJUDGHVWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHRIFLWL]HQVIDYRUWKH
GLIIXVLRQRIGLVHDVHVRUWKHYXOQHUDELOLW\RISRSXODWLRQ6RXOH6TXLUHV
0DQ\ H[SHUWV KDYH WULHG WR DGGUHVV WKLV FRPSOH[LW\ LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ VRFLDO
HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG HFRQRPLF DVSHFWV IURP GLIIHUHQW SRLQWV RI YLHZ 7KH FRQFHSW RI
VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQLVP IDFHG WKLV SUREOHP WKURXJK YDULRXV LVVXHV LGHQWLILHG VRFLDO
LVVXHVPRELOLW\DQGHTXLW\WHFKQLFDOLVVXHVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGXUEDQIRUPPRELOLW\
WUDQVSRUW URXWHV DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG UHVRXUFHV HQHUJ\ IRRG UHVRXUFHV DQG
PDWHULDOV ,W LQYROYHV WKH REMHFWLYHV VXFK DV GHPRFUDF\ VRFLDO ZHOIDUH SUHVHUYLQJ
QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV DQG HQYLURQPHQW HFRQRPLF YLDELOLW\ DQG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQG LW
UHTXLUHV D IUDPHZRUN WKDW FDQ HQFRPSDVV DOO WKHVH DVSHFWV )DUU )DYHW
*DX]LQ0OOHU+DDV7KHVHGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVDUHVKRZQLQILJXUH
)LJXUH7KHGLPHQVLLRQVRIXUEDQVXVWDLDELOLW\$OOHQ
7KH8UEDQIRUPWKHVSDFHVEXLOGLQJVSDWKVDQGERXQGDULHVWKDWGHILQHFLW\OLIHLV

FRQVLGHUHG DV D D ³JHQHUDO SDWWHUQ RI EXLOGLQJ KHLJKW DQG GHYHORSPHQW LQWHQVLW\
DQG E WKH VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQWV WKDW GHILQH WKH &LW\ SK\VLFDOO\ VXFK DV QDWXUDO
IHDWXUHV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FRUULGRUV LQFOXGLQJ WKH SODQQHG IL[HG UDLO WUDQVLW V\VWHP

RSHQ VSDFH SXEOLF IDFLOLWLHV DV ZHOO DV DFWLYLW\ FHQWHUV DQG IRFDO HOHPHQWV
1HLJKERUKRRG GHVLJQ LV GHILQHG DV WKH SK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHU RI QHLJKERUKRRGV DQG
FRPPXQLWLHVZLWKLQWKH&LW\:DUQHU :KLWWHPRUH$VXVWDLQDEOHIRUPVKRXOG
KDYHWKHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV-DEDUHHQ
)RUPDODQGSK\VLFDODVSHFWVFRPSDFWQHVVDQGSRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\LQFUHDVHG

VWUXFWXUDO FRPSDFWQHVV LQ XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW LQFUHDVLQJ SRSXODWLRQ DQG EXLOGLQJ
GHQVLW\GLUHFWLQJWKHVWUXFWXUDOXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWLQDFRPSDFWZD\DORQJWKHSDWK
RI IDVW OLQHV RI SXEOLF WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FUHDWLQJ PXOWLSOH XUEDQ FHQWHUV LQ PHWURSROLWDQ
DUHD E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI SRSXODWLRQ DQG HPSOR\PHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ
HDFK DUHD WXUQLQJ WRZDUGV XUEDQ YLOODJH PRGHOV IRU UHVLGHQWLDO QHLJKERUKRRGV DQG
SUHYHQWLQJ VSUDZO E\ FUHDWLQJ PL[HGXVH DUHD SRO\FHQWULF VWUXFWXUH YDULHG
GHQVLWLHV LQ FLW\ FHQWHU LQWHUPHGLDWH DUHD DQG VXEXUE XUEDQ IRUP IDFLOLWDWLQJ
DFWLYHPRELOLW\ZDONLQJF\FOLQJVNDWLQJHWFZDONDEOHQHLJKERUKRRGVDGDSWLYH
DQGIOH[LEOH]RQLQJDQGODQGXVHSODQ
6RFLDO DVSHFWV PL[WXUH RI JHQHUDWLRQV DQG JHQHUDWLRQDO DGDSWDWLRQ VRFLDO

GLYHUVLW\ D VXVWDLQDEOH FLW\ LV RQH ZLWK GLYHUVLW\ ZKLFK LV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH SHRSOH
ZKLWKRXWVRFLDORULQFRPHJURXSVHSDUDWLRQVDOOLQGLYLGXDOVDQGJURXSVKDYHDFFHVV
WRVHUYLFHVDQGEDVLFIDFLOLWLHVDQGUHVLGHQWVKDYHHTXDOVWDWXV
(QYLURQPHQWDODVSHFWVLQWHJUDWHGZLWKQDWXUHEXLOGLQJGHVLJQDGDSWHGWRFOLPDWH
FKDQJH PDWHULDOV FRPSDFW IRUP YHQWLODWLRQ FRUULGRUV HWF RU QDWXUH EDVHG
VROXWLRQV
%XW ZKHQ WKH FLW\ JRHV WR WKH GHQVLW\ ZLWKRXW WDNLQJ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WKH RWKHU
DVSHFWVRIXUEDQVXVWDLQDELOLW\HQYLURQPHQWDODQGVRFLDODVSHFWVDQGWKHQHHGIRU
IDFLOLWLHV UHODWHG WR XUEDQ GHVLJQ VXFK DV PL[LW\ RI XVHV DQG DFWLYLWLHV WUDQVSRUW
FKRLFHV DQG WKH VSDFHV IRU QRQQHFHVVDU\ DFWLYLWLHV RSWLRQDO VRFLDO DQG
UHFUHDWLRQDOZHUHGXFHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHRIUHVLGHQWV*HKO4XDOLW\RIOLIHLVD
PXOWLIDFHWHG FRQFHSW WKDW HPEUDFHV QRW RQO\ WKH PDWHULDO DVSHFWV RI OLIH VXFK DV
OHYHO RI OLYLQJ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI VRFLDO DQG SK\VLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO IDFLOLWLHV EXW DOVR
OHVVWDQJLEOHDVSHFWVRIOLIHVXFKDVJRRGKHDOWKDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUUHFUHDWLRQDQG
SOD\/LP<XHQ/RZ%XLOGLQJ (VWDWH1RZWKHTXHVWLRQLVHow can we

expand the functionality of our existing urban spaces, for more hours and with higher
efficiency?
,Q WKLV UHVHDUFK RXU K\SRWKHVLV LV URRWHG LQ WKH LGHD RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ 7KLV LGHD
ILUVWKDVEHHQXVHGLQWKHILHOGRIDJULFXOWXUH:HDVVXPHWKDWWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\RI
XUEDQ VSDFHV FDQ RSWLPL]H WKHLU RSHUDWLQJ UDWH DQG LPSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI OLIH RI
FLWL]HQV,WUHGXFHVWKHGUDZEDFNVRIERWKXUEDQVSUDZODQGH[FHVVLYHXUEDQGHQVLW\
7KLV LGHD LV QRW D QHZ FRQFHSW HVSHFLDOO\ LQ DJULFXOWXUH DQG ODQGVFDSH EXW WKLV
UHVHDUFKWULHVWRDGDSWLWDVDQDQVZHUWRWKHGLOHPPDRIFRPSDFWQHVVRIIXWXUHFLWLHV
DQGWKHTXDOLW\OLIHRIFLWL]HQV
5HVHDUFK*RDO
2XU REMHFWLYH LV WR H[SORUH WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV WR UHYLYH WKH SXEOLF VHPLSXEOLF DQG
SULYDWH XUEDQ VSDFHV IRU IXQFWLRQV RWKHU WKDQ WKHLU PDLQ GXULQJ WKHLU LGOH KRXUV LQ
RUGHUWRPDNHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVKDUHGVSDFHV
5HVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV
7KLVUHVHDUFKDLPVWRDQVZHUWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQV
Can we expand the functionality of our existing urban spaces, with higher efficiency
and for more hours? Can we use private or semi-public open areas for public
purposes? How it can be possible? What kind of spaces we need? What are the
characteristics of theses spaces? What is going to change with this concept?
5HVHDUFKDVVXPSWLRQV
,Q RUGHU WR DGDSW RXU FLWLHV IRU WKH IXWXUH UHJDUGLQJ WKH LQFUHDVH RI WKH XUEDQ
SRSXODWLRQDQGJOREDOLVVXHVWKHK\SRWKHVLVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVURRWHGLQWKHLGHDRI
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIXUEDQVSDFHV:HZRXOGOLNHWRGHILQHDPHWKRGDGDSWHGWRWKLV

JRDODEOHWRKHOSWRFKRRVLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHDUHDVZLWKLQWKHXUEDQDJJORPHUDWLRQ
ZLWKSRWHQWLDOLWLHVWREHFRPHDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXUEDQVSDFH
:HEHOLHYHWKDWWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIXUEDQVSDFHVHYHQLQORFDOVFDOHDQGVPDOO
DUHDV PLJKW RSWLPL]H WKHLU RSHUDWLQJ UDWH DQG LQ FRQVHTXHQFH DFFRUGLQJ WR *HKO
LPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIXUEDQVSDFHVDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHRIFLWL]HQV
,WUHGXFHVWKHGUDZEDFNVRIERWKXUEDQVSUDZODQGH[FHVVLYHXUEDQGHQVLW\
7R UHDFK WKLV DLP XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKLV NLQG RI VSDFHV WKHLU IXQFWLRQV DQG SRVVLEOH
DGGHG XVHV LV RI SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH)RU WKLV JRDO LW LV LPSHUDWLYH WRGHWHUPLQH
WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV EXW DOVR WKH OLPLWDWLRQV RI XUEDQ VSDFHV FRQVLGHULQJ OHJDO DQGRU
FXOWXUDOUHVWULFWLRQVDVZHOODVWKHQHHGVRIWKHSRVVLEOHXVHUV
7KLV UHVHDUFK GHHSHQV ILUVW WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI VSDFHV WKH
GHYHORSHGDSSURDFKLVGHVFULEHGLQWKHVHFRQGSDUWDQGWKHWKLUGSDUWSUHVHQWVVRPH
FRQFHSWXDO SURSRVDOV DQG SDWWHUQV DQG LOOXVWUDWLYH UHDOL]DWLRQV 7KH QH[W VHFWLRQ LV
SXWWLQJ DQ H[SHULPHQWDO VFHQDULR LQWR WHVW IRU WKH FLW\ RI 6WUDVERXUJ 7KLV UHVHDUFK
HQGVE\SURSRVLQJDSHUVSHFWLYHLQWURGXFLQJDWRROQDPHG62/$36SDWLDO2Q/LQH
$QDO\WLFDO3URFHVVLQJDVDSRVVLELOLW\WRVLPSOLI\WKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV
5HVHDUFKEDFNJURXQG
7KH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ ZDV LQWURGXFHG LQ PDQ\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO QHJRWLDWLRQV
VLQFH WR DOORZ SXEOLF DLG WR DJULFXOWXUH E\ OHJLWLPL]LQJ JRYHUQPHQWV WR RIIHU
IDUPHUVFRPSHQVDWLRQIRUDGGLWLRQDOIXQFWLRQVVXFKDVPHHWLQJRWKHUGHPDQGVIURP
VRFLHW\0XOWLIXQFWLRQDODJULFXOWXUHEHVLGHIRRGSURGXFWLRQFRQVLGHUVWKHHFRORJLFDO
HFRQRPLFDOVRFLRFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODQGDHVWKHWLFDOUROHVDQGYDOXHVRIWKHIDUP
,Q WKLV UHJDUG PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ LV WKH DELOLW\ RI UXUDO VSDFHV WR IXOILOO PRUH WKDQ RQH
IXQFWLRQ DW WKH VDPH WLPH VXFK DV WKH SURYLVLRQ IRU KHDOWK\ UHFUHDWLRQ ZKLOH
SHUIRUPLQJ QDWXUH¶V HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV 7KLV FRQFHSW UHTXLUHV ERWK SODQQLQJ DQG
HFRORJLFDOPDQDJHPHQWWRRSWLPL]HWKHVHIXQFWLRQV7KLVKROLVWLFYLHZPDNHVDGLUHFW

UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DV DQ DFWLYLW\RULHQWHG SURFHVV DQG
VXVWDLQDELOLW\DVDUHVRXUFHRULHQWHGSURFHVV%UDQGW 9HMUH
%XWWKLVLV DOLWWOHELWGLIIHUHQWLQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGXUEDQLVP,QDUFKLWHFWXUHWKHZRUG
©IXQFWLRQª LV RQH RI WKH NH\ZRUGV DQG UHIHUV WR WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V SXUSRVH DQG WKH
DFWLYLWLHV WKH GHVLJQHUV GHILQH WR EH GRQH E\ XVHUV LQVLGH WKH VSDFH 7KLV ZRUG LV
DOZD\VXVHGLQWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDOOLWHUDWXUHEHVLGHWKHZRUGV³IRUPVSDFHVWDELOLW\DQG
EHDXW\´ $OWKRXJK WKHUH LV VRPHKRZ D JDS EHWZHHQ WKH GHILQHG IXQFWLRQ IRU WKH
VSDFH DQG WKH DFWLYLW\ GRQH E\ XVHUV LQVLGH XVH WKH ³PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV´
FRQFHSW KDV EHHQ DOZD\V XVHG EHVLGH WKH PL[HGXVH PXOWLXVH DQG PXOWLSXUSRVH
EXLOGLQJVDQGRIWHQZLWKRXWDQ\GLVWLQFWLRQRUGLIIHUHQFH
,QXUEDQGHVLJQWKLV FRQFHSWKDVDPRUHSUHFLVHGHILQLWLRQ=LHGOHU=HLGOHU

UHODWHV WKH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLXVH FRQVWUXFWLRQ WR WKH DQFLHQW *UHHN RU PHGLHYDO
FRQVWUXFWLRQV ,Q KLV ERRN 0PXOWLXVH DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ XUEDQ FRQWH[W =HLGOHU
KHPHQWLRQHGWKDWWKHFLW\VKRXOGEHDSDWWHUQRIGLIIHUHQWXVHVDQGDFWLYLWLHV$VWKH
EHVW H[DPSOH IRU VXFK VSDFHV WKHUH ZHUH $JRUDV $JRUD ZDV D FHQWUDO VSDFH RU
VTXDUHLQFLW\VWDWHVRI$QFLHQW*UHHFH7KHDJRUDZDVWKHFHQWUHRIDWKOHWLFDUWLVWLF
VSLULWXDODQGSROLWLFDOOLIHRIWKHFLW\0DGDQLSRXU
,Q WKLV UHVHDUFK LQ RXU GHILQLWLRQV RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ WKH QRWLRQ UHWXUQV WR WKH
V\QHUJ\EHWZHHQWKHYDULRXVIXQFWLRQVZKLFKDUHFRPELQHGLQRQHDUHD7KLVV\QHUJ\
FRPHVLQWRH[LVWHQFHGXHWRWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQDFWLYLWLHV
0HWKRGRORJ\
7KHDSSURDFKRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVFRPSDUDWLYHFRPSRVHGRIVWXG\LQJDQDO\]LQJDQG
HYDOXDWLQJ VLPLODU H[SHULHQFHV LQLWLDWHG ZRUOGZLGH WR ILQG WKH SUHFRQGLWLRQV DQG
SUHUHTXLVLWHVRIDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH
:H KDYH LGHQWLILHG WKH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI XUEDQ VSDFHV DQG DQDO\]HG WKHLU FXUUHQW
RSHUDWLRQ WR ILQG DOO WKH QHZ RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU VKDUHG XVHV WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH
OHJDOFXOWXUDODQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOUHVWULFWLRQV

:H XVHG D FRPELQDWLRQ RI &DVHEDVHG UHDVRQLQJ D FRPPRQ UHVHDUFK PHWKRG LQ
LQGXVWULDO GHVLJQ DQG DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH ZLWK WKH 3DWWHUQ /DQJXDJH WKHRU\ RI
&KULVWRSKHU $OH[DQGHU $OH[DQGHU ,VKLNDZD 6LOYHUVWHLQ IRU DQDO\]LQJ WKH
FDVHV :H GHYHORSHG D UHIOH[LYH DSSURDFK LQ ZKLFK HDFK QHZ FDVH PDNHV XV
UHYLVHRXUSURFHVVLQRUGHUWRSUHFLVHWKHFKRLFHDQGWKHFULWHULDRIVHDUFKDQDO\VLV
:H XVHG WKHVH FULWHULD IRU SURSRVLQJ D FRQFHSWXDO *,6 GDWD PRGHO %DVHG RQ WKH
FDVHV ZH DQDO\]HG LQ D VFHQDULR ZH WULHG WR SXW RXU ILQGLQJV LQWR SUDFWLFH IRU
6WUDVERXUJWKHVFKRRO\DUGSOD\JURXQGV,QWKLVH[SHULPHQWDOVFHQDULRZHXVHG*,6
WRYLVXDOL]HDQGHYDOXDWHWKHLPSDFWRIWKLVFRQFHSWRQWKHUHVLGHQWV
OLIH
5HVHDUFKVFRSH
7KHDSSURDFKRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVFRPSRVHGRIWKHVWXG\RIWKHH[SHULPHQWVLQLWLDWHG
DOORYHUWKHZRUOGLQWKLVILHOGWRDGDSWWRWKHFLW\RI6WUDVERXUJ
$FKLHYHPHQWVDQGUHVXOWV
$OWKRXJK WKH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH H[LVWV LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH EXW WKH
GHILQLWLRQ ZH FODULILHG XVLQJ WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ LQ DJULFXOWXUH DQG
ODQGVFDSH LV WKH YDOXH RI WKLV UHVHDUFK 7KLV UHVHDUFK DUJXHV IRU PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
VSDFHV DV DQ HVVHQWLDO HOHPHQW IRU VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQ GHVLJQ ,W RXWOLQHV WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH FRQFHSW PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DQG GHILQHV LWV XVH ZLWKLQ XUEDQ
GHVLJQSUDFWLFH
%DVHG RQ WKH FODULILHG GHILQLWLRQ WKLV UHVHDUFK SURSRVHV D VWUXFWXUHG IUDPHZRUN
DQDO\VLV IRU PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO XUEDQ VSDWLDO GHVLJQ LQFOXGLQJ YDULRXV LQGLFDWRUV DQG
PHDVXUHPHQW WRROV WR FRQVLGHU GLYHUVH DFWLYLWLHV DQG IXQFWLRQV ZLWKLQ D VSDFH 7KH
RULJLQDOLW\ RI WKLV UHVHDUFK LV LQ WKH HPSLULFDO FDVHV FROOHFWHG WR GHYHORS D W\SRORJ\
DQG FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ DQ XUEDQ VHWWLQJ WKDW FDQ
FRQWULEXWH WR D JUHDW GLVFXVVLRQ RQ WKH UROH RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV LQ FUHDWLQJ
VXVWDLQDEOHXUEDQIRUPV

7DEOH5HVHDUFKNH\HOHPHQWV

7KH IXWXUH FLWLHV DGDSWLQJ WR SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK DQG FOLPDWH
3UREOHPGHILQLWLRQ
FKDQJHV
7KH LGHD RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ FDQ RSWLPL]H WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI XUEDQ
5HVHDUFK VSDFHV,WUHGXFHVWKHGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIXUEDQVSUDZODQGLQFUHDVHG
DVVXPSWLRQ XUEDQ GHQVLW\ DV ZHOO ,QFUHDVLQJ FRPPXWLQJ FRQVXPLQJ VSDFH
KHDWLVODQGVVRFLDOWHQVLRQVHWF
,PSURYLQJ³IXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFH´RIFXUUHQWXUEDQIDFLOLWLHVEHVLGHV
5HVHDUFKJRDOV JHQHUDWLQJ QHZ IDFLOLWLHV DQG PDNLQJ FKDQJHV LQ RUGHU WR PDNH RXU
H[LVWHQWFLWLHVPRUHVXVWDLQDEOH
)HDVLELOLW\VWXG\RIUHYLYLQJSXEOLFVHPLSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVSDFHVIRU
5HVHDUFK
IXQFWLRQVRWKHUWKDQWKHLUPDLQSXUSRVHDQGGXULQJWKHLULGOHKRXUVWR
REMHFWLYHV
PDNH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VKDUHG XUEDQ VSDFHV ZLWKLQ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ

VWUDWHJLHVLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKH VXVWDLQDEOHXUEDQIRUPV
&RPSDUDWLYH ELEOLRJUDSKLFDO VHDUFK OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ DQG H[WUDFWLRQ
$SSURDFK
WKH PRUSKRORJLFDO IXQFWLRQDO FXOWXUDO LQGLFDWRUV &%5 &DVHEDVHG
0HWKRGRORJ\
UHDVRQLQJ3DWWHUQ/DQJXDJH$+3DQDO\WLFKLHUDUFK\SURFHVV
6WXG\ WKH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI XUEDQ VSDFHV DQG DQDO\]H WKHLU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WR UHOHDVH DOO QHZ VKDUHGXVH RSSRUWXQLWLHV
5HVHDUFKSURJUDP
FRQVLGHULQJ OHJDO FXOWXUDO DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO UHVWULFWLRQV 7KH

SURMHFW ZLOO GUDZ RQ D ZLGH ELEOLRJUDSKLFDO UHVHDUFK DQG JOREDO
H[SHULPHQWVWRVXLWWRRXUFDVH
7RROV *,6VRIWZDUH$UF*,6IRUVHHWKHVSDWLDOLPSDFWRIDQH[SHULPHQWDO
VFHQDULRIRUVWUDVERXUJ
3ODQQLQJ SULQFLSOHV IRU WKH FUHDWLRQ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VKDUHG VSDFHV
([SHFWHGUHVXOW
EDVHGRQJOREDOH[SHULHQFHV

$OWKRXJK LQ WKH WLWOH RI WKHVLV WKH WHUPV XUEDQ IRUP DQG DGDSWDWLRQ KDYH EHHQ XVHG WKH PDLQ
IRFXVZDVRQWKHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGWKHDSSURDFKWRZDUGVWKHVHWHUPVZDVUHODWLYHO\
JHQHUDODQGURXJKO\FODVVLFDO

6WDWHRI$UW:KDWLV
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\"

,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KH H[SUHVVLRQ ³PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO´ KDV GLIIHUHQW PHDQLQJV LQ GLIIHUHQW ILHOGV )RU
H[DPSOH OLWHUDOO\ WKH PHDQLQJ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ UHIHUV WR VRPHWKLQJ WKDW KDV RU
IXOILOOV VHYHUDO IXQFWLRQV 2[IRUG )RU H[DPSOH 5RPDQ -DFREVRQ GHILQHV
GLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVIRUWKHODQJXDJH5XG\
7KH5HIHUHQWLDO)XQFWLRQ
7KH3RHWLF)XQFWLRQ
7KH(PRWLYHDOWHUQDWLYHO\FDOOHG([SUHVVLYHRU$IIHFWLYH)XQFWLRQ
7KH&RJQLWLYH)XQFWLRQ
7KH3KDWLF)XQFWLRQ
7KH 0HWDOLQJXDO DOWHUQDWLYHO\ FDOOHG 0HWDOLQJXLVWLF RU 5HIOH[LYH
)XQFWLRQ
7KHUHIRUH WKH OLQJXLVWV FRQVLGHU WKH ODQJXDJH DV D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO SKHQRPHQRQ

:KLOHWKHSKUDVHLQOLWHUDWXUHDQGOLQJXLVWLFFRXOGKDYHGLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJVWKDWGRHV
QRW UHDFK WR PLQG HDVLO\ WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH SKUDVH LQ SODQQLQJ DQG XUEDQ GHVLJQ
FRXOGUHDFKWRDJHQHUDOGHILQLWLRQRIWKHVXEMHFWIURPDGLIIHUHQWSRLQWVRIYLHZ
%HVLGH WKDW WKH WHUP RI 0XOWLREMHFWLYH IXQFWLRQ RSWLPL]DWLRQ FRXOG EH IRXQG LQ
HQJLQHHULQJDQGHFRQRPLFVZKLFKLVDQDUHDRIPXOWLSOHFULWHULDGHFLVLRQPDNLQJWKDW
LV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK PDWKHPDWLFDO RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHPV LQYROYLQJ PRUH WKDQ RQH
REMHFWLYHIXQFWLRQWREHRSWLPL]HGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\&DUDPLD 'HOO
2OPR7KLV
PHWKRGLVXVHGIRUVROYLQJWKHFRPSOH[SUREOHPV
,Q OLQJXLVWLFV WKH GLIIHUHQW IXQFWLRQV RI WKH ODQJXDJH KDYH EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG ,Q
LQGXVWULDOHQJLQHHULQJWKHPHQWDOLW\ZDVPDWKHPDWLFDO,QDJULFXOWXUHODQGVFDSHDQG
XUEDQ SODQQLQJ WKH UHJDUG KDV EHHQ PRUH VSHFLDOL]HG DQG VSDWLDOL]HG
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DV D FRQFHSW KDV VHYHUDO URRWV VRPH DXWKRUV FRQVLGHU LW DV DQ
ROG DUFKLWHFWXUDO FRQFHSW LQ XUEDQ DUHDV E\ UHODWLQJ LW WR WKH DQFLHQW *UHHN RU
PHGLHYDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV =HLGOHU 2WKHUV FRQVLGHU LW ZLWK D EDFNJURXQG LQ
DJULFXOWXUDO VWXGLHV 2(&' VSHFLILFDOO\ LQ VXEMHFWV VXFK DV DJULFXOWXUDO
LQWHQVLYH SURGXFWLRQ RU PRGLILFDWLRQ LQ SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV ,W
V DERXW WKH LGHD WKDW
DJULFXOWXUH KDV PDQ\ IXQFWLRQV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR SURGXFLQJ IRRG DQG ILEHU HJ

HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ ODQGVFDSH SUHVHUYDWLRQ UXUDO HPSOR\PHQW IRRG VHFXULW\
HWF:72
,Q WKLV UHVHDUFK LW LV WHQGHG WR EH LQVSLUHG E\ DOO RI WKHVH GHILQLWLRQV DQG ORRN DW D
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH ZLWK D JHQHUDO UHJDUG RQFH DV VSDFH RQFH DV DQ REMHFW WKDW
KDVGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVDQGDWODVWDVDQDFWLYHV\VWHPZKRFRXOG EHRSWLPL]HG7KLV
GHILQLWLRQZRXOGEHH[SODLQHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKLVDSSURDFKLQQH[WVHFWLRQV
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDJULFXOWXUHHFRORJ\DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOVWXGLHV
7KH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ ZDV LQWURGXFHG LQ PDQ\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO QHJRWLDWLRQV
VLQFH WR DOORZ SXEOLF DLG WR DJULFXOWXUH E\ OHJLWLPL]LQJ JRYHUQPHQWV WR RIIHU
IDUPHUV FRPSHQVDWLRQ IRU DGGLWLRQDO IXQFWLRQV VXFK DV PHHWLQJ RU RWKHU GHPDQGV
IURPVRFLHW\'XIRXUHWDO7KHHIIHFWVRIWKHVHDGGLWLRQDOIXQFWLRQVFRXOGEH
EURDGO\ FODVVLILHG DV EHQHILWV WR VRFLHW\ FXOWXUH D QDWLRQDO HFRQRP\ DV D ZKROH
QDWLRQDOVHFXULW\DQGRWKHUFRQFHUQV)RUH[DPSOHLQDGGLWLRQWRSURYLGLQJIRRGDQG
SODQWGHULYHGSURGXFWVIRUWKHSRSXODWLRQDJULFXOWXUHPD\DOVRSURYLGHMREVIRUUXUDO
SHRSOHDQGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHYLDELOLW\RIWKHDUHDFUHDWHDPRUHVWDEOHIRRGVXSSO\
DQGSURYLGHRWKHUGHVLUHGHQYLURQPHQWDODQGUXUDORXWSXWV2(&'
7KH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DOVR KDV EHHQ HQWHUHG LQ RWKHU SDUWV RI HFRQRP\
RWKHUWKDQDJULFXOWXUHVXFKDVIRUHVWU\ILVKLQJDQGEDQNLQJ2&('

'HILQLWLRQ
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUH EHVLGH IRRG SURGXFWLRQ FRQVLGHUV WKH VRFLDO

HQYLURQPHQWDODQGHFRQRPLFUXOHVDQGYDOXHVRIWKHIDUP3pUH]6REDHWDO

8QLWHG 1DWLRQV &RQIHUHQFH RQ (QYLURQPHQW DQG 'HYHORSPHQW 81&('
:RUOG)RRG6XPPLW2(&':RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ

7KLV FRQFHSW LQ WKH ILHOG RI ODQGVFDSH FRQVLGHUHG WKHVH UROHV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\
%UDQGW 9HMUH
(FRORJLFDOUROHDVDQDUHDIRUOLYLQJ
(FRQRPLFDOUROHDVDQDUHDIRUSURGXFWLRQ
6RFLRFXOWXUDOUROHDVDQDUHDIRUUHFUHDWLRQDQGLGHQWLILFDWLRQ
+LVWRULFDOUROHDVDQDUHDIRUVHWWOHPHQWDQGLGHQWLW\
$HVWKHWLFDOUROHDVDQDUHDIRUH[SHULHQFH
$ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ODQGVFDSH LV D /DQGVFDSH WKDW SURYLGHV D UDQJH RI EHQHILFLDO

IXQFWLRQV DFURVV SURGXFWLRQ HFRORJLFDO DQG FXOWXUDO GLPHQVLRQV FRQVLGHULQJ WKH
QHHGV DQG SUHIHUHQFHV RI WKH RZQHUV DQG XVHUV /RYHOO 2WWH 6LPPHULQJ
:ROWHUV7KLVVKRZVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDFWRUV
UROHLQVXFFHHGRIWKLVFRQFHSW
$V LW LV GHPRQVWUDWHG LQ ILJXUH DFFRUGLQJ WR /RYHOO DQG 7D\ORU IRU WKH
GHILQLWLRQLQDJULFXOWXUHWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIWKHV\VWHPKDVEHHQFRQVLGHUHGLQD
KLHUDUFK\ $OWKRXJK LQ D VXVWDLQDEOH GHILQLWLRQ DOO WKH DVSHFWV KDYH WKH VDPH DQG
HTXLYDOHQWYDOXHFXOWXUDODVSHFWVKDYHEHHQFRQVLGHUHGEHIRUHRWKHUDVSHFWV
)LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\ZLWKWKDWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\/RYHOO 7D\ORU

$VDQH[DPSOHIRUWKLVW\SHRIODQGVFDSHWKHZLQHURXWHLQ$OVDFH)UDQFHFRXOGEH
PHQWLRQHG ZKHUH WKHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW UROHV EHVLGH HDFK RWKHU YLQH\DUGV ZKLFK
SURYLGH D VSHFLDO ODQG SDWWHUQ DQ LGHQWLW\ IRU WKH ZKROH DUHD DQ DHVWKHWLFDO
H[SHULHQFHDQGDQDWWUDFWLYHSODFHIRUWKHWRXULVWV

7KHUH DUH PDQ\ H[DPSOHV RI VXFK ULFK ODQGVFDSHV DOO RYHU WKH ZRUOG 7KH ILJXUHV
EHORZLOOXVWUDWHGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVDODQGVFDSHPLJKWFRQWDLQ7KHILUVWILJXUH)LJXUH
IRFXVHV RQ WKH HFRQRPLF DQG LGHQWLFDO DVSHFW WKH VHFRQG RQH )LJXUH
FRQFHQWUDWHVRQKLVWRULFDODQGFXOWXUDOUROHVEHVLGHHFRQRPLFDQGHFRORJLFDOYDOXHV
DQGWKHODVWRQH)LJXUHUHSUHVHQWVWKHHVWKHWLFDODVSHFWV

)LJXUH:LQHURXWHLQ$OVDFHDJRRGH[DPSOHRIDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOODQGVFDSHZZZDOVDFHZLQH
URXWHFRP

)LJXUH0RUHWKDQGRYHFRWH LQWKHIDUPVDURXQG,VIDKDQ,UDQWKDWEHFDPHWRKLVWRULFDO
PRQXPHQWVDVDSDUWRIFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH

)LJXUH7KHULFHILHOGVLQWKHQRUWKRI,UDQZKLFKKDYHWKHDHVWKHWLFDOYDOXHDQGDWWUDFWWKH

WRXULVWVEHVLGHIRRGSURGXFWLRQ

$GRYHFRWHLVDVWUXFWXUHIRUJDWKHULQJSLJHRQVRUGRYHVIRUDJULFXOWXUDOXVH7KHLUGURSSLQJVZHUH
SUL]HG E\ IDUPHUV DQG ZHUH WKXV FROOHFWHG IRU IHUWLOL]LQJ WKHLU DULG ILHOGV LQ OHDWKHU LQGXVWU\ DQG
JXQSRZGHU7KHSRVVHVVLRQRIDGRYHFRWHZDVDV\PERORIVWDWXVDQGSRZHUDQGZDVFRQVHTXHQWO\
UHJXODWHGE\ODZ,Q,UDQWKHVHGRYHFRWHVFRXOGEHIRXQGQHDU,VSKDKDQDQG<D]G

7KHVH YDULRXV IXQFWLRQV ZKLOVW SURYLGLQJ WKH µHFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV¶ WKDW EHQHILW
KXPDQV GLUHFWO\ RU LQGLUHFWO\ ZLOO QHHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ DQG WR EH
EDODQFHGWRPHHWWKHQHHGVDQGSUHIHUHQFHVRIORFDOUHVLGHQWVDVZHOODVVRFLHW\DV
D ZKROH /RYHOO 7D\ORU (FRV\VWHP PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ KDV ORQJ EHHQ
UHFRJQL]HG DV D SUHFRQGLWLRQ IRU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LQ XQPDQDJHG V\VWHPV +HLQ YDQ
.RSSHQ GH *URRW YDQ ,HUODQG DQG UHFHQWO\ WKH LQWHUHVW LQ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
ODQGVFDSHV KDV H[SDQGHG WR LQWHQVLYHO\PDQDJHG HFRV\VWHPV %UDQGW 9HMUH
3LRUU 0OOHU 7KH H[LVWHQFH DQG SUHVHUYDWLRQ RIHFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV
DUHQHFHVVDU\IRUELRGLYHUVLW\DQGWKHVHVHUYLFHVVKRXOGEHNHSWDQGGHYHORSHGIRU
SUHVHUYLQJWKHELRGLYHUVLW\
,Q WKLV UHJDUG PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ LV WKH DELOLW\ RI VSDFHV WR IXOILOO PRUH WKDQ RQH
IXQFWLRQ VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ VXFK DV WKH SURYLVLRQ IRU KHDOWK\ UHFUHDWLRQ ZKLOVW
SHUIRUPLQJQDWXUH¶VHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV/*UDQW7KLVFRQFHSWUHTXLUHVERWK
SODQQLQJDQGHFRORJLFDOPDQDJHPHQWWRRSWLPL]HWKHVHIXQFWLRQV7KLVV\VWHPLFYLHZ
PDNHVDGLUHFWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\DVDQDFWLYLW\RULHQWHGSURFHVV
DQG VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DV D UHVRXUFHRULHQWHG SURFHVV *DU]RQ / *UDQW
0DQGHU:LJJHULQJ +HOPLQJ
7KHV\VWHPLFDSSURDFKOHDGVWRFRQVLGHUWKHYDULRXVGLPHQVLRQVRIWKLVFRQFHSWDQG
WKHDVVRFLDWHGREMHFWLYHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLGHQWLILHGDUHDVDJULFXOWXUDOIRUHVWRUSHUL
XUEDQDUHDV7KHDGYDQFHVUHDOL]HGLQPXOWLIXQFWLRQDODJULFXOWXUHRUIRUHVWU\VKRZWKH
GLIIHUHQW VWHSV RI PDWXULW\ RI WKH FRQFHSWV IURP PXOWLXVHV WR PXOWLSXUSRVHV RU
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOREMHFWLYHV7KHSRVVLELOLWLHVWRDWWDFKVHYHUDOREMHFWLYHVWRDSODFHIRU
LQVWDQFHDUHFUHDWLRQDOREMHFWLYHDQGDQDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQRQHOHDGWRDGDSWWKH
ZD\ WR PDQDJH WKH DUHD WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR DFFHVV WR WKH VLWH DQG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQSURGXFHUVDQGRWKHUDFWRUV,IPXOWLSXUSRVHVDUHGHILQHGWKHFRQFHSWLRQRI
WKHVH DUHDV QHHG WR EH VHW XS RQ LQ D FRPSUHKHQVLYH YLVLRQ SDVVLQJ WKURXJK WKH
YDULRXV FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH VWXGLHG V\VWHP LWV VSDWLDO VFDOHV DQG VRFLDO HFRQRPLF
DQG QDWXUDO GLPHQVLRQV $FFRUGLQJ WR ZKDW KDV EHLQJ VDLG D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
DSSURDFKIRFXVHVRQWKHYDULRXVUROHVDUHDVFDQSOD\7KLVH[WHQVLYHFRQFHSWPXVW
EH FRQVLGHUHG JOREDOO\ DQG FRPSUHKHQVLYHO\ LQ RUGHU WR HPEUDFH WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI
VXFKHOHPHQWV9D]:LOVRQ

7KHEHQHILWVRI0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDJULFXOWXUHODQGVFDSHDQGHFRORJ\
$OWKRXJK LW VHHPV WKDW WKH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUH LV IRUPHG RQ WKH
EDVLV RI RSWLPL]LQJ SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV EXW LQ WKLV HYROXWLRQ WKH IXQFWLRQ KDV
FKDQJHG LWV LQLWLDO PHDQLQJ IURP ³XVH´ WR ³UROH´ ³SXUSRVH´ RU ³WDUJHW´ ,Q RUGHU WR
LQWHJUDWHDOOWKHVHSXUSRVHVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHWUDQVGLVFLSOLQDU\DSSURDFKLVGHILQLWHO\
QHHGHG7KHJRDOLVWRFRRUGLQDWHWKHUROHVLQWKHZD\WKDWWKHJURZWKLQRQHIHDWXUH
GRHVQRWOHDGWRZHDNQHVVLQWKHRWKHUV0DQGHUHWDO1DYHK7UHVV
7UHVV'HFDPSV '
+DXWHVHUUH
)LJXUH GHPRQVWUDWHV GLIIHUHQW VRFLDO HFRQRPLF DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO UROHV RI D ILHOG
DORQJ ZLWK WKH UHDOL]DWLRQ RI SXUSRVHV VXFK DV FXOWLYDWLRQ DQG FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ RI
WUDGLWLRQDOIRRGYDOXDWLRQRIHQYLURQPHQWDOVHUYLFHVDQGUHFRJQLWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQDODQG
GLYHUVLILHGODQGXVH$OWKRXJKWKHILQDOWDUJHWLVVWLOOWKHIRRGSURGXFWLRQWKLVWDUJHWLV
UHDOL]HGWKURXJKGLIIHUHQWUROHVDQGSXUSRVHVREMHFWLYHV
)LJXUH7KHLQHVFDSDEOHLQWHUFRQQHFWHGQHVVRIDJULFXOWXUH¶VGLIIHUHQWUROHVDQGIXQFWLRQV,$$67'

7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWVRFLDOYDOXHRIWKHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDODJULFXOWXUHLVWKDWLW
HQVXUHVWKHVRFLDOYLDELOLW\RIUXUDODUHDV,WOHDGVWR³UXUDOGHYHORSPHQW´E\SURSRVLQJ
³DOWHUQDWLYH DFWLYLWLHV´ .DUDVDYYRJORX 2QJDQ 3RO\FKURQLGRX 7RGRURYD ,NRYD
7KHIDFWWKDWLWFRQVLGHUVWKHGLIIHUHQWUROHVDQGYDOXHVRIDSODFHUHVXOWVWRD
GLYHUVLW\RIDFWLYLWLHVZKLFKDWWUDFWVGLIIHUHQWVRFLDOJURXSVZLWKGLIIHUHQWEDFNJURXQGV
DQG OHDGV WR D ZLGH VRFLDO PL[LW\ *HKO 0F*O\QQ 6PLWK $OFRFN 0XUUDLQ
%HQWOH\ ,WV QRQFRPPRGLW\ RXWSXWV LQFOXGH DOVR QXWULWLRQ VDIHW\ IRRG
SURGXFWLRQVHFXULW\DQGWKHZHOIDUHRISURGXFWLRQWRJHWKHUZLWKFXOWXUDODQGKLVWRULFDO
KHULWDJHZKLFKDOVRFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVVRFLDOHIIHFWVDQGLPSDFWV
)URPWKHHFRQRPLFSRLQWRIYLHZDQDWXUDOIUDPHZRUNIRUPXOWLIXQFWLRQDODJULFXOWXUH
LV D PRGHO ZKHUH WKH HPSKDVLV LV JLYHQ WR KHWHURJHQHLW\ RI ODQGXVH SROLFLHV RI
DJULFXOWXUH DQG RQ WKH FKDQJHV LQ IDUPHUV¶ LQFHQWLYHV EHFDXVH RI FKDQJHV LQ
SURILWDELOLW\EHWZHHQFURSVXQGHUDOWHUQDWLYHSROLFLHV2OOLNDLQHQ7KHSROLFLHV
LQ HDFK FRXQWU\ PLJKW OHDG WR GLIIHUHQW VRFLDO FRQVHTXHQFHV ZKLFK DUH RXW RI WKH
VFRSHRIWKLVVWXG\,QIDFWWKHLPSRUWDQWSRLQWLVWKDWWKHDJULFXOWXUHKDVWXUQHGLQWRD
FRPSOLFDWHG VXEMHFW WKDW LQFOXGHV PDQ\ HOHPHQWV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW UROHV EXW WKH WDUJHW
VWLOOUHPDLQVWKHIRRGSURGXFWLRQ
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDUFKLWHFWXUHXUEDQJHRJUDSK\DQGXUEDQGHVLJQ
7KH ZRUG ©IXQFWLRQª LV RQH RI WKH NH\ZRUGV LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG UHIHUV WR WKH
EXLOGLQJ¶V SXUSRVH DQG WKH DFWLYLWLHV GRQH E\ XVHUV LQVLGH WKH VSDFH 7KLV ZRUG LV
DOZD\VXVHGLQWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDOOLWHUDWXUHEHVLGHWKHZRUGV³IRUPVSDFHVWDELOLW\DQG
EHDXW\´ LQ WKH VFDOH RI D EXLOGLQJ DQG LW LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH FRQFHSW ³XWLOLWDV´ WKDW
9LWUXYLXV PDGH LQ WKH ILUVW FHQWXU\ $' 7KHUHIRUH ³PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV´ FRQFHSW
KDV EHHQ XVHG EHVLGH WKH PL[HGXVH PXOWLXVH DQG PXOWLSXUSRVH EXLOGLQJV DQG
RIWHQ ZLWKRXW DQ\ GLVWLQFWLRQ RU GLIIHUHQFH ,Q IDFW WKH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
FRXOG EH OLQNHG ZLWK WKH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLXVHV ZKLFK PHDQV WKH GLIIHUHQW XVHV RI
VSDFH LQ GLIIHUHQW WLPHV =HLGOHU DQG WKH FRQFHSW RI PL[HGXVDJH ZKLFK
PHDQV KDYLQJ D FRPELQDWLRQ RI DW OHDVW GLIIHUHQW UHYHQXHSURGXFLQJ XVHV LQ D
VSHFLILFSHULRGRIWLPH)ORULGD

,Q XUEDQ GHVLJQ WKLV FRQFHSW KDV D PRUH SUHFLVH GHILQLWLRQ =LHGOHU IRFXVHV
RQ WKH VSDFH DQG IXQFWLRQ DQG UHODWHV WKH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLXVH VSDFHV WR WKH
DQFLHQW *UHHN RU PHGLHYDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV +H EHOLHYHV WKDW WKH FLW\ VKRXOG EH D
SDWWHUQRIGLIIHUHQWXVHVDQGDFWLYLWLHVLQFLW\VFDOHQRWMXVWDEXLOGLQJ7KHVHYDULRXV
XVHV FRPH DW ILUVW IURP WKH EXLOGLQJV EXW WKH\ VSUHDG LQ WKH ZKROH FLW\ E\ D
FRPSUHKHQVLYH SODQQLQJ +H EHOLHYHV WKDW WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
VKRXOG QRW EH FRQILQHG WR D VLQJOH VSDFH EXW LQ ORJLF RI DQ LQWHJUDWHG QHWZRUN
SURPRWLQJ IXQFWLRQDO FRPSOHPHQWDULWLHV EHWZHHQ VHYHUDO SXEOLF VSDFHV LQ WKH FLW\
DOZD\VNHHSLQJWKHSULQFLSOHRISUR[LPLW\LQPLQG3LQWR 5HPHVDU
)URP]RQLQJWRPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
&RQWUDULZLVHWKHFODVVLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZDERXWWKHYDULHW\RIXVHVLQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRI
WKHFLW\PRGHUQLVWVZHUHDJDLQVWDQ\NLQGRIPL[HGXVH%\H[DFWVHSDUDWLRQRIODQG
XVHV IURP HDFK RWKHU WKH\ ZDQWHG WR FUHDWH D FLW\ ZKLFK LV IUHH RI QXLVDQFH DQG
SROOXWLRQ 7KH\ LQWURGXFHG WKH FRQFHSW RI =RQLQJ ,Q 3ULQFLSOHV DQG 3UDFWLFH RI
8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ :LOOLDP *RRGPDQ GHILQHV ]RQLQJ DV IROORZV %DVLFDOO\
]RQLQJ LV D WRRO WR JXDUDQWHH WKH SURSHU LQWHUDFWLRQ RI ODQG XVHV ZLWK HDFK RWKHU LQ
XUEDQ FRPPXQLWLHV DQG WR SURYLGH VXIILFLHQW VSDFH IRU DQ\ NLQG RI GHYHORSPHQW
*RRGPDQ )UHXQG =RQLQJ PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR FRQWURO WKH GHQVLW\ RI
GHYHORSPHQW DQG DOVR OD\V WKH JURXQGZRUN IRU SURYLGLQJ SXEOLF IDFLOLWLHV VXFK DV
VWUHHWV OHLVXUH VSDFHV DQG V\VWHPV UHODWHG WR LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO IDFLOLWLHV WR FLWL]HQV
=RQLQJDOVRGLUHFWVJURZWKWRVXLWDEOHDUHDVDQGJXDUDQWHHVWKHQHFHVVDU\OLJKWDLU
DQG SULYDF\ IRU H[LVWLQJ DUHDV ,QVWLWXWH IRU 7UDLQLQJ LQ 0XQLFLSDO $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
$VVRFLDWLRQ
$QRWKHUGHILQLWLRQLVSURYLGHGE\$UQROG:KLWWLFN:KLWWLFNZKRGHILQHV]RQLQJ

DVIROORZV=RQLQJLVGLYLGLQJWKHFLW\LQWR]RQHVRUDUHDVEDVHGRQFXUUHQWODQGXVH
DQGWKHLUSRWHQWLDOXVHLQRUGHUWRFRQWURODQGGLUHFWODQGXVH
$FFRUGLQJ WR SUHVHQWHG GHILQLWLRQV LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW ]RQLQJ LV D NLQG RI
UHJXODWLRQIRUPXODWHGIRUH[HFXWLQJODQGXVHSODQV=RQLQJUHJXODWLRQVGLYLGHWKHFLW\
LQWR]RQHVLQDPDSRUDVHULHVRIPDSV5HJXODWLRQVIRUKRZWRXWLOL]HHDFKODQGLV

FRPSLOHG LQ D UHSRUW E\ HQXPHUDWLQJ DOO DXWKRUL]HG ODQG XVHV LQ HDFK ]RQH
)XUWKHUPRUH WKHVH UHJXODWLRQV VSHFLILFDOO\ GHWHUPLQH PLQLPXP FRPSRQHQW VL]H
SHUPLVVLEOH KHLJKW IRU EXLOGLQJV PD[LPXP EXLOGLQJ GHQVLW\ PLQLPXP RSHQ VSDFH
PD[LPXPIRXQGDWLRQDQGEXLOGLQJRFFXSDQF\OHYHOV6DHLGL5H]YDQL
,Q )UDQFH 3/8 SODQ ORFDOH G

XUEDQLVPH LV RQH RI GRFXPHQWV WKDW UHJXODWH XUEDQ
GHYHORSPHQWLWLVDUHIOHFWLRQRIWKHLGHDRI]RQLQJHYHQWKRXJKLWFKDQJHVLWVZD\WR
WKHPL[LW\LQUHFHQW\HDUV
7KHGLVDGYDQWDJHVRI=RQLQJ
/DWHU H[SHULHQFHV VKRZHG WKDW LGHDV RI PRGHUQLVWV ZHUH XQVXFFHVVIXO LQ SUDFWLFH
DQGZDVDEXVHGE\SURFDSLWDOLVWV
2Q WKH RQH KDQG VLQJOH IXQFWLRQ UHVLGHQWLDO FRPSOH[HV UHVXOWHG IURP ]RQLQJ ZHUH
ODFNLQJWKHQHFHVVDU\G\QDPLVPPRELOLW\ DQGGLYHUVLW\IRUXUEDQOLIH2QWKHRWKHU
KDQGLQWHUPVRILQGLFDWRUVVXFKDVJUHHQDQGRSHQVSDFHVSHUFDSLWDWKH\GLGQRW
KDYHDVXLWDEOHFRQGLWLRQGXHWRHFRQRPLFFRQVWUDLQWV6DHLGL5H]YDQL$OVR
VLQJOHIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIXUEDQDUHDVOHGWRWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQLQFUHDVHGSHUFDSLWDWULSV
DQG LQFUHDVHG SRSXODWLRQ LQ WKH FRPPHUFLDO FLW\ FHQWHU DQG RWKHU VLPLODU VLQJOH
IXQFWLRQDODUHDVLQVRPHGD\OLJKWKRXUVDQGLWVHYDFXDWLRQLQRWKHUWLPHVZKLFKZDV
QRWIDYRUDEOHLQERWKFDVHV
7KHVH VKRUWFRPLQJV UDLVHG VHULRXV FULWLFLVPV IURP RWKHU WKHRULVWV WRZDUGV ]RQLQJ
(PSKDVL]LQJ DQWKURSRFHQWULVP -DQH -DFREV -DFREV LQVLVWHG RQ PL[HGXVH
DQGQRWVHSDUDWHGODQGXVH7KHVROXWLRQSURYLGHGE\-DFREVLVQRWJHQHUDOL]DEOH
7KH LGHD RI LPSOHPHQWLQJ PL[HGXVH LQ D ZD\ WKDW WKHUH ZRXOG EH FRQVWDQW
PRQLWRULQJRIVWUHHWVLVQRWDSSOLFDEOHLQHYHU\SDUWRIWKHFLW\)RULQVWDQFHWKHUHLV
QRWHQRXJKGHPDQGIRUFUHDWLQJFXOWXUDODQGDUWLVWLFLQVWLWXWLRQVLQORZGHQVLW\DUHDV
1RZDGD\V LW VHHPV WKDW H[SHULHQFHV RI WKH SDVW KDOI FHQWXU\ KDYH PDGH XUEDQ
SODQQHUVDZDUHRIDGYHUVHFRQVHTXHQFHVRILQIOH[LEOHVHSDUDWLRQRIODQGXVHV$VD

UHVXOWYDULRXVVROXWLRQVIRUIOH[LELOLW\LQ]RQLQJUHJXODWLRQVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGDQG
LPSOHPHQWHG
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOODQGXVHYV=RQLQJ
,QUHFHQW\HDUVFLW\SODQQHUVKDYHLQWURGXFHGWKHQRWLRQRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOODQGXVH
DVDQHZFRQFHSWIRUXUEDQODQGXVH,WFDQJHQHUDOO\EHGHILQHGDVWKHFRPELQDWLRQ
RIGLIIHUHQWVRFLRHFRQRPLFIXQFWLRQVLQWKHVDPHDUHD9HUKRHI7KLVFRQFHSW
DLPHGDWDVSDWLDODQGVRFLRHFRQRPLFV\QHUJ\RIGLIIHUHQWODQGXVHIXQFWLRQVLQRUGHU
WR VDYH VFDUFH VSDFH E\ LQWHQVLI\LQJ LWV XVH ZKLOH VWLOO PDLQWDLQLQJ D KLJK OHYHO RI
VSDWLDOTXDOLW\1LMNDPS
$OWKRXJK D FRPPRQO\ DFFHSWHG GHILQLWLRQ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ODQG XVH LV VWLOO ODFNLQJ
WKHQRWLRQUHWXUQVWRWKHV\QHUJ\EHWZHHQWKHYDULRXVIXQFWLRQVZKLFKDUHFRPELQHG
LQ RQH DUHD 7KLV V\QHUJ\ FRPHV LQWR H[LVWHQFH GXH WR WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ
DFWLYLWLHV7KLVLVXQGHUOLQHGE\%UDQGWDQG9HMUHZKRLQWURGXFHWKUHHW\SHVRI
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ VWDWHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH VSDWLRWHPSRUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ODQG
%UDQGW 9HMUH
$VSDWLDOFRPELQDWLRQRIVHSDUDWHODQGXQLWVZLWKGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQV
'LIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVGHYRWHGWRWKHVDPHODQGXQLWEXWVHSDUDWHGLQWLPH
7KHLQWHJUDWLRQRIIXQFWLRQVRQWKHVDPHXQLWRIODQGDWWKHVDPHWLPH
$OOWKHVHW\SHVVKDUHWKHIDFWWKDWIURPDFHUWDLQSHUVSHFWLYHWKH\FKRRVHVRPHNLQG
RI RSWLPDO DUUDQJHPHQW DQG VXSHULPSRVLWLRQ RI ODQGXVHV 3RWVFKLQ .OXJ
+DLQHV<RXQJ
$ UHGHVLJQ RI H[LVWLQJ ODQG XVH LQ WKH FLW\ ZLWK D YLHZ WR D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO XUEDQ
SODQQLQJFRQFHSWKDVKXJHLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUEXVLQHVVDFWLYLWLHVDVZHOODVWKHTXDOLW\
RI OLIH RI WKH UHVLGHQWV 5RGHQEXUJ 1LMNDPS *URRW 9HUKRHI $W WKH VDPH
WLPHLWFDQRIFRXUVHEHYLHZHGDVDPHDVXUDEOHVSDWLDOHFRQRPLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFRID
JLYHQ DUHD 5RGHQEXUJ 1LMNDPS 'H *URRW 9HUKRHI 7KHUHIRUH
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOODQGXVHSODQQLQJ LVDQLQWHJUDWHGDSSURDFKDLPHG DWLQFUHDVLQJWKH
HIILFLHQF\ RI KRZ ODQG LV XVHG LQ GLIIHUHQW DUHDV DQG DW GLIIHUHQW VFDOHV 9UHHNHU

*URRW 9HUKRHI7KLVFDSDFLW\KHOSVWKHSODQQHUVWRFRQWUROWKHXUEDQVSUDZO
DQG XUEDQ JURZWK E\ UHYLYLQJ WKH H[LVWLQJ PRQRIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV ZLWK D IXQFWLRQ
GLIIHUHQWWKDQWKHLUPDLQV¶DQGRSWLPL]HWKHRSHUDWLQJUDWHRIPXOWLXVHVSDFHVWRZDUG
DPXOWLSXUSRVHSURMHFW7KLVDSSURDFKFDQHQKDQFHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHLQWKHFLW\DQG
WKXV FUHDWH YDOXDEOH VSDFHV 0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO DQG LQWHUFRQQHFWHG XUEDQ GLVWULFWV FDQ
EHWKHSODFHVWROLYHZRUNVKRSDQGSOD\-*UDQW9DQ6FKDLFNDQG9DQ'HU
6SHN HPSKDVL]HG RQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ KXPDQ EHLQJ DQG QDWXUH 6R
WKH\ EHOLHYH WKDW FRPELQLQJ WKHVH PXOWLSOH IXQFWLRQV DQG XVHV ZLWKLQ JUHHQ VSDFHV
OHDGV WR FUHDWH KLJKIXQFWLRQLQJ KLJK YDOXH RSHQ VSDFHV 9DQ 6FKDLFN 9DQ 'HU
6SHN
$OWKRXJK LQ WKHVH GHILQLWLRQV WKH FRQFHSW LV DGGUHVVHG LQ ODUJH VFDOH DQG WKDW
HFRQRPLF DVSHFWV DUH PXFK PRUH HPSKDVL]HG FRPSDUHG WR VRFLDO DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDODVSHFWVWKLVDSSURDFKFDQDOVREHDSSOLHGLQORFDOSURMHFWVDQGVPDOO
DUHDVIRUH[DPSOHLQWKHVFDOHRIDQHLJKERUKRRGRUDFRPPXQLW\,QWKHVHFDVHV
WKH VRFLDO DVSHFWV LPSURYHPHQW RI XUEDQ YLWDOLW\ G\QDPLVP DQG HQKDQFHPHQW RI
WKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHIRUFLWL]HQVEHFRPHPRUHLQIOXHQWLDO0F*O\QQHWDO
7KLV UHVHDUFK IRFXVHV RQ WKH VPDOOVFDOH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DUHDV

FRQVLGHULQJWKHGHILQLWLRQJLYHQDERYH
7KHEHQHILWVRI0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQXUEDQGHVLJQ
,IWKHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXUEDQVSDFHVZRXOGEHWDNHQDVPL[HG]RQLQJVRPH
PRUHDGYDQWDJHVFRXOGEHREWDLQWHGFRPSDUHGWRWUDGLWLRQDO]RQLQJVXFKDV
&UHDWLQJ EDODQFH EHWZHHQ UHVLGHQWLDO DQG HPSOR\PHQW XVHV DQG IDFLODWLQJ RI
SURYLGLQJEDVLFQHHGVRIXUEDQOLIH
0DNLQJ D FRQWLQXRXV UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH LQGLYLGXDOV DQG WKH FLW\
HQKDQFLQJ WKH VHQVH RI EHORQJLQJ DORQJ ZLWK VDWLVIDFWLRQ REWDLQHG IURP
LQFRPHSURYLVLRQ
(TXLOLEULXPRIFRPPHUFLDODQGUHVLGHQWLDOXVHVLQQHLJKERUKRRGVWKDWOHDGVWR
HQKDQFHPHQWRIVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQV

,QFUHDVHG GLYHUVLW\ UHVXOWHG IURP GHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI VHUYLFHV
DFURVVWKHFLW\
,QFUHDVLQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ DQG HDVLQHVV RI DFFHVVLQJ WR OHLVXUH IDFLOLWLHV DQG
KHDOWKVHUYLFHV
$OOWKHDGYDQWDJHVDQGEHQHILWVRIWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIVSDFHVPHQWLRQHGEHIRUH
SHUVXDGH XV WR XVH WKLV FRQFHSW DV D FRQVLGHUDEOH PHWKRG WR DFKLHYH VXVWDLQDEOH
XUEDQIRUPV+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDQLPSRUWDQWSRLQWWKDWVKRXOGQRWEHQHJOHFWHGWKH
QRWLRQRIWLPH&RQWUDULZLVHWKHDJULFXOWXUDOVSDFHVDQGODQGVFDSHVZKLFKKDYHDQ
DQQXDO IXQFWLRQLQJ UK\WKP XUEDQ VSDFHV FRXOG KDYH YDULRXV RSHUDWLRQDO WLPH
LQWHUYDOV7KLVVXEMHFWZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLQPRUHGHWDLOVLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ

0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\DVDQHZ
UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWLPHDFWLYLW\
DQGVSDFH

,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KLV VHFWLRQ IRFXVHV RQ WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ DFWLYLW\ DQG WLPH LQ DQ XUEDQ VSDFH
7LPH LV WKH LQGHILQLWH FRQWLQXHG SURJUHVV RI H[LVWHQFH DQG HYHQWV LQ WKH SDVW
SUHVHQW DQG IXWXUH UHJDUGHG DV D ZKROH 2[IRUG ,Q SK\VLFV VSDFHWLPH LV
DQ\ PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHO WKDW FRPELQHV VSDFH DQG WLPH LQWR D VLQJOH LQWHUZRYHQ
FRQWLQXXP 7KH VSDFHWLPH RI RXU XQLYHUVH KDV KLVWRULFDOO\ EHHQ LQWHUSUHWHG IURP D
(XFOLGHDQ VSDFH SHUVSHFWLYH ZKLFK UHJDUGV VSDFH DV FRQVLVWLQJ RI WKUHH
GLPHQVLRQV DQG WLPH DV FRQVLVWLQJ RI RQH GLPHQVLRQ WKH IRXUWK GLPHQVLRQ
$UFKLEDOG
7LPHVSDFHIUDPHZRUNRIDQHYHQWRUDFWLYLW\LQWLPHJHRJUDSK\
,Q JHRJUDSK\ 7LPH JHRJUDSK\ RU WLPHVSDFH JHRJUDSK\ LV DQ HYROYLQJ
WUDQVGLVFLSOLQDU\SHUVSHFWLYHRQVSDWLDODQGWHPSRUDOSURFHVVHVDQGHYHQWVVXFKDV
VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ HFRORJLFDO LQWHUDFWLRQ VRFLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDQJH DQG
ELRJUDSKLHV RI LQGLYLGXDOV 7KULIW 3UHG 7LPH JHRJUDSK\ LV DQ LQWHJUDWLYH
RQWRORJLFDO IUDPHZRUN DQG YLVXDO ODQJXDJH LQ ZKLFK VSDFH DQG WLPH DUH EDVLF
GLPHQVLRQVRIDQDO\VLVRIG\QDPLFSURFHVVHV,QRWKHUZRUGVHDFKSURFHVVRFFXUVLQ
DWLPHVSDFHIUDPHZRUN+lJHUVWUDQG7KHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\FRXOG
EH FRQVLGHUHGDV QRW RQO\ D UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW IXQFWLRQV DQG YDOXHV RI D
VSDFH LQ D VSHFLILHG WLPH LQWHUYDO EXW DOVR VRPHWKLQJ WKDW FKDQJHV GXULQJ GLIIHUHQW
WLPHLQWHUYDOVHVSHFLDOO\GLIIHUHQWVHDVRQVLQDJULFXOWXUH
7LPHVSDFHIUDPHZRUNRIDQHYHQWRUDFWLYLW\LQDUFKLWHFWXUH
,QDUFKLWHFWXUHDQDFWLYLW\RFFXUVLQDVSDFHDQGLQDWLPHIUDPHZRUN7KHUHIRUHLI
ZHVWXG\WKHZKROHOLIHF\FOHRIDVSDFHZHZLOOVHHWKDWLQVRPHSHULRGVVSDFHLV
PRUH HODERUDWH DQG PRUH HIILFLHQW ,Q FRQWUDVW LQ VRPH WLPH LQWHUYDOV LW KDV OHVV
HIILFLHQF\RUHYHQPLJKWQRWZRUN

7KHQRWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\RIDVSDFH
,Q IDFW LI ZH FRQVLGHU WKH PD[LPXP IXQFWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ WKH PD[LPXP XVH WKDW
VSDFHKDYHEHHQSODQQHGIRURUZKHQFURZGVILOOWKHVSDFHEXWWKHVSDFHFRQWLQXHV
IXQFWLRQLQJ RI D VSDFH DV GLIIHUHQW SHUFHQWDJHV IURP WR LQ
GLIIHUHQWGDLO\PRQWKO\DQGHYHQ\HDUO\SHULRGVZLOOEHDFKLHYHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWK
WKHPD[LPXPHIILFLHQF\
)LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHG WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI D VSDFH LQ WKH FRXUVH RI GDLO\ DQG ZHHNO\
LQWHUYDOV,QWKLVH[DPSOHVSDFHLVDSODFHQHDUDKLJKHGXFDWLRQFDPSXV,WLVKLJKO\
FURZGHG E\ WKH VWXGHQWV DQG QHLJKERUKRRG UHVLGHQWV EHWZHHQ DQG LQ WKH
PRUQLQJ WKH OXQFK WLPH DQG DOVR EHWZHHQ DQG LQ WKH HYHQLQJ EXW LW LV DOPRVW
HPSW\DURXQGR
FORFNDQDIWHU2Q6DWXUGD\WKLVSODFHEHFRPHVDQXUEDQIUXLWV
DQGYHJHWDEOHVPDUNHW2Q6XQGD\WKHUHLVDOPRVWQRVSHFLILFIXQFWLRQDQGLWLVRQO\
XVHGDVDSDVVLQJDUHD
)LJXUH7KHIXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\JUDSKRIDVDPSOHVSDFHGXULQJDGD\OHIWDQDZHHNULJKW

*KDIRXUL
)XQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIDVSDFHLQGLIIHUHQWSHULRGVRIWLPH
$FFRUGLQJWR%UDQGWDQG9HMUHLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHIXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFH

RI WKH VSDFHWLPH LQ DQ DUHD LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR GHHSHQ WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI
UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWLPHIXQFWLRQDQGVSDFH

)XQFWLRQ LV WKH PDLQ SXUSRVH RU WKH PDLQ DFWLYLW\ D EXLOGLQJ RU DQ DUHD KDV EHHQ
GHVLJQHGWRIXOILOO7KHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGXUEDQGHVLJQ
UHODWHV WR WKH YDULRXV DFWLYLWLHV ZKLFK WDNH SODFH LQ D ORFDWLRQ ,YHVRQ 7KLV
FRQFHSW LV DW RGGV ZLWK WKH QRWLRQ RI PRQRIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH DQG FDQ EH XVHG LQ
GLIIHUHQWZD\V,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHPDLQIXQFWLRQRIDEXLOGLQJLWFRXOGEHDVFHQHIRU
GLIIHUHQWW\SHRIDFWLYLWLHVWDNLQJSODFHDWWKHVDPHWLPHRULQGLIIHUHQWSHULRGVRIWLPH
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHZD\VRIXVLQJDVSDFHGXULQJDF\FOHRILWVDFWLYLW\WLPH
)LJXUH7KHGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIXVLQJDVSDFH)XQFWLRQGXULQJDF\FOHRILWVDFWLYLW\7LPH*KDIRXUL

0RQRIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH 7KLV VSDFH KDV RQO\ RQH IXQFWLRQ DQG FRYHUV MXVW RQH
DFWLYLW\ DQG RQH JURXS RI XVHUV ,W LV WKH PRVW JHQHUDO PHWKRGV IRU GHVLJQLQJ WKH

VSDFH DQG WKH PDMRULW\ RI H[LVWLQJ VSDFHV KDYH EHHQ GHVLJQHG RQ WKLV EDVLV
H[DPSOHDQRIILFHRUDKRXVH
3HULRGLFIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH7KHVSDFHZKLFKFKDQJHLWVXVHUVRUWKHLUDFWLYLW\WKH
QHZDFWLYLW\EHJLQVLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUWKHSUHYLRXVDQGWKHVSDFHLVHPSW\MXVWIRUWKH
VKRUWSHULRG)RUH[DPSOHDJDOOHU\KRVWVWKHZRUNRIGLIIHUHQWDUWLVWVLQGLIIHUHQWDUW
GRPDLQV RYHU D \HDU 7KHUH LV D VKRUW LQWHUYDO RI WLPH EHWZHHQ WZR FRQVHFXWLYH
H[KLELWLRQV
0XOWLSXUSRVH VSDFH 6SDFH GHVLJQHG IRU VHYHUDO DFWLYLWLHV ZKLFK QHHG VLPLODU
LQVWDOODWLRQV DQG HTXLSPHQWV 7KH VSDFH FDQ EH DGDSWHG WR WKH QHZ IXQFWLRQ DQG
FLUFXPVWDQFHV ZLWK D IHZ FKDQJHV RU PRGLILFDWLRQV )RU H[DPSOH D PXOWLSXUSRVH
VSRUWKDOOFDQSURYLGHWKHIDFLOLWLHVIRUGLIIHUHQWPDWFKHVEXWLWLVHPSW\RIIVHDVRQV
7KHUHLVDUHPDUNDEOHLQWHUYDORIWLPHEHWZHHQWZRFRQVHFXWLYHDFWLYLWLHV
0L[HGXVHVSDFH7KHVWDUWLQJRUHQGLQJWLPHVRIWKHDFWLYLWLHVFRUUHVSRQGWRWKH
VDPH PRPHQWV DQG WKHUH LV DOZD\V PRUH WKDQ RQH DFWLYLW\ JRLQJ RQ LQ WKH VSDFH
7KHPDMRULW\RIWLPHRIDQDFWLYLW\RYHUODSVZLWKDWOHDVWRQHRWKHUDFWLYLW\H[DPSOH
FRPPHUFLDOOHLVXUHFHQWHUV
&RPSOH[VSDFH$FWLYLWLHVDUHDFFRPSOLVKHGFRQVHFXWLYHO\EXWDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRU
DWWKHHQGWKH\KDYHDVKRUWRYHUODSZLWKRWKHUDFWLYLWLHV7KHVHVSDFHVXVXDOO\KDYH
GLIIHUHQWSDUWVDQGDVHTXHQFHRIXVHZKLFKSHUPLWVWKHQHZJURXSRIXVHUVWRHQWHU
ZKHQ WKH SUHYLRXV JURXS KDV QRW FRPSOHWHO\ YDFDWHG WKH FRPSOH[ $OWKRXJK WRWDO
VSDFH LV QRW VWLOO HPSW\ VRPH SDUWV FDQ EH XVHG IRU RWKHU JURXSV ([DPSOH D
FLQHPDFRPSOH[
6KDUHGVSDFH6SDFHKDVDPDLQIXQFWLRQEXWLQVRPHSDUWVRIWKHDFWLYLW\F\FOHLW
FDQEHUHSODFHGZLWKDQRWKHUDFWLYLW\RUKDYHWKHWZRDFWLYLWLHVDWWKHVDPHWLPH,Q
FDVHVLQZKLFKWKHPDLQDFWLYLW\VWRSVWKHILUVWIXQFWLRQZLOOEHUHVXPHGDIWHUILQLVKLQJ
WKHUHSODFLQJIXQFWLRQ$VH[DPSOHZHFDQPHQWLRQWKHZHHNO\PDUNHWVZKLFKWDNH
SODFH LQ SDUNLQJ ORWV RU WKH FDIp WHUUDFHV WKDW RFFXS\ D SDUW RI VLGHZDONV LQ VRPH
KRXUV RI WKH GD\ 7KH PRQRIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV ZKLFK KDYH WKH FDSDFLW\ WR
DFFRPPRGDWH WZR RU PRUH DFWLYLWLHV DW WKH VDPH WLPH FDQ RSWLPL]H WKHLU RSHUDWLQJ

UDWHDQGEHFRQFHUQHGZLWKQHZIXQFWLRQV,QRXUGHILQLWLRQWKHVHVSDFHVFRXOGDOVR
EHFRQVLGHUHGDVSRWHQWLDOVSDFHWREHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
7RFODULI\WKLVLVVXHZHPD\FRQVLGHUWKDW³DQXUEDQVSDFHLQGLIIHUHQWVFDOHVIURP
D UHVLGHQWLDO FRPSOH[ RU D FLW\ EORFN WR D QHLJKERUKRRG RU WKH ZKROH FLW\ KDV D
GHILQHGIXQFWLRQZKLFKLVOLPLWHGWRVSHFLILHGKRXUVRIWKHGD\GD\VRIWKHPRQWKRU
PRQWKV RI WKH \HDU´ )RU LQVWDQFH WKH SDUNLQJ VSRWV RI D UHVLGHQWLDO FRPSOH[ KDV
PDQ\IUHHVSDFHVGXULQJZRUNLQJKRXUVZKLOHWKHSDUNLQJDUHDRIDQRIILFHKDVIUHH
DUHDV RXWVLGH ZRUNLQJ KRXUV DQG GXULQJ SXEOLF KROLGD\V 7KHVH VSDFHV FDQ EH
UHNLQGOHG ZLWK RWKHU IXQFWLRQV GXULQJ WKHLU LGOH KRXUV 6SDFHV ZLWK SULYDWH RU VHPL
SULYDWH XVHV PLJKW DOVR EH DOORFDWHG WR D SXEOLF SHUIRUPDQFH )RU H[DPSOH WKH
VFKRRO \DUGV FDQ EH RSHQHG WR WKH SXEOLF GXULQJ VFKRRO KROLGD\V DQG WHPSRUDULO\
XVHGDVDVKDUHGFRPPXQDOVSDFH
$ PRQRIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH RU D PL[HGXVH DUHD FDQ SHUIRUP EHWWHU ZLWK VRPH OLWWOH
FKDQJHV 7KLV FRQFHSW FDQ EH LQYHVWLJDWHG LQ GLIIHUHQW SHULRGV RI WLPH )LJXUH
VKRZVWKHSRWHQWLDORIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXVLQJLQWKHGDLO\ZHHNO\DQGDQQXDOUK\WKPV
)RUH[DPSOHWKHFDIpWHUUDFHFRXOGLOOXVWUDWHWKHGDLO\UK\WKPZKLFKLVDSDUWRIWKH
VLGHZDONV HVSHFLDOO\ RXW WKH KRXUV RI OXQFK RU GLQQHU :HHNO\ PDUNHWV FRXOG EH D
JRRG H[DPSOH RI D ZHHN URXQG DFWLYLW\ 7KH VSDFH KDV D GLIIHUHQW IXQFWLRQ LQ WKH
RWKHUGD\VRIWKHZHHN$VD\HDUURXQGDFWLYLW\ZHFDQPHQWLRQWKHVXPPHUVWUHHWV
DQGWKHRFFDVLRQDOPDUNHWV
)LJXUH7KHSRWHQWLDORIPXOWLSOHXVLQJRIDFHUWDLQVSDFHLQWKHGDLO\ZHHNO\DQGDQQXDOUK\WKPV
*KDIRXUL

7KH QRWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ DQG )XQFWLRQDO GHQVLW\ RI D
VSDFH
,I FRQVLGHULQJ PD[LPXP IXQFWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ RI D VSDFH XVLQJ WKH PD[LPXP RI
VSDFH FDSDFLWLHV LQ DFFRPPRGDWLQJ XVHUV ZLWK QXPEHU RQH FRPSDULQJ VSDFH
IXQFWLRQDO LQGLIIHUHQWWLPHVZLWKWKHWLPHWKDWVSDFHIURPIXQFWLRQDOSRLQWRIYLHZLV
RQWKHSHDNZHFRXOGGHILQHWKHQRWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDOGHQVLW\
)XQFWLRQDO GHQVLW\ ZKLFK FRPHV RXW RI GLYLGLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI XVHUV RI VSDFH
DFFRPPRGDWLQJE\GLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVLQDVSHFLILFSHULRGE\WKHQXPEHURIWKHXVHUV
LQ LWV FOLPD[ GHPRQVWUDWHV WKDW VSDFH LQ HYHU\ SHULRG KDV KRZ PXFK FDSDFLW\ IRU
UHFHLYLQJQHZXVHUVDQGWKHUHXSRQQHZIXQFWLRQV7KLVVLWXDWLRQKDSSHQVLQHYHQWV
RU VSHFLILF VLWXDWLRQV $V DQ H[DPSOH IRU WKH HQG RI VFKRRO \HDU IHWH WKH VFKRRO
RFFDVLRQDOO\DFFRPPRGDWHVDOPRVWDOOWKHFKLOGUHQDQGWKHLUSDUHQWVEXWWKHVFKRRO
LV SODQQHG RQO\ IRU WKH FKLOGUHQ 7KLV QHZ VLWXDWLRQ LV WKH IUXLW RI LQFUHDVLQJ WKH
IXQF\LRQDOGHQVLW\DQGSURYLGLQJYDULRXVDFWLYLWLHVIRUWKHXVHUV
)XQFWLRQDO (IILFLHQF\ WKH QXPEHU RI XVHUV RI VSDFH LQ D VSHFLILF SHULRG WKH
QXPEHU RI WKH XVHUV WKH VSDFH KDV EHHQ SODQQHG WR DFFRPPRGDWH IRU LWV VSHFLILF
IXQFWLRQLQRSWLPXP HT
)XQFWLRQDO'HQVLW\ WKHQXPEHURIXVHUVRIVSDFHLQDVSHFLILFSHULRGWKHQXPEHU

RI WKH XVHUV RI VSDFH LQ LWV FOLPD[ E\ DFFRPPRGDWLQJ QHZ IXQFWLRQV DQG DFWLYLWLHV
HT
7KHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIVSDFHLQWRDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHLVZLWKWKHDLPRIPD[LPXP
EHQHILFLDU\RIVSDFHFDSDFLWLHV7KLVGHQVLILFDWLRQRFFXUVQRWRQO\LQVSDFHEXWDOVR
LQ WLPH 7KDW PHDQV HYHQ D VSDFH WKDW KDV DOO WKH XVHUV LW KDG EHHQ SODQQHG WR
DFFRPPRGDWH DOZD\V KDV KLGGHQ SRWHQWLDOV IRU GLYHUVH DFWLYLWLHV WKDW FRXOG EH
H[WUDFWHGLQGLIIHUHQWWLPHLQWHUYDOV

,QFUHDVLQJWKHIXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\OHDGVPDLQO\WRXVLQJWKHVSDFHEHWWHULQWKHZD\
LW KDV EHHQ SODQQHG WR EH EXW LQFUHDVLQJ WKH IXQFWLRQDO GHQVLW\ PDLQO\ IRFXVHV RQ
QHZSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUXVLQJWKHVSDFHUDWKHUWKDQWKHLQLWLDOSODQQLQJ
7KHEHQHILWVRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGXUEDQSODQQLQJ
,IZHXVHWKHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\EHXVHGLQXUEDQDUHDVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW
EHQHILW RI VKDULQJ XVH RI D VSDFH LV UHGXFLQJ WKH QHHG IRU QHZ FRQVWUXFWLRQV 7KH\
QRW RQO\ LQFUHDVH WKH GHQVLW\ LQ H[LVWLQJ XUEDQ DUHDV EXW DOVR E\ HQKDQFLQJ WKH
GLYHUVLW\ RI DFWLYDWHV OHDG WR PRUH YLWDO FLWLHV %DWW\ HW DO 7KH HFRQRPLFDO
YDOXH RI WKLV UHVXOW LV FRPSDUDEOH ZLWK LWV VRFLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO YDOXHV 7KHVH
WKUHHDVSHFWVVKRZQLQWDEOHDUHYHU\LPSRUWDQWIRUWKHIXWXUHZRUOG͘
7DEOH7KHEHQHILWVRIVKDULQJXVHRIXUEDQVSDFHV
7KHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVLQVPDOOVFDOHVKDYHPDQ\DGYDQWDJHVDPRQJZKLFKZH
PD\ QRWLFH VDYLQJ WUDYHO WLPH LQFUHDVLQJ WKH HIIHFWLYH WLPH IRU DFWLYLW\ DQG
GHFUHDVLQJ WKH FRVWV IRU PDLQWHQDQFH UHSDLULQJ DQG VHFXULW\ EHFDXVH RI
FHQWUDOL]DWLRQWKHDFWLYLWLHVIDFLOLWLHVDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUH7KH\DOVRJXDUDQWHHWKDWWKH
SHRSOHZLOOUHYLVLWWKHVSDFH3RXUEDNKW )XMLL

,Q ODUJH VFDOHV XUEDQ GHVLJQ DQG ODQGXVH SODQQLQJ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ FDQ UHGXFH
XUEDQVSUDZODQGLQFUHDVHGHQVLW\SURPRWHVSDWLDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDOTXDOLW\VDYH
VFDUHVSDFHE\LQWHQVLI\LQJLWVXVHLPSURYHWKHHFRQRPLFSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHZKROH
VSDFH DQG FUHDWH D YLWDO DWWUDFWLQJ DUHD ,YHVRQ /OR\G $XOG
5RGHQEXUJHWDO9UHHNHUHWDO
-DQ*HKOLQKLVERRN³/LIHEHWZHHQEXLOGLQJV´GLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW

W\SHV RI DFWLYLWLHV WKDW RFFXU LQ DQ RXWGRRU VSDFH QHFHVVDU\IXQFWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV
RSWLRQDOUHFUHDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVDQGVRFLDODFWLYLWLHVLQSXEOLFVSDFHV:KLOHQHFHVVDU\
DFWLYLWLHV WDNH SODFH UHJDUGOHVV RI TXDOLW\ RI WKH SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW RSWLRQDO
DFWLYLWLHVGHSHQGWRDVLJQLILFDQWGHJUHHRQZKDWWKHSODFHKDVWRRIIHUDQGKRZLW
PDNHV SHRSOH EHKDYH DQG IHHO DERXW LW 7KH EHWWHU D SODFH LV WKH PRUH RSWLRQDO
DFWLYLWLHV RFFXU DQG WKH ORQJHU QHFHVVDU\ DFWLYLWLHV ODVW 6RFLDO DFWLYLW\ LV WKH IUXLW RI
WKH TXDOLW\ DQG OHQJWK RI WKH RWKHU W\SHV RI DFWLYLWLHV EHFDXVH LW RFFXUV
VSRQWDQHRXVO\ ZKHQ SHRSOH PHHW LQ D SDUWLFXODU SODFH 6RFLDO DFWLYLWLHV LQFOXGH
FKLOGUHQ¶VSOD\JUHHWLQJVDQGFRQYHUVDWLRQVFROOHFWLYHDFWLYLWLHVRIYDULRXVNLQGVDQG
VLPSO\VHHLQJDQGKHDULQJRWKHUSHRSOH&RPPXQDOVSDFHVLQFLWLHVDQGUHVLGHQWLDO
DUHDV EHFRPH PHDQLQJIXO DQG DWWUDFWLYH ZKHQ DOO DFWLYLWLHV RI DOO W\SHV RFFXU LQ
FRPELQDWLRQDQGIHHGRIIHDFKRWKHU
,WLVRIWHQSRVVLEOHWRXVHZKROHRUDSDUWRIDUHDVGHGLFDWHGWRQHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV
SDVVLQJ ZRUNLQJ RU VKRSSLQJ IRU RWKHU IXQFWLRQV LQ WKHLU LGOH KRXUV RU EHQHILW WKH
VSDFHVDVDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDODUHD7KLVZLOOFKDQJHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHLQZKROHDUHD
:KHQRXWGRRUDUHDVDUHRISRRUTXDOLW\RQO\VWULFWO\QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHVRFFXU

.HYLQ/\QFKGHILQVDKDLJKTXDOLW\XUEDQVSDFHZKLWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
,PDJHDELOLW\WKHTXDOLW\RIDSODFHWKDWPDNHVLWGLVWLQFWUHFRJQL]DEOHDQGPHPRUDEOH$SODFHKDV
KLJK LPDJHDELOLW\ ZKHQ VSHFLILF SK\VLFDO HOHPHQWV DQG WKHLU DUUDQJHPHQW FDSWXUH DWWHQWLRQ HYRNH
IHHOLQJVDQGFUHDWHDODVWLQJLPSUHVVLRQ
(QFORVXUH UHIHUV WR WKH GHJUHH WR ZKLFK VWUHHWV DQG RWKHU SXEOLF VSDFHV DUH YLVXDOO\ GHILQHG E\
EXLOGLQJV ZDOOV WUHHV DQG RWKHU YHUWLFDO HOHPHQWV 6SDFHV ZKHUH WKH KHLJKW RI YHUWLFDO HOHPHQWV LV
SURSRUWLRQDOO\UHODWHGWRWKHZLGWKRIWKHVSDFHEHWZHHQWKHPKDYHDURRPOLNHTXDOLW\
+XPDQ6FDOHUHIHUVWRDVL]HWH[WXUHDQGDUWLFXODWLRQRISK\VLFDOHOHPHQWVWKDWPDWFKWKHVL]HDQG
SURSRUWLRQV RI KXPDQV DQG HTXDOO\ LPSRUWDQW FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH VSHHG DW ZKLFK KXPDQV ZDON

%XW ZKHQ RXWGRRU DUHDV DUH RI KLJK TXDOLW\ QHFHVVDU\ DFWLYLWLHV WDNH SODFH ZLWK
DSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\EXWFOHDUO\WHQGWRWDNHDORQJHUWLPHEHFDXVHRI
WKHSK\VLFDOFRQGLWLRQV,QDGGLWLRQKRZHYHUDZLGH UDQJHRI RSWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVZLOO
DOVRRFFXUEHFDXVHWKHSODFHDQGLWVVLWXDWLRQVQRZLQYLWHSHRSOHWRVWRSVLWHDWDQG
SOD\
,Q VWUHHWV DQG FLW\ VSDFHV RI SRRU TXDOLW\ RQO\ WKH EDUH PLQLPXP RI DFWLYLW\ WDNHV
SODFH3HRSOHKXUU\KRPH%XWLQDJRRGHQYLURQPHQWDFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWEURDG
VSHFWUXPRIKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVLVSRVVLEOH:KHQWKHTXDOLW\RIRXWGRRUDUHDVLVJRRG
RSWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV RFFXU ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ IUHTXHQF\ 7KLV FRPSDULVRQ LV VKRZHG LQ
ILJXUH

%XLOGLQJ GHWDLOV SDYHPHQW WH[WXUH VWUHHW WUHHV DQG VWUHHW IXUQLWXUH DUH DOO SK\VLFDO HOHPHQWV
FRQWULEXWLQJWRKXPDQVFDOH
7UDQVSDUHQF\HIHUVWRWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKSHRSOHFDQVHHRUSHUFHLYHZKDWOLHVEH\RQGWKHHGJHRI
DVWUHHWRURWKHUSXEOLFVSDFHDQGPRUHVSHFLILFDOO\WKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKSHRSOHFDQVHHRUSHUFHLYH
KXPDQ DFWLYLW\ EH\RQG WKH HGJH RI D VWUHHW RU RWKHU SXEOLF VSDFH 3K\VLFDO HOHPHQWV WKDW LQIOXHQFH
WUDQVSDUHQF\LQFOXGHZDOOVZLQGRZVGRRUVIHQFHVODQGVFDSLQJDQGRSHQLQJVLQWRPLGEORFNVSDFHV
/LQNDJHHIHUVWRSK\VLFDODQGYLVXDOFRQQHFWLRQVIURPEXLOGLQJWRVWUHHWEXLOGLQJWREXLOGLQJVSDFH
WR VSDFH RU RQH VLGH RI WKH VWUHHW WR WKH RWKHU WKDW WHQG WR XQLI\ GLVSDUDWH HOHPHQWV 7UHH OLQHV
EXLOGLQJSURMHFWLRQVDQGPDUNHGFURVVLQJVDOOFUHDWHOLQNDJH/LQNDJHFDQRFFXUORQJLWXGLQDOO\DORQJD
VWUHHWRUODWHUDOO\DFURVVDVWUHHW
&RPSOH[LW\UHIHUVWRWKHYLVXDOULFKQHVVRIDSODFH7KHFRPSOH[LW\RIDSODFHGHSHQGVRQWKHYDULHW\
RIWKHSK\VLFDOHQYLURQPHQWVSHFLILFDOO\WKHQXPEHUDQGNLQGVRIEXLOGLQJVDUFKLWHFWXUDOGLYHUVLW\DQG
RUQDPHQWDWLRQODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVVWUHHWIXUQLWXUHVLJQDJHDQGKXPDQDFWLYLW\
&RKHUHQFHUHIHUVWRDVHQVHRIYLVXDORUGHU7KHGHJUHHRIFRKHUHQFHLVLQIOXHQFHGE\FRQVLVWHQF\
DQG FRPSOHPHQWDULW\ LQ WKH VFDOH FKDUDFWHU DQG DUUDQJHPHQW RI EXLOGLQJV ODQGVFDSLQJ VWUHHW
IXUQLWXUHSDYLQJPDWHULDOVDQGRWKHUSK\VLFDOHOHPHQWV
/HJLELOLW\ UHIHUV WR WKH HDVH ZLWK ZKLFK WKH VSDWLDO VWUXFWXUH RI D SODFH FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG DQG
QDYLJDWHG DV D ZKROH 7KH OHJLELOLW\ RI D SODFH LV LPSURYHG E\ D VWUHHW RU SHGHVWULDQ QHWZRUN WKDW
SURYLGHVWUDYHOHUVZLWKDVHQVHRIRULHQWDWLRQDQGUHODWLYHORFDWLRQDQGE\SK\VLFDOHOHPHQWVWKDWVHUYH
DVUHIHUHQFHSRLQWV

)LJXUH*UDSKLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHTXDOLW\RIRXWGRRUVSDFHVDQGWKH
UDWHRIRFFXUUHQFHRIRXWGRRUDFWLYLWLHV*HKO
)XQFWLRQDOGHQVLW\RSWLPL]LQJWKHFDSDFLWLHVRIH[LVWHGVSDFHVZLWK
GLYHUVLILHGDFWLYLWLHV
,QWKHHYHQWWKDWVSDFHFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDVHWRIVSDFHIXQFWLRQVDFWLYLW\
DQGXVHUVWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIFRPELQLQJVSDFHVDQG
DFWLYLWLHV ZLOO OHDG WR ILJXUH 7KH UHFRYHUHG VSDFH FRXOG EH XVHG IRU RSWLRQDO
DFWLYLWLHVDQGDVOHYHOVRIRSWLRQDODFWLYLW\ULVHWKHQXPEHURIVRFLDODFWLYLWLHVXVXDOO\
LQFUHDVHVVXEVWDQWLDOO\

)LJXUH7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIDFWLYLWLHVDQGLQFRQVHTXHQFHODQGUHOHDVHIRUQHZRQHVOHDGWRDKLJK
TXDOLW\VSDFH*KDIRXUL
)XQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\RSWLPL]LQJWKHFDSDFLWLHVRIH[LVWHGVSDFHVIRU
DODUJHUWLPHLQWHUYDO
&RQVLGHULQJ WKH SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK DQ HFRQRPLF ZD\ WR HQKDQFH WKH IXQFWLRQV RI
VSDFHV LV XVLQJ WKHVH H[LVWLQJ DUHDV IRU PRUH SHRSOH DQG DFWLYLWLHV 7KXV DQ
DSSURSULDWH VROXWLRQ LV WR LQFUHDVH WKH IXQFWLRQLQJ KRXUV RI DQ DUHD WR UHFHLYH D
JUHDWHUQXPEHURISHRSOHDWWKHVDPHVSDFH$QRWKHUPHWKRGLVVLPXOWDQHRXVXVLQJ
RIWKHVSDFHIRUWZRRUPRUHDFWLYLWLHV,WLVREYLRXVWKDWWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVHWZR
FRQFHSWVXVLQJLGOHKRXUVDQGPRGXODWLRQRIWKHDFWLYLWLHVFDQVLJQLILFDQWO\LPSURYH
ERWK IXQFWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ DQG IXQFWLRQDO GHQVLW\ RI VSDFH :H VKRXOG DOVR NHHS LQ
PLQG WKDW DFFRUGLQJ WR V\VWHP HFRORJ\ DOO WKHVH LQWHUYHQWLRQV LQ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI

VSDFHV DQG ZRUNLQJ KRXUV RI D VSDFH FRXOG LQIOXHQFH WKH LQWHUDFWLRQV DQG
WUDQVDFWLRQVZLWKLQDQGEHWZHHQELRORJLFDODQGHFRORJLFDOV\VWHPV.LWFKLQJ
$FFRUGLQJ WR ZKDW KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG WKH QRWLRQ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ LQ XUEDQ
SODQQLQJLVPXFKPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGWKDQLQDJULFXOWXUHRUODQGVFDSHEHFDXVHRIWKH
V\QHUJ\QRWRQO\EHWZHHQWKHVSDFHDQGDFWLYLW\EXWDOVREHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGWLPH
EHFDXVH RI WKH YDULRXV SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU WKH WHPSRUDOLW\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKLV
FRPSOH[LW\ WKH ODFN RI ZULWWHQ UHVRXUFHV DERXW WKLV VXEMHFW IRUFHV XV WR FKRRVH D
FRPELQDWLRQ RI UHVHDUFK DQG DQDO\VLV PHWKRGV EDVHG RQ FDVHVWXG\ WKDW FRYHU DOO
WKH GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV DQG OHDG XV WR GHVLJQ SULQFLSOHV 7KH QH[W VHFWLRQ IRFXVHV RQ
WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ RI WKLV UHVHDUFK LQ RUGHU WR ILQG WKH FULWHULD VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG
ZKLOH SODQQLQJ IRU PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO XUEDQ VSDFHV LQ GLIIHUHQW SKDVHV IURP SULPDULO\
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJVWRFRQFHSWXDOGHVLJQ

7KHSRWHQWLDOVIRUPXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
XVHRIXUEDQVSDFHV

&KRRVLQJDQDSSURSULDWHPHWKRG
$OWKRXJK WKH GHPDUFDWLRQ RI GHVLJQLQJ SUDFWLFHV PD\ OHDG WR PRQRWRQ\ DQG ORZHU
FUHDWLYLW\LWDOORZVWKHGHVLJQHUWRRYHUORRNFHUWDLQOHVVLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWVLQIDYRU
RI WKH PRUH LPSRUWDQW YDOXDEOH RQHV ,Q WKLV VFHQDULR WKHUH ZLOO VWLOO EH URRP IRU
FUHDWLYH GHVLJQ $GRSWLRQ RI D VSHFLILF PHWKRG FDQ EULQJ DERXW VHYHUDO DGYDQWDJHV
VXFKDVSUHFLVHVFLHQWLILFSURFHVVWKURXJKRXWZKLFKWKHGHVLJQHUZLOOEHHQDEOHGWR
PDNHRSWLPXPGHFLVLRQV
6LPLODUO\ IURP WKH PHWKRGRORJLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH DGRSWLRQ RI D VSHFLILF PHWKRG IURP
RWKHU ILHOGV RI VFLHQFH DQG SXWWLQJ LW LQWR DUFKLWHFWXUDO SUDFWLFHV ZLOO JHQHUDOO\ KDYH
WZR FRQVHTXHQFHV )LUVWO\ LW PD\ EH FRXQWHUHG E\ SURIHVVLRQDOV EHFDXVH RI WKH
DUWLVWLF DVSHFW RI DUFKLWHFWXUH UHVLVWLQJ DJDLQVW ULJLG VFLHQWLILF PHWKRGV 7KH VHFRQG
FRQVHTXHQFH LV DOO DERXW IXQFWLRQDOLW\ ,Q IDFW DQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO SLHFH VKRXOG QRW EH
WUHDWHG OLNH D WHVW WXEH LQ D ODERUDWRU\ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI D EXLOGLQJ ZLWK H[WHUQDO
IDFWRUV DQG WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRQWH[W DULVH IURP PXOWLSOH VXEWOH HOHPHQWV WKH
LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI ZKLFK ZLWKLQ DQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO UHVHDUFK SURMHFW PLJKW
QRWDOZD\VEHSUDFWLFDOWKXVGLVWLQJXLVKLQJLWIURPWKHUHVWRIVFLHQWLILFILHOGV
&RPPRQUHVHDUFKPHWKRGVLQDUFKLWHFWXUH
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHVXEMHFWRIWKLVWKHVLVLWLVLQWHQGHGWRGHILQHSUDFWLFHVIRUGHVLJQLQJ
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHV7KHUHIRUHDFHUWDLQPHWKRGDSSURSULDWHWRWKHVXEMHFWPXVW
EH XVHG WR H[WUDFW DQG H[SODLQ WKH SUDFWLFHV +RZHYHU WKH PXOWLOD\HU DQG PXOWL
GLPHQVLRQDO QDWXUH RI DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG JHQHUDOO\ KXPDQ VFLHQFHV DQG DUW PDNHV
WKH SURFHVV RI FULWHULD GHYHORSPHQW D GLIILFXOW WDVN %DVLFDOO\ WKHUH LV QR FOHDU
LQVWUXFWLRQ WR GHYHORS GHVLJQ FULWHULD $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH OLWHUDWXUH FULWHULD DUH RIWHQ
NQRZQWREHWKHUHVXOWRIREMHFWLYHVDQGDUHGHVLJQHGDQGH[SUHVVHGRQWKHEDVLVRI
WKHSHUFHLYHGJRDOVIRUWKHGHVLJQ7KHSUHVHQFHRIRQHRUPRUHPHFKDQLVPVIRU
FULWHULDGHYHORSPHQWFDQSDUWLDOO\HOLPLQDWHWKHRUHWLFDOFRQIXVLRQLQDUFKLWHFWXUH

*HQHUDO$SSURDFKHVRI&ULWHULD'HYHORSPHQW
&ULWHULDDUHVWDWHPHQWVWKDWPXVWEHSURYHGWKURXJKORJLFDOUHDVRQLQJ$FFRUGLQJWR
6DXQGHUV HW DO WKHUH DUH WZR UHDVRQLQJ DSSURDFKHV IRU DQ\ UHVHDUFK
QDPHO\GHGXFWLYHDQGLQGXFWLYHDSSURDFKHV,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHVHDSSURDFKHV
YDULRXVVWUDWHJLHVDQGPHWKRGVFDQEHXVHGWRGHILQHFULWHULD7KXVWKHILUVWVWHSLV
WRGHILQHWKHUHDVRQLQJVWUDWHJ\
6LQFH GHGXFWLRQ UHTXLUHV DEVROXWH PDVWHU\ RI GLIIHUHQW VXEMHFWV DQG VLWXDWLRQV DV
ZHOODVWUXHSUHFRQGLWLRQVDQGEDVHVLWLVUDUHO\XVHGLQVXFKILHOGVDVDUFKLWHFWXUH
,Q FRQWUDVW LQGXFWLYH UHDVRQLQJ XVXDOO\ GHDOV ZLWK OLPLWHG FDVHV WR H[SUHVV
JHQHUDOL]HG VWDWHPHQWV KHUH FULWHULD WR EH XVHG LQ IXWXUH H[SHULHQFHV 7KHUHIRUH
WKH UHVXOWV RI LQGXFWLYH UHDVRQLQJ DUH QRW DOZD\V WUXH EHFDXVH D WRWDO LQGXFWLRQ LV
QHYHUUHDOL]HGDWOHDVWLQWKHILHOGRIDUFKLWHFWXUH,QDGGLWLRQJHQHUDOL]DWLRQRIDQ
LQFRPSOHWH LQGXFWLRQ PD\ QRW EH QHFHVVDULO\ WUXH EXW ORJLFDOO\ LV EHWWHU WKDQ
FRQIXVLRQDQGXQFHUWDLQW\$WOHDVWLQWKLVFDVHSRVVLEOHHUURUVFDQEHGHWHFWHGDQG
JUDGXDOO\HOLPLQDWHGWKURXJKH[SHULHQFH
7KHIROORZLQJPHWKRGVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGIRUHDFKRIDERYHUHDVRQLQJVWUDWHJLHV
&ULWHULDGHYHORSPHQWEDVHGRQELEOLRJUDSKLFUHVRXUFHVWKHRUHWLFDO
&ULWHULDGHYHORSPHQWEDVHGRQWHVWVDQGREVHUYDWLRQVH[SHULPHQWDO
&ULWHULDGHYHORSPHQWEDVHGRQSUHYLRXVFDVHVWKHRUHWLFDOH[SHULPHQWDO
$PRQJWKHDERYHPHWKRGVWKHILUVWRQHFDQQRWEHPHWGXHWRWKHSDXFLW\RIZULWWHQ
UHVRXUFHV 7KH VHFRQG VLWXDWLRQ LV RIWHQ XVHG LQ H[SHULPHQWDO VFLHQFHV VXFK DV
SK\VLFVDQGFKHPLVWU\HWFWKDQFDQEHH[DPLQHGLQODERUDWRU\7KHWKLUGVLWXDWLRQ
LV PRUH DFFHSWDEOH DPRQJ DUFKLWHFWXUH UHVHDUFKHUV EHFDXVH RI WKH DYDLODELOLW\ DQG
FRPSOLDQFH ZLWK DUFKLWHFWXUDO UHVWULFWLRQV 7KDW LV ZK\ WKH PDMRULW\ RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO
VWXGLHVFRQWDLQDVHFWLRQFDOOHGFDVHVWXG\WRZKLFKDUHVHDUFKHUUHIHUVDLPLQJDW
H[SUHVVLQJDQDUJXPHQWWRFRQILUPRQHRUPRUHFRPSRQHQWV

3UHYLRXV([SHULHQFHV
$FFRUGLQJO\ LI ZH FRQVLGHU WKH LQGXFWLYH DSSURDFK ZH VKRXOG DQDO\]H SUHYLRXV
LQVWDQFHVWROD\RXWFULWHULDIRUIXWXUHSURMHFWV$OWKRXJKWKLVSURFHVVRFFXUVLQWXLWLYHO\
LQ GHVLJQHUV ZKR RIWHQ UHIHU WR SUHYLRXVO\ REVHUYHG LQVWDQFHV GXULQJ GHVLJQ WKH
PRUH WKLV UHIHUULQJ UHPRYHV LQWXLWLYH DQG LQGLYLGXDO FRQVWUDLQWV DQG EHFRPHV
UHJXODWHG WKH JUHDWHU WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH H[WUDFWHG VWDWHPHQWV SUDFWLFHV DQG
FULWHULDZLOOLQFUHDVH
7KH PDLQ TXHVWLRQ LV WKDW LQ ZKDW FRQGLWLRQV D UHVHDUFKHU UHIHUV WR H[DPSOHV" ,W
VHHPVWKDWWKHFRQVWUDLQWVRISULPDU\WKHRUHWLFDOUHVRXUFHVFRPSHOWKHUHVHDUFKHUWR
UHIHUFDVHVIRUGDWDFROOHFWLRQWRXVHWKHPDVDEDVLVIRUKLVKHUUHVHDUFK
7KLV VWUDWHJ\ LV UHFRPPHQGHG ZKHQ WKHRUHWLFDO UHVRXUFHV DUH QRW HQRXJK WR GR
UHVHDUFK 6DXQGHUV /HZLV 7KRUQKLOO 5HIHUHQFH WR SUHYLRXV FDVHV DV
SUDFWLFDOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG SURMHFWV ZKRVH FRQV DQG SURV DUH UHYHDOHG ZLWK WLPH LV RI
JUHDW LPSRUWDQFH ,Q WKLV VLWXDWLRQ UHVHDUFK GDWD DUH REWDLQHG IURP FDVH VWXGLHV
ZKHUHDVLQH[SHULPHQWDOVWUDWHJ\GDWDDUHGHULYHGIURPWHVWVDQGH[SHULHQFHV
)RU WKH DQDO\VLV RI LQSXW GDWD LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR XVH WHFKQLTXHV DQG PHWKRGV
DSSURSULDWHWRWKHGDWDW\SHDQGVXEMHFWRIUHVHDUFK7KHVHPHWKRGVDUHEDVHGRQ
ORJLFDO UHDVRQLQJ DQG GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH PDMRU FDWHJRULHV RI LQGXFWLYH GHGXFWLYH
FRPSDUDWLYH PHWKRGV RU FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKHP HJ LQGXFWLYHGHGXFWLYH %DVHG RQ
WKHVH WKUHH FDWHJRULHV YDULRXV PHWKRGV DQG WHFKQLTXHV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG IRU
GLIIHUHQWVSKHUHVRIVFLHQFHV
&DVHEDVHG5HDVRQLQJ&%5
5REHUW <LQ WKH DXWKRU RI D UHIHUHQFH ERRN RQ WKH FDVH VWXG\ SURYLGHV WKH
IROORZLQJ SKHQRPHQRQ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI UHDO OLIH HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ WKH ERXQGDULHV
EHWZHHQ SKHQRPHQRQ DQG WLPH DUH QRW TXLWH FOHDU ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV &%5 ZLWKLQ WKH
UHDOPRIDUFKLWHFWXUHLVGHILQHGDVIROORZV³$QHPSLULFDOVHDUFKRIDSKHQRPHQRQRU
D FHUWDLQ ORFDWLRQ´ %\ GHOHWLQJ WKH ZRUG FRQWHPSRUDU\ DQG DGGLQJ WKH ZRUG

ORFDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWV DQG KLVWRULFDO VLWHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG DV SRWHQWLDO DUHDV RI
FDVHVWXGLHV*URDW :DQJ
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH<LQ
VW\SRORJ\<LQWKLVVWXG\LQWHQGVWRH[SODLQDQGH[SORUH
WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG SUDFWLFHV WKURXJK FDVH VWXG\ ,Q IDFW D FDVH VWXG\ LV DQ
LQVWUXPHQWXVHGWRDFKLHYHUHVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV7KHFDVHVLQWKLVVWXG\DUHVHOHFWHG
UHO\LQJRQH[SHUWV¶SRLQWVRIYLHZ
7KH XVH RI XSGDWHG DQG VFLHQWLILF WHFKQLTXHV FDQ VHUYH WKDW SXUSRVH 7R GR WKLV D
FRPPRQ PHWKRGRORJ\ WKDW FRQWDLQV DQ DSSURSULDWH WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN FDOOHG
FDVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJ&%5KDVEHHQXVHG
x :KDWLV&%5"
&%5LVDSUREOHPVROYLQJPHWKRGWKDWLQVWHDGRIUHO\LQJRQJHQHUDONQRZOHGJHRIWKH
SUREOHPDUHDRUHVWDEOLVKLQJJHQHUDOL]HGUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQSUREOHPVDQGVROXWLRQV
LW XVHV VSHFLILF NQRZOHGJH UHODWHG WR SUHYLRXV H[SHULHQFHV DQG VWDWXV RI RWKHU
SUREOHPV$QHZSUREOHPLVVROYHGE\ILQGLQJDQGXVLQJDVLPLODUVLWXDWLRQSUHYLRXVO\
REVHUYHG$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFHLVWKDWWKH&%5LVDmethod for incremental-
reinforcement learningEHFDXVHHYHU\WLPHDSUREOHPLVVROYHGDQHZH[SHULHQFHLV
UHWDLQHGDQGZLOOEHDYDLODEOHIRUWKHQH[WSUREOHPV5DSLGJURZWKLQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ
RI &%5 LQ UHFHQW \HDUV LV HYLGHQW IURP PDQ\ DUWLFOHV LQ PDQ\ FRQIHUHQFHV
FRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHWRROVDQGLWVVXFFHVVIXODSSOLFDWLRQV%LFKLQGDULW] 0RQWDQL

x &%5+LVWRU\
5HVHDUFKRQ&%5LQ(XURSHEHJDQDOLWWOHODWHUWKDQLQ$PHULFD,WVHHPVWKDW&%5
LQ(XURSHKDVEHHQXVHGPRUHHIILFLHQWO\LQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIH[SHUWV\VWHPVDQG
NQRZOHGJHDFTXLVLWLRQUHVHDUFK5HFHQWO\&%5DFWLYLWLHVLQ$PHULFDDQG(XURSHDUH
LQFUHDVLQJDQGWKHQXPEHURI&%5DUWLFOHVLQDUWLILFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFHMRXUQDOVLVUDSLGO\
JURZLQJ,WVHHPVWKDW*HUPDQ\KDVDPDMRUSRVLWLRQLQWHUPVRIWKHQXPEHURIDFWLYH

UHVHDUFKHUVDQGJURXSVLQWKLVILHOG6RPHUHOHYDQWDFWLYLWLHVDUHDOVRFDUU\LQJRXWLQ
-DSDQ DQG RWKHU $VLDQ FRXQWULHV OLNH ,QGLD ,Q -DSDQ &%5 VWXGLHV PDLQO\ IRFXV RQ
&%5SDUDOOHOFRPSXWDWLRQV1D\\HUL
7KHURRWVRIFDVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJLQDUWLILFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFHFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHZRUNV
RI5RJHU6FKDQN6FKDQNLQYHVWLJDWHGG\QDPLFPHPRU\DQGWKHUROHRIUHPLQGLQJ
SUHYLRXVVLWXDWLRQVHSLVRGHVFDVHVLQSUREOHPVROYLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ6FKDQN
2WKHUIRRWSULQWVRI&%5FDQEHIRXQGLQVWXGLHVRQGHGXFWLYHUHDVRQLQJDQGHDUOLHU
WKHRULHV RI FRQFHSW IRUPDWLRQ SUREOHP VROYLQJ DQG H[SHULHQWLDO OHDUQLQJ E\
SKLORVRSK\ DQG SV\FKRORJ\ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH ILHOG RI KXPDQ VFLHQFHV DQG DUW LQ
ZKLFKILQGLQJDVROXWLRQWRDSUREOHPLVGLVWLQFWIURPSXUHVFLHQFHV3DWWHUQVDQGROG
SDWWHUQVLQDUFKLWHFWXUHDUHDNLQGRI&%57KHUHIRUHDOWKRXJK&%5LVXQIDPLOLDUWR
DUFKLWHFWVWKH\HPSLULFDOO\KDYHXVHGLWWRILQGWKHEHVWVROXWLRQIRUQHZDUFKLWHFWXUDO
GHVLJQV ,Q KLV WKHRU\ SDWWHUQ ODQJXDJH &KULVWRSKHU $OH[DQGHU WULHV WR ILQG
UHSHDWHGROGSDWWHUQVWRDFKLHYHQHZVROXWLRQVIRUDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQV
,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWSUREOHPVROYLQJKHUHKDVDYHU\ZLGHUDQJLQJLPSOLFDWLRQDQG
LV UHODWHG WR WKH HIIRUWV FDUULHG RXW LQ NQRZOHGJHEDVHG V\VWHPV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV
SUREOHPVROYLQJ GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ UHIHU WR ILQGLQJ D UHDO VROXWLRQ WR D SUDFWLFDO
SUREOHP UDWKHU LW FDQ EH D SUREOHP UDLVHG E\ D XVHU )RU H[DPSOH YHULILFDWLRQ RU
FULWLFL]LQJ D SURSRVHG VROXWLRQ E\ D XVHU RU REWDLQLQJ H[SHFWDQF\ RI REVHUYHG GDWD
FDQDOVREHLQVWDQFHVRISUREOHPVROYLQJ
x &%5LQ3ODLQ/DQJXDJH
%DVLFDOO\ &%5 VROYHV D QHZ SUREOHP E\ UHFDOOLQJ D SUHYLRXV VLPLODU VLWXDWLRQ E\
UHXVLQJUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQDQGNQRZOHGJH
([SHULHQFHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJLVDSRZHUIXOFRPPRQPHWKRGIRUVROYLQJSUREOHPVE\
KXPDQV 7KLV FODLP LV FRQILUPHG E\ WKH UHVXOWV RI SV\FKRORJLFDO UHVHDUFK$ SDUW RI
WKHIRXQGDWLRQRI&%5LVLWVSV\FKRORJLFDOUHDVRQDELOLW\0DQ\VWXGLHVKDYHSURYLGHG
HPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHUHTXLUHGWRSURYHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIXVLQJSUHYLRXVO\H[SHULHQFHG
VLWXDWLRQV FDVHV WR VROYH KXPDQ SUREOHPV 6FKDQN SURSRVHG D WKHRU\ RQ

H[SHULHQFHUHWDLQPHQWEDVHGWUDLQLQJDQGUHPLQGLQJLQDG\QDPLFLQGXFWLYHVWUXFWXUH
$QGHUVRQ VKRZHG WKDW RQFH SHRSOH OHDUQ KRZ WR VROYH SUREOHPV WKH\ XVH SDVW
VLWXDWLRQVDVPRGHOV$KQ.LP +DQ
,Q &%5 WHUPLQRORJ\ D FDVH XVXDOO\ GHQRWHV D SUREOHP VLWXDWLRQ $ SUHYLRXVO\

H[SHULHQFHGVLWXDWLRQZKLFKKDVEHHQFDSWXUHGDQGOHDUQHGLQDZD\WKDWLWFDQEH
UHXVHGLQWKHVROYLQJRIIXWXUHSUREOHPVLVUHIHUUHGWRDVDSDVWFDVHSUHYLRXVFDVH
VWRUHGFDVHRUUHWDLQHGFDVH&RUUHVSRQGLQJO\DQHZFDVHRUXQVROYHGFDVHLVWKH
GHVFULSWLRQ RI D QHZ SUREOHP WR EH VROYHG &%5 LV LQ HIIHFW D F\FOLF DQG
HYROXWLRQDU\ SURFHVV RI SUREOHP VROYLQJ ZKLFK OHDUQV IURP H[LVWLQJ H[SHULHQFH WR
VROYHQHZSUREOHPV1D\\HUL
,Q D &%5DLGHG UHVHDUFK LW LV WULHG WR XVH FRPPRQ IHDWXUHV RI VWXGLHG FDVHV WKH
ORZHVWOD\HUWRDFKLHYHFULWHULDDQGSDWWHUQV7KLVKLHUDUFK\LVSUHVHQWHGLQILJXUH
7KHDLPRIWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\LVWRDFKLHYHGHVLJQFULWHULDDQGSUDFWLFHV
)LJXUH5HODWLRQEHWZHHQFDVHVFULWHULDSDWWHUQVDQGSULQFLSOHVLQRXUUHVHDUFK*KDIRXUL
EDVHGRQ1D\\HULDQG$OH[DQGHUHWDO

x )XQGDPHQWDOVRI&%50HWKRGV
7KH PDLQ WDVNV RI DOO &%5 PHWKRGV LQFOXGH LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH FXUUHQW SUREOHP
V
VLWXDWLRQILQGLQJDSUHYLRXVVLWXDWLRQVLPLODUWRWKHQHZVLWXDWLRQXVLQJWKHSUHYLRXV
VLWXDWLRQWRRIIHUDVROXWLRQWRWKHFXUUHQWSUREOHPHYDOXDWLQJWKHVXJJHVWHGVROXWLRQ
DQGXSGDWLQJWKHFXUUHQWV\VWHPE\WUDLQLQJWKHFXUUHQWH[SHULHQFH+RZWKHVHWDVNV
DUH FDUULHG RXW" :KDW SDUW RI WKLV SURFHGXUH LV PRUH LPSRUWDQW" :KDW W\SHV RI
SUREOHPV DUH VROYHG ZLWK WKHVH PHWKRGV" %HORZ &%5 PHWKRGV DUH FODVVLILHG LQWR
YDULRXVW\SHVZLWKVLPLODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
x 0DLQ7\SHVRI&%5
,I ZH DFFHSW WKDW &%5 LV DFWXDOO\ MXVW D FROOHFWLRQ RI SDVW H[SHULHQFHV ZKLFK KDYH
EHHQ RUJDQL]HG DQG GLVFLSOLQHG VRPH &%5 PHWKRGV KDYH ODUJH DPRXQWV RI
GLVWULEXWHG PHWKRGV LQ WKHLU GDWDEDVHV ZKHUHDV VRPH RWKHU &%5 PHWKRGV DUH
EDVHGRQDOLPLWHGVHWRIFDVHV3DVWFDVHVFDQEHHYDOXDWHGDQGUHWULHYHGLQVHULHV
RUSDUDOOHO9HORVR $DPRGW$KQ.LP +DQ
7KHUHDUHILYHGLIIHUHQWZD\VWRRUJDQL]HLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKLVPHWKRG7KHZD\XVHGLQ
WKLVVWXG\LVH[DPSOHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJLQZKLFKSUREOHPVROYLQJLVDFWXDOO\DW\SHRI
FODVVLILFDWLRQLHILQGLQJWKHULJKWFODVVIRU XQFDWHJRUL]HGFDVHV7KHFODVVRIPRVW
VLPLODUHDUOLHUFDVHVLVWKHVROXWLRQWRWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQSUREOHP&ODVVHVFRQVLVWRID
VHW RI SRVVLEOH VROXWLRQV 5HYLVLRQ RI WKH VROXWLRQ LV RXWVLGH WKH VFRSH RI WKLV
SURFHGXUH
x &%5&\FOH
&DVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJKDVDQRYHUDOOF\FOH)LJXUHZKLFKFDQEHGHVFULEHGE\

WKHIROORZLQJIRXUSURFHGXUHV
6HOHFWLRQRIFDVHVDQGUHWULHYDORISDWWHUQV&DVH5HWULHYDO
5HXVHRIH[LVWLQJSDWWHUQVDQGNQRZOHGJHIRUSUREOHPVROYLQJ&DVH5HXVH
5HYLVLRQRIWKHSURSRVHGVROXWLRQ&DVH5HYLVLRQ

5HWDLQLQJ SDUWV RI WKLV H[SHULHQFH WKDW DUH OLNHO\ EH XVHIXO IRU IXWXUH SUREOHP
VROYLQJ&DVH5HWDLQPHQW/HDUQLQJ
)LJXUH&%5&\FOH$DPRGW 3OD]D
7KHPDLQLGHDRI&%5LVWKDWVLPLODUSUREOHPVKDYHVLPLODUVROXWLRQV7KXVZKHQ
ZH DUH ORRNLQJ IRU FHUWDLQ FULWHULD IRU D GHVLJQ SURMHFW LQ WKH IXWXUH ZH FDQ XVH
SUHYLRXVO\XVHGVROXWLRQVDQGSDWWHUQVWKDWKDYHEHHQDOVRDSSURYHGE\WKHH[SHUWV
3DWWHUQ/DQJXDJH
,QKLVWKHRU\RISDWWHUQODQJXDJH&KULVWRSKHU$OH[DQGHUSURSRVHGWKHXVHRIIRUPHU
SDWWHUQV LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH $OH[DQGHU ,VKLNDZD 6LOYHUVWHLQ $FFRUGLQJ WR
$OH[DQGHUZKHQDSDWWHUQLVUHSHDWHGLWVPXOWLSOHDSSOLFDWLRQVLQGLFDWHLWVDFFXUDF\

DQG JHQHUDO DFFHSWDQFH 7KHUHIRUH VXFK D SDWWHUQ FDQ EH XVHG DV D VROXWLRQ IRU
IXWXUHSUREOHPV
7KH H[WUDFWLRQ RI VXFK SDWWHUQV DQG GHYHORSPHQW RI WKHLU FULWHULD FDQ EH GRQH ZLWK
GLIIHUHQW WHFKQLTXHV ,Q WKLV VWXG\ WKHVH FULWHULD WKH SUDFWLFHV ZHUH H[WUDFWHG
WKURXJKFDVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJ&RPELQLQJLWZLWKWKHWKHRU\RISDWWHUQODQJXDJHRI
$OH[DQGHULWLVH[SHFWHGWKDWDFRPSUHKHQVLYHOLVWRISUDFWLFHVFDQEHGHYHORSHG
$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVWKHRU\WKHRXWSXWVRIWKLVPRGHOFDQEHFRQYHUWHGWRWKHUXOHVWREH
XVHG E\ GHVLJQHUV LQ WKHLU IXWXUH SURMHFWV :KLOH PDLQWDLQLQJ WKH FUHDWLYLW\ RI
GHVLJQHUV WKHVH UXOHV ZLOO DFWXDOO\ DFW DV LQVWUXFWLRQV WKDW SURSRVH D IUDPHZRUN WR
GHVLJQHUVWREHDGKHUHGLQWKHLUSURMHFWV
7KH %DFNJURXQG RI 8VLQJ &%5 DQG 3DWWHUQ )LQGLQJ LQ $UFKLWHFWXUDO
5HVHDUFKHV
([SHULPHQWDOO\ DQG LQVWLQFWLYHO\ DUFKLWHFWV ERUURZHG IURP SUHYLRXV FDVHV WR UHSHDW
VXLWDEOHSDWWHUQV7KHKLVWRU\RIDUFKLWHFWXUHVXJJHVWVWKDWDUFKLWHFWVQRWRQO\OHDUQHG
SUDFWLFHG IURP WKHLU SUHGHFHVVRUV DQG H[LVWLQJ ZRUNV LQ WKHLU PRWKHUODQG EXW DOVR
JDLQHG NQRZOHGJH WKURXJK FRPPXQLFDWLRQV ZLWK RWKHU ODQGV DQG DGRSWHG WKHLU
SDWWHUQV7KLVSURFHVVZDVH[SHULPHQWDOO\SRSXODUDPRQJDUFKLWHFWVLQWKHSDVW%XW
LQ WKH FXUUHQW SHULRG WKDW GHVLJQ LV VXEMHFW WR OHJDO VWDQGDUGV DQG UHVWULFWLRQV WKH\
VKRXOGJRRXWRILQWXLWLYHVLWXDWLRQDQGEHRIIHUHGLQWKHIRUPRIVSHFLILFSUDFWLFHV
,Q WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ SHULRG DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO VWXGLHV DQG UHVHDUFK
ZKHWKHULQDFDGHPLFRUSURIHVVLRQDOSURMHFWVLVFDVHVWXGLHV7KHUHIRUHUHIHUULQJWR
SUHYLRXV FDVHV DQG XVLQJ SUHYLRXV PRGHOV DQG H[SHULHQFHV KDYH EHHQ DOZD\V D
FRPPRQ DQG UHDVRQDEOH SUDFWLFH %XW LW LV QRW VR FOHDU KRZ WR GHULYH OHVVRQV DQG
SDWWHUQVDVZHOODVKRZWRLPSOHPHQWWKHPLQWKHGHVLJQLQWKHIRUPRIFULWHULD
$FFRUGLQJO\LWVHHPVQHFHVVDU\WRHPSKDVLVRQWKHXVHRIVFLHQWLILFPHWKRGVXVHG
LQ RWKHU VFLHQFHV &DVHEDVHG UHDVRQLQJ ZDV ILUVW GHYHORSHG DQG VWUXFWXUHG LQ WKH
ILHOG RI DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG LQIRUPDWLFV EXW LWV DSSOLFDELOLW\ ZDV JUDGXDOO\

DSSHDUHGLQRWKHUVFLHQFHVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHVFLHQFHVWKDWKDYHPXOWLSOHLQIRUPDWLRQ
OD\HUV DQG XQOLNH SXUH VFLHQFHV KDYH GLIIHUHQW DQG QRQKRPRJHQHRXV DVSHFWV OLNH
DUFKLWHFWXUH
,Q WKH V WKH WKHRU\ RI SDWWHUQ ODQJXDJH LQWURGXFHG E\ $OH[DQGHU WULHG WR
WKHRUL]HWKHXVHRIIRUPHUFDVHVLQDUFKLWHFWXUH,QWKHHDUO\VDERRNHQWLWOHG
³$UWLILFLDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH LQ 'HVLJQ´ ZDV SXEOLVKHG RQ DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG &%5
DSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKDFKDSWHUGHYRWHGWRDUFKLWHFWXUH'RPHVKHN.RORGQHU =LPULQJ
WRKHOSDUFKLWHFWVLQWKHGHVLJQSURFHVVDFFRUGLQJWR&%5SDWWHUQ
$QRWKHU ERRN ZDV SXEOLVKHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI FDVHEDVHG UHDVRQLQJ HQWLWOHG ³&DVH
%DVHG 5HDVRQLQJ ([SHULHQFHV /HVVRQV DQG )XWXUH 'LUHFWLRQV´ LQ WKH PLGV
7KLV ERRN UHFRPPHQGV WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG PHWKRG IRU VROYLQJ YDULRXV SUREOHPV
LQFOXGLQJ WKRVH LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG IXWXUH GHVLJQV /HDNH ,Q WKH ODWH V
DQRWKHUVWXG\LQYHVWLJDWHGORJLFDOUHDVRQLQJDQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQLQDUFKLWHFWXUH&KLX
6KLK 7KLV DUWLFOH ZDV SXEOLVKHG LQ &$$' IXWXUHV $Q LQGHSHQGHQW VWXG\
ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ WR E\ +H\OLJKHQ DQG 1HXFNHUPDQV WKDW LPSURYH WKH GHVLJQ
SODQV EDVHG RQ &%5 GH 9ULHV YDQ /HHXZHQ $FKWHQ +H\OLJKHQ
1HXFNHUPDQV 7KLV VWXG\ DLPHG DW FRPSDULQJ WKH LQWXLWLYH KXPDQ DFWLYLWLHV
YHUVXVDFFXUDWHSURFHVVEDVHGFDOFXODWLRQVPDGHE\FRPSXWHUVRIWZDUH
$ WKHVLV HQWLWOHG ³7KH &DVH %DVHG 5HDVRQLQJ IRU 'HVLJQ &RPSRVLWLRQ LQ
$UFKLWHFWXUH´ZDVFRQGXFWHGRQ&%5EDVHGDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQLQ7KLVWKHVLV
LVGHGLFDWHGWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIGHVLJQSUDFWLFHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH&%50XEDUDN

$PRQJ UHFHQW VWXGLHV ZH FDQ PHQWLRQ D UHVHDUFK FRQGXFWHG LQ )UDQFH WR
GHYHORS WKH SUDFWLFHV RI VXVWDLQDEOH DUFKLWHFWXUDO GHVLJQ DFFRUGLQJ WR &%5
³&ROODERUDWLYH(FR'HVLJQRIVXVWDLQDEOHEXLOGLQJV³*KROLSRXU,QWKLVSURMHFW
VXLWDEOHPRGHOVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQZHUHLGHQWLILHGDQDO\]HGDQGUHFRPPHQGHG
IRUIXWXUHSODQVWKURXJK&%5PHWKRG

7KHPRVWUHFHQWUHVHDUFKRQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQG&%5LVDERRNWKDWZDVSXEOLVKHGLQ
³,VVXHV DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV RI &DVH%DVHG 5HDVRQLQJ WR 'HVLJQ´ 0DKHU 3X
7KHERRNUHYLHZVDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVRI&%5
7KH DERYH H[DPSOHV DUH D SDUWRI WKH &%5 DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ WKH ILHOG RI DUFKLWHFWXUH
:LWK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI &%5 PHWKRG EURDGHU DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ YDULRXV ILHOGV DUH
UHFRPPHQGHG IRU WKLV PHWKRG $SSOLFDWLRQV RI &%5 LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DUH H[SDQGLQJ
DQG&%5LVFXUUHQWO\XVHGIRUPRGHOLQJLQYDULRXVVWXGLHV
+RZGLGZHXVHWKHVHPHWKRGVLQRXUZRUN"
$FFRUGLQJ WR ZKDW KDV EHHQ SUHVHQWHG EHIRUH ZH FDQ LGHQWLI\ D ³PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
VSDFH´ZLWKWKHVHWZRFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
$OORZGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVGLIIHUHQWDFWRUVDQGGLIIHUHQWXVHUVGXULQJGLIIHUHQW
SHULRGV RI WLPH RU KDYH WKH FDSDFLW\ WR DFFRPPRGDWH WZR RU PRUH DFWLYLWLHV DW WKH
VDPHWLPHDFFHSWPRUHWKDQDIXQFWLRQVLPXOWDQHRXVO\
)XOILOO WKH GLIIHUHQW UROHV D VSDFH PLJKW KDYH LQ OLQH ZLWK WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO
HFRQRPLFDODQGVRFLDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\
7RZDUG ILQGLQJ WKH FRPPRQ TXDOLWLHV RI WKHVH VSDFHV DQG HYDOXDWH WKH SRWHQWLDO RI
WKH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO XVH RI XUEDQVSDFHV DERXW VDPSOHV VKRZQ LQ WDEOH KDYH
EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG $V WKH H[DPSOHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DUH
YHU\ IHZ ZH LGHQWLILHG DQG VWXGLHG VRPH RWKHU VSDFHV ZKLFK KDYH WKH FDSDFLW\ WR
EHFRPHDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHDQGVRPHLQQRYDWLYHLGHDVDQG3RSXSVZKLFKPLJKW
KDYHVRPHOHVVRQVWREHKHOG7KHVHH[DPSOHVDUHH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHOLWHUDWXUHDQG
LQWHUQHW VHDUFKLQJ IURP 6HSWHPEHU XQWLO 0DUFK RQ WKH EDVLV RI SXEOLF
VSDFHV 7KHVH FDVHV FRQYLQFH XV WR IRFXV RXU ZRUN RQ SXEOLF RSHQ VSDFHV 7KH
PHWKRGRI³FDVHEDVHG5HDVRQLQJ´KDVEHHQXVHGIRUWKHDQDO\VLV
$VSUHVHQWHGEHIRUHZHKDGWZRGLIIHUHQWVHDUFKLQJVWUDWHJLHVIRUILQGLQJWKHFDVHV
RIRXUILQDOVHOHFWLRQZDVFXUUHQWO\PXOWLIXQFWLRQDODFFRUGLQJWRRXUGHILQLWLRQ

$PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHLVDVSDFHZKLFKKDVDSULPDU\XVDJHFKDQJLQJLQWRDQRWKHU
IXQFWLRQLQFHUWDLQWLPHV7KHUHLVDUHWXUQWRWKHLQLWLDOIXQFWLRQDIWHUDVSHFLILFSHULRG
VKRUW RU ORQJ :H KDYH WR FRQVLGHU WKH IXQFWLRQ DQG WKH WLPH DQG UK\WKP DW WKH
VDPHWLPH:KHQDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHLVSXEOLFWRSXEOLFLWPHDQVWKDWWKHXVHUV
RIWKHQHZIXQFWLRQFDQEHDOOWKHSHRSOHZKLFKZHUHWKHXVHUVRIWKHLQLWLDOIXQFWLRQ
7KHQHZIXQFWLRQKDVEHHQDGGHGWRWKHRULJLQDOSODWIRUPDQGLWLVDSXEOLFXVDJH
RI WKH FDVHV KDG WKH SRWHQWLDOV WR EH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO LQFOXGHG SRSXSV
LQQRYDWLRQVDQGPL[HGXVHVSDFHV$PL[HGXVHVSDFHLVDVSDFHZKLFKKDVWZRRU
PRUHIXQFWLRQVDWWKHVDPHWLPHDQGDOOWKHWLPHZLWKRXWFKDQJLQJWKHUK\WKP
$ UHIOH[LYH DSSURDFK ZDV GHYHORSHG LQ ZKLFK HDFK QHZ FDVH OHDGV WR UHYLVLQJ WKH
SURFHVVLQRUGHUWRSUHFLVHWKHFKRLFHDQGWKHFULWHULDRIVHDUFKDQDO\VLV
2XUDSSURDFKLVFRPSDUDWLYHFRPSRVHGRIWKHVWXG\RIWKHH[SHULPHQWVLQLWLDWHGDOO
RYHUWKHZRUOGLQWKLVILHOG7RZDUGILQGLQJWKHFRPPRQTXDOLWLHVRIWKHVHVSDFHVDQG
HYDOXDWHWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXVHRIXUEDQVSDFHVDERXWVDPSOHV
VKRZQLQWDEOHKDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHG$VWKHH[DPSOHVLQFOXGLQJWKHGHILQLWLRQRI
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DUH YHU\ IHZ VRPH RWKHU VSDFHV ZKLFK KDYH WKH FDSDFLW\ WR
EHFRPHDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHDQGVRPHLQQRYDWLYHLGHDVDQG3RSXSVZKLFKPLJKW
KDYH VRPH OHVVRQV WR EH KHOG ZHUH LGHQWLILHG DQG VWXGLHG 7KHVH H[DPSOHV DUH
H[WUDFWHGIURPWKHOLWHUDWXUHDQGLQWHUQHWVHDUFKLQJIURP6HSWHPEHUXQWLO0DUFK
RQWKHEDVLVRISXEOLFVSDFHV7KHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHVHXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVDOVR
FDOOHGSXEOLFVSDFHVFRQVLVWVRI³DOOSODFHVRSHQWRDOO´7KH\DUHXVXDOO\LQWKHSXEOLF
FRPPXQLW\
VUHVSRQVLELOLW\RUVRPHWLPHVSULYDWHODZ'H6DEOHW7KHVHFDVHV
FRQYLQFH XV WR IRFXV RXU ZRUN RQ SXEOLF RSHQ VSDFHV 7KH PHWKRG RI ³FDVHEDVHG
5HDVRQLQJ´ KDV EHHQ XVHG IRU WKH DQDO\VLV )LJXUH %\ GHYHORSLQJ D UHIOH[LYH
DSSURDFK LQ ZKLFK HDFK QHZ FDVH OHDGV WR UHYLVLQJ WKH SURFHVV LQ RUGHU WR SUHFLVH
WKHFKRLFHDQGWKHFULWHULDRIVHDUFKDQDO\VLV)LQDOO\LWDFKLHYHGDWWULEXWHVWKDWDUH
WKHUHVXOWRIDVZHHSEHWZHHQWKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZDQGWKHFDVHVWXGLHV$VXPPDU\
RIWKHRYHUDOOSURFHVVLVVKRZQLQILJXUH

)LJXUH8VLQJ&%5PHWKRGLQRUGHUWRH[WUDFWWKHFULWHULDRIDQDO\VLV*KDIRXUL
)LJXUH$VXPPDU\RIWKHRYHUDOOSURFHVV*KDIRXUL

0DQ\H[DPSOHVRIVXFKSODFHVH[LVWDOODURXQGWKHZRUOG0RVWRIWKHVHVSDFHVKDYH
EHHQ FUHDWHG ZLWKRXW EHLQJ VSHFLILHG LQ WKH LQLWLDO SODQQLQJ EXW D VLJQLILFDQW
SURSRUWLRQ RI WKHP KDYH FRQVLGHUHG OHJDO LVVXHV LQVXUDQFH DQG SULRULWL]LQJ 'XH WR
WKHYDULHW\LQWKHFRQWH[WDQGIXQFWLRQRIWKHVHVSDFHVLWLVSUHGLFWHGWKDWWKHFRQFHSW
RIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\FDQEHUHDOL]HGZLWKFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVLWHDQG
WKH VRFLDO EDFNJURXQG RI IXWXUH XVHUV 7KH FKDUW EHORZ VKRZV WKH YDULHW\ RI
H[DPSOHVDFFRUGLQJWRJHRJUDSKLFGLVSHUVLRQORFDWLRQDQGPRUSKRORJ\)LJXUH
&RQFHUQLQJWKHJHRJUDSKLFORFDWLRQDQGVFDOHWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHFDVHVWDNHVSODFH
LQGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVLQWKHGRZQWRZQDQGLQPHGLXPVL]HDUHDVKRZHYHUWKHUH
DUHH[DPSOHVRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVDOORYHUWKHZRUOG7KLVLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHLGHD
FDQEHLPSOHPHQWHGVSRQWDQHRXVO\RULQDQRUJDQL]HGZD\LQHYHU\SODFHDFFRUGLQJ
WR FXOWXUDO ILHOG ,Q PRVW FDVHV WKH VSDFHV WKDW VHUYH SHRSOH IRU WKHLU QHFHVVDU\
UHTXLUHPHQWV DUH FKRVHQ IRU RIIHULQJ QHZ IXQFWLRQV WU\LQJ WR FRPELQH WKHP ZLWK
SHRSOH¶VGDLO\OLIHEXWIRURSWLRQDORUVRFLDODFWLYLWLHV'XHWRWKHYDULHW\LQWKHFRQWH[W
DQGIXQFWLRQRIWKHVHVSDFHVLWLVSUHGLFWHGWKDWWKHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\FDQ
EH UHDOL]HG ZLWK FHUWDLQ FRQGLWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH VLWH DQG WKH VRFLRHFRQRPLF
VWDWXVRIIXWXUHXVHUV
)LJXUH9DULHW\RIWKHFDVHVWXGLHVDFFRUGLQJWRJHRJUDSKLFGLVSHUVLRQORFDWLRQDQGPRUSKRORJ\
*KDIRXUL
6LQFHXUEDQDUHDVDUHLQYHVWLJDWHGLQWKHSURMHFWWKHIRFXVZDVPRUHWRXQGHUVWDQG
WKHVH VSDFHV DQG ILQGV WKH FULWHULD IRU FODVVLI\LQJ WKHP DV D ZKROH KDYH EHHQ
VWXGLHG

'LIIHUHQWFDWHJRULHVRIXUEDQVSDFHV
7KHXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHVDOVRFDOOHGSXEOLFVSDFHVFRQVLVWRIDOOSODFHVRSHQWRDOO
7KH\ DUH XVXDOO\ LQ WKH SXEOLF FRPPXQLW\
V UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RU VRPHWLPHV SULYDWH ODZ
'H6DEOHW7KHUROHRIXUEDQRSHQVSDFHLVPDLQWDLQLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHRI
FLWL]HQV 7KH\ DUH QRW DOO DERXW SDVVLQJ WURXJK RU HYHQ OHLVXUH 7KHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW
W\SHV RI DFWLYLWLHV WKDW WDNH SODFH LQ XUEDQ VSDFHV 7KH RSHQ VSDFHV DUH YDOXDEOH
EHFDXVHRIWKHLUUROHLQHFRORJLFDOEDODQFHRIWKHFLW\EHFDXVHRIJUHHQVSDFHVDQG
PDNLQJWKHFLW\PRUHOLYDEOHDQGPRUHEHDXWLIXO*HKO0XUHWHWDO
7KHXUEDQVSDFHVDFFRUGLQJWRGLIIHUHQWFULWHULDFRXOGEHFODVVLILHGDQGFKDUDFWHUL]HG
DFFRUGLQJYDULRXVDVSHFWV'H6DEOHW
LWVGHJUHHRIVLWHRFFXSDWLRQGHYHORSHGLQKDELWHGDUHDYDFDQWODQGHWF
LWVSK\VLFPRUSKRORJ\ORFDWLRQIXQFWLRQDFWRUV
LWVSODFHLQWKHXUEDQKLHUDUFK\VFDOHDWRZQFLW\GLVWULFWQHLJKERUKRRGXQLW
VWUHHWEXLOGLQJEORFNHWF
LWVG\QDPLFVSODFHVRILQWHUHVW
LWVPDLQFRQQHFWLRQVLQSUR[LPLW\
WKHSRSXODWLRQVFRQFHUQHG
LWVFOLPDWHVXQUDLQZLQGKHDWFRRORUZDUPVRLOVHWF
LWVHPRWLRQDOSRZHUDUWLVWLFTXDOLW\DHVWKHWLFDQGV\PEROLF
7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIRSHQVSDFHVLQWKHFLW\VXFKDV
3ULYDWHRUSXEOLFFRXUW\DUGV
3DUNLQJORWV
2SHQVSDFHEHWZHHQEXLOGLQJV
6WUHHWVVLGHZDONVDQGVTXDUHV
3DUNVDQGJDUGHQVJUHHQVSDFHV
$FFRUGLQJ WR 0DWWKHZ &DUPRQD HW DO LQ WKHLU ERRN 3XEOLF 3ODFHV8UEDQ
6SDFHV WKHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW GLPHQVLRQV LQ XUEDQ GHVLJQ WKH PRUSKRORJLFDO
SHUFHSWXDOVRFLDOYLVXDOIXQFWLRQDODQGWHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQV2XUDQDO\VLVLVEDVHG
RQWKHSK\VLFDOGLPHQVLRQVUDWKHUWKDQSHUFHSWLRQ&DUPRQDHWDO,QRUGHUWR
VLPSOLI\ LW D JURXSLQJ RI WKHVH DUHDV DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI WKHP DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU

PDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHUHPDGHVSDFHVSDWLDOIHDWXUHVIXQFWLRQDQGWLPHVKRZQ
LQILJXUH
7KHVH DUH WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DVSHFWV WKDW LQIOXHQFH RXU ZRUN IRU SODQQLQJ IRU D
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH IHDWXUH ³6SDFH´ FRYHUV WKH SK\VLFDO
DVSHFWV PRUSKRORJ\ IRUP DQG VL]H DQG DVSHFWV UHODWHG WR SHRSOH XVHUVDFWRUV
DQG FRQWH[W ZKLFK LV D FRPELQDWLRQ RI XUEDQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV FRYHULQJ WKH XUEDQ
GHQVLW\DQGVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQRIWKHQHLJKERUVDQGXVHUV7KHVHDUHWKH
JHQHUDOFRQFHSWVIRUFDWHJRUL]LQJWKHFDVHVWXGLHVFRPSDULQJWKHPZLWKHDFKRWKHU
DQGH[WUDFWLQJQHZLGHDV
)LJXUH([SDQVLRQRIWKHJHQHUDOFRQFHSWLQFDWHJRUL]LQJWKHFDVHVWXGLHV*KDIRXUL
7KHFULWHULDRIDQDO\VLV
6WXGLHGFDVHVDOORZHGVHOHFWLQJDVHWRIFULWHULDWREHFRQVLGHUHGVSHFLI\LQJDFWRUV
XVHVVSHFLILFLWLHVRIDFWLYLWLHVDQGVSDFHV7DEOHLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHJHQHUDOGHVLJQ
FULWHULD IRU SXEOLF DQG RSHQ VSDFHV LQFOXGLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KHVH
FULWHULDKDYHEHHQFRPSOHWHGWKURXJKDOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ'H6DEOHW&DUPRQD
+HDWK 2F 7LHVGHOO 0DUFXV )UDQFLV .D\GHQ HW DO &DUU
7KRPSVRQ 7UDYORX )UDQFLV (UHOO 3HDUOPXWWHU :LOOLDPVRQ
*HKO1J

7KH WKUHH PDLQ IHDWXUHV VSDFH IXQFWLRQ DQG WLPH DUH GHWDLOHG LQ WKLUW\
DWWULEXWHV WR KHOS KDYLQJ D PRUH FOHDU YLVLRQ DQG D PRUH DFFXUDWH DQDO\VLV 7KLV
H[SDQVLRQ LV WKH UHVXOW RI D VZHHS EHWZHHQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ &DUPRQD HW DO
0DUFXV DQG )UDQFLV .D\GHQ HW DO &DUU 7KRPSVRQ DQG
7UDYORX)UDQFLV(UHOOHWDO*HKO1JDQGWKHFDVH
VWXGLHV 7KHVH DWWULEXWHV FRQVWLWXWHG DQ ³ideal grid´ ZKLFK LV VKRZQ LQ WDEOH
3RVVLEOHRSWLRQVIRUHDFKIHDWXUHKDYHFRPHWRJHWKHULQWKHULJKWFROXPQRIWKHWDEOH
7KHFULWHULDDUHOLVWHGDQGH[SODLQHGEHORZ
x *HQHUDO&DWHJRU\
Is the space currently multifunctional or it has just the potential to be?
x 7\SHRI,QLWLDODQGVHFRQGDU\DFWRUV
Are the actors public (State / Territorial Collectivity) or private (individuals,

parapublics) according to cadastre plan of the city?
x 8VHUVWDWXV
Are the users the owner of the space? Have they occupied the space? Do the people
that come for this particular activity meet certain conditions (for example: pay money
or accept the Inspection by the security guards)? Or, do they meet no conditions?
x 7\SHRIDFWLYLW\
Is the activity in the space unique (one function changes to another one) or mixed
(two or more function changes to two or more others/the space has more than one
function in a certain period of time or the space has the initial and second function at
the same time)? (cf 3.3.2)
x /HJDOEDVLVRIRZQHUVKLSDQGPDQDJHPHQW
How did the second occupant of the space get the ownership? By renting, for free or
illegal?

x 1HZLQVXUDQFHSROLF\
Is there a new insurance necessary or not (in case of an accident for the added
users or the damage for the space and equipments because of the second activity)?
Can the space be treated like other public spaces? Who should be covered by the
insurance: the space (owner), the occupiers or the user?
x 'HVWLQDWLRQRIXVH
Does the space attract the new users that would not come if this activity has not
been existed or it just changes the function for the same users?
x 7HUPRIXVH
Is there any priority in using the space? Who has the priority when there is a conflict?
x )XQFWLRQV
The functions of the space are of which category: necessary, optional or social?
x 7HPSRUDOLW\
)RU ZKLFK WLPH LQWHUYDO WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI VSDFH FKDQJHV IRU D FRXSOH RI KRXUV D
VKRUWSHULRGIRUDORQJSHULRGEXWYRLGDEOHIRUHYHURUMXVWIRUDQHYHQW"
x 5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIXQFWLRQDORSHUDWLRQDQGVSDFH
Does this new function occur just in the spaces with the same or similar physical or
spatial conditions? Is there any dependence between the activity and the form of the
space?
x 1LJKWOLIH
Does the activity continue at night? Does the space have a nocturnal function?

x 3UHUHTXLVLWHV
Are there any prerequisites needed to make the space ready for second function: the
equipments, furniture, flooring, lights or vegetation?
x 5LVNVRIDFWLYLW\
Is the second activity leads to additional risks to the users and to the space?
x 5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGFOLPDWH
Does this new function occur only in a special climate region? Could the activity be
planned in any part of the world despite state of climate or it is limited to certain
areas?
x 5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGZHDWKHU
Does this new function occur only when the weather is good (the new function
doesn’t have more than 50% of its efficiency in the bad weather)? Does it occur non-
stop throughout the year? Is there any need to regulating environmental conditions
for the second activity?
x 7HPSHUDWXUH
Does this new function needs special weather conditions? Does in occurs in hot or
cold temperature? Does the temperature increase because of the activity?
x 5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGVXQOLJKW
Does the activity take place only in sunlight or only in shade? Is it important to control
the amount of incoming sunlight into the space for this activity? Do the space's
mangers need to provide shade for the added activity?
x 1RLVHSROOXWLRQ
Is there any adding or special noise pollution because of the activity not due to the
presence of people or equipments?

x 0RUSKRORJ\
What are the form and the size of the space (according to the number of users)? Is it
a surface or a line? Is it small (for less than 20 users), medium (for 20-100 users) or
large (for more than 100 users)?
x $FFHVVLELOLW\
Is there a direct access to the space without any gate? Is it accessible through
another place or through a gate?
x /RFDWLRQ
Is the space located in city center or in a special or unique part of the city (touristic
part, river, etc.)? Designing such a space everywhere in the city is possible or there
should be special considerations according to the urban density? Is it accessible by
public transport?
x $WWUDFWLYHQHVVORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\
Is the new function unique or is the place somewhere special? Does the combination
(of space and activity) attract people to make an urban trip (short or long)? Is it
something that provides a new experience?
x 5LVNVZLWKRXWDGGLQJWKHVHFRQGIXQFWLRQ
Is there any risk from a person against another person or environment? Are there
any environmental risks for the users?
x &KDQJHLQWKHOHJDOEDVLVRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHSODFH
Who will be the responsible of the space after changing the function: the owner, the
tenant, the occupants or the users? Does the legal base change?
x 3URWHFWLRQPRGH
How would the users and the equipments be protected against the injuries and
damages? Is the system of the security in the space based on the users themselves?

Does each person have to take care of himself or his properties? Are there any
physical elements that ensure the security?
x /LJKWLQJ
Is there a need of additional lighting for making the space ready for the second
function (for providing security and for expanding the functional hours)? Is it natural
light, artificial light or a combination of these two?
x 1DWXUHRIJURXQG
Is the space covered by vegetation or mineral materials? Is it a soft landscape or a

hard landscape? This cover provides a safe possibility for which kind of activities?
x 6SDFHFRYHULQJ
Does the space needs a cover before accepting the additional function? Should it be
covered?
7KHUHVXOWRIWKLVVWHSLVWKHGHILQLQJDQ³ideal grid”WKDWZLOODOORZWKHFRQIURQWDWLRQ
HVVHQWLDO FRQVLGHUV ZLWK WKH UHDOLW\ WDEOH 7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKH PHWKRGRORJLFDO
DSSURDFK LV WR YDOLGDWH WKHVH LGHDO FULWHULD OLVW LQ UHDOLW\ LQ RUGHU WR GHILQH DQ
applicable grid” EDVHGRQWKHXUEDQSUDFWLFHVDQGREVHUYDWLRQVWKDWHQFRXUDJHWKH
GHILQLWLRQRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVRUWUDQVIRUPLQJPRQRIXQFWLRQDOXUEDQVSDFHVLQWR
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDORQHV

7DEOH6\QWKHWLFVWXGLHGFDVHVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV,GHDOJULGRIPDQGDWRU\FULWHULDRIDQDO\VLV

0HWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFK
,Q WKH QH[W VWHS WKHLGHDO JULG KDV EHHQ XVHG IRU DQDO\]LQJ DQG FDWHJRUL]LQJ WKH
FROOHFWHG FDVH VWXGLHV 7KLV JULG PXVW EH FRQIURQWHG WR UHDOLW\ WKURXJK WKH FDVH
VWXGLHVFROOHFWHG0RUHWKDQHLJKW\H[DPSOHVIURPDOODURXQGWKHZRUOGKDYHEHHQ
VWXGLHG DQG WKH UHVXOWV KDYH EHHQ VXPPDUL]HG DQG UHSUHVHQWHG FI 7R
SHUIRUP WKLV VWHS ZH QHHG WR TXDQWLI\ RXU TXDOLWDWLYH DQDO\VLV LQ RUGHU WR FUHDWH DQ
DSSOLFDEOHJULG
&DVHVWXGLHV
,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXVHRIXUEDQVSDFHDERXW
VDPSOHV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG $V WKH H[DPSOHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DUH YHU\ IHZ VRPH RWKHU VSDFHV ZKLFK KDYH WKH FDSDFLW\ WR
EHFRPH D PXOWL IXQFWLRQDO VSDFH DQG VRPH LQQRYDWLYH LGHDV DQG 3RSXSV ZKLFK
PLJKWKDYHVRPHOHVVRQVWREHKHOGZHUHVWXGLHGDVZHOO
6RXUFHV
7KH GLIILFXOW\ WR ILQG FDVH VWXGLHV OHDGV WR FRPSOHPHQW FODVVLF UHVHDUFK WRROV ZLWK
RQOLQH UHVHDUFK DSSURDFK RQ YDULRXV VLWHV OLQNHG WR XUEDQ SURMHFWV DUFKLWHFWXUH RU
YDULRXVSRSXSFDVHV
6RPHFULWHULDKDYHEHHQH[WUDFWHGIURPOLWHUDWXUHWKURXJKOLEUDULHVDQGSURIHVVLRQDO
PDJD]LQHV
6HDUFK LQ FODVVLF OLEUDULHV OLNH VFLHQFHGLUHFWFRP ZLWKLQ WKHVH NH\ZRUGV

PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHPXOWLSXUSRVHXUEDQSXEOLF
VSDFHPXOWLXVHXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHPL[HGXVHXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFH

6HDUFK ZLWKLQ WKH JUHDW SXEOLF 6SDFHV DQG WRS SXEOLF VSDFHV LQ 86$ DQG
&DQDGDIURPZZZSSVRUJZZZSXEOLFVSDFHRUJZZZDVODRUJHWF
6HDUFK LQ RQOLQH DUFKLWHFWXUDO DQG ODQGVFDSH PDJD]LQHV ZZZGH]HHQFRP

ZZZDUFGDLO\FRPZZZZRUOGODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFWFRPHWF
)RU RWKHU FDVHV VWXGLHV XVLQJ WKH SUHYLRXV OLVW RI NH\ZRUGV DQG VRPH RWKHUV
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXUEDQSXEOLFVSDFHPXOWLSXUSRVHXUEDQSXEOLF
VSDFH PXOWLXVH XUEDQSXEOLF VSDFH PL[HGXVH XUEDQSXEOLF VSDFH PXOWLSOH XVDJH
RI XUEDQSXEOLF VSDFH WUDQVIRUPDEOH VSDFH LQQRYDWLYH XUEDQSXEOLF VSDFH
DGDSWDEOH XUEDQSXEOLF VSDFH VKDUHG XVH RI XUEDQSXEOLF VSDFH GLYHUVLW\ LQ
XUEDQSXEOLF VSDFH PL[HGXVH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW PXWXDO DFWLYLWLHV LQ XUEDQSXEOLF
VSDFH FROOHFWLYH DFKLHYHPHQW DFURVV WLPH DQG VSDFH VSDFHWLPH LQ XUEDQSXEOLF
VSDFH FRRSHUDWLYH XVH RI XUEDQSXEOLF VSDFH WHPSRUDU\ SXEOLF VSDFH WHPSRUDU\
FLW\ FRPELQLQJ IXQFWLRQV IXQFWLRQV V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ LQ XUEDQ VSDFH KDYH EHHQ
FROOHFWHGWKURXJKYDULRXVLQWHUQHWSODWIRUPVOLNH*22*/(0DUFK-XQH
6HDUFK WKH SRSXSV LQ XUEDQ VSDFH ZLWKLQ ZZZSRSXSFLW\QHW ZLWK WKH FULWHULD IRU
VHOHFWLRQ
6SDFHVWKDWPD\KDYHGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVLQGLIIHUHQWWLPHSHULRGVVSDFHVWKDWKDYH
D PDLQ IXQFWLRQ EXW LQ VRPH SDUWV RI WKH DFWLYLW\ F\FOH LW FDQ EH UHSODFHG ZLWK
DQRWKHUDFWLYLW\RUKDYHWKHWZRDFWLYLWLHVDWWKHVDPHWLPH
6SDFHVWKDWWKHLUXVHUVWKDWPLJKWFKDQJHRYHUWLPH
8XQXVXDOFUHDWLYHRUQHZZD\VIRUXVLQJVSDFH
6RPHFROOHFWHGFDVHVDUHSUHVHQWHGEHORZ7DEOH

7DEOHRIFDVHVVWXGLHGIRUIXOOOLVWSOHDVHVHH$QQH[,
x 32363ULYDWHO\2ZQHG3XEOLF6SDFHV 86$1HZ<RUN

3ULYDWHO\ 2ZQHG 3XEOLF 6SDFH SULYDWH SURSHUWLHV WKDW VHUYH DV SXEOLF VSDFHV 7KH RSHQ FRPSOH[ LV
UHVWULFWHGWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVWDIILQWKHGD\DQGVHUYHVWKHSXEOLFHYHQLQJVDQGZHHNHQGV
Multifunctional - private to public Administrative to recreation

x :KLWH&KDLUV3RS8S 1HWKHUODQGV5RWWHUGDP

'XULQJ 5RWWHUGDP¶V SXEOLF DUW IHVWLYDO :HUHOG YDQ :LWWH GH :LWK XUEDQLVP RIILFH0(67UHDQLPDWHG
WKLV LGHD %XW LQVWHDG RI ELNHV WKH GHVLJQHUV OHIW ZKLWH FKDLUV LQ SXEOLF VSDFH LQ 5RWWHUGDP 7KH
FKDLUV VHUYHG DV D WHUUDFH IRU DOO WKH GHFHQWUDOL]HG SHUIRUPDQFHV DQG IHG D GLVFXVVLRQ DERXW SXEOLF
VSDFHDQGRZQHUVKLSDWWKHVDPHWLPH3HRSOHZHUHDOORZHGWRXVHWKHZKLWHFKDLUVIUHHO\DQGWRWDNH
WKHPWRDQ\RWKHUORFDWLRQDVORQJDVWKH\UHPDLQHGSDUWRISXEOLFVSDFH7KHZKLWHFKDLUVZHUHVORZO\
VSUHDG DFURVV WKH FLW\ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH IHVWLYDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKH\ ZHUH HYHQ VSRWWHG DW WKH &HQWUDO
6WDWLRQRI/HLGHQDWRZQVRPHZKHUHEHWZHHQ5RWWHUGDPDQG$PVWHUGDP
Multifunctional - public to private Necessary activities to recreation/social

x 8UEDQ&DPS6FDSH3RSV8S 1HWKHUODQGV(LQGKRYHQ

7KHLQLWLDWRUVRIWKH8UEDQ&DPS6FDSHDLPWRUHVHDUFKWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKHQHJOHFWHGVSDFHXQGHUWKH
IO\RYHU DV D µ*UHHQ &RUULGRU¶ ² D QRGH WR FRQQHFW WKH FLW\ WR LWV JUHHQ VXUURXQGLQJV 7KHUHIRUH WKH
8UEDQ &DPS6FDSH ZLOO QRW RQO\ EH SODFHV WR VOHHS GXULQJ WKH '': EXW ZLOO DOVR RIIHU D WHPSRUDU\
FXOWXUDOSURJUDPDERXWFRFUHDWLRQDQGGXUDELOLW\7KHSURJUDPLQFOXGHVJXHUULOODJDUGHQLQJZRUNVKRSV
DQH[KLELWLRQDERXWWKH*UHHQ&RUULGRUEUHDNIDVWZLWKSURGXFWVIURPWKH3KLOLSV)UXLW*DUGHQELF\FOH
WRXUVDQGPXFKPRUH
Pop-up – public to private Necessary activities to pedagogic/cultural

x 6WUHHW%DGPLQWRQ 9LHWQDP

7KHVLGHZDONVLQ9LHWQDPDUHDOVRDEDGPLQWRQHTXLSSHGSOD\JURXQG
Multifunctional - public to public Necessary activities to recreation

x 6WUHHW&DIHVWHUUDVVH :RUOGZLGH

7KHVLGHZDONVDOORZFDIHWDEOHVDQGVKRSZDUHVWREHGLVSOD\HGRQWKHVWUHHW
Multifunctional - public to semi-public Necessary activities to recreation/social

x 5LYHU6PDUW+RPHV 86$:DVKLQJWRQ'&

7KH 5LYHU6PDUW +RPHV SURJUDP RIIHUV LQFHQWLYHV WR KRPHRZQHUV LQWHUHVWHG LQ UHGXFLQJ VWRUPZDWHU
SROOXWLRQIURPWKHLUSURSHUWLHV7KLV'LVWULFWZLGHSURJUDPRIIHUVLQFHQWLYHVWRKRPHRZQHUVLQWHUHVWHGLQ
UHGXFLQJ VWRUPZDWHU UXQRII IURP WKHLU SURSHUWLHV +RPHRZQHUV UHFHLYH XS WR WR DGRSW RQH RU
PRUHRIWKHIROORZLQJODQGVFDSHHQKDQFHPHQWV
6KDGH7UHH3ODQWLQJ5DLQ*DUGHQV
5DLQ%DUUHOV%D\6FDSLQJ
3HUYLRXV3DYHUV

Multifunctional - private to public Necessary activities to necessary
activities/recreation

x :HHNO\PDUNHWV0DUFKp+HEGRPDGDLUH )UDQFH

7KHPDUNHWVIRUIUXLWVDQGYHJHWDEOHVRQFHRUWZLFHDZHHNLQSDUNLQJORWVVTXDUHVRUSOD]DV
Multifunctional - public to private Necessary activities to necessary

activities/recreation/commercial/social

x )ULGD\SUD\HUV ,UDQ7HKUDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7HKUDQ

-XPX
DK )ULGD\ SUD\HU LV D FRQJUHJDWLRQDO SUD\HU WKDW 0XVOLPV KROG HYHU\ )ULGD\ ,Q 7HKUDQ 7KH
)ULGD\SUD\HUWDNHVSDUWDW8QLYHUVLW\RI7HKUDQ,Q,UDQWKHZHHNHQGLVRQ)ULGD\V
Multifunctional - private to public Pedagogic to cultural/social

x 3DULV3ODJHV3DULV%HDFKHV )UDQFH3DULV

7KH VXPPHU WUDQVIRUPV 3DULV 7KH FLW\VFDSH GRQV JUHHQHU\ DQG WKH ULYHUVLGH WKRURXJKIDUHV EHFRPH
FDUIUHHUHVRUWV7KH3DULV3ODJHV3DULV%HDFKHVRSHUDWLRQNLFNVRIIRQRUDURXQGWK-XO\DQGODVWV
IRXU ZHHNV ,W EHJDQ LQ 7KH 6HLQH¶V EDQNV EHFRPH SHGHVWULDQ DQG WKH EHDFKHV DUH VSUHDG
DFURVVWKUHHVSRWV/RXYUH3RQWGH6XOO\3RUWGHOD*DUHDQG%DVVLQGHOD9LOOHWWH
Multifunctional - public to public Necessary activities to recreation

x 'HVMDUGLQVFROOHFWLIV 3RWDJHUV )UDQFH6WUDVERXUJ
XUEDLQVFROOHFWLIVVKDUHG
JDUGHQV

$QLGHDIRUEULQJLQJWKHQDWXUHLQWRWKHFLW\DVDIHHGLQJVRXUFHLQDOOQHLJKERUKRRGV
innovation - public to private Necessary activities to
commercial/recreation/cultural/social

7DEOH7KHFDVHV
&ODVVLILFDWLRQ KDV EHHQ GRQH EDVHG RQ $PHULFDQ 3ODQQLQJ $VVRFLDWLRQ
8UEDQ'HVLJQ$VVRFLDWHV
1RWLPSRUWDQW HYHU\ZKHUHLQDUHDVZLWKKLJKRUORZSRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\
7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH IRXU W\SHV RI FULWHULD WKDW DUH PDQGDWRU\ IRU XUEDQ
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVWXG\7KHFDVHVDUHFODVVLILHGEDVHGRQWKHVHPDLQIHDWXUHV

$QDO\VLV
6LQFH WKH DLP RI JDWKHULQJ WKH FDVHV H[DPSOHV LV DQDO\]LQJ DQG XVLQJ SURYLGHG
VROXWLRQVLQVLPLODUFDVHVIRUDPRUHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIH[DPSOHVDFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRQ
D GLIIHUHQW FRPELQDWLRQ EDVLV RI PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DFWRU IXQFWLRQ DQG WLPH KDV
EHHQ GRQH $V D PDWWHU RI IDFW LQ WKLV VWDJH LQVWHDG RI H[DPLQLQJ LQGHSHQGHQWO\
HDFK IDFWRU DPRQJ RWKHU H[DPSOHV LQ RUGHU WR KDYH D EHWWHU YLVLRQ WR H[DPLQHG
H[DPSOHV DQG DOVR FRPSOHWLQJ WKH PDLQ PDWUL[ IRU VHFRQGDU\ FULWHULD ZLWK PRUH
DFFXUDF\ RQO\ PDLQ IDFWRUV ZHUH PHDVXUHG DVVHVVLQJ SURYLGHG TXDOLWDWLYH GDWD LQ
PDWUL[DQGH[SOLFDWLQJGHILQLWLRQVLQWKHSRLQWVZKHUHWKHUHZHUHFRQWUDGLFWLRQ7KH
QXPEHU RI H[DPSOHV LQ HDFK FDWHJRU\ LOOXVWUDWHV ZKLFK NLQG RI XUEDQ VSDFHV ZLWK
ZKLFKSULPDU\IXQFWLRQVLQZKLFKWLPHVFDOHDQGZKDWNLQGRIXUEDQFRQWH[WKDVWKH
SRWHQWLDORIWUDQVIRUPLQJLQWRDPXOWLIXQFWLRQVSDFH
7KHDSSURDFKLVGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUOHYHOV
,Q WKH ILUVW OHYHO WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZDV EDVHG RQ SULPDU\ DFWRUV SXEOLF VSDFHV DQG
SULYDWHVSDFHV,WLVREYLRXVWKDWSXEOLFVSDFHVLQFRPSDULVRQWRSULYDWHVSDFHVFRXOG
DOORFDWHPRUHH[DPSOHVEXWWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHVHSXEOLFVSDFHVYDULHGIURPGHQVHO\
SRSXODWHGSDUWVRIWKHFLW\WRWKHVXEXUESDUWV)XUWKHUPRUHVSDFHVZHUHXWLOL]HGLQ
GLIIHUHQW WHPSRUDOLW\ 9DULDWLRQ LQ PXOWLIXQFWLRQ VSDFH IURP KRXUO\ UK\WKPV WR GDLO\
ZHHNO\ PRQWKO\ DQG VHDVRQDOO\ DQG DQQXDO UK\WKPV 1HYHUWKHOHVV VSDFHV ZKLFK
KDYHEHHQWUDQVIRUPHGSHUPDQHQWO\IURPVRORIXQFWLRQWRPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOORFDWHGD
PRUHPDMRUSDUWWRWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKLVJUHDWGLIIHUHQFHFRXOGEHREVHUYHG
,QWKHVHFRQGOHYHOWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQZDVEDVHGRQPRUSKRORJ\RIXUEDQVSDFHV2Q
WKLVEDVLVGHWHFWHGVSDFHVIRUSRVVHVVLQJDVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQDUHDVIROORZV
3OD]DV
8UEDQPDUNHWV
$GPLQLVWUDWLYHHGXFDWLRQDORUFRPPHUFLDOFHQWHUV
SDUNLQJ
&RXUWVRISXEOLFEXLOGLQJV
6LGHZDONV
$OOH\V
6WUHHWVDQGERXOHYDUGV

7UDPZD\URXWHVUDLOZD\VVXEZD\V
0HHWLQJSRLQWVFRUQHUV
3HGHVWULDQDUHDV
&\FOLQJSDWKV
+LJKHUHGXFDWLRQFDPSXVHVVFKRRO\DUGV
3DUNV*DUGHQVIRUHVWVQDWXUDOJUHHQVSDFHVLQWKHFLW\
6SRUWV&RPSOH[HV
5LYHUVEHDFKHV6HDVKRUHV
%ULGJHV
)ODW5RRIV
5RRIWRSVRIVHPLSXEOLFEXLOGLQJV
3DUNLQJORWVRIVHPLSXEOLFEXLOGLQJV
&RXUWVRIVHPLSXEOLFEXLOGLQJV
)DLUJURXQGV
7KHVHVSDFHVFDWHJRUL]HGE\WKHLUPRUSKRORJ\VL]HDQGDFWRUVDUHVKRZQLQILJXUH

7KH QH[W VWHS ZDV DVVRUWPHQW RI WKH FDVHV VWXGLHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ
7DEOH %\ WKLV JURXSLQJ RQH H[DPSOH IRU HDFK VSDFH LQ RUGHU WR GLVFRYHU WKH
SRWHQWLDOV RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ IRU VLPLODU VSDFHV FRXOG EH IRXQG 7KH UHDVRQLQJ
IURPSUHYLRXVFDVHVKDVEHHQGRQHE\WKHVHGLIIHUHQWJURXSLQJVFODVVLILFDWLRQVDQG
FRPSDULVRQV

)LJXUH&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIXUEDQVSDFHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUPRUSKRORJ\VL]HDQGDFWRUV*KDIRXUL

7DEOH&ODVVLI\LQJWKHFDVHVEDVHGRQWKHLUSK\VLFSULPDU\DFWRUVXUEDQFRQWH[WIXQFWLRQDQG
WHPSRUDOLW\LQRUGHUWRPDNHDJURXSLQJDQGILQGWKHSRWHQWLDOVRIHDFKW\SHRIXUEDQRSHQVSDFH



,QWKHWKLUGOHYHODOOPDLQIDFWRUVZHUHSODFHGDORQJHDFKRWKHU7KHDLPRIWKLVOHYHO
ZDV LOOXVWUDWLQJ VSDFHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW PRUSKRORJ\ DFWRUV DQG ORFDWLRQ LQ WKH FLW\ LQ
GLIIHUHQWWLPHVFDOHVFRXOGDOORFDWHZKLFKNLQGRIVHFRQGDU\DFWLYLWLHV7KHUHVXOWZDV
D YDULDWLRQ RI FKRLFHV RQ WKH EDVLV RI VSDFH IRUP %\ FRQVLGHULQJ D VHFRQGDU\
IXQFWLRQ EDVHG RQ SK\VLF ORFDWLRQ DQG WHPSRUDOLW\ WKHVH WDEOHV FRXOG LQWURGXFH DQ
DSSURSULDWHSHUIRUPHGH[DPSOH7DEOHV
7KHDLPRIWKHDSSURDFKLVILQGLQJDQLGHDOW\SHVWREHDEOHWREHWWHUFKDUDFWHUL]HG
WKH PDMRU RU HVVHQWLDO HOHPHQWV RI WKH VSDFHV WKURXJK WKH FDVHV DOUHDG\ H[LVW
7KHVH JURXSLQJV PD\ OHDG WR D PRUH FOHDU YLVLRQ DERXW WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI XVLQJ D
VSDFH LQ D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ZD\ DQG UHWULHYH WKH PDLQ LGHDV DQG FRQFHSWV FI &%5
&\FOHLQILJXUH7KHUHVXOWVZRXOGEHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHILQDOVHFWLRQFRQFOXVLRQ

7DEOH&ODVVLI\LQJWKHFDVHVEDVHGRQWKHLUSK\VLFSULPDU\DFWRUVXUEDQFRQWH[WDQGWHPSRUDOLW\LQ
RUGHUWRILQGWKHSRVVLEOHVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQV



,Q WKH ODVW VWDJH ZLWK VFUXWLQ\ LQ PDLQ PDWUL[ GDWD WKH TXDOLWDWLYH GDWD FRXOG EH
WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR TXDQWLWDWLYH GDWD E\ FDOFXODWLQJ WKH VWDWLVWLFDO IUHTXHQF\ RI HDFK
RSWLRQIRUHDFKFULWHULRQ7KHDLPLVWRKDYHWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRFRPSDUHWKHLPSRUWDQFH
RI GLIIHUHQW SRVVLEOH RSWLRQV IRU HDFK FULWHULRQ 7KH UHPDUNDEOH SRLQWV RI WKLV
VWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLVDUHVKRZQLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ
7KH UHVXOW RI WKLV TXDQWLI\LQJ VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ WDEOH 7DEOH
DQG WKH IROORZLQJ ILJXUHV VXPPDUL]H WKH ILUVW UHVXOWV RI WKH FULWHULD DQDO\VHV EDVHG
RQWKHVWDWLVWLFDOIUHTXHQF\RIHDFKRSWLRQ
7DEOH7KHUHVXOWVRITXDQWLI\LQJWKHFULWHULD

7DEOH$VXPPDU\RIUHVXOWVWKHJUD\OLQHVDUHWKHPRVWFRPPRQSRVVLELOLW\IRUHDFKFULWHULRQ

&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNDEOHSRLQWVH[WUDFWHGIURPVWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV
IUHTXHQF\RIDQVZHUV
7\SHRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
RI RXU FDVHV DUH FXUUHQWO\ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DQG

RIWKHPKDYHWKHFDSDFLW\WREHRQHDFFRUGLQJWR
WKHGHILQLWLRQVDLGEHIRUH

,W¶VLPSRUWDQWWRVSHQGWLPHIRULQWURGXFLQJWKLVLGHDWR
SHRSOH7KHQRWLRQRI³VKDULQJXVH´LVVRPHWKLQJWKDW
PLJKWEHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKLQIRUPLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQ
7\SHRI,QLWLDODQGVHFRQGDU\DFWRUV
$OWKRXJK WKH LQLWLDO DFWRUV DUH RIWHQ SXEOLF ZKHQ WKH

VSDFHV DFFHSW D VHFRQGDU\ RU DGGLWLRQDO IXQFWLRQ
WKH\JRXQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIDSULYDWHJURXS
7KLV VKRZV WKDW WKH SXEOLF VSDFHV KDYH D JUHDWHU

SRWHQWLDOIRUPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\WKDQWKHSULYDWHVSDFHV
$PRQJWKHVWXGLHGH[DPSOHVPRVWRIWKHFDVHVZHUH
WKRVH ZKR KDYH JLYHQ D SXEOLF VSDFH WR SULYDWH
JURXSV RU D VSHFLILF SHUVRQ 7KLV VHHPV ORJLFDO

EHFDXVH ILUVWO\ WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI SXEOLF VSDFHV LV
LQWHJUDWHG DQG VHFRQGO\ FRQWUROOLQJ D VSDFH ZKLFK
KDVEHHQJLYHQWRDVSHFLILFJURXSLVHDVLHU

8VHUVWDWXV
$OWKRXJK WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI XWLOL]HG VSDFH E\ D

VSHFLILF JURXS RI XVHUV LV UHPDUNDEOH PRVW RI WKH
VSDFHVKDYHEHHQGHVLJQHGIRUSXEOLFXVH
7\SHRIDFWLYLW\
0RVW RI WKH VSDFHV ZKLFK KDYH VWDUWHG DV PXOWL

IXQFWLRQDOVSDFHKDGEHHQGHVLJQHGLQLWLDOO\LQDPXOWL
SXUSRVH ZD\ $V D PDWWHU RI IDFW WKH DSSURDFK RI
PL[HGXVHWRDVSDFHLQFXUVWKHLQFUHDVHGIXQFWLRQRI

VSDFH SRWHQWLDO IRU PD[LPXP XVH (YHQ WKRXJK WKH
QXPEHU RI VSDFHV ZKR KDYH EHHQ GHVLJQHG PRQR
IXQFWLRQDOO\DQGPDQDJHGWREHDOORFDWHGWRDVHFRQG
IXQFWLRQLVQRWLJQRUDEOH
/HJDOEDVLVRIRZQHUVKLSDQGPDQDJHPHQW
)RU WKH OHJDO IXQGDPHQWDOV RI VSDFH RFFXSDWLRQ DQG

PDQDJHPHQWWKHUHDUHVHYHUDODQVZHUVSURYLVLRQWKH
VSDFHDVUHQWDORUDVIUHHSRVVHVVLRQJRRGRUDZD\
WKDW WKH RZQHU FDQ SHUVRQDOO\ WDNH WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\

XSRQ WKH VHFRQG IXQFWLRQ 6RPHWLPHV WKH
QRQJRYHUQPHQWDO LQVWLWXWHV DUH LQYROYHG LQ RUGHU WR
KHOSUXQQLQJWKHSODFH

1HZLQVXUDQFHSROLF\
$OWKRXJK LW VHHPV WKDW OHJDO UHVWULFWLRQV DUH RI JUHDW

LPSRUWDQFH LQ WKLV ILHOG LQ PRVW FDVHV WKH OHJDO
IXQGDPHQWDOVLQWHUPVRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGLQVXUDQFH
KDYHQRWEHHQFKDQJHG:LWKSODQQLQJHGXFDWLQJDQG

SD\LQJ PRUH DWWHQWLRQ DORQJ ZLWK GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH
SULRULWLHV D VSDFH FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDODUHD
,W¶VLPSRUWDQWWRVSHQGWLPHIRULQWURGXFLQJWKLVLGHDWR
SHRSOHDQGHQFRXUDJLQJWKHPWRORRNDWWKHVSDFHDV
D ³FDSLWDO´ WKDW FRXOG EH VKDUHG QRW RQO\ EHWZHHQ
GLIIHUHQW XVHUV EXW DOVR EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW DFWLYLWLHV
7KHQRWLRQRI³VKDULQJXVH´LVVRPHWKLQJWKDWPLJKWEH
DFKLHYHGWKURXJKLQIRUPLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQ
'HVWLQDWLRQRIXVH
,Q VWXGLHG FDVHV ZLWK DGGLWLRQ RI QHZ IXQFWLRQ QHZ

XVHUV KDYH EHHQ DGGHG WR WKH FRPSOH[ ,Q IDFW WKH
LGHD RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ EULQJV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI
XVLQJVSDFHVE\DQDXJPHQWHGQXPEHURIXVHUV

7HUPRIXVH
7KH SULRULW\ LQ XVLQJ WKH VSDFH VKRXOG DOVR EH

HODERUDWHG 7KLV LVVXH LV PXFK PRUH LPSRUWDQW ZKHQ
WKHUH LV DQ LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WZR IXQFWLRQV RU RQH
RI WKH IXQFWLRQV UHDFKHV WR LWV SHDN ,Q WKHVH

VLWXDWLRQV RWKHU IXQFWLRQV VKRXOG EH IOH[LEOH HQRXJK
WR EH DGDSWHG WR WKH QHZ FRQGLWLRQV ,Q DGGLWLRQ
SUHSRQGHUDQW XVHV KDYH WR EH DOUHDG\ LGHQWLILHG ZLWK
LQGXFHG SULRULWLHV LQ RUGHU WR FODULI\ WKH QHFHVVDU\
UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGFRQGLWLRQV
)XQFWLRQV
:KLOH WKH SURFHVV RI WUDQVIRUPLQJ D PRQRIXQFWLRQDO

VSDFH WR D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH LQ PRVW RI WKH
FDVHV ZKLFK VSDFH KDV EHHQ DOORFDWHG WR QHFHVVDU\
DFWLYLWLHV WKH QXPEHU RI XVHUV DXJPHQWHG 7KHVH

VSDFHV KDYH EHHQ WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR VSDFHV IRU
UHFUHDWLRQDO VRFLDO DQG FXOWXUDO DFWLYLWLHV 7KH
DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI WKHVH DFWLYLWLHV LQ XUEDQ SXEOLF
VSDFHV FDXVHG WKH SURPRWLRQ RI VSDFH TXDOLW\ DQG
FLWL]HQ¶VOLIHTXDOLW\DVZHOO

7HPSRUDOLW\
7KH GLYHUVLW\ EHWZHHQ VWXGLHG FDVHV UHJDUGLQJ WKHLU

UK\WKPDQGWLPHLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHVSDFHFDQEHXVHG
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO IRU D SHULRG RI WLPH IURP IHZ PLQXWHV
WR VHYHUDO PRQWKV &KRRVLQJ DSSURSULDWH DFWLYLW\ LV
UHODWHGWRLWVUK\WKPDQGLGOHKRXUVRIWKHVSDFH

5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ IXQFWLRQDO RSHUDWLRQ DQG

VSDFH
$ PHDQLQJIXO UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ IXQFWLRQDO

RSHUDWLRQDQGVSDFHKDVQRWEHHQREVHUYHG,QRWKHU
ZRUGV DOWKRXJK WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI VSDFH LV

GHSHQGHG RQ LWV IRUP RI VSDFH EXW IXQFWLRQDO
RSWLPL]DWLRQ LQFUHDVLQJ IXQFWLRQDO GHQVLW\ FRXOG EH
GRQHIRUYDULRXVIRUPV
1LJKWOLIH
,Q PRVW RI WKH FDVHV LW KDV EHHQ WULHG WR XVH WKH
FDSDELOLW\RIVSDFHWRWKHRXWHUPRVWGXULQJWKHQLJKW
,QIDFWVSDFHQRWRQO\FKDQJHVGDLO\OLIHRIFLWL]HQVLW
HQULFKHVQLJKWOLIH+HUHDUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPXOWL

IXQFWLRQDOZLWKDKRXUVVSDFHVFRXOGEHREVHUYHG
,QIDFWDKRXUVVSDFHFRXOGEHWKHSURPRWHGDQG
FRPSOHWHGIRUPRIDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
8VXDOO\ LQ DGGLQJ QHZ IXQFWLRQV WR D VSDFH WKHUH

H[LVW SUHUHTXLVLWHV VXFK DV IXUQLWXUH DQG HTXLSPHQW
,Q PRVW RI WKH FDVHV SUHUHTXLVLWHV VXFK DV
HTXLSPHQWIORRULQJOLJKWLQJDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVKRXOG
EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW 'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH IXQFWLRQ

WKHVH SUHUHTXLVLWHV FRXOG EH GLIIHUHQW 7KH EHVW DQG
HIILFLHQW PHWKRG LV SXWWLQJ WKRVH VSDFHV RQ SULRULW\
WKDW DUH LQ D OHVV QHHG WR HTXLSPHQW DQG QHZ
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH

5LVNVRIDFWLYLW\
$GGLQJ D QHZ IXQFWLRQ WR VSDFH DXJPHQWV WKH

SRVVLELOLW\ RI ULVN DQG GDQJHU LQ WKH VSDFH
5HFRJQL]LQJWKHVHGDQJHUVDQGSUHGLFWLQJGHPDUFKHV
IRU SUHYHQWLQJ WKH ULVNV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ
YLDELOLW\ RI VSDFH LQ D ORQJ SHULRG ,Q VRPH FDVHV
VSDFHV ZKLFK WKHLU IXQFWLRQ KDV EHHQ DXJPHQWHG WR
EH XVHG E\ D JUHDW QXPEHU RI XVHUV GXH WR ODFN RI
ULVN PDQDJHPHQW KDYH HQFRXQWHUHG SUREOHPV DQG
KDGWRFHDVHWKHLUVHFRQGDFWLYLW\

5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGFOLPDWH
$ UHPDUNDEOH DQG PHDQLQJIXO UHODWLRQVKLS GRHV QRW

H[LVW EHWZHHQ WKH FDSDELOLW\ RI WUDQVIRUPLQJ D VSDFH
WRDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHDQGWKHFOLPDWHZKLFKWKH
VSDFHEHORQJVWRLW,QRWKHUZRUGVWKLVFRQFHSWFRXOG

EHDSSOLHGLQDQ\ZKHUHLQWKHZRUOG
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGZHDWKHU
6LQFH LQ RXU VWXGLHV RSHQ VSDFHV KDYH EHHQ

H[DPLQHG LW LV QRUPDO WR KDYH D PHDQLQJIXO
UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DFWLYLW\ DQG ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQ
2IFRXUVHFRQVLGHULQJHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVLVDQ

LPSRUWDQWSRLQWZKLOHGHVLJQLQJWKHSULPDU\IXQFWLRQ
7HPSHUDWXUH
$ QRWDEOH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GHILQHG DFWLYLW\ DQG

WHPSHUDWXUHRIVSDFHFRXOG QRW EHREVHUYHG,QIDFW
LQ PRVW RI WKH FDVHV WKRVH IXQFWLRQV KDYH EHHQ
VHOHFWHG WKDW GR QRW QHHG VSHFLILF WHPSHUDWXUH DQG

FRXOGEHRFFXUUHGLQQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQV
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGVXQOLJKW
$ QRWDEOH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GHILQHG DFWLYLW\ DQG

VXQOLJKW FRXOG EH REVHUYHG ,Q FDVHV RI VHFRQGDU\
IXQFWLRQ WKDW WKHUH LV D QHHG IRU VKDGH SDUDVROV RU
FRYHUDJHIRUSURWHFWLQJXVHUVIURPVXQOLJKWKDYHEHHQ

SUHGLFWHG
1RLVHSROOXWLRQ
7KH DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI QHZ XVHUV OHDGV WR WKH

DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI QRLVH SROOXWLRQ $OWKRXJK LQ VWXGLHG
FDVHV GHVLJQHUV KDYH WULHG WR FRQWURO WKH LQFUHDVHG
QRLVHSROOXWLRQ

0RUSKRORJ\
)URP PRUSKRORJ\ SRLQW RI YLHZ D QRWDEOH YDULHW\ LQ

IRUPDQGVL]HZKLFKKDVEHHQXVHGPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOO\
FRXOG EH REVHUYHG (DFK VSDFH EDVHG RQ LWV
FDSDELOLWLHV SUHVHQWV GLIIHUHQW SRWHQWLDOV IRU QHZ
XVHUV &UHDWLYLW\ RI SODQQHUV LQ ORRNLQJ IRU QHZ
IDFLOLWLHV LQ D QHZ VSDFH KDV OHG WR GLIIHUHQW DQG
YDULHGLQFRPHVZKLFKDUHDOOVXFFHVVIXOLQWKHLURZQ
FRQWH[W

$FFHVVLELOLW\
7KH FKRVHQ VSDFHV DUH WKH GLUHFWO\ DFFHVVLEOH

VSDFHV,QRWKHUZRUGVGLUHFWDFFHVVWRPRVWRIWKHP
LV SRVVLEOH 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI VSDFHV
WKDW DUH FRQWUROOHG E\ DQ HQWUDQFH JDWH RU DFFHVV WR

WKHP LV SRVVLEOH WKURXJK DQRWKHU VSDFH LV
UHPDUNDEOH WKH GLUHFW DFFHVV SURYLGHV D JUHDWHU
SRWHQWLDOIRUPDNLQJDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH
/RFDWLRQ
0RVWRIVSDFHVIURPORFDWLRQSRLQWRIYLHZKDYHQRW
EHHQ UHVWULFWHG WR D VSHFLILF ]RQH $OWKRXJK ZLWK WKLV
LGHD D QRWDEOH QXPEHU RI VSDFHV LQ GRZQWRZQ DQG
KLJK GHQVLW\ SDUWV RI WKH FLW\ KDG H[SHULHQFHG WKH

JURZWK RI IXQFWLRQ EXW WKLV TXHVWLRQ LV QRW UHVWULFWHG
RQO\WRGRZQWRZQV

$WWUDFWLYHQHVVORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\
8VXDOO\ WKRVH VSDFHV KDYH EHHQ FKRVHQ IRU D

VHFRQGDU\ IXQFWLRQ WKDW LQLWLDOO\ KDG SHFXOLDU
DWWUDFWLYHQHVVHJORFDWLRQIRUSXEOLF7KLVSRWHQWLDO
FRQQHFWLQJ WR DWWUDFWLYH SRLQWV KDV LQFUHDVHG WKH

SHUFHQWDJHRIVXFFHVVDVDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH
5LVNVZLWKRXWDGGLQJWKHVHFRQGIXQFWLRQ
7KH FKRVHQ VSDFHV IRU KDYLQJ VHFRQGDU\ RU DGGHG

IXQFWLRQ IURP ORFDWLRQ DQG SUR[LPLW\ SRLQW RI YLHZ
ZHUHORZULVNVVSDFHV,QIDFWWKRVHVSDFHVWKDWWKHLU
VHFXULW\ZDVSURYLGHGZKHWKHUE\SK\VLFDOEDUULHUVRU
PDQSRZHUKDGEHHQFKRVHQ
&KDQJH LQ WKH OHJDO EDVLV RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH

SODFH
7KH IUHTXHQF\ RI FKDQJH LQ WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH

VSDFH ZLWK GHILFLHQF\ RI FKDQJH LQ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LV
UHODWLYHO\ HTXDO 7KLV LOOXVWUDWHV WKDW FKDQJH LQ

UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RU GHILFLHQF\ RI FKDQJH FRXOG EH
H[DPLQHG IURP GLIIHUHQW SRLQW RI YLHZV DQG DOVR EH
SUHVHQWHG E\ GLIIHUHQW VROXWLRQV (DFK FLW\ DQG ]RQH
GHSHQGLQJ RQ LWV FXOWXUH DQG ODZV KDYH SHFXOLDU
FRQGLWLRQV WKDW FRXOG EH GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH DGMDFHQW
]RQHRUFLW\

3URWHFWLRQPRGH
,Q PRVW FDVHV SUHUHTXLVLWH EDVLV IRU SURYLGLQJ

VHFXULW\ RI SHRSOH DQG VSDFH HTXLSPHQW KDYH EHHQ
SUHGLFWHG ,Q D UHPDUNDEOH SDUW RI VWXGLHG FDVHV WKH
UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU SURWHFWLQJ SHRSOH DQG JRRGV LV WKH
UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIXVHUV
/LJKWLQJ
6LQFH WKH PDLQ SXUSRVH RI LQFUHDVLQJ WKH IXQFWLRQDO

KRXUV RI D VSDFH LV KDYLQJ PRUH HIILFLHQF\ DQG
H[WHQGHG ZRUNLQJ KRXUV LQ PRVW FDVHV WKHUH LV D
QHHGIRUSUHSDUDWLRQRIH[WUDOLJKWLQJ
1DWXUHRIJURXQG
7KHYDULHW\RIVWXGLHGVSDFHVIURPJURXQGLQJSRLQWRI
YLHZ LOOXVWUDWHV WKDW FUHDWLRQ RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
VSDFHV LQ QDWXUDO DQG DUWLILFLDO HQYLURQPHQWV LV
SRVVLEOH

6SDFHFRYHULQJ
7KH H[DPLQHG VSDFHV ZHUH RSHQ VSDFHV 7KHVH

VSDFHV QRUPDOO\ LQ WKHLU VHFRQGDU\ IXQFWLRQ
UHPDLQHGRSHQHGDQGWKHQHHGIRUSUHSDULQJDFRYHU
RUSDUDVROKDVQRWEHHQREVHUYHG

5HVXOWV
:KLOH DVVHVVLQJ WKHVH UHVXOWV WKH QH[W OHYHO RI DQDO\VLV EDVHG RQ $+3 PHWKRG
$QDO\WLFDO +LHUDUFK\ 3URFHVV ZDV HQWHUHG %HFDXVH RI WKH LQFUHDVHG QXPEHU RI
FULWHULD LQ SODQQLQJ DQG GHVLJQLQJ LQ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV WKHUH LV D QHHG WR XVH
0XOWLSOHFULWHULDGHFLVLRQPDNLQJPHWKRG7KHDQDO\WLFKLHUDUFK\SURFHVVLVWKHPRVW
FRPPRQPHWKRGRI0&'00XOWL&ULWHULD'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJZKLFKLVDSSOLHGXVXDOO\
E\DUFKLWHFWVDQGXUEDQLVWV*URDWDQG:DQJ$VJKDUSRXU7KHEHQHILWRI
$+3 LV LWV FRPSUHKHQVLYH DQG UDWLRQDO IUDPHZRUN LQ VROYLQJ SUREOHPV DQG WKH
HYDOXDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWVROXWLRQV
&ULWHULDZHLJKWLQJ
,QWKLVVWHSLQRUGHUWRKDYHWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRFRPSDUHWKHYDOXHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH

FULWHULDDPRQJHDFKRWKHULWLVDWWHPSWHGWRWUDQVIRUPWKHFROOHFWHGGDWDRIWKHPDLQ
PDWUL[DSSOLFDEOHJULGLQWRTXDQWLW\VKRZQLQWDEOH7KLVPHDQVZLWKH[DPLQLQJ
WKH DPRXQW RI HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI HDFK FULWHULRQ LW KDV EHHQ WULHG WR UHFRJQL]H WKH
LPSRUWDQFHRIWKHFULWHULD)RUDOOWKHWKLUW\FULWHULDWKHSHUFHQWDJHREWDLQHGIRUHDFK
FULWHULRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU VWDWLVWLFDO IUHTXHQF\ RI WKH SRVVLEOH RSWLRQV KDV EHHQ
WUDQVIRUPHG

7KHFDOFXODWLRQVDUHGRQHEDVHGRQ0-$VJKDUSRXU0XOWLSOH&ULWHULD'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJWK
HGLWLRQ7HKUDQXQLYHUVLW\3UHVV7HKUDQLQ3HUVLDQ

7KH FRORU DIIHFWHG WR WKH FHOOV FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH OHYHO RI DEXQGDQFH RI FULWHULD
YDOXHVVWDWLVWLFDOIUHTXHQF\RIHDFKRSWLRQVKRZQLQWDEOH7KHGDUNFHOOVJDWKHU
WKRVHRSWLRQVZKLFKKDYHPRUHDEXQGDQFHDQGEULJKWHUFHOOVDUHWKRVHRSWLRQVWKDW
KDYH OHVV DEXQGDQFH $OWKRXJK WKH EULJKW FHOOV DUH FRQFHLYDEOH LQ IXWXUH SURMHFWV
WKH\ZRXOGQRWEHLQWURGXFHGDVDYDLODEOHRSWLRQEHLQJFRQVLGHUHGDVOHVVHIIHFWLYH
UHJDUGLQJWKHH[DPSOH
7DEOH4XDQWLI\LQJWKHTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDRIWKHPDLQPDWUL[

$WWKHQH[WOHYHOLQWHQGHGWRKDYHWKHDEVROXWHIHDVLELOLW\RIHDFKRSWLRQWKHFULWHULD
DUH ZHLJKWHG 7KLV KDV EHHQ GRQH E\ WKH $QDO\WLFDO +LHUDUFK\ 3URFHVV $+3 IRU
WUDQVIRUPLQJTXDQWLWDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWVLQWRTXDOLWDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWV$+3FRPSDUHV
SDLUZLVH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI GLIIHUHQW FULWHULD DPRQJ ZLWKLQ WKH VDPH OHYHO RI
LPSRUWDQFH DQG PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR GHVFULEH D FRPSOH[ VWUXFWXUH LQ KLHUDUFKLFDO
OHYHOVWRLGHQWLI\SULRULWLHVDQGWRYHULI\WKHFRQVLVWHQF\LQMXGJPHQWV6DDW\
7KH$+3FRQYHUWVWKHVHHYDOXDWLRQVWRQXPHULFDOYDOXHVWKDWFDQEHSURFHVVHGDQG
FRPSDUHG RYHU WKH HQWLUH UDQJH RI WKH SUREOHP $ QXPHULFDO ZHLJKW RU SULRULW\ LV
GHULYHG IRU HDFK HOHPHQW RI WKH KLHUDUFK\ DOORZLQJ GLYHUVH DQG RIWHQ
LQFRPPHQVXUDEOH HOHPHQWV WR EH FRPSDUHG WR RQH DQRWKHU LQ D UDWLRQDO DQG
FRQVLVWHQW ZD\ 7KLV FDSDELOLW\ GLVWLQJXLVKHV WKH $+3 IURP RWKHU GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ
WHFKQLTXHV6DDW\6DDW\ 3HQLZDWL7KHVHFULWHULDDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLU
LPSRUWDQFHKDYHEHHQFODVVLILHGLQOHYHOVDQGKDYHEHHQDOORFDWHGDVFDOHYDOXH
IURP WR JLYHQ EDVHG RQ WKH SDLUZDLVH FRPSDULVRQ PHWKRG $VJKDUSRXU
3DLUZLVHFRPSDULVRQJHQHUDOO\LVDQ\SURFHVVRIFRPSDULQJHQWLWLHVLQSDLUVWRMXGJH
ZKLFK RI HDFK HQWLW\ LVSUHIHUUHG RU KDV D JUHDWHU DPRXQW RI VRPHTXDQWLWDWLYH
SURSHUW\ RU ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKH WZR HQWLWLHV DUH LGHQWLFDO :KHQ WZR FULWHULRQV DUH
HTXDOLQWKHFRPSDULVRQWKH\REWDLQQXPEHU6FDOHLVIRUZKHQRQHFULWHULRQLV
PRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQWKHRWKHUEXWWKHOHYHORILPSRUWDQFHLVODZ6FDOHLVZKHQWKH
OHYHORILPSRUWDQFHLVPHGLXPVKRZVDKLJKOHYHORILPSRUWDQFHDQGUHSUHVHQWV
WKH DEVROXWH LPSRUWDQFH RI RQH FRPSDUHG WR DQRWKHU $VJKDUSRXU 7KHVH
QXPEHUVZLOOEHQRUPDOL]HGIURP]HURLQDPDWUL[
7KHFDOFXODWLRQVDUHVKRZQLQWDEOHDQGDQGWKHLPSRUWDQWQXPEHUVUHVXOWV
DUHVXPPDUL]HGLQWDEOH

7DEOHVFRULQJWKHFULWHULDIURPWREDVHGRQWKHSDLUZLVHFRPSDULVRQPHWKRG
7DEOH&DOFXODWLQJWKHQRUPDOL]HGYDOXHIURPWRRIHDFKFULWHULRQ

)URPWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIZHLJKWLQJFULWHULD7DEOHDQGWKHWDEOHLQZKLFKRSWLRQV

IRUHDFKFULWHULRQDUH HYDOXDWHG ZLWKQXPEHUV7DEOH WDEOH KDVFRPHRXW,Q
RWKHU ZRUGV WKH QXPEHUV RI HDFK FHOO IURP WDEOH KDV EHHQ PXOWLSOLHG WR WKH
FULWHULD YDOXH ILUVW URZ RI WDEOH DQG WKH DWWDLQHG QXPEHU LOOXVWUDWHV WKH UHODWLYH
ZRUWKRIHDFKRSWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHZHLJKWRIFULWHULD7KHILQDOWDEOH7DEOHVKRZV
WKH SRWHQWLDO RI UHSHWLWLRQ IUHTXHQF\ IRU HDFK H[DPSOH LQ UHODWLRQ WR RWKHU
H[DPSOHV

7DEOH7KHYDOXHRIHDFKFULWHULRQIURPWRDQGQRUPDOL]HGYDOXHV
7\SHRILQLWLDODFWRUV
7\SHRIVHFRQGDU\DFWRUV
'HVWLQDWLRQRIXVH
,QLWLDOIXQFWLRQ
6HFRQGDU\RUDGGHGIXQFWLRQ
0RUSKRORJ\

8VHUVWDWXV
7\SHRIDFWLYLW\
/HJDOEDVLVRIRZQHUVKLSDQGPDQDJHPHQW
7HUPRIXVH
7HPSRUDOLW\
$FFHVVLELOLW\
/RFDWLRQ

1HZLQVXUDQFHSROLF\
5LVNV
$WWUDFWLYHQHVVORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\
5LVNVZLWKRXWDGGLQJWKHVHFRQGIXQFWLRQ

7KHFDOFXODWLRQVDUHGRQHEDVHGRQ0-$VJKDUSRXU0XOWLSOH&ULWHULD'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJWK
HGLWLRQ7HKUDQXQLYHUVLW\3UHVV7HKUDQLQ3HUVLDQ

&KDQJHLQWKHOHJDOEDVLVRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHSODFH
3URWHFWLRQPRGH

5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIXQFWLRQDORSHUDWLRQDQGVSDFH
1LJKWOLIH
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGFOLPDWH
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGZHDWKHU
7HPSHUDWXUH
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGVXQOLJKW
1RLVHSROOXWLRQ

/LJKWLQJ
1DWXUHRIJURXQG
6SDFHFRYHULQJ
:LWKWKHDLGRI$+3WKHFDVHVWXGLHVZHUHDQDO\]HGPRUHDFFXUDWHO\DQGFODVVLILHG
RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLUIHDVLELOLW\7KHWRWDOVFRUHIRUHDFKVSDFHDQXPEHUEHWZHHQ
DQG LV UHODWHG WR WKH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH VSDFH WR EHFRPH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO 0RUHRYHU
FRPSDULQJWKHVFRUHVRIGLIIHUHQWFDVHVVWXGLHGFRQGXFWHGXVWRDPRUHFOHDUYLVLRQ
WRWKHIHDVLEOHLGHDVVXLWDEOHIRURXUH[SHULPHQWDOVLWH7KLVPHWKRGFRXOGEHXVHGWR
VFRUHWKHFDSDFLW\RIEHLQJPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOIRUDVSDFHZKLFKLVWHQGHGWREHVWXGLHG
,QWDEOHWKHPRVWGLIILFXOWFDVHVWRFRQGXFWDUHWKHUHGRQHVDQGWKHPRVWIHDVLEOH
DUH WKH EOXH RQHV 6HH $QQH[,, 7KLV WDEOH FDQ KHOS XV FKRRVH WKH DSSURSULDWH
FDVHV WR DSSO\ WKH DSSURDFK WR 6WUDVERXUJ RU DQ\ RWKHU VSHFLILF VLWHV 7KH GDUN
FRORUV FROXPQV VKRZ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IHDWXUHV WKH IHDWXUHV WKDW QHHG PRUH
DWWHQWLRQ
7DEOH7KHIHDVLELOLW\RIUHSURGXVHRIGLIIHUHQWFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRUHODWLYHYDOXHRIHDFKFULWHURQ

7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIHDFKFULWHULRQLQWKHRU\RXULGHDOJULGLVVKRZQLQWDEOH
7DEOH7KHKLJKHVWLPSDFWRIHDFKFULWHULRQPLJKWKDYHLQWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIWKHZKROHSURMHFW
LQLGHDOJULG
9DOXHEDVHG
RQ )UHTXHQF\ $EVROXWH
QRUPDOL]HG DPRQJ LPSDFWLQ
YDOXH 7KHPRVWIHDVLEOHSRVVLELOLW\ FDVHV IHDVLELOLW\
7\SHRILQLWLDODFWRUV 3XEOLF
,QLWLDOIXQFWLRQ 1HFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV
7\SHRIVHFRQGDU\DFWRUV 3ULYDWH

$GGLQJQHZXVHUVE\DGGLQJ
'HVWLQDWLRQRIXVH
QHZIXQFWLRQV
6HFRQGDU\RUDGGHGIXQFWLRQ 5HFUHDWLRQ
0RUSKRORJ\ /DUJHVL]HDUHD

7HUPRIXVH :LWKSULRULW\
$FFHVVLELOLW\ 2SHQ
7\SHRIDFWLYLW\ 0L[HG
8VHUVWDWXV 3XEOLFDOOSHRSOH
/RFDWLRQ (YHU\ZKHUH
7HPSRUDOLW\ 3HUPDQHQWGDLO\IXOOWLPH

/HJDOEDVLVRIRZQHUVKLSDQG )UHHXVH
PDQDJHPHQW

$WWUDFWLYHQHVVORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\ <HV
1HZLQVXUDQFHSROLF\ 1R

&KDQJHLQWKHOHJDOEDVLVRI 1R
UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHSODFH
5LVNV 1RULVNV
5LVNVZLWKRXWDGGLQJWKHVHFRQG 6HFXUH
IXQFWLRQ
3URWHFWLRQPRGH 6HFXUH

5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQG 1R
FOLPDWH
1LJKWOLIH <HV
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQG 1RWLPSRUWDQW
VXQOLJKW

1RLVHSROOXWLRQ 1R
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIXQFWLRQDO
1R
RSHUDWLRQDQGVSDFH
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQG <HV
ZHDWKHU
7HPSHUDWXUH 1RWLPSRUWDQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV 1RSUHUHTXLVLWHV

6SDFHFRYHULQJ 2SHQ
/LJKWLQJ 7RFRQVLGHU
1DWXUHRIJURXQG 0LQHUDO
$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVWDEOHWKHFULWHULDEDVHGRQWKHLUDEVROXWHZHLJKWLQUHDOSURMHFWV
DV OLVWHG EHORZ LQ WDEOH ,W VKRXOG EH NHSW LQ PLQG WKDW WKH DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH
FDVHVVWXGLHVPLJKWFKDQJHWKHRUGHULQWKLVWDEOH
7DEOH7KHVRUWHGFULWHULDZLWKWKHLUPRVWIHDVLEOHRSWLRQXSRQWKHLULPSDFWLQWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIWKH
ZKROHSURMHFWLQDSSOLFDEOHJULG

9DOXHEDVHG
RQ )UHTXHQF\ $EVROXWH
QRUPDOL]HG DPRQJ LPSDFWLQ
YDOXH 7KHPRVWIHDVLEOHSRVVLELOLW\ FDVHV IHDVLELOLW\
/RFDWLRQ (YHU\ZKHUH
7\SHRILQLWLDODFWRUV 3XEOLF
$FFHVVLELOLW\ 2SHQ
,QLWLDOIXQFWLRQ 1HFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV
7\SHRIVHFRQGDU\DFWRUV 3ULYDWH
7HUPRIXVH :LWKSULRULW\
1HZLQVXUDQFHSROLF\ 1R
5LVNV 1RULVNV

7\SHRIDFWLYLW\ 0L[HG
8VHUVWDWXV 3XEOLFDOOSHRSOH

$GGLQJQHZXVHUVE\
'HVWLQDWLRQRIXVH
DGGLQJQHZIXQFWLRQV
$WWUDFWLYHQHVVORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\ <HV
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQG
1RWLPSRUWDQW
VXQOLJKW
1RLVHSROOXWLRQ 1R
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIXQFWLRQDO
1R
RSHUDWLRQDQGVSDFH
<HV
ZHDWKHU
1RWLPSRUWDQW
VXQOLJKW
1R
FOLPDWH

6HFRQGDU\RUDGGHGIXQFWLRQ 5HFUHDWLRQ
0RUSKRORJ\ /DUJHVL]HDUHD

&KDQJHLQWKHOHJDOEDVLVRI
1R
UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHSODFH
1LJKWOLIH <HV
5LVNVZLWKRXWDGGLQJWKHVHFRQG
6HFXUH
IXQFWLRQ
3URWHFWLRQPRGH 6HFXUH

/HJDOEDVLVRIRZQHUVKLSDQG
)UHHXVH
PDQDJHPHQW
7HPSHUDWXUH 1RWLPSRUWDQW
6SDFHFRYHULQJ 2SHQ
/LJKWLQJ 7RFRQVLGHU
3UHUHTXLVLWHV 1RSUHUHTXLVLWHV
1DWXUHRIJURXQG 0LQHUDO
5HVXOWV
$V LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKH H[LVWHQFH RI GLIIHUHQW RSWLRQV SRVVLELOLWLHV ZRXOG FDXVH WKH
UHGXFWLRQ LQ VRPH FULWHULD
V HIIHFWV 7KLV PHDQV ORRNLQJ DW DQ DEVROXWH ZD\ WR WKH
FULWHULDDFULWHULRQOLNHWKHsite's morphologyZRXOGEHDPRQJSULPDU\FULWHULDEXWLQ
DUHDOUHJDUGVLQFHWKHUHDUHVSDFHVZLWKGLIIHUHQWIRUPVLQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIWKHZRUOG
KDYHEHHQDOORFDWHGWRPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVLWLVFKDQJHGWRWKHVHFRQGDU\FULWHULD
7KLVZRXOGUHGXFHWKHHIIHFWRIPRUSKRORJ\FULWHULDLQWKHWLPHRIGHILQLQJDUHDODQG

SRVVLEOH SURMHFW %HVLGHV WKDW WKH HIIHFW RI FULWHULD VXFK DV ZHDWKHU HQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQGLWLRQ FRYHU DQG JURXQG DQG SUHUHTXLVLWHV DUH VR GRZQ WKDW PDNHV WKHP
GHQLDEOH )XUWKHUPRUH D FULWHULRQ VXFK DV /HJDO EDVLV RI RZQHUVKLS DQG
PDQDJHPHQW RI VSDFH DOWKRXJK DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ ZDV DPRQJ WKH EDUULHUV EXW LQ
UHDOLW\UHJDUGLQJWKHYDULHW\RIRSWLRQVLVHDV\WREHVROYHG
7KLV OLVW 7DEOH KHOSV XV WR VHOHFW WKH DSSURSULDWH FULWHULD LQ WKH OHYHO RI WDNLQJ
GHFLVLRQIRUWUDQVIRUPLQJDPRQRIXQFWLRQDOVLWHLQWRDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVLWH5HJDUGLQJ
WKHLQFUHDVHGQXPEHURIFULWHULDDQGHIIHFWLYHIDFWRUVRQWDNLQJGHFLVLRQWDNLQJLQWR
DFFRXQW RI FULWHULD FRXOG EH VWRSSHG LQ WKH OHYHO RI LPSRUWDQW FULWHULD RU MXVW WR EH
FRQWLQXHGWLOOWKHVHFRQGDU\DQGWKHWKLUGFDWHJRU\RIFULWHULD6HHWDEOH
$FWLYLW\H[FKDQJHV
7KHWDEOHVEHORZ7DEOHVVKRZWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWDFWLYLWLHVDVWKH

SULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQV,W¶VREYLRXVWKDWLQWKHPRVWRIVWXGLHGFDVHVWKH
VSDFHV ZLWK WKH IXQFWLRQ IRU QHFHVVDU\ DFWLYLWLHV DUH WKH VWDUWLQJ SRLQW DQG WKHVH
VSDFHVDUHQRZGHGLFDWHGWRWKHUHFUHDWLRQFXOWXUDODQGJUHHQDFWLYLWLHVDWWKHVDPH
WLPHRUDVDVXEVWLWXWHLQWKHLULGOHKRXUVDVPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHV

0RVWRIRXUFDVHVKDGDPL[LW\RIYDULRXVNLQGVRIDFWLYLWLHV,QVRPHFDVHVWK\HQDWXUHRIDFWLYLW\
GLG QRW FKDQJH EXW EHFDXVH RI FKDQJLQJ RU DGGLQJ XVHUV WKH\ EHFDPH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO )RU PRUH
GHWDLOVVHH$QQH[,,

7DEOH,QLWLDODQGVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQV
6HFRQGDU\RUDGGHG 1XPEHURI
,QLWLDOIXQFWLRQ
IXQFWLRQ UHODWHGFDVHV
QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV
QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV FRPPHUFLDO
QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV FXOWXUDO
QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV HFRORJLFDO
QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV UHFUHDWLRQ
QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV SHGDJRJLF
QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV VRFLDO
DGPLQLVWUDWLYH UHFUHDWLRQ
FRPPHUFLDO FXOWXUDO
FRPPHUFLDO UHFUHDWLRQ
FXOWXUDO FRPPHUFLDO
FXOWXUDO FXOWXUDO
FXOWXUDO UHFUHDWLRQ
HFRORJLFDO HFRORJLFDO
HFRORJLFDO FRPPHUFLDO
HFRORJLFDO FXOWXUDO
HFRORJLFDO UHFUHDWLRQ
HFRORJLFDO VRFLDO
UHFUHDWLRQ QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV
UHFUHDWLRQ FXOWXUDO
UHFUHDWLRQ HFRORJLFDO
UHFUHDWLRQ UHFUHDWLRQ
UHFUHDWLRQ VRFLDO
SHGDJRJLF FXOWXUDO
SHGDJRJLF VRFLDO

7DEOH&ODVVLI\LQJWKHVWXGLHGFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLULQLWLDODQGVHFRQGDU\
IXQFWLRQV

7DEOH&ODVVLI\LQJWKHVWXGLHGFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLULQLWLDODQGVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQV

7DEOH&ODVVLI\LQJWKHVWXGLHGFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLULQLWLDODQGVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQV

$V LW KDV EHHQ VKRZQ LQ ILJXUH WUDQVIRUPLQJ PRQRIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV LQWR
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV DORQJ D EHWWHU XWLOL]DWLRQ RI VSDFHV ZKLFK KDV H[LVWHG LQ WKH
XUEDQ DUHD DV VSDFHV IRU PDQGDWRU\ DFWLYLWLHV ZRXOG FUHDWH SRWHQWLDOV URRPV IRU
KDYLQJ FXOWXUDO DQG UHFUHDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV 7KLV TXHVWLRQ LV LQ WKH ZD\ RI RXU LQLWLDO
K\SRWKHVLV RQ SURPRWLQJ WKH TXDOLW\ RI VSDFHV ZLWK DSSO\LQJ WKH LGHD RI
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\,QIDFWWKHPRVWFRQFHLYDEOHPHWKRGLVWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIPDQGDWRU\
DFWLYLWLHV VLWHV IRU RSWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV 7KLV JUDSK KDV EHHQ GUDZQ EDVHG RQ WKH
VWDWLVWLFDO IUHTXHQF\ RI DFWLYLWLHV LQ FDVHV VKRZQ LQ WDEOH DQG ZLWK *(3+,
VRIWZDUHLQWHQGHGWRVKRZKRZHIIHFWLYHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVDUHLQLQFUHDVLQJWKH
SRVVLELOLW\IRURSWLRQDODQGVRFLDODFWLYLWLHV7KHVL]HRIHDFKDUURZLVSURSRUWLRQDOWR
WKH QXPEHU RI UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ VRXUFH DQG WDUJHW DFWLYLWLHV $V SUHVHQWHG LQ
WDEOHWKHVSDFHVIRUQHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHVLQRXUFDVHVDUHPRVWO\GHGLFDWHGWR
UHFUHDWLRQDO DQG FXOWXUDO RSWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV DW WKH ILUV OHYHO DQG WKHQ WR WKH VRFLDO
RQHV 7KH H[DPSOHV IRU HDFK H[FKDQJH DUH VKRZQ LQ WDEOHV )RU PRUH
GHWDLOVVHH$QQH[,,
)LJXUH6RXUFHDQGWDUJHWIXQFWLRQVLQWKHVWXGLHGFDVHV*KDIRXUL

+RZWRFUHDWHDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
VSDFH

'HFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV
2XUPDLQREMHFWLYHLQWKLVVWHSLVWRNQRZLIDQXUEDQSODQQHUFDQWDNHLQWRDFFRXQW
WKH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DV D VWDUW SRLQW RI KLV GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVV
7KLV UHVHDUFK WULHV WR ILQG DQ DQVZHU IRU WKLV TXHVWLRQ "according to all the cases
studied and the analysis, how can the "multifunctionality" be considered as a general
concept in revitalizing urban spaces?"
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ GHVLJQLQJ KDV D WZROHYHO SURFHVV ILUVW DV SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH LGHD
FRQFHSWXDOGHVLJQDQGSODQQLQJVHFRQGDVSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHGHVLJQDVDSODQ,Q
GHILQLQJ WKH FRQFHSW RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ WKH SDWWHUQV WKDW KDYH EHHQ UHDFKHG E\
H[DPLQLQJWKHVDPSOHVZHUHLQWURGXFHGDVWKHSULRULW\RIPXVWQRWLFHGFULWHULD7KH
LGHD RIVFKHGXOLQJFDOFXODWLQJ WKHQRWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDO RSHUDWLRQRUHIILFLHQF\E\DQ
LQGH[ EDVHG RQ IXQFWLRQLQJ WLPH RI WKH VSDFH VHHPV WR EH LQWHUHVWLQJ ,Q WKH ODVW
VWHS FRQVLGHULQJ WKH QXPHURXV QXPEHUV RI FULWHULD DQG HIIHFWLYH IDFWRUV ZKLOH
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJWKHFRQFHSWXDOGDWDPRGHOIRUXVLQJLQ*,6VRIWZDUHLVSURSRVHG$
VWHS E\ VWHS SURFHVV IRU FKRRVLQJ WKH DSSURSULDWH VLWHV IRU VSHFLILF IXQFWLRQV LV
SUHVHQWHGEHORZ
&RQFHSWXDOGHVLJQXVLQJ3DWWHUQ
$FFRUGLQJ WR ZKDW KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG EHIRUH D ³PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH´ FRXOG EH
LGHQWLILHGZLWKWKHVHWZRFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
$OORZ GLIIHUHQW IXQFWLRQV GLIIHUHQW DFWRUV DQG GLIIHUHQW XVHUV GXULQJ GLIIHUHQW
SHULRGVRIWLPHRUKDYHWKHFDSDFLW\WRDFFRPPRGDWHWZRRUPRUHDFWLYLWLHVDW
WKHVDPHWLPHDFFHSWPRUHWKDQDIXQFWLRQVLPXOWDQHRXVO\
$PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVKRXOGEHDSODFHIRUXVHUVZLWKYDULRXVDJHVPXOWLSOHQHHGV
DQGH[SHFWDWLRQV

,Q WKH FRQFHSWXDO GHVLJQ OHYHO XWLOL]LQJ SDWWHUQV LQ WKH H[DPLQHG FDVHV FRXOG EH
KHOSIXO WR SODQQHUV DQG GHVLJQHUV 7KHUHIRUH HLJKW SDWWHUQV KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG
UHSHDWHG PRVW LQ WKH H[DPLQHG FDVHV $ VFKHPDWLF SURFHVV RI WKLV H[WUDFWLRQ LV
VKRZHGLQILJXUH
)LJXUH)URPFDVHVWRSDWWHUQV*KDIRXUL
7KHUHSHWLWLRQRIHDFKSDWWHUQIUHTXHQF\LVYDULDEOH,IWKHIUHTXHQF\RIHDFKSDWWHUQ

FRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVHTXDOWRLWVIHDVLELOLW\SRVVLELOLW\WREHUHSHDWHGWKHDPRXQW
RI GHVLJQHU¶V DWWHQWLRQ WR HDFK SDWWHUQ FRXOG EH H[WUDFWHG LQ D TXDQWLWDWLYH IRUP
)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHIUHTXHQF\SHUFHQWDJHRIUHSHWLWLRQRIHDFKSDWWHUQLQDOOWKH
HLJKW\H[DPLQHGFDVHV7KHVLPLODUSDWWHUQVLQWKHOHIWFKDUWDUHJURXSHGLQWKHULJKW
RQHLQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHDPRUHFRKHUHQWUHVXOW

)LJXUH7KHIUHTXHQF\SHUFHQWDJHRIUHSHWLWLRQRIHDFKSDWWHUQLQDOOFDVHV*KDIRXUL
7KHUHDUHFRQFHSWXDOSDWWHUQVH[WUDFWHGIURPDQDO\]LQJWKHFDVHV7KHVHSDWWHUQV
FRXOGKHOSWKHDUFKLWHFWVDQGXUEDQGHVLJQHUVILQGWKHLUFRQFHSWDVWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQW
RIWKHLUFRQFHSWVDVWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWRIWKHGHVLJQSURFHVV
3DUWLFLSDWLRQEULQJLQJDOOWKHDFWRUVDQGIXWXUHXVHUVLQWRWKHVWHSRIGHFLVLRQ
PDNLQJWUXVWWKHPDQGJLYHWKHPWKHVHQVHWKDWWKHVSDFHEHORQJVWRWKHP
HGXFDWLRQ RI WKRVH FRQFHSWV UHODWHG WR FLWL]HQVKLS DQG XUEDQ OLIH FKDQJLQJ
WKH PHDQLQJ RI SXEOLF VSDFH LQ FLWL]HQV PLQGV IURP D VSDFH ZKR GRHV QRW
EHORQJ WR DQ\RQH WR D VSDFH ZKLFK EHORQJV WR HYHU\ERG\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH
VFHQHRIEHORQJLQJWRVSDFHVZLWK LQWHUIHULQJWKHPLQ SODQQLQJ FKDQJLQJDQG
PDQDJLQJWKHVSDFH
3URGXFWLRQHGXFDWLRQDQGVSRUWXVLQJWKHVSDFHIRUSURGXFLQJDJULFXOWXUH
SURGXFWV HGXFDWLRQDO RU VSRUWLYH DFWLYLWLHV HJ WKH VHFRQGDU\ IXQFWLRQ RI
VSDFHZRXOGQRWEHUHVWULFWHGWRPHUHUHFUHDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHV

0L[HGXVHPDVWHUSODQQLQJ1HWZRUNRIDFWLYLWLHVKDYLQJDPXOWLSXUSRVH
DSSURDFKWRWKHGHVLJQFRQVLGHULQJVSDFHQRWRQO\DVDQLVODQGEXWDVDSDUW
RI QHW DFWLYLW\ WKDW FDQ EH HIILFLHQW LQ FKDQJLQJ WKH OLIH RI LWV ]RQH RU
QHLJKERUKRRG
8VLQJORVWGHDGRUIRUJRWWHQVSDFHVXVLQJGHDGDQGIRUJRWWHQVSDFHVOLNH
URRIWRSV DQG XQGHUJURXQGV YHUWLFDO FLW\ DQG DOVR YDFDQW ODQGV WKDW LQ
DGGLWLRQ WR DQ HIILFLHQW XVH RI H[LVWLQJ VSDFHV LQ RUGHU WR KHOS VROYLQJ VRFLDO
SUREOHPVDQGSURYLGLQJVHFXULW\
,QQRYDWLRQDQGSOD\DELOLW\XVLQJIRUPVFRPELQDWLRQDQGIXQFWLRQVWKDWDUH
DWWUDFWLYH IRU NLGV RU LQ D FUHDWLYH ZD\ OHDGV WR WKHLU LQYROYHPHQW ZLWK WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDSSO\LQJLQQRYDWLYHVROXWLRQVWKDWDUHQHZIRUFLWL]HQVRUKDYLQJ
DGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKWRZDUGWKHTXHVWLRQ
/LJKWLQJ SODQQLQJ IRU DQ DFWLYH QLJKW OLIH H[SDQGLQJ ZRUNLQJ KRXUV RI D
VSDFH DORQJ PRGHUQ OLIHVW\OH OHDGV WR RYHUULGLQJ RI QLJKWOLIH DQG WKHUHXSRQ
OLJKWLQJIRUSURYLGLQJVHFXULW\DQGDHVWKHWLFDOSXUSRVHV
8VLQJDUWLQYROYLQJDUWLQHYHU\GD\OLIHDVPHGLDDQGDVDHVWKHWLFDOHOHPHQWV
7UDQVIRUPDEOH VXUIDFHV DQG SRUWDEOH XUEDQ IXUQLWXUH SURYLGLQJ WKH

SRVVLELOLW\ RI SHUVRQDOL]LQJ WKH VSDFH EDVHG RQ XVHUV¶ QHHGV E\ SRUWDEOH
IXUQLWXUH DGGLQJ VSHFLILF FKDUDFWHUV WR WKH VSDFH RU XVLQJ VSDFH LQ SHFXOLDU
RFFDVLRQVE\GHVLJQLQJWUDQVIRUPDEOHVXUIDFHV

3ODQQLQJ3URFHVVXVLQJFULWHULDHYDOXDWLRQ
&ULWHULDDUHLPSRUWDQWZKLOHHQWHULQJIURPWKHOHYHORIFRQFHSWWRSODQQLQJRIWKHVLWH
6LQFH WKH QXPEHU RI FULWHULD LV QXPHURXV FRQVLGHULQJ SULRULW\ EDVHG RQ ZHLJKW
FULWHULD YDOXH FXOWXUDO DQG VRFLDO H[FOXVLYLW\ RI WKH UHJLRQ DQG XVHUV¶ QHHGV KDV D
VLJQLILFDQWLPSRUWDQFH
,Q JHQHUDO VRPH RI RXU FULWHULD DUH RI D KLJKHU LPSRUWDQFH WKDQ WKH RWKHUV 7KH
IHHGEDFN RI DQDO\]LQJ WKH FDVHV OHG XV WR FODVVLI\ WKH FULWHULD LQ GHJUHHV RI
LPSRUWDQFH7DEOH7KHVHFULWHULDVKRXOGEHDQDO\]HGLQWKHSKDVHVRIfeasibility
study programming DQG conceptual design 7KH ILUVW GHJUHH FULWHULD JDWKHU WKH
HVVHQWLDO FULWHULD WKDW WKH SURMHFW FDQQRW EH VWDUWHG ZLWKRXW WDNLQJ WKHP LQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ7KHVHFRQGGHJUHHUHODWHVWRWKHFULWHULDZKLFKKDYHDZLGHYDULHW\RI
DWWULEXWHVDQGPXVWQHFHVVDULO\EHFRQVLGHUHGEXWLQFDVHRIDQ\SUREOHPVRUOLPLWV
PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW VROXWLRQV PLJKW EH SXW LQWR WHVW 7KH WKLUG GHJUHH FULWHULD DUH
UHFRPPHQGHG LQ HDFK SURMHFW RI XUEDQ GHVLJQ LQ D PRQRIXQFWLRQDO DV ZHOO DV D
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH7KLVFODVVLILFDWLRQFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDEDVLVRIIHDVLELOLW\
VWXG\IRUFKDQJLQJDPRQRIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHWRDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDORQH
,W VKRXOG EH NHSW LQ PLQG WKDW WKHVH ILUVW FULWHULD VKRXOG EH FRPSOHWHG ZLWK
VRFLRHFRQRPLFOHJDODQGFXOWXUDOFULWHULDDVVRFLDWHGHVSHFLDOO\WRUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQG
LQVXUDQFH
$FFRUGLQJ WR SUHYLRXV DQDO\VHV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW FULWHULD FRXOG EH FODVVLILHG LQ
GHJUHHV
0RVWLPSRUWDQWFULWHULD
7\SH RI ,QLWLDO DFWRUV 7\SH RI VHFRQGDU\ DFWRUV 3ULPDU\ DQG VHFRQGDU\ IXQFWLRQV
'HVWLQDWLRQRIXVH6LWHPRUSKRORJ\

,PSRUWDQWFULWHULD
8VHU VWDWXV 7\SH RI DFWLYLW\ /HJDO EDVLV RI RZQHUVKLS DQG PDQDJHPHQW
$FFHVVLELOLW\/RFDWLRQ7HPSRUDOLW\7HUPVRIXVH

&ULWHULDKLJKO\UHFRPPHQGHGWREHFRQVLGHUHG
$WWUDFWLYHQHVVORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\5LVNVZLWKRXWZLWKDGGLQJWKHVHFRQGIXQFWLRQ
3URWHFWLRQPRGH/HJDOEDVLVRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHSODFH,QVXUDQFHSROLF\
$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWSRLQWWREHFRQVLGHUHGLVWKDWWKHDPRXQWRIFULWHULD¶VLPSRUWDQFHLV
GLIIHUHQWLQJHQHUDODQGDOVRLQYDULRXVSKDVHVRISODQQLQJDQGGHVLJQLQJ6RPHRI
WKH FULWHULD DUH PRUH LPSRUWDQW LQ WKH WLPH RI SUREOHP GHILQLQJ VRPH LQ SODQQLQJ
VRPHDWWKHWLPHRISURYLGLQJWKHFRQFHSWDQGGHVLJQDQGVRPHVKRXOGEHQRWLFHGDW
WKH WLPH RI PDQDJHPHQW DQG PDLQWHQDQFH RI VSDFH 7DEOH LOOXVWUDWHV WKH PDLQ
FULWHULD WKDW VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG DW HDFK VWHS 6LQFH WKH QXPHURXV QXPEHUV RI
FULWHULDOHDGVWRLQFUHDVLQJWKHDPRXQWRIWLPHLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJFRQVLGHULQJDOORI
WKHP LQ DOO VWDJHV PD\ QRW EH SRVVLEOH ,W LV LQ WKLV VWHS WKDW WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI
JURXSLQJDQGFRQVLGHULQJWKHH[DFWWLPHIRUHQWHULQJLQDSURFHVVWDNHVLPSRUWDQFH
,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGDOVRLIDSSURSULDWHSODQQLQJIRUPDQDJHPHQWDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRI
D IXQFWLRQDO VSDFH IURP SULRULW\ DSSURDFK DQG LQVXUDQFH GRHV QRW WDNH SODFH
SRVVLEOHGDQJHUVZRXOGOHDGWRIDLOXUHRIWKHVSDFH

7DEOH7KHSKDVHVLQZKLFKHDFKFULWHULRQHQWHUVWKHGHVLJQSURFHVV
6FKHGXOLQJE\WKH7,0(IDFWRU
,QDGGLWLRQWRSDWWHUQVDQGFULWHULDWKDWKDYHEHHQXWWHUHGLQSUHYLRXVOHYHOLWVKRXOG
EH ERUQ RQ PLQG WKDW GHVLJQLQJ D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH LV LQGHHG WKH TXHVWLRQ RI
VSDFH VFKHGXOLQJ IRU DFWLYLWLHV $V D UHVXOW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH EHKDYLRU RI VSDFH LQ
GLIIHUHQWSHULRGVDQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIDFWLYLW\ZLWKWLPHKDVDJUHDWLPSRUWDQFH

,QIDFWLWVKRXOGEHNHSWLQPLQGWKDWEHVLGHWKHIXQFWLRQVWLPHWHPSRUDOLW\LVDOVRD
NH\ IDFWRU LQ SODQQLQJ IRU PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV EHFDXVH WKLV LGHD GHILQHV D
GLIIHUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDFWLYLW\DQGWLPH
7KHWDEOHVDQGFODVVLI\RXUFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUWHPSRUDOLW\
7DEOH&ODVVLI\LQJWKHFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUWHPSRUDOLW\

7DEOHWKHFDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUWHPSRUDOLW\
7R EH DEOH WR PHDVXUH WKLV UHODWLRQVKLS LQ D TXDQWLWDWLYH IRUP WKHUHIRUH DQ LQGH[
QDPHG7(03LVSURSRVHGZKLFKFDQKHOSWRHVWLPDWHWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHVSDFHWREH
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO RU IRU FRPSDULQJ WKH WZR VLWXDWLRQV XVLQJ WKH VSDFH DV D FODVVLFDO
PRQRIXQFWLRQDO VSDFH DQG KDYLQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR VKDUH WKH VSDFH IRU GLIIHUHQW
DFWLYLWLHVRUDPRQJGLIIHUHQWJURXSVRIXVHUVHT7(03LVWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIWKH
IXQFWLRQDO SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG RI IXQFWLRQLQJ WLPH RI D VSDFH GXULQJ D SHULRG RI
DFWLYLW\WKDWFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVHTXDORUFORVHGWRWKHIXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\

HT
7KLVLQGH[VKRZVWKHFRUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHFXUUHQWDQGWKHRSWLPDOIXQFWLRQDO
SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHVSDFH:KHQWKLVLQGH[LVORZWKHVSDFHKDVDJUHDWHUSRWHQWLDO
IRU EHLQJ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO +RZHYHU WKLV LQGH[ LV QRW WKH RQO\ HIIHFWLYH IDFWRU 7(03
PLJKW EH FDOFXODWHG VHSDUDWHO\ IRU WKH ZHHN WKH ZHHNHQG DQG KROLGD\V DQG IRU D
GD\DPRQWKRUD\HDU,WFDQEHGLIIHUHQWIRUHDFKDUHDWRDQRWKHUGHSHQGLQJRQWKH
XVHUV¶ OLIHVW\OH LQ VXPPHU DQG ZLQWHU %XW IRU WUDQVIRUPLQJ D VSDFH IURP PRQR
IXQFWLRQDO WR PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO EHVLGHV LQFUHDVLQJ WKH 7(03 WKH IXQFWLRQDO GHQVLW\
GLYHUVLW\RIDFWLYLWLHVVKRXOGQRWEHQHJOHFWHG
&DOFXODWLRQRIWKHFRHIILFLHQW7(03
)RUVSDFHVWKDWDUHFRQQHFWHGWRRQHDQRWKHUHJVXFKDVSDUNLQJORWVRIVHPL
SXEOLF EXLOGLQJV WKH 7(03 FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG EDVHG RQ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKLV PDLQ
VSDFHZRUNLQJKRXUV
)RUWKHVWUHHWVVTXDUHVDQGVLGHZDONVWKH7(03FDQEHFDOFXODWHGRQWKHEDVLV
RI OLIHVW\OH RI UHVLGHQWV DQG UXVK KRXUV WKH WLPH RI JRLQJ WR ZRUN DQG FRPLQJ EDFN
KRPH
)RU UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJV WKH 7(03 FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG EDVHG RQ WKH QXPEHU RI
UHVLGHQWVZKRKDYHWKHFDUDQGJRWRZRUNE\FDURUZKRXVHSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQRU
RWKHUW\SHVRIPRELOLW\PHGLD
%DVHG RQ WKLV LQGH[ WKH JUDSKLF RI VSDFH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ IXQFWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ LQ
GLIIHUHQWSHULRGVFRXOGEHGUDZQFI)LJXUHDQGH[LVWLQJSRWHQWLDOVIRULQFUHDVLQJ
IXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\RIVSDFHIURPWLPLQJSRLQWRIYLHZFRXOGEHLGHQWLILHG
)RUH[DPSOHLQWKHVHFWLRQZLWKPHDVXULQJWKHQXPEHURIXVHUVLQSHDNDQG
HPSW\KRXUVWKHSUHFLVHIXQFWLRQDOJUDSKLFFRXOGEHGUDZQ%DVHGRQWKLVIXQFWLRQDO
JUDSKLFDOOWKHSRVVLEOHVHFRQGDU\RUH[WUDIXQFWLRQVZRXOGEHVSHFLILHG

)LQDOL]LQJWKHFKRLFHVXVLQJVLPLODUH[LVWLQJFDVHVFDVHEDVHG
UHDVRQLQJ
)RU XVLQJ WKH H[DPSOHV DQG WKH DQDO\VLV LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK LQ D SURMHFW XVLQJ WKH
SUHYLRXV VROXWLRQV LQ VROYLQJ QHZ SUREOHPV ILUVW WKH TXHVWLRQ VKRXOG EH FOHDUO\
GHILQHG ,I WKH VLWH DQG WKH JHQUH RI VHFRQGDU\ IXQFWLRQ KDYH EHHQ VSHFLILHG
EHIRUHKDQGE\UHIHUHHLQJWRJURXSLQJVLQFKDSWHUVLPLODUFDVHVFRXOGEHIRXQGIRU
LQVSLUDWLRQ ,Q WKRVH FDVHV IRU VSHFLI\LQJ WKH DSSURSULDWH VLWH IRU D PXOWLIXQFWLRQ
VSDFHDPRQJYDULRXVVLWHVWKHEHVWZD\LVHOLPLQDWLQJWKHZHDNRSWLRQVLQYDULRXV
VWHSVIURPGLIIHUHQWSRLQWVRIYLHZ7KLVPHDQVWKDWE\VWXG\LQJWKHJUDSKRIVSDFHV¶
IXQFWLRQ PHDVXULQJ 7(03 LQGH[ DQG FRPSDULQJ WKHP WRJHWKHU WKH SRWHQWLDO RI
VSDFHVIURPWLPH¶VSRLQWRIYLHZIRUKDYLQJVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQZRXOGEHHYDOXDWHG
7KRVH RSWLRQV WKDW KDYH OHVV SRWHQWLDO ZRXOG EH GHOHWHG $IWHUZDUGV EDVHG RQ
FULWHULDRIILUVWOHYHOWKHZHDNRSWLRQVDUHGHOHWHG)RUUHPDLQHGRSWLRQVFRQVLGHULQJ
IRUP DFWRUV DQG SULPDU\ RSWLRQ WKH SRVVLEOH VHFRQGDU\ IXQFWLRQV FDQ EH IRXQG
,QVSLUHG E\ WKHP DVVHVVLQJ DQG JLYLQJ SULRULW\ WR UHPDLQHG RSWLRQV EDVHG RQ WKHLU
SRVLWLYH DQG ZHDN SRLQWV FXOWXUDO SDUWLFXODULWLHV DQG UHVLGHQFHV¶ QHHGV FRXOG EH
GHILQH 7KLV SURFHVV KDV EHHQ H[SODLQHG LQ ILJXUH ,W LV D VFKHPDWLF SURFHVV IRU
VHOHFWLQJ VXLWDEOH VSDFHV ZLWK WKH SRWHQWLDO RI PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DQG WKHQ FKRRVLQJ
WKHDOWHUQDWLYHIXQFWLRQ
7KHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQLVVSHFLILHGDQGWKHFKRLFHRIDQDSSURSULDWH
VLWHIURPFLW\RUUHJLRQ¶VSODQIRUWKLVDFWLYLW\DQGLWVGHILQHGSHULRGE\UHIHUHHLQJWR
WKH FKDUW RI H[DPSOHV WKH NLQG RI VSDFH IURP IRUP¶V SRLQW RI YLHZ FRXOG GHILQHG
EDVHGRQWKHDFWRUVDQGSULPDU\DFWLYLWLHV
$IWHUZDUGVE\LGHQWLI\LQJWKHVSDFHVDQGGHOHWLQJWKHRSWLRQVWKDWKDYHDUHPDUNDEOH
SRWHQWLDO WR DFFHSW DQ DGGLWLRQDO IXQFWLRQ SRVVLELOLWLHV PLJKW EH UHVWULFWHG DQG WKH
QXPEHU RI FKRLFHV PLJKW GHFUHDVH 7KH QH[W OHYHO LV WKH SRLQW RI VFUXWLQL]LQJ WKH
PRUSKRORJ\ DQG VFKHGXOLQJ EDVHG RQ WKH QHHGHG VFRSH DQG VLPLODU IXQFWLRQV ,Q
RWKHU ZRUGV WKRVH RSWLRQV WKDW GR QRW KDYH DQ DSSURSULDWH VXUIDFH RU IRUP RU DUH
DGMDFHQW WR D VSDFH WKDW FRXOG SURYLGH WKH QHHGHG IXQFWLRQ ZRXOG EH GHOHWHG 7KH
VSDFHLQWHUPVRIVFKHGXOLQJVKRXOGKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDORIDFFHSWLQJDQHZIXQFWLRQ
LQWKHVSHFLILHGSHULRG

)LJXUH6FKHPDWLFSURFHVVIRUFKDQJLQJDPRQRIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHWRDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDORQH
*KDIRXUL
1H[W FRQVLGHULQJ WKH DFFHVV DSSURSULDWH RSWLRQV KDYH EHHQ FKRVHQ DQG ZHDNHU
RSWLRQV KDYH EHHQ GHOHWHG 7KLV DVVHVVPHQW DQG UHGXFLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI RSWLRQV
FRXOG EH FRQWLQXHG EDVHG RQ OHVV LPSRUWDQW FULWHULD 7KRVH IDFWRUV WKDW VKRXOG EH
FRQVLGHUHG EDVHG RQ JLYLQJ SULRULW\ WR FULWHULD DQG SURYLGHG SDWWHUQV LQ SUHYLRXV
VHFWLRQVKDYHEHHQFODVVLILHGLQWDEOH

7DEOH7KHGLIIHUHQWOHYHORILPSRUWDQFHRIHDFKW\SHRIGDWDLQSODQQLQJDQGGHVLJQSURFHVV
/DQGXVH)XQFWLRQV)RUPV
$FWRUVSXEOLFSULYDWH
7(03
2ZQHUVKLS5HVSRQVLELOLW\RIVSDFHV
'HQVLW\3RSXODWLRQ
3XEOLFWUDQVSRUW
5RXWHV
,QVXUDQFH
5LVNV
$WWUDFWLRQSRLQWV
,QIUDVWUXFWXUHV
3XEOLFOLJKWLQJ
,QIDFWWKHLPSRUWDQWSRLQWWREHQRWLFHGLVWKDWIRUVLPSOLI\LQJWKHSURFHVVRIGHFLVLRQ
PDNLQJ WKH FULWHULD VKRXOG EH HQWHUHG UHVSHFWLYHO\ E\ LPSRUWDQFH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV
WKRVH FULWHULD WKDW DUH PRUH LPSRUWDQW ZRXOG EH VWXGLHG EHIRUHKDQG 7KH UHDVRQ
EHKLQG LV WKDW LI EHFDXVH RI FRPSOLFDWLRQ RU ODFN RI WLPH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI QRWLFLQJ
GRHV QRW H[LVW WKH GHVLJQHU ZRXOG EH LQVXUHG WKDW WKH VSDFH FRXOG UHDFK D FHUWDLQ
OHYHO RI VXFFHVV WKLV SDUW LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ ILJXUH 7KLV GLDJUDP FDQ EH XVHG WR
FKRRVHDQDOWHUQDWLYHIXQFWLRQIRUDVSHFLILFVSDFHZLWKLQWKHPRVWVLPLODUFDVHVDQG
LQWKHPRVWIHDVLEOHDQGHYHQWKHPRVWVLPSOHZD\

)LJXUH$VFKHPDWLFSURFHVVIRUFKRRVLQJDVSDFH$LQWKH]RQH=ZKLFKPD\KDYHDVHFRQGDU\

IXQFWLRQ;LQDVSHFLILFWLPHLQWHUYDO7*KDIRXUL
&UHDWLQJD*,6GDWDEDVH
:LWKRXWSODQQLQJRQGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOJRDOVLQWRODQG
XVH FDQQRW EH VXFFHVVIXO 0H\HU 'HJRUVNL 7KHUHIRUH WKH FRQFHSW RI
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQYROYHVDQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DSSURDFK7UHVVHWDO$VWKLVLV
D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO FRQFHSW FRQVLGHULQJ DOO HIIHFWLYH OD\HUV DQG GLPHQVLRQV
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ LV RI JUHDW LPSRUWDQFH 7KHUHIRUH *,6 FDQ KHOS WR DGRSW PRUH
DSSURSULDWHGHFLVLRQVE\JDWKHULQJDOOWKHVHOD\HUV0H\HU 'HJRUVNL

,QRUGHUWRLGHQWLI\DQGVHOHFWDQDUHDLQWKHFLW\WRFUHDWHDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHRU
FKRRVH DQ DOWHUQDWLYH IXQFWLRQ IRU D VSDFH VHYHUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV QHHGV WR EH
LGHQWLILHGDOORZLQJFROOHFWLQJGDWD
0RUSKRORJ\VFDOHDQGVL]H7KHUHLVDGLUHFWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVSDFHVL]H
DQGWKHVFDOHRIDFWLYLW\RUWKHQXPEHURIXVHUV6PDOOVSDFHVDUHXVHGIRUDFWLYLWLHV
ZLWKORFDOVFDOHZKLOHHDVLO\DFFHVVLEOHVLWHVZLWKQHDUWRDWWUDFWLYHSRLQWVVSDFHVRU
IXQFWLRQVFDQEHDOORFDWHGIRUUHJLRQDORUHYHQFLW\VFDOHSODQQLQJ7KXVVSDFHVFDQ
EH GHILQHG DV QHLJKERUKRRG VFDOH ORFDO VFDOH DQG FLW\ VFDOH $PHULFDQ 3ODQQLQJ
$VVRFLDWLRQ
$FWLYLW\ UK\WKP 2SHUDWLQJ UK\WKP RI XVDJH IRU HDFK DFWLYLW\ F\FOH LQ RUGHU WR
LGHQWLI\WKHIUHHKRXUVWRSODQIRUFI
/DQGXVH SODQ DQG SUR[LPDWH DFWLYLWLHV RXWOLQLQJ VLPLODU DFWLYLWLHV LQ RQH VSDFH
VKRXOGEHDYRLGHGLQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHDFWLYLW\GLYHUVLW\LQWKHZKROHILHOG
$FFHVVDQGSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWVXEVWLWXWHDFWLYLW\VKRXOGEHDYDLODEOHIRUWKHVSDFH
ZLWKUHVSHFWWRLWVDFFHVVLELOLW\SRVLWLRQLQWKHWRZQ$JUHDWGHDORIDWWHQWLRQVKRXOG
JRWRSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQHDVHRIDFFHVVEHFDXVHLWFDQJXDUDQWHHWKHSUHVHQFHRI
SHRSOHIRUWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIIHUHGLQWKHSODFHZKLFKLVEH\RQGWKHQHLJKERUKRRGVFDOH
0RUHRYHU ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR GRZQWRZQ SURMHFWV WKLV PDWWHU ZRXOG EH RI D JUHDW
LPSRUWDQFH
,QIUDVWUXFWXUHV DQG XUEDQ IDFLOLWLHV 6RPH DFWLYLWLHV DUH UHTXLUHG WR KDYH DQ
DFFHVV WR FHUWDLQ IDFLOLWLHV VXFK DV HOHFWULFLW\ ZDWHU DQG ZDVWHZDWHU QHWZRUN DQG
HYHQ,QWHUQHW
1LJKWSODQOLJKWLQJLQVWDOODWLRQV7KHGLVWULFW¶VOLJKWLQJSODQVKRXOGEHDQDO\]HGLQ
RUGHUWREHDEOHWRGHWHUPLQHSRWHQWLDOO\DSSURSULDWHVSDFHVIRUQLJKWDFWLYLWLHV

7KHVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DUH HVVHQWLDOO\ OLQNHG WR EXLOWXS DUHDV 7KH\ DUH JDWKHUHG WR
LGHQWLI\WKHDSSURSULDWHDUHDRUWKHSURSHUDOWHUQDWLYHXVHWRSURYLGHWKHRXWFRPHRI
DOOWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ
)RU H[DPSOH WKH VLGHZDONV FRXOG KDYH D YDULHW\ RI GLIIHUHQW IXQFWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR
WKHLU ORFDWLRQV DQG VL]H 7KH SHGHVWULDQLVP LQ WKH FLW\ UHTXLUHV DWWUDFWLYH SODFHV
3HUVRQVKRXOGEHDEOHWRHQMR\WKHLUWLPHDQGWKHLUURXWH0RXJKWLQ'XHWRWKH
ZLGWK RI WKH VLGHZDON YDULRXV VSDFHV FRXOG EH FUHDWHG WKDW KDYH WKH FDSDFLW\ WR
VDWLVI\WKHVHLVVXHV7DEOH
7DEOH7KHSRWHQWLDOVIRUPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXVHRIDVLGHZDONDQGWKHUHTXLUHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
DFFRUGLQJWRWKHVHFRQGFKRVHQDFWLYLW\
&UHDWLQJFRQFHSWXDO*,6GDWDPRGHO
,IZRXOGKDYHWKHLQWHQWLRQRILGHQWLI\LQJWKHH[LVWLQJSRWHQWLDOVLQWKHFLW\IRUFUHDWLQJ
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV FRQVLGHULQJ WKH LGHQWLILHG FULWHULD LQ SUHYLRXV FKDSWHU WKH
PRVWFRPPRQPHWKRGLVKDYLQJD*,6VRIWZDUHDQGOD\HUDSSURDFK7KHSURFHVVRI

FODVVLI\LQJFULWHULDEDVHGRQVXEMHFWDVLQIRUPDWLRQOD\HUVDORQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSWKDW
WKHVHOD\HUVKDYHWRJHWKHUKDYHEHHQVSHFLILHGLQILJXUH7KHFRQFHSWXDOVFKHPD
KDV EHHQ GHVLJQHG LQ RUGHU WR GHWHUPLQH WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ OD\HUV 2QH RI
WKH OLPLWV RI XVXDO *,6 GHYHORSPHQW DQG XVH LV WKDW WKH SURFHVV RI ILQGLQJ
DSSURSULDWHRSWLRQVLVORQJDQGGRHVQRWJLYHWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIYLHZLQJWKHUHVXOWRI
LQWHUDFWLYHUHTXHVWVDWWKHVDPHWLPH,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHTXHVWLRQRIWLPHVRPHRWKHU
SRLQWV PDNH WKH XVLQJ RI *,6 LQ D VLPSOH DQG FODVVLF ZD\ LQVXIILFLHQW DQG LOORJLFDO
7KHVHSRLQWVZRXOGEHVWXGLHGLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ
'LVFXVVLRQ 'RHV *,6 VRIWZDUH KDYH DOO FDSDFLWLHV QHHGHG LQ WKH
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV"
7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKHVH DQDO\VLV DQG WKH XUEDQ *,6 GDWDEDVHV FDQ OHDG WR PDS
VRPH SDUWV RI D FLW\ WKDW KDYH WKH SRWHQWLDO WR EH XVHG PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ZLWK KLJKHU
HIILFLHQF\ +RZHYHU DOO WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ QHHGHG GRQ¶W FRPH GLUHFWO\ IURP H[LVWLQJ
GDWDEDVHV (DFK VLWH VKRXOG EH DQDO\]HG DFFRUGLQJ WR LWV SRWHQWLDOV DQG
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG EH SODQQHG OLNH DQ XUEDQ GHVLJQ SURMHFW 6RPH LQIRUPDWLRQ OLNH
OHJDO RU LQVXUDQFH LVVXHV LV VRPHKRZ GLIILFXOW WR LQWURGXFH VSDWLDOO\ LQWR *,6 OD\HUV
(DFK FRXQWU\ SURYLGHV XQLTXH SRVVLELOLWLHV DQG OLPLWDWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR LWV RZQ
LQWHUQDO UHJXODWLRQV DQG LWV FXOWXUDO EDFNJURXQG DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLYH V\VWHPV )RU
LQVWDQFHLQVRPHFRXQWULHVWKHUXOHVUHODWHGWRLQVXUDQFHDQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIXUEDQ
VSDFHV DUH PRUH HDV\JRLQJ GHVSLWH VRPH RWKHUV LQ ZKLFK WKH\ PDNH WKH KXJH
UHVWULFWLRQV 0RUHRYHU WKH YDULRXV GHILQLWLRQV RI VSDFH DQG IXQFWLRQ LQ GLIIHUHQW
FXOWXUHVOHDGWRDZLGHGLYHUVLW\LQPDNLQJPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHV
%HVLGHV DOO WKH SUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHG SRLQWV LW VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKH RWKHU
IXQFWLRQV RI WKH VSDFH PXVW QRW EH QHJOHFWHG (FRQRPLFDO SHUIRUPDQFH PDNHV WKH
VSDFHVXUYLYHDQGWKHLGHQWLW\DQGKLVWRULFDOLVVXHVHQDEOHWKHVSDFHWRLQWHUDFWZLWK
LWVXVHUV,QIDFWWKHVXFFHVVIDFWRURIDFROOHFWLYHXUEDQVSDFHLVWKHSXEOLFSUHVHQFH

)LJXUHFRQFHSWXDO*,6GDWDPRGHOEDVHGRQFULWHULD*KDIRXUL
%XW LW VKRXOG EH NHSW LQ PLQG WKDW LQ WKH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO YLVLRQ WR XUEDQ VSDFH
IXQFWLRQLVIXUWKHUWKDQMXVW³XVH´,WPXVWJREH\RQGWKLVPHDQLQJDVLWZDVGRQHLQ
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUH RU ODQGVFDSH 8UEDQ VSDFH DV SDUW RI WKH XUEDQ
ODQGVFDSH FDQ KDYH HFRORJLFDO KLVWRULFDO FXOWXUDO VRFLDO HFRQRPLFDO DQG
DHVWKHWLFDO UROHV DQG DOO WKHVH UROHV VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ D FRPSUHKHQVLYH
WRWDOLW\ ,Q IDFW GHVLJQLQJ DQG FKRRVLQJ IXQFWLRQV VKRXOG EH LQ SURSRUWLRQ WR
UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGGHILFLHQFLHVLGHQWLILHGLQWKHSURMHFWVLWH
*,6DSSURDFKPLJKWKHOSXVWRGHULYHH[LVWLQJSRWHQWLDOVIRUPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVLQ
WRZQ +RZHYHU FRQVLGHULQJ WKH IDFW WKDW WKLV FRQFHSW LV PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DQG
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\WKHRXWFRPHVKRXOGUHVXOWIURPVHULHVRIPHHWLQJVDQGGLVFXVVLRQV
EHWZHHQ H[SHUWV RU HYHQ UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV LQYROYHG ,QWHUDFWLYH GHYLFH FDQ SURSRVH
DQ\FKDQJHVDQGSURIIHUVTXLFNO\VRLWFDQEHPRUHHIIHFWLYHRQGHEDWHV+RZHYHU
H[LVWLQJ*,6VRIWZDUHGRQRWKDYHWKLVFDSDELOLW\DQGDQ\FKDQJHVZRXOGEHVRWLPH
FRQVXPLQJ7KXVLWVHHPVWKDWLQWHUDFWLYHVRIWZDUHEDVHGRQSUHYLRXVO\DFFRXQWHG
GDWD VXFK DV 62/$3 6SDWLDO 2Q/LQH $QDO\WLFDO 3URFHVVLQJ FDQ SOD\ DQ HIIHFWLYH
UROHLQWKLVSURFHVV62/$3KDVEHHQVSHFLILFDOO\GHVLJQHGWRVXSSRUWWKHUDSLGDQG
LQWHUDFWLYH H[SORUDWLRQ RI VSDWLRWHPSRUDO GDWD LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI PDNLQJ GHFLVLRQ
%pGDUG5LYHVW 3URXO[7KHQH[WVWHSVRIWKHVWXG\DVDSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKLV
UHVHDUFKFRXOGEHSXWWLQJLQWRSUDFWLFHVXFKWRROVDQGWHVWVRPHVLWXDWLRQVLQRUGHU
WRGHHSHQRXULQVLJKWRQWKHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\

([SHULPHQWDWLRQ

6WUDVERXUJXUEDQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGQHHGV
7KH LPSRUWDQW UHPDUN WR EH QRWHG LV WKDW FLWL]HQV IRU HDFK DFWLYLW\ QHHG D GHILQHG
VSDFH7KH3XEOLFVSDFHEHORQJVWRWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\DQGIRUHDFKPLQXVFXOHFKDQJH
WKHLU SHUPLVVLRQ VKRXOG EH REWDLQHG 6R WKHUH DUH QRW WKDW PXFK SHRSOH HVSHFLDOO\
WKRVHZKRGRXUEDQDUWWRRFFXS\WKHVHVSDFHV)XUWKHUPRUHFLWL]HQVZRXOGOLNHWR
KDYHWKHVDPHIDFLOLWLHVLQHDFKQHLJKERUKRRGDQGFRPPXQH
7KH GHILQLWLRQ RI SXEOLF VSDFH LQ 6WUDVERXUJ ±OLNH PDQ\ RWKHU VSRWV LQ (XURSH LV
EDVHG RQ WKLV WKHRU\ WKDW LW GRHV QRW EHORQJ WR DQ\RQH ,Q DGGLWLRQ HYHQ LI SULYDWH
WHUULWRU\ EH DWWDFKHG FRQWLQXRXVO\ DQG ZLWKRXW KLQGHU DQG SK\VLFDO ERUGHU WR SXEOLF
VSDFHWKHSHUPLVVLRQIRUDFFHVVLQJWKLVWHUULWRU\GRHVQRWH[LVW
7KHVH FRPSOH[LWLHV IURP FXOWXUDO SRLQW RI YLHZ OHDGV WR WKLV TXHVWLRQ WKDW WKHUH LV D
JUHDWQHHGWR³GHILQH´XUEDQVSDFHVLQDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOPHWKRG
6WUDVERXUJLVWKHFDSLWDODQGODUJHVWFLW\RIWKH*UDQG(VWUHJLRQLQHDVWHUQ)UDQFHLW
LV WKH FDSLWDO RI WKH%DV5KLQGpSDUWHPHQW ,Q WKH FLW\ SURSHU KDG
LQKDELWDQWV(XURPpWURSROH GH 6WUDVERXUJ*UHDWHU 6WUDVERXUJ KDG
LQKDELWDQWV DQG WKH$UURQGLVVHPHQW RI 6WUDVERXUJ KDG LQKDELWDQWV :LWK D
SRSXODWLRQ RI LQ 6WUDVERXUJ
VPHWURSROLWDQ DUHDRQO\ WKH SDUW RI WKH
PHWURSROLWDQDUHDRQ)UHQFKWHUULWRU\LVWKHQLQWKODUJHVWLQ)UDQFHDQGKRPHWR
RI WKH *UDQG (VW UHJLRQ
V LQKDELWDQWV 7KH WUDQVQDWLRQDO(XURGLVWULFW 6WUDVERXUJ
2UWHQDXKDGDSRSXODWLRQRILQKDELWDQWVLQHXURGLVWULFWHX
6WUDVERXUJ LV WKH FDSLWDO RI $OVDFH SURYLQFH DQG VLWXDWHG LQ WKH GHSDUWPHQW RI %DV
5KLQ,WVVLWXDWLRQLQWKHKHDUWRI(XURSHKDVERUGHUZLWK*HUPDQ\6ZLW]HUODQGDQG
%HOJLXP EHLQJ WKH VLHJH RI (XURSHDQ &RXQFLO DQG (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW KDV
WUDQVIRUPHG WKH FLW\ LQWR D (XURPpWURSROH 6WUDVERXUJ DORQJ %UXVVHOV DQG
/X[HPERXUJLVRQHRIWKH(XURSHDQFDSLWDOV5DWKHUWKDQKDYLQJD)UHQFKLGHQWLW\LW
KDVD(XURSHDQLGHQWLW\

&LW\ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ LQ 6WUDVERXUJ LQFOXGHV WKH IXWXULVWORRNLQJ6WUDVERXUJ
WUDPZD\WKDW RSHQHG LQ DQG LV RSHUDWHG E\ WKH UHJLRQDO WUDQVLW FRPSDQ\
&RPSDJQLH GHV 7UDQVSRUWV 6WUDVERXUJHRLV&76 FRQVLVWLQJ RI OLQHV ZLWK D WRWDO
OHQJWK RI NP PL 7KH &76 DOVR RSHUDWHV D FRPSUHKHQVLYH EXV QHWZRUN
WKURXJKRXWWKHFLW\WKDWLVLQWHJUDWHGZLWKWKHWUDPV:LWKPRUHWKDQNPPL
RIELF\FOHSDWKVELNLQJLQWKHFLW\LVFRQYHQLHQWDQGWKH&76RSHUDWHVDFKHDSELNH
VKDULQJVFKHPHQDPHG9pOKRS
,QJDLQHGWKHSUL]HIRUWKHEHVWFLW\LQ)UDQFH
IRU LWV XUEDQ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ V\VWHP DQG ELRGLYHUVLW\ DV ZHOO 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ V\VWHP
FKDUDFWHULVWLFKDVPDGHWKHDFFHVVLELOLW\IRUVSHFLDOIXQFWLRQVDQGUHFUHDWLRQDOVSRWV
HYHQLQORQJGLVWDQFHVRHDV\
0DQ\ZDWHUZD\VWKH5KLQHDQGLWVWULEXWDULHVUXQWKURXJKWKHDUHDRIIHULQJDJUHDW

FKRLFH RI ZDONV DORQJ WKHLU EDQNV 6WUDVERXUJ PDQDJHV KD RI IRUHVWODQG
LQFOXGLQJ WZR SURWHFWHG IRUHVWV ZLWKLQ WKH EXLOWXS DUHDV DQG KD RI SDUNV DQG
SXEOLF JDUGHQV %LRGLYHUVLW\ LV RQH RI WKH PDMRU GHYHORSPHQW LVVXHV IRU WKH
(XURPpWURSROHRI6WUDVERXUJ
,QIDFWWKHUHDUHHQRXJKVSDFHVDQGIDFLOLWLHVLQFLWLHVDQGLQ6WUDVERXUJEXWPRVW
RIWHQ WKHLU XVDJH GHPDQGV SHUPLVVLRQ DQG VFKHGXOLQJ WKDW WKH\ ZRXOG QRW EH XVHG
XQWLO WKH\ KDYH EHHQ LVVXHG DQG UHFODLPHG WR SHRSOH ± HYHQ LI WKH HQWU\ EH
FRPSOHWHO\RSHQ
$QRWKHU LPSRUWDQW PDWWHU WR EH UHPDUNHG LV WKH TXHVWLRQ RI LQVXUDQFH 7KLV PHDQV
WKDW DOWKRXJK WKH VRFLDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LQVXUDQFH LV REOLJDWRU ± DQG LW LQFOXGHV WKH
H[LVWLQJ GDQJHUV LQ XUEDQ VSDFHV WKH QHHG IURP SV\FKRORJLFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ IRU D
JUHDWHU FRYHUDJH LV GHHSO\ IHOW DQG FODLPHG 5HJDUGLQJ WKH VSDFH UHVSRQVLELOLW\
PDWWHU QRERG\ ZRXOG WDNH WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ YROXQWDULO\ WLOO VRPHRQH ZRXOG EH
LQWURGXFHGDVWKHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHVSDFH7KLVSKHQRPHQRQLVUHODWLYHO\QRUPDOLQ
8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD0LGGOH(DVWDQG6RXWK$PHULFD

'XULQJ WKH $'(86 SURJUDP ZKLFK ZDV KHOG RQ WKH VXEMHFW RI SXEOLF VSDFH DQG
FLWL]HQV 2FWREHU GHVLJQHUV DQG XUEDQ GLUHFWRUV ZHUH SUHVHQW WKH FLWL]HQV
IRFXVHG RQ WKHLU QHHGV IRU KDYLQJ VSDFHV ZLWK PRUH YDULDWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQV LQ ORFDO
VFDOH
)RULQVWDQFHZHHNO\PDUNHWVRUFROOHFWLYHIDUPVFORVHWR6WUDVERXUJ7KHVHDFWLRQV
KDYH EHHQ DFFRPSOLVKHG RQ D VFKHGXOHG EDVLV ,Q RXU ZRUN HDFK RI WKHP JHW D
IHDVLELOLW\UDWHIURPWRWKXVWKH\FRQYH\WKHLGHDVWKDWWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHLV
UHODWLYHO\HDV\DQGDUHDPRQJWKHSRVVLEOHLGHDVWREHVHWDURXQGGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRI
WKHZRUOGFI7DEOH
'HILQLQJWKHVFHQDULRVFKRRO\DUGSOD\JURXQGV
$V LW KDV EHHQ VDLG 6WUDVERXUJ UHJDUGLQJ LWV XUEDQ IDFLOLWLHV LV DPRQJ WKH PRVW
HTXLSSHGDQGULFKHVWFLWLHVLQ)UDQFH1HYHUWKHOHVVLQVRPHSDUWVRIWKHFLW\VRPH
SOD\JURXQGVIRUNLGVDUHIDUHWREHDFFHVVLEOH%\LGHQWLI\LQJWKHH[LVWLQJSOD\JURXQGV
LQ WKH *,6 GDWDEDVH RI WKH FLW\ DQG JLYH D EXIIHU RI PHWHU WKH FKDUW EHORZ
)LJXUHZRXOGEHDFKLHYHG

/
DJHQFH GH GpYHORSSHPHQW HW G
XUEDQLVPH GH O
DJJORPpUDWLRQ 6WUDVERXUJRLVH 7KH DJHQFH IRU
GHYHORSPHQWDQGXUEDQSODQQLQJRIWKH$JJORPHUDWLRQRI6WUDVERXUJ

(VSDFHVSXEOLFVHVSDFHVSDUWDJpVjO
2G\VVpH6WUDVERXUJ0DJD]LQH1R1RYHPEHU

)LJXUH7KHSOD\JURXQGVLQWKH*,6GDWDEDVHRIWKHDJJORPHUDWLRQZLWKDPEXIIHU*KDIRXUL

<RXQJHU FKLOGUHQ LQ SDUWLFXODU QHHG SODFHV QHDU WKHLU KRPHV ZKHUH WKH\ FDQ SOD\
IUHHO\DQGZKHUHWKH\DQGWKHLUSDUHQWVFDQZDONWRZLWKHDVH$VWKH\JHWROGHUDQG
PRUHLQGHSHQGHQWLWLVHVVHQWLDOIRUDOOFKLOGUHQWRKDYHDFFHVVWRSOD\VSDFHVWKH\
FDQ UHDFK E\ IRRW DQG ELF\FOH WKLV PD\ UHTXLUH LQYHVWPHQW LQ VDIH DWWUDFWLYH
SHGHVWULDQDQGF\FOHURXWHVWRKHOSRYHUFRPHSDUHQWDOIHDUVDERXWURDGWUDIILF
$FFHVV WR D VSDFH ZKLFK LV PHWHU UDGLDO DURXQG WKH VWDUWLQJ SRLQW E\ ZDONLQJ
ZLWK D WKUHH \HDUV ROG NLG LV QRW SRVVLEOH $ \HDUV ROG NLG FDQ ZDON PLQXWHV
JRLQJ DQG FRPLQJ ZKLFK ZRXOG EH P $VVRFLDWLRQ 6WHLQHU %XWOHU
*RRGULGJH HW DO ,Q IDFW IRU D PDWXUH KXPDQ EHLQJ WKH DFFHVV WR DQ
RSHQ VSDFH RU D JUHHQ VSDFH ZLWK D WHQ WR ILIWHHQ PLQXWHV WR WKHLU OLYLQJ ORFDWLRQ LV
SRVVLEOHEXWIRUNLGVILUVWO\EHFDXVHRIWKHLUSDFHDQGOHVVFDSDELOLW\WKHGLVWDQFHV
VKRXOGEHOHVVHQDQGVHFRQGO\WKRVHVSRWVOLNHULYHUHGJHVDQGFDQDOVEHFDXVHRI
WKHLUSUREDEOHGDQJHUVFRXOGQRWEHXWLOL]HGDVDVHFXUHSOD\JURXQG
2XU SURSRVHG VFHQDULR IRU LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI NLG¶V DFFHVV WR SURSHU
SOD\JURXQGVLVRSHQLQJVFKRRO¶V\DUGVWRWKHSXEOLFRXWRIVFKRROKRXUVDQGWXUQLQJ
WKHP LQWR D UHFUHDWLRQDO VSDFH IRU NLGV \HDUV ROG WR \HDUV LQ D ORFDO VFDOH
6LQFH EDVHG RQ NLG¶V DFFHVV E\ ZDONLQJ WKHVH VFKRROV KDYH EHHQ VSRWWHG
WKHRUHWLFDOO\WKH\LQFUHDVHWKHNLG¶VDFFHVVWRSOD\JURXQGVDQGHYHQWXDOO\DJUHDWHU
VXUIDFHRIFLW\ZRXOGEHFRYHUHG
7KHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIWKLVLGHDZLWKWKHPHWKRGRORJ\XVHGLQH[DPSOHV
WKH UDWH ZRXOG EH DFKLHYHG WKDW LW LV D PHGLXP DQG XSZDUG QXPEHU ,Q RWKHU
ZRUGV WKLV LGHD IURP WKH IHDVLELOLW\ RI LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ SRLQW RI YLHZ LV UHODWLYHO\
VLPSOH
7KH TXHVWLRQ LV LI 6WUDVERXUJ KDV WKH LQFOLQDWLRQ DQG SUHSDUDWLRQ IRU DFFHSWLQJ WKLV
SODQ ZLWK LWV PHGLXP SRVVLELOLW\ RU QRW" 6WXG\LQJ DOLNH VXFFHVVIXO DQG IDLOHG
H[DPSOHV LQ )UDQFH DQG RXWVLGH RI )UDQFH KHOS XV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH SRVLWLYHV DQG
QHJDWLYHSRLQWDQGDOVRKDYHDUHSO\IRUWKRVHTXHVWLRQVWKDWDUHYDJXH

3URMHFWWREHLPSOHPHQWHG
7KH PDLQ LGHD LV UHYLYLQJ WKH VFKRROV DV D SOD\JURXQG IRU QHLJKERUKRRG FKLOGUHQ
EH\RQG WKHLU RSHQLQJ KRXUV 6FKRRO\DUG 3DUN 7KH EHQHILWV IRU RXU ZRUN DUH LQ
WKUHHIROGVSUREOHPVROYLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDOERXQGDULHVLQVWLWXWLRQDOFXOWXUDO
)RU WKLV SXUSRVH WKH \DUGV RI QXUVHU\ DQG HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV VFKRROV LQ
6WUDVERXUJ KDYH EHHQ FKRVHQ IRU WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ 7KH HGXFDWLRQ RI WKLV DJH
FDWHJRU\LVXQGHUWKHVXSHUYLVLRQRI6WUDVERXUJPXQLFLSDOLW\
VGHSDUWPHQWRI&KLOGUHQ
DQGHGXFDWLRQDQGLWLVDSXEOLF GRPDLQ,QUHFHQW\HDUVDUHPDUNDEOHQXPEHURI
\DUGV RI WKHVH VFKRROV KDYH EHHQ HQKDQFHG DQG VHFXUHG UHJDUGLQJ WKH VWDQGDUGV
IRU HDFK FODVV 7KHUH H[LVWV D PHWHU \DUG WKDW LV UHPDUNDEOH VXUIDFH
)XUWKHUPRUH VFKRROV¶ SOD\JURXQGV DUH JUDGXDOO\ UHSDLUHG DQG UHQRYDWHG E\ WKH
PXQLFLSDOLW\0RVWRIWKHVFKRROVKDYHSURSHU\DUGVZKLFKFRXOGEHREVHUYHGLQWKH
SKRWRVEHORZ)LJXUH

)LJXUHVRPHH[DPSOHVRIVFKRRO\DUGVLQ6WUDVERXUJZZZ5REHUWVDXHX

'LUHFWLRQGHO
HQIDQFHHWGHO
pGXFDWLRQ

7KHEHQHILWVRIWKLVSURMHFW
7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DGYDQWDJH RI WKLV SURMHFW LV SURYLGLQJ DFFHVV WR WKH ZHOO
HTXLSSHG SOD\JURXQGV QHDUE\ WKDW DUH WRWDOO\ VXLWDEOH IRU WKH FRQGLWLRQV DQG NLG¶V
QHHGVIURP\HDUVROGWR\HDUV)XUWKHUPRUHVLQFHWKHVHVSDFHVDUHIDPLOLDUIRU
WKHNLGVWKH\FDQHDVLO\JHWFRQQHFWHGZLWK
7KH LPSDFW RI WKLV VFHQDULR VFKRRO\DUG SDUNV RQ IXQFWLRQDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH
VFKRRO\DUGVLVVKRZQIRUGD\DQGZHHNWLPHSHULRGLQWKHILJXUH
)LJXUH$VFKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRIWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIIXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHVSDFHLQWKH
VHFRQGVFHQDULRLQGDLO\OHIWDQGZHHNO\ULJKWF\FOH*KDIRXUL
5HTXLUHPHQWVWRVHWXSWKHH[SHULPHQW
,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW EHVLGH DOO WKHVH EHQHILWV WKHUH DUH RWKHU IDFWRUV WKDW FRXOG
VWRSWKHSODQ)RUH[DPSOH
x ODFNRIVWDIIWRRSHQDQGFORVHWKHVFKRRO\DUGDWWKHDSSURSULDWHWLPHVHYHU\
GD\RIWKHZHHN
x FRQFHUQVDERXWVDIHW\DQGYDQGDOLVP
x FROODERUDWLRQRIWKHVFKRRO
VVWXIIDQGQHLJKERUV
x NLGV¶LQMXULHVGXULQJSOD\LQJ

,I D SURSHU DQVZHU ZRXOG QRW EH JLYHQ WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV E\ WKH SODQQHUV DQG
PDQDJHUVLQWKHORQJWHUPWKLVZRXOGOHDGWRIDLORUGHILFLHQF\RIWKHSODQ
%DFNJURXQGLQ)UDQFHDQXQVXFFHVVIXOH[SHULHQFH
6FKRRO \DUG DQG VFKRRO¶V SDWK DUH WKRVH NLQGV RI VSDFHV WKDW WKH SULRULW\ RI WKHLU
XVDJH LV ZLWK NLGV 8VXDOO\ VFKRRO LV FORVHG WR WKH SXEOLF ,Q WKH SDVW VFKRROV KDG
KLJKZDOOV7RGD\WKH\KDYHIHQFH$IWHUWKHVFKRROKRXUVWKH\DUGLVFORVHGWRWKH
NLGVDQGWKHVWXGHQWVGRQRWKDYHDVSDFHWRHYDFXDWHWKHLUHQHUJ\,Q)UDQFHWKH
JXLGDQFH VFKRRO RI /RXLVH 0LFKHO =83 GH 3HUVHLJQH j $OHQoRQ ZDV GHVLJQHG LQ
OLNH D YLOODJH DQG LW KDV EHHQ QHYHU FORVHG 7KH VFKRRO ZDV RSHQHG WR WKH
SXEOLF DQG VRPH SDUWV RI WKH LQVWDOODWLRQV DQG VFKRRO¶V EXLOGLQJVXQGHU WKH
VXSHUYLVLRQRIVWXGHQWVRXWVLGHWKHVFKRROKRXUVKDYHEHHQJLYHQVHUYLFHVVXFKDV
UHVWDXUDQW DFWLYLW\ KDOO PXVLF KDOO« WR WKH FLW\ DQG SXEOLF 'H 6DEOHW 7KH
VFKRRO KDV EHHQ VHSDUDWHG IURP WKH FLW\ E\ UDLOV ZLWK PHWHUV KHLJKW GXH WR DQ
DFFLGHQW LQ WKH FDIHWHULD LQ &DPHUDV KDYH EHHQ DOVR LQVWDOOHG $SSDUHQWO\
VRFLDO FRQGLWLRQV RI WKLV QHLJKERUKRRG GXH WR WKH SUHVHQFH RI IRUHLJQHUV FXOWXUDO
GLIIHUHQFHHFRQRPLFDQGVHFXULW\VLWXDWLRQZHUHQRWVXLWDEOHIRUVXFKDQH[SHULHQFH
7KH1HZ<RUN&LW\
VH[SHULHQFHVFKRRO\DUGVWRSOD\JURXQGVSURJUDP
7KLV SKHQRPHQRQ KDV KDSSHQHG LQ D GHFHQWUDOL]HG DQG RXWVSUHDG ZD\ LQ GLIIHUHQW
SDUWV RI WKH ZRUOG EXW 1HZ <RUN¶V H[SHULHQFH WKDW ZDV FHQWUDOL]HG LV UHPDUNDEOH
7KH 6FKRRO\DUGV WR 3OD\JURXQGV SURJUDP D SDUW RI 3OD1<& SURYLGHV
FRPPXQLWLHVZLWKJUHDWHUDFFHVVWRRSHQVSDFHE\PDNLQJVFKRRO\DUGVRSHQWRWKH
SXEOLF IURP HLJKW $0 WR GXVN RQ QRQVFKRRO GD\V DQG DIWHU VFKRRO XQWLO GXVN RQ
VFKRROGD\VZZZQ\FJRY

*RDOVDQGREMHFWLYHV
7KH 6FKRRO\DUGV WR 3OD\JURXQGV 3URJUDP KHOSV IXOILOO 0D\RU %ORRPEHUJ¶V JRDO RI
EULQJLQJDOO1HZ<RUNHUVZLWKLQDPLQXWHZDONRIDSDUNDQGSURYLGHVSURSHUSOD\
VSDFH IRU PRUH WKDQ FKLOGUHQ E\ 7KH DGGLWLRQ RI ERWK DFWLYH DQG
SDVVLYH RSHQ VSDFH LQ QHLJKERUKRRGV ZLWK IHZ H[LVWLQJ SDUNV SURYLGHV D KRVW RI
EHQHILWV
3XEOLF+HDOWK
5HGXFHGREHVLW\
,PSURYHGDLUTXDOLW\

(QYLURQPHQWDOEHQHILWV
$GGLWLRQRIPRUHSHUPHDEOHVXUIDFHVIRUVWRUPZDWHUFDSWXUH
5HGXFHGXUEDQKHDWLVODQGHIIHFW
5HGXFHGQRLVHSROOXWLRQ
(QYLURQPHQWDO HGXFDWLRQ RSSRUWXQLWLHV ZLWK JDUGHQV SDLQWHG JDPHV DQG RXWGRRU
FODVVURRPV

6RFLDOEHQHILWV
&UHDWHVSXEOLFVSDFHIRUFRPPXQLW\JDWKHULQJ
'HVLJQSURFHVVWHDFKHVNLGVDERXWODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFWXUH
,Q RUGHU IRU WKH SURJUDP WR HIIHFWLYHO\ DGGUHVV WKH KHDOWK DQG ILWQHVV RI FKLOGUHQ
KRZHYHU HDFK SDUWLFLSDWLQJ VFKRRO PXVW KDYH WKH IROORZLQJ D VFKRRO HPSOR\HH
SUHVHQW WR XQORFN WKH SOD\JURXQG DW HLJKW $0 RQ QRQVFKRRO GD\V DQG WR ORFN WKH
SOD\JURXQGDWGXVNZKLFKFDQEHDVODWHDVHLJKW30LQWKHVXPPHUFRRSHUDWLYH
VFKRRODGPLQLVWUDWRUVZKRZLOOLQVWUXFWWKHFXVWRGLDOVWDIIWRFDUU\RXWWKHVHWDVNVDQG
D VFKRRO\DUG LQ JRRG HQRXJK FRQGLWLRQ DQG ZLWK VXIILFLHQW DPHQLWLHV WR IRVWHU
SK\VLFDODFWLYLW\
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH3OD1<&UHSRUWWKHFLW\GHYHORSHGWKH6FKRRO\DUGVWR3OD\JURXQGV
SURJUDP E\ ILUVW LGHQWLI\LQJ VFKRRO\DUGV LQ QHLJKERUKRRGV ODFNLQJ RSHQ VSDFH

7KRVH VFKRRO\DUGV ZHUH WKHQ RUJDQL]HG LQWR WKUHH FDWHJRULHV 6FKRRO\DUGV LQ
&DWHJRU\ZHUHIRXQGWRQHHGQRLPSURYHPHQWVDQGZHUHVFKHGXOHGWRRSHQWRWKH
SXEOLF LPPHGLDWHO\ DV SDUW RI WKH SURJUDP 7KH VFKRRO\DUGV LQ &DWHJRU\
UHTXLUHG QHZ HTXLSPHQW DQGRU ODQGVFDSLQJ 7KH UHPDLQLQJ VFKRRO\DUGV ZHUH
LQFOXGHGLQ&DWHJRU\PHDQLQJWKDWLQDGGLWLRQWRUHTXLULQJQHZHTXLSPHQWDQGRU
ODQGVFDSLQJ WKH\ DOVR UHTXLUH QHZ IHQFLQJ VDIHW\ LPSURYHPHQWV DQGRU DVSKDOW
UHSDLU)LJXUH
,Q QHLJKERUKRRGV ZLWK IHZ RU QR DOWHUQDWLYHV DQ HPSW\ ORW ZLWK D IHQFH DURXQG LW
FDQQRW SURYLGH WKH UHFUHDWLRQDO RU JUHHQ VSDFH QHFHVVDU\ WR UHGXFH FKLOGKRRG
REHVLW\DQGDVWKPD&KLOGUHQZKROHDGDVHGHQWDU\OLIHVW\OHPD\QHHGPRUHWKDQD
EDVNHWEDOO EDFNERDUG WR HQFRXUDJH SK\VLFDO DFWLYLW\ 3DUHQWV PD\ EH XQZLOOLQJ WR
EULQJ \RXQJ FKLOGUHQ WR D SOD\JURXQG WKDW RIIHUV QR VKDGH RU SODFH IRU WKHP WR VLW
ZKLOH WKHLU FKLOGUHQ SOD\ 6SDFHV ZLWK QR DPHQLWLHV ZLOO IDLO WR EHFRPH VXFFHVVIXO
FRPPXQLW\JDWKHULQJSODFHVZKHUHUHVLGHQWVRIDOODJHVIHHOVDIH
6FKRRO\DUGV WKDW KDYH QR HTXLSPHQW DW DOO RU KDYH RQO\ EDVNHWEDOO EDFNERDUGV
VKRXOG EH FRXQWHG LQ FDWHJRU\ DQG DQG UHFHLYH FDSLWDO LPSURYHPHQWV
ZZZQ\FJRY

)LJXUH7ZRH[DPSOHVRIWKHVFKRRO\DUGVSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKH3OD1<&3URJUDPZZZQ\FJRY

3URJUDPSDUWQHUVDQGWKHLUUROH
'HSDUWPHQW RI 3DUNV 5HFUHDWLRQ '35 PDQDJHV GHVLJQ ELG DQG DZDUG DQG
FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI VLWHV EHIRUH WXUQRYHU WR '2( IRU PDLQWHQDQFH SURYLGHV
ODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGSDUNPDQDJHPHQWDGYLFHWRSURJUDPSDUWQHUV
'HSDUWPHQW RI (GXFDWLRQ PDQDJHV GHVLJQ ELG DQG DZDUG DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI
VLWHV VFKRRO FXVWRGLDO VWDII UHVSRQVLEOH IRU RQJRLQJ VLWH PDLQWHQDQFH DQG GDLO\
RSHUDWLRQVIRUDOOSOD\JURXQGVZZZQ\FJRY

7KH7UXVWIRU3XEOLF/DQG73/
'UDZLQJ RQ H[SHULHQFH LQ FRQYHUWLQJ VFKRRO\DUGV LQ 1HZ <RUN &LW\ DQG RWKHU
PHWURSROLWDQDUHDV73/OHDGVDSDUWLFLSDWRU\GHVLJQ3'SURFHVVZLWKVLWHVDW
WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI HDFK VFKRRO\DUG UHQRYDWLRQ WKDW EULQJV WRJHWKHU VFKRRO
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQFKLOGUHQSDUHQWVQHLJKERUVDQGFRPPXQLW\JURXSV7KUHHPHHWLQJV
DUHKHOGLQFOXGLQJD³'HVLJQ'D\´FKDUHWWHZKHUHWKHFRPPXQLW\DQGVFKRROFRPHWR
FRQVHQVXV RQ VFKRRO\DUG GHVLJQ 73/ DOVR OHDGV ZRUNVKRSV IRU VFKRRO FXVWRGLDQV
DQGSULQFLSDOVWRSURPRWHSURJUDPPLQJDQGVWHZDUGVKLSRIUHFHQWO\FRPSOHWHGVLWHV
73/ PDQDJHV GHVLJQ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI VLWHV ZKHUH 73/ OHDGV VFKRROV LQ D
ORQJHUIRUP 3' SURFHVV WKDW HQJDJHV ZLWK WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG IRXU FODVVHV RQFH D
ZHHNIRUWKUHHPRQWKVZZZQ\FJRY
$VXFFHVVIXORSHQVFKRRO\DUGSOD\JURXQGH[SHULPHQWLQ6WUDVERXUJ
,Q %LVFKKLHP¶V FHQWUDO VFKRRO WKLV KDSSHQHG LPSURPSWX 7KH VSDFH IRU D VKRUW
SHULRG RI WLPH GXULQJ D FRQVWUXFWLRQ RSHUDWLRQ KDV EHHQ XVHG LQ D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO
ZD\ 7KLV EXLOGLQJ KDV EHHQ GHVLJQHG FRPELQDWRULDO WR EH D QXUVHU\ VFKRRO DQG D
PXVLFDO VFKRRO DW WKH VDPH WLPH 2Q :HGQHVGD\V LW IXQFWLRQV DV D PXVLFDO DQG
GDQFH VFKRRO IRU WKH NLGV RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG 7KLV SURYLGHG VHUYLFH LV XQGHU WKH
VXSHUYLVLRQRIWKH0XQLFLSDOLW\'XULQJWKHWLPHWKDWNLGVZHUHEXV\LQWKHFODVVURRPV
OHDUQLQJWKHVFKRRO\DUGZDVRSHQWRSDUHQWV7KHVFKRRO\DUGZDVIXQFWLRQLQJDVD
SXEOLFVSDFHDVSDFHIRUVRFLDOUHODWLRQVIRUSDUHQWVDQGDSOD\JURXQGIRUWKRVHNLGV
ZKRP ZHUH ZLWK WKHLU SDUHQWV )XUWKHUPRUH VLQFH ZKLOH GHVLJQLQJ WKLV EXLOGLQJ
GLIIHUHQWHQWUDQFHVZLWKGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVKDYHEHHQSODQQHGWKRVHVSDFHVWKDWKDG
QR IXQFWLRQDO XVH DW WKDW PRPHQW ZHUH ORFNHG DQG FORVHG DQG DV D UHVXOW WKH
SRVVLELOLW\RIGDPDJHKDVUHDFKHGWR]HUR
7KHNH\SRLQWRIWKLVSODQLVWKDWWKHSOD\JURXQGRINLGVLVVHSDUDWHGE\DQDOOH\DQGLW
KDV D VHSDUDWHG HQWUDQFH 6LQFH WKLV VSDFH LV FRPSOHWHO\ VHSDUDWHG IURP WKH
VFKRRO¶VVSDFHLWKDVSRWHQWLDOO\WKHIXQFWLRQWREHRSHQRXW RIVFKRROKRXUVWRWKH
SXEOLF (YHQ WKRXJK WKLV GLG QRW KDSSHQ HYHQ DIWHU WKH FRPSOHWLRQ RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ
RSHUDWLRQ,QIDFWDIWHUWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIFRQVWUXFWLRQRSHUDWLRQDSXEOLFOLYLQJVSDFH

EHFDPH OLNH RWKHU FODVVLFDO VFKRRO VSDFHV LQ 6WUDVERXUJ ZLWKRXW DQ\ VSHFLILF
LQFLGHQWFDPHWRLWVHQG7KLVFRXOGEHSUHYHQWHGE\DJRRGSODQQLQJHGXFDWLRQDQG
DWWHQWLRQ
7KHIROORZLQJSKRWRVKDYHEHHQWDNHQRQD:HGQHVGD\DIWHUQRRQZKHQWKH1XUVHU\
6FKRROZDVFORVHGEXWWKHUHZHUHOHVVRQVLQPXVLFVFKRRODQGWKHSOD\JURXQGZDV
RSHQDQGFKLOGUHQFDQSOD\RQWKHVXUYHLOODQFHRIWKHLUSDUHQWV)LJXUH
)LJXUH&HQWUDOVFKRRODW%LVFKKHLP6WUDVERXUJDW:HGQHVGD\DIWHUQRRQ*KDIRXUL
7KH\ VROYHG WKH VHFXULW\ SUREOHPV ZLWK PDQ\ GRRUV VHSDUDWH DFFHVV DQG GLIIHUHQW
HQWUDQFHV IRU HDFK IDFLOLW\ (YHQ DFFHVV WR WKH \DUG LV QRW SRVVLEOH RQ WKH JURXQG
IORRUIURPVRPHGRRUV(DFKSDUWLVRSHQLQGLIIHUHQWSHULRGVRIWLPHGHSHQGLQJRQ
KRZHDFKVSDFHZRUNV

Ö ,W
V D JRRG H[DPSOH WR VKRZ WKDW RSHQLQJ VFKRRO\DUGV LV SRVVLEOH HYHQ IRU
)UDQFHGHVSLWHWKHYHU\UHDOOLPLWVRILQVXUDQFHDQGOLDELOLW\
(IIHFWVDQGLPSDFWV
7REHDEOHWRREVHUYHLIWKHRSHQLQJRIVXFKVSDFHVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHDXJPHQWDWLRQ
RIVRFLDOUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHDGXOWVPLJKWKDYHVRPHLPSDFWRQWKHNLG¶VDFFHVV
WR WKH SOD\JURXQG :H KDYH VLPXODWHG WKH VLWXDWLRQ XVLQJ 6WUDVERXUJ¶V PXQLFLSDOLW\
'DWDEDVH %'7232 ZKHUH QXUVHULHV DQG HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV KDYH EHHQ

%'7232YHUVLRQ±'HVFULSWLRQRIFRQWHQW±PD\6WUDVERXUJ9LOOHHW(XURPpWURSROH

$5(6($85287,(552$'1(7:25.
&/$66(5287(&/$66(5287(1200((&/$66(&+(0,1&/$66(5287(B35,0$,5(
&/$66(5287(B6(&21'$,5(&/$66(685)$&(B5287(&/$66(
72321<0(B&20081,&$7,21
%92,(6)(55((6(7$875(65$,/:$<6$1'27+(5
&/$66($,5(B75,$*(&/$66(*$5(&/$66(7521&21B92,(B)(55((&/$66(
75$163257B&$%/(
&/$66(72321<0(B)(55(
&75$163257(1(5*,(75$163257(1(5*<
&/$66(&21'8,7(&/$66(/,*1(B(/(&75,48(&/$66(3267(B75$16)250$7,21
&/$66(3</21(
'+<'52*5$3+,(+<'52*5$3+<
&/$66(32,17B($8&/$66(5(6(592,5B($8&/$66(685)$&(B($8&/$66(
&$1$/,6$7,21B($8
&/$66(7521&21B&2856B($8&/$66(7521&21B/$,66(&/$66(+<'521<0(
(%$7,%8,/',1*6
&/$66(%$7,B,1',))(5(1&,(&/$66(%$7,B5(0$548$%/(&/$66(%$7,B,1'8675,(/
&/$66(&216758&7,21B/(*(5(&/$66(&,0(7,(5(&/$66(3,67(B$(52'520(
&/$66(5(6(592,5&/$66(7(55$,1B63257&/$66(&216758&7,21B/,1($,5(
&/$66(&216758&7,21B321&78(//(&/$66(&216758&7,21B685)$&,48(
)9(*(7$7,219(*(7$7,21
&/$66(=21(B9(*(7$7,21
*252*5$3+,(252*5$3+<
&/$66(/,*1(B252*5$3+,48(&/$66(2521<0(
+$'0,1,675$7,)$'0,1,675$7,21

VSHFLILHG DQG D PHWHU EXIIHU KDV EHHQ DGGHG )LJXUH $IWHUZDUGV WKH
REWDLQHG PDS KDV EHHQ FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH RQH REWDLQHG ZLWK WKH SOD\JURXQGV
)LJXUH 7KH UHVXOW LV VKRZQ LQ ILJXUH 7KLV FRPSDULVRQ VKRZV WKDW D
UHPDUNDEOHVXUIDFHRIWKHFRPPXQHVDURXQG6WUDVERXUJZKLOHKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWR
KDYHWKHLU\DUGVRSHQWRWKHSXEOLFDQGNLGVZKRPOLYLQJQHDUE\LVGHSULYHGIURPWKLV
SRVVLELOLW\)XUWKHUPRUHLQVRPHSDUWVRI6WUDVERXUJZLWKKLJKGHQVLW\$YHQXHGHV
9RVJHV TXDUWLHU FRQVHLO GHV ;9 WKHUH LV QR DFFHVV WR WKH UHFUHDWLRQDO VSDFHV IRU
NLGV
7KHUHVXOWFRXOGEHGLIIHUHQWLIZHUHGXFHWKHPHWHUEXIIHUWRDPHWHUEXIIHU
)LJXUH%\DGGLQJVFKRRO\DUGVWRWKHNLG¶VUHFUHDWLRQDOVSDFHVPRUHWKDQ
RIWKHDUHDZRXOGEHDFFHVVLEOHLQOHVVWKDQPLQXWHVZDONLQJWRWKHUHFUHDWLRQDO
VSDFHV7KLVSRVVLELOLW\FRXOGWUDQVIRUP6WUDVERXUJWRDPRGHOFLW\IRULWVIDFLOLWLHV±
KDYLQJRSWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVIRULWVFLWL]HQV

&/$66(&20081(&/$66($5521',66(0(17&/$66(&+()B/,(8
,=21('¶$&7,9,7($&7,9,7<=21(6
&/$66(685)$&(B$&7,9,7(&/$66(3$,B$'0,1,675$7,)B0,/,7$,5(&/$66(
3$,B&8/785(B/2,6,56&/$66(3$,B(63$&(B1$785(/&/$66(
3$,B6&,(1&(B(16(,*1(0(17&/$66(3$,B*(67,21B($8;&/$66(
3$,B,1'8675,(/B&200(5&,$/&/$66(3$,B5(/,*,(8;&/$66(3$,B6$17(&/$66(
3$,B63257&/$66(3$,B75$163257&/$66(3$,B=21(B+$%,7$7,21&/$66(
3$,B+<'52*5$3+,(&/$66(3$,B252*5$3+,(
-72321<0(6
&/$66(/,(8B',7B+$%,7(&/$66(/,(8B',7B121B+$%,7(&/$66(72321<0(B',9(56

6LJQLILFDQWVSHHGGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHIRXQGEHWZHHQFKLOGUHQLQNLQGHUJDUWHQWKURXJKVL[WKJUDGH7KH
PHDQ VSHHG WR ZDON IW XVHG E\ NLQGHUJDUWHQ OLQH OHDGHUV ZDV VHFRQGV DQG WKH VSHHG
LQFUHDVHG WR IW LQ VHFRQGV IRU VL[WK JUDGH OLQHV 7HDFKHU JRRG HQRXJK WLPHV ZHUH
VLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKHFKLOGUHQ
VWLPHVDWHYHU\JUDGHOHYHO'DYLG
7KHVSHHGRIZDONLQJRIDQDGXOWDQGFKLOGUHQ\HDUVROGLVNPKPLOHVKRXUV)RUWKHNLGV
XQGHUWKLVVSHHGLVXSWRNPKPLOHVKRXUV)RUWKHVHFKLOGUHQWKHVSHHGPD\UHGXFHWR
DFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUDJHDQGWKHLUKHLJKW0OOHU0OOHU%DXU 0D\HU7KHGLVWDQFHDQDGXOW
FDQZDONLQPLQXWHVLVPHWHUVWKDWOHDGVWRDPOLQHDUZDONLQJRUDîPUDGLDOZDONLQJ
DYPDVWKHFURZIOLHVGLVWDQFH)RUDQ\HDUROGNLGWKHVHGLVWDQFHVUHGXFHWRPOLQHDU
DQGîPDYPDVWKHFURZIOLHVGLVWDQFH)RU\RXQJHUFKLOGUHQWKHVHGLVWDQFHVDUHP
OLQHDUIRUDFKLOGWKDWMXVWVWDUWVZDONLQJ$FFRUGLQJWRWKHVHUDWHVD\HDUVROGNLGFDQZDONP
OLQHDULQPLQXWHV,Q\HDUVRIWKHOLIHWKLVGLVWDQFHLQFUHDVHVWRPDYPLIWKHUHZDV

)LJXUH7KHVFKRRO\DUGVLQWKH*,6GDWDEDVHRIWKHDJJORPHUDWLRQZLWKDPEXIIHU*KDIRXUL

QRWDGLUHFWOLQHDUSDWKIURPWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWWRWKHGHVWLQDWLRQWKHDULDOGLVWDQFHUHGXFHVWR
P DY P ,Q WKLV UHVHDUFK D P EXIIHU LV VHOHFWHG IRU DGXOWV DQG FKLOGUHQ \HDUV ROG
DFFRUGLQJWROLQHDUDQGDHULDOGLVWDQFH%XWLIZDQWWRKDYHDUHVXOWWKDWFRYHUVDZKROHIDPLO\ZLWK
FKLOGUHQIURPWR\HDUVROGWKHEXIIHUUHGXFHVP

)LJXUH7KHFRPSDULVRQRI)LJDQG)LJWKHVSDFHVWKDWGRQRWKDYHDFFHVVWRDSOD\JURXQG
LQDPUDGLDOGLVWDQFHXQOHVVWKHVFKRRO\DUGVEHFRPHRSHQWRSXEOLFRXWRIVFKRROKRXUV
*KDIRXUL

)LJXUH/HIW7KHSOD\JURXQGVLQWKH*,6GDWDEDVHRIWKHDJJORPHUDWLRQZLWKDPEXIIHU
5LJKW7KHVFKRRO\DUGVLQWKH*,6GDWDEDVHRIWKHDJJORPHUDWLRQZLWKDPEXIIHU*KDIRXUL

)LJXUH7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIVFKRRO\DUGVSOD\JURXQGVLQWKH*,6GDWDEDVHRIWKHDJJORPHUDWLRQ
ZLWKDPEXIIHU*KDIRXUL

$V LW FRXOG EH REVHUYHG LQ ILJXUH HYHQ ZLWK WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKLV SODQ VWLOO
VRPH FRPPXQHV DUH IDFHG ZLWK GHILFLHQF\ ,Q RUGHU WR WUDQVIRUP WKLV LGHD IURP
WKHRU\ WR SUDFWLFH WKH ILUVW VWHS ZRXOG EH JXHVVLQJ LQ ZKLFK NLQG RI RFFDVLRQV WKH
LGHDFRXOGQRWEHSHUIRUPHGSUDFWLFDOO\ZKDWDUHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFRQFHUQVIRUWKH
UHVSRQVLEOHDQGZKLFKIDFWRUVZRXOGOHDGWRKDYLQJDGLIILFXOWVLWXDWLRQ5HIHUULQJWR
WKHFULWHULDFKDUWHUDQGWRWKH0DWUL[RIFDVHVWKHPDLQFULWHULDQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHG
LQWKLVFDVHDUHVROXWLRQVWRWKHTXHVWLRQVRI
2ZQHUVKLS
6HFXULW\
,QVXUDQFH
5HVSRQVLELOLW\
7KHQH[WVWHSZRXOGEHSURYLGLQJVROXWLRQVIRUWKHVHFRQFHUQV,QRUGHUWRKDYHWKH
VROXWLRQDQGUXQWKHLGHDWZRSKDVHVFRXOGEHSURSRVHG
7KHILUVWSKDVHIRUSHUIRUPLQJWKLVSODQLVWKDWWREHH[HFXWHGH[SHULPHQWDOO\LQ
RQHRUWZRDUHDVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKRVHWKDWWKHODFNRIVSDFHIRUFKLOGUHQ
VSOD\
H[LVWV ([LVWHG H[SHULHQFH RI WKLV VSDFH ZRXOG KHOS WR LGHQWLI\ D PRUH
GRPHVWLF PHWKRG IRU 6WUDVERXUJ DQG ZRXOG JLYH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI D VWHS E\
VWHSSHUIRUPDQFHLQRWKHUSDUWVRIWKHFLW\
,Q WKH VHFRQG SKDVH WR EH FODVVLILHG OLNH VFKRROV LQ 1HZ <RUN DQG WR EH
SHUIRUPHG E\ WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\ LQ WKH SDWWHUQ RI D GHWDLOHG SODQ ZKLOH
FRQVLGHULQJWKHJHQHUDOFULWHULDLQPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVDQGVSHFLILFFULWHULD
IRU WKH SOD\JURXQGV SOXV WKH QHLJKERUKRRG¶V QHHGV DFFRUGLQJ WR ZKDW KDV
SURSRVHG DW WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQ &I 6LQFH VRPH QXUVHULHV DQG
HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV DUH PDQDJHG XQGHU PXVLFDOLW\¶V RU RWKHUV DFWLYLWLHV QR
FKDQJHVZRXOGEHKDSSHQLQWKHSRVVHVVLRQRIVSDFHDQGWKHUHZRXOGEHQR
SUREOHP DV D UHVXOW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG SXEOLF OLDELOLW\ LQVXUDQFH LV WKH
FRPSHQVDWLRQ IRU SRWHQWLDO GDPDJHV WR WKH EXLOGLQJ RI VFKRRO DQG LWV
HTXLSPHQW DQG DFDGHPLF DFWLYLWLHV LQVXUDQFH LV WKH FRYHUDJH IRU SRWHQWLDO
GDQJHUVWRWKHNLGV)RUPDQDJLQJRSHQLQJDQGFORVLQJWKHVSDFHLQVSHFLILHG
KRXUVWKHKHOSRIVFKRRO¶VVWDIIV1*2VUHODWHGWRFKLOGUHQDFWLYLWLHVRUUHWLUHG
YROXQWHHUVZKRPOLYHQHDUE\FRXOGEHGHPDQGHG

&RQFOXVLRQDQGSHUVSHFWLYH

$FFRUGLQJWRZKDWKDVEHHQSUHVHQWHGD³PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH´FRXOGEHLGHQWLILHG
ZLWKWKHVHWZRFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
$OORZGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVGLIIHUHQWDFWRUVDQGGLIIHUHQWXVHUVGXULQJGLIIHUHQWSHULRGV
RIWLPHRUKDYHWKHFDSDFLW\WRDFFRPPRGDWHWZRRUPRUHDFWLYLWLHVDWWKHVDPHWLPH
DFFHSWPRUHWKDQDIXQFWLRQVLPXOWDQHRXVO\
,Q WKLV FDVH WKLV LGHD ZRXOG KDYH SRVLWLYH VRFLDO HFRQRPLF DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQVHTXHQFHV WKDW RYHUDOO WKHLU DFWLRQ ZRXOG OHDG WR WKH SURPRWLRQ RI FLWL]HQ¶V OLIH
TXDOLW\ GXH WR DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI WLPH IRU GRLQJ UHFUHDWLRQDO DQG VRFLDO DFWLYLWLHV D
PRUH LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK QDWXUDO HQYLURQPHQW GXH WR SUHYHQWLQJ WKH LUUHJXODU VSUHDG RI
WKHFLW\OLYLQJLQDQHQYLURQPHQWWKDWLVIDUIURPSROOXWLRQEHFDXVHRIWKHUHGXFWLRQLQ
WKHQHHGIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGILQDOO\FLWL]HQVZRXOGKDYHDPRUHKHDOWKLHUVSLULWDQG
ERG\7KHVHHIIHFWVKDYHEHHQVKRZQLQVXPPDU\LQILJXUH
)LJXUH7KHGLIIHUHQWHIIHFWVDQGEHQHILWVRIDSSO\LQJWKHFRQFHSWRI0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQXUEDQ
SODQQLQJDQGGHVLJQ*KDIRXUL

%XWWKHDFFHVVWRWKHVHFRQFOXVLRQVLVRQO\SRVVLEOHZLWKDJHQHUDODSSURDFKWRWKH
FLW\DVDWRWDOLW\,QRWKHUZRUGVWLOOWKHWLPHWKDWWKLVLGHDKDVQRWEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDV
D FRQFHSW LQ VWDUWLQJ D SULPDU\ GHVLJQ RU UHJLRQDO SODQQLQJ WKHLU HIIHFWV ZRXOG EH
VKRUWDQGOLPLWHG
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHLGHDLQWKHVFDOHRIDQHLJKERUKRRGXQLW,IDSDUWRIWKHVSDFHLQ
DUHVLGHQWLDOFRPSOH[FRXOGEHDOORFDWHGIRUVRFLDORUUHFUHDWLRQDOIXQFWLRQVIRUDOOWKH
UHVLGHQWV RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG XQLW WKH QHHG IRU FRQVWUXFWLQJ QHZ IDFLOLWLHV DQG
VSDFHV IRU WKHVH DFWLYLWLHV ZRXOG GHFUHDVH 7KHVH VPDOO FHOOV ZRXOG HQULFK WKH
GLYHUVLW\RIDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHFKRLFHVLQWKHZKROHDUHD
,QWKHLQLWLDOVLWXDWLRQDOOWKHDUHDVHUYHVDVDVSDFHIRUQHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV,IDSDUW
RIIUHHVSDFHVFRXOGEHUHOHDVHGLQDVSHFLILFWLPHLQWHUYDODVDVSDFHIRURSWLRQDO
DQGWKHUHIRUHVRFLDODFWLYLWLHVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHZKROHDUHDZLOOEHRSWLPL]HG%XWWKLV
UHFRYHU\LVQRWDOZD\VSRVVLEOHRUWKHUHOHDVHGVSDFHLVQRWDOZD\VVXIILFLHQWIRUWKH
LQFUHDVLQJ SRSXODWLRQ ,Q WKLV FDVH DQRWKHU VROXWLRQ LV WR ILQG WKH VPDOO SRUWLRQ RI
VSDFH LQ HDFK SDUFHO WKDW KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR EH XVHG IRU D GLIIHUHQW IXQFWLRQ LQ LWV
LGOH KRXUV 7KH GLIIHUHQW RSWLRQDO RU VRFLDO DFWLYLWLHV FRXOG EH VSUHDG LQ WKHVH VPDOO
FHOOV7KHILQDOUHVXOWLVDYDVWUDQJHRIFKRLFHVIRURSWLRQDODQGVRFLDODFWLYLWLHVDQGD
JUHDWHU PL[HGXVH DUHD ZKLFK FDQ VHUYH D JUHDWHU QXPEHU RI UHVLGHQWV RU SHRSOH
IURPWKHZKROHFRPPXQLW\,QRWKHUZRUGVWKLVVSDWLDOVWUXFWXUHDIIHFWVHDFKSDUFHO
DV DQ LQGHSHQGHQW DUHD DW WKH ODQGVFDSH OHYHO DV ZHOO DV WKH EHKDYLRU DQG
IXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHODQGVFDSHFRPPXQLW\QHLJKERUKRRGXQLWDVDZKROH
,QWKLVVFDOHLWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWZKHQWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOFHOOVDUHSXWWRJHWKHU
ZLWK D FRPSUHKHQVLYH YLVLRQ WKH EHQHILWV PXFK PRUH VLJQLILFDQW RI WKH VXP RI WKH
DGYDQWDJHVRIHDFKFHOOZRXOGEHDFKLHYHG%\ORRNLQJDWWKHDUHDDVDQHWZRUNRI
VSDFHV ZKLOH FUHDWLQJ D FROOHFWLRQ RI VHYHUDO PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV LQ D
QHLJKERUKRRG RU D GLVWULFW D VXEVWDQWLDO DUHD RI ODQG DQG FUHDWH D GLYHUVLW\ RI
DFWLYLWLHVFRXOGEHUHOHDVHGZKLFKDWWUDFWDODUJHQXPEHURIFLWL]HQVDQGPDNHWKHP
UHWXUQWRWKHVSDFHVHYHUDOWLPHV,QDGGLWLRQLPSURYHWKHIXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRI
DQDUHDPDNHVLWPRUHHIILFLHQWHFRQRPLFDOO\

)LJXUH&RPELQDWLRQRIDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHVFDOHRIDQHLJKERUKRRGXQLW*KDIRXUL

7KXVWKHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\FDQLQWHULQWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDODQGXUEDQGHVLJQ
IURPWKHEHJLQQLQJE\GHVLJQLQJWKHPDVWHUSODQRIDFLW\EDVHGRQPL[HGXVHDUHDV
DQG VKDULQJ IXQFWLRQV GHVLJQ D QHWZRUN RI DFWLYLW\ )LJXUH %\ XVLQJ
XQGHUJURXQGV URRIWRSV RU YDFDQW ODQGV RU GHVLJQLQJ SRUWDEOH FRQYHUWLEOH IXUQLWXUH
WKDWFDQDGDSWWRQHZVLWXDWLRQVWKHVFHQHZRXOGPD\EHRSHQWRWKHQHZLQQRYDWLYH
LGHDV7KHVXVWDLQDELOLW\LVVXHVLQXUEDQDUHDVSODFHWKLVZRUNLQDQRWKHUGLPHQVLRQ
FRQQHFWLQJZLWKGHQVLILFDWLRQRIODQGXVHDQGODQGFRYHUDQGPRUHRYHUWRWKHIXWXUH
FLWLHVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWUHQGV
)LJXUHFRQFHSWXDOSDWWHUQVH[WUDFWHGIURPDQDO\]LQJWKHFDVHV*KDIRXUL
,QWKHUHVHDUFKWKHSRWHQWLDOVRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXVHRIXUEDQVSDFHDQGLWVFDSDELOLW\
WR VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQ IRUP ZDV VWXGLHG 7KH FULWHULD GHILQHG ZRXOG KHOS WR ILQG WKH
DSSURSULDWHDUHDVRIWKHFLW\LQWKHSKDVHRISURJUDPPLQJ
)RUWKLVVDPSOHVWKDWKDGVLPLODUGHILQLWLRQVZHUHH[DPLQHG7KLVVWXG\KDVEHHQ
GRQHEDVHGRQWKUHHIDFWRUVORFDWLRQIXQFWLRQWLPHDQGDFWRUV([SDQGLQJWKHVH
IDFWRUVDQGWKHH[FKDQJHDPRQJVDPSOHVDQGFULWHULDILQDOO\OHGWRFULWHULDWKDW
ZHUHWKHEDVLVIRUVWXG\LQJDQGH[DPLQLQJWKHFDVHV

%\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH FDVHV LW ZDV IRXQG WKDW VRPH RI WKH FULWHULD DUH RI D KLJKHU
LPSRUWDQFH WKDQ WKH RWKHUV 7KH IHHGEDFN RI DQDO\]LQJ WKH FDVHV OHG XV WR FODVVLI\
WKHFULWHULDLQGHJUHHVRILPSRUWDQFH7DEOH7KHVHFULWHULDVKRXOGEHDQDO\]HG
LQ WKH SKDVHV RI IHDVLELOLW\ VWXG\ SURJUDPPLQJ DQG FRQFHSWXDO GHVLJQ 7KH ILUVW
GHJUHHFULWHULDJDWKHUWKHHVVHQWLDOFULWHULDWKDWWKHSURMHFWFDQQRWEHVWDUWHGZLWKRXW
WDNLQJWKHPLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ7KHVHFRQGGHJUHHUHODWHVWRWKHFULWHULDZKLFKKDYH
D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI DWWULEXWHV DQG PXVW QHFHVVDULO\ EH FRQVLGHUHG EXW LQ FDVH RI DQ\
SUREOHPV RU OLPLWVPDQ\ GLIIHUHQW VROXWLRQV PLJKW EH SXW LQWR WHVW 7KH WKLUGGHJUHH
FULWHULD DUH UHFRPPHQGHG LQ HDFK SURMHFW RI XUEDQ GHVLJQ LQ D PRQRIXQFWLRQDO DV
ZHOODVDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFH7KLVFODVVLILFDWLRQFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDEDVLVRI
IHDVLELOLW\VWXG\IRUFKDQJLQJDPRQRIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHWRDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDORQH
7DEOH7KUHHOHYHOVRIFULWHULD
$Q H[SHULPHQWDO VFHQDULR IRU 6WUDVERXUJ ZDV GHILQHG WXUQLQJ WKH VFKRRO\DUGV WR
SOD\JURXQGVRSHQWRSXEOLFRXWRIVFKRROKRXUV
7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ RU PXOWLFULWHULD DQDO\VHV RQ XUEDQ *,6 GDWDEDVHV
RI 6WUDVERXUJ OHG XV WR PDSV RI WKH VFKRROV LQ WKH DJJORPHUDWLRQ WKDW KDYH WKH
SRWHQWLDO WR EH XVHG PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ZLWK KLJKHU HIILFLHQF\ +RZHYHU DOO WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQQHHGHGGRQ¶WFRPHGLUHFWO\IURPH[LVWLQJGDWDEDVHV(DFKVLWHVKRXOGEH
DQDO\]HGDFFRUGLQJWRLWVSRWHQWLDOVDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGESODQQHGOLNHDQXUEDQ
GHVLJQSURMHFW

7REHDEOHWRWUDQVIRUPWKLVLGHDIURPWKHRU\LQWRSUDFWLFHLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHREWDLQHG
LQIRUPDWLRQIURP*,6¶VGDWDEDVHVWKHGHFLVLRQVVKRXOGEHEDVHGRQVSHFLILFWUDLWRI
HDFKVLWH,QIDFWPRVWRIWKHGHFLVLRQVDUHQRWEDVHGRQ*,6¶VGDWDEXWKDYHEHHQ
WDNHQEDVHGRQGHVLJQHU¶VREVHUYDWLRQDQGLWVDQDO\VHV)XUWKHUPRUHWREHDEOHWR
XQGHUVWDQG ZKR WKH DFWRUV RZQHUV LQ HDFK VLWH DUH WKHUH LV D QHHG WR KDYH
&DGDVWUHSODQV7KHHOHPHQWVWKDWQHHGLQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKHVRXUFHVIRUUHDFKLQJWR
WKHVH LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU 6WUDVERXUJ KDV EHHQ VKRZQ LQ WDEOH 7KH JUHHQ PDUNHG
LQIRUPDWLRQDUHWKHRQHVZKLFKDUHDFKLHYDEOHWKURXJKWKH*,6GDWDEDVHV&DGDVWUH
SODQV ODZV XUEDQ UXOHV DQG UHJXODWLRQ RU HYHQ E\ YLVLWLQJ WKH VLWH EXW WKH RUDQJH
PDUNHGDUHWKHRQHVDERXWZKLFKZHQHHGWRPDNHGHFLVLRQVDQGFRPHWKURXJKWKH
DQDO\VLVDQGVWXGLHVWREHGRQHIRUHDFKVLWHDQGWKHVHOHFWHGVHFRQGDU\IXQFWLRQV
,QIDFWFKDQJLQJRXUGHFLVLRQIRUWKHVHFRQGDU\RUDGGHGIXQFWLRQZLOOYDU\WKHUHVXOW
7DEOH7KHGLIIHUHQWLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGHGIRUPDNLQJGHFLVLRQVDQGVWXG\DQGWKHLUVRXUFH

,QDGGLWLRQLWVKRXOGEHNHSWLQPLQGWKDWWKLVSUREOHPGRHVQ¶WKDYHDJOREDODQVZHU
6RPH LQIRUPDWLRQ OLNH OHJDO RU LQVXUDQFH LVVXHV LV VRPHKRZ GLIILFXOW WR LQWURGXFH
VSDWLDOO\ LQWR *,6 OD\HUV (DFK FRXQWU\ SURYLGHV XQLTXH SRVVLELOLWLHV DQG OLPLWDWLRQV
DFFRUGLQJ WR LWV RZQ LQWHUQDO UHJXODWLRQV DQG LWV FXOWXUDO EDFNJURXQG DQG
DGPLQLVWUDWLYH V\VWHPV )RU LQVWDQFH LQ VRPH FRXQWULHV WKH UXOHV UHODWHG WR
LQVXUDQFH DQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI XUEDQ VSDFHV DUH PRUH HDV\JRLQJ GHVSLWH VRPH
RWKHUVLQZKLFKWKH\PDNHWKHKXJHUHVWULFWLRQV0RUHRYHUWKHYDULRXVGHILQLWLRQVRI
VSDFH DQG IXQFWLRQ LQ GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUHV OHDG WR D ZLGH GLYHUVLW\ LQ PDNLQJ
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHV
,W¶VLPSRUWDQWWRVSHQGWLPHIRULQWURGXFLQJWKLVLGHDWRSHRSOHDQGHQFRXUDJLQJWKHP
WR ORRN DW WKH VSDFH DV D ³FDSLWDO´ WKDW FRXOG EH VKDUHG QRW RQO\ EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW
XVHUVEXWDOVREHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWDFWLYLWLHV7KHQRWLRQRI³VKDULQJXVH´LVVRPHWKLQJ
WKDWPLJKWEHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKLQIRUPLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQ
,WLVREYLRXVE\DGGLQJQRQPDWHULDOOD\HUVUHODWHGWRWKHLQWHUIHUHULQIRUPLQJWKHFLW\
VXFK DV DFWLYLWLHV DQG OLIH KLVWRU\ DQG FXOWXUH YDOXHV DQG PHDQLQJV WR WKLV
LQIRUPDWLRQH[SODQDWLRQRIWKHVHGDWDLVQRWSRVVLEOHWKURXJK*,67KHQHFHVVLW\RI
XVLQJRWKHUWRROVLQGLIIHUHQWILHOGVLQWDNLQJGHFLVLRQVDQDO\]LQJDQGFODVVLI\LQJELJ
GDWDFRXOGEHXVHGLQSODQQLQJIRUWKHFLW\
2QHRIWKHVHPHWKRGVLV2/$3DQG'DWDZDUHKRXVHVWKDWDUHXVHGIRUPDQDJHPHQW
RI WKH ODUJH DPRXQWV RI GDWD 7KLV V\VWHP FODVVLILHV WKH GDWD DV FXEHV DQG DOO WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ DUH DQDO\]HG EHIRUH HQWHULQJ WR WKH GDWD ZDUHKRXVHV $V D UHVXOW WKH
WLPHIRUWKHLUDQDO\]LQJDQGWDNLQJDGHFLVLRQLVQHHGHGZRXOGUHDFKWRLWVPLQLPXP
7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI 2/$3 ZLWK *,6 KDV OHG WR WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH VRIWZDUH QDPHG
62/$3
5HVHDUFKHVUHODWHGWRVSDWLDOGDWDZDUHKRXVLQJDQGVSDWLDO2/$3VKRZWKDW62/$3
FDQEHXVHIXOLQVSDWLDOGHFLVLRQǦPDNLQJ62$/3KDGEHHQH[SHULHQFHGLQIRUHVWU\
WUDIILF HQJLQHHULQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO KHDOWK DQG VRPH RWKHU GRPDLQV 7KH SHUVSHFWLYH
RI WKLV UHVHDUFK FRXOG EH SXWWLQJ LQWR WHVW WKH FDSDELOLW\ RI XVLQJ 62/$3 LQ XUEDQ
GHVLJQ WRZDUG VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQ IRUP $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH SUHYLRXV H[SHULHQFHV
62/$3 PLJKW EH XVHIXO LQ VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQ GHVLJQ ,W VXSSRUWV GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI

LQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKUHODWHWRERWKVLGHV³XUEDQIRUP´DQG³VXVWDLQDELOLW\´%XWLQXVLQJ
62/$3OLNHDOORWKHUWRROVWKHYLVLRQRIWKHXVHUDIIHFWVWKHUHVXOWV7KHUHIRUHLWKDV
WR EH D V\VWHP KHOSLQJ WKH XVHU LQ VHOHFWLQJ VRUWLQJ DQG HQWHULQJ GDWD LQ RUGHU WR
DFKLHYHWKHEHVWUHVXOW
7KH UHVXOW RI WKH FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKH DELOLWLHV RI 62/$3 ZLWK DGGLQJ WKH
FDSDELOLWLHVRI2/$3LQFODVVLI\LQJQRQVSDWLDOGDWDWRWKH*,6KDVEHHQLOOXVWUDWHGLQ
WKHWDEOHEHORZ7DEOH
7DEOH62/$3¶VDELOLW\LQFRPSOHWLQJWKH*,6¶VFDSDELOLWLHVLQGHVLJQLQJWKHIRUPRIDVXVWDLQDEOH
FLW\
$Q 2/$3 'DWDFXEH IRU ILQGLQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO WR FUHDWH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO VSDFHV KDV
EHHQLOOXVWUDWHGLQILJXUH

)LJXUH$Q2/$3'DWDFXEHIRUILQGLQJWKHSRWHQWLDOWRFUHDWHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHV
$VDSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKLVUHVHDUFKWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRI62/$3IRUDVSDFHRUDVSHFLILF
VFHQDULRZRXOGEHSURSRVHG+RZWKHVHFDSDELOLWLHVLQWKHRU\ZRXOGEHGHIDFWR",V
RXUSURJQRVLVSUDFWLFDORUQRW"'RHVWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRI62/$3PDNHWKHFRPSOLFDWLRQ
RIWKHGHFLVLRQSURFHVVHDVLHU"+RZGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRIVXVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQE\XVLQJ
62/$3 FRXOG EH LQWHJUDWHG" ,V 62/$3 DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ WRRO IRU GHFLVLRQǦPDNLQJ LQ
XUEDQGHVLJQ"
%HVLGHV SXWWLQJ 62/$3 LQWR WHVW DV SURSRVLWLRQV IRU IXUWKHU UHVHDUFKHV WKHUH DUH
WZRPRUHLGHDVWKDWFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
5HJDUGLQJZKDWKDVEHHQGRQHIRUWKLVWKHVLVDJHQHUDOPHWKRGIRUDUDWLRQDO
GHVLJQ RI XUEDQ VSDFHV LV WR EH SURYLGHG E\ DSSO\LQJ WKH PHWKRGV XVHG LQ
LQGXVWULDO GHVLJQ IRU DVVHVVLQJ WKH SURGXFWV DQG RSWLPL]LQJ WKH FKRLFHV IRU
HYDOXDWLQJWKHFRQFHSWVIRUXUEDQSODQQLQJ
6LQFHHDFKQHZFDVHZLOOFKDQJHDOOWKHYDOXHVLQWKHPDWUL[LWLVSURSRVHGDQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ RU VRIWZDUH WR EH GHVLJQHG LQ RUGHU WR XSGDWH WKH GDWD EDVLV
UHJDUGLQJHDFKQHZFDVH

, ZLWK D EDFNJURXQG LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG ODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWXUH E\ SHUIRUPLQJ WKLV
UHVHDUFKJRWWRWKLVUHVXOWWKDWWKHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOFRQFHSWLVDQDSSURSULDWHPDQQHU
LQLQFUHDVLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDODQGXUEDQVSDFHV,QRWKHUZRUGVLIZH
ORRN DW WKH GHVLJQ DV D UHVXOWDQW RI WKH IRUP DQG IXQFWLRQDOLW\ DFFRXQWDELOLW\ WR WKH
UHTXLUHVRIWKHXVHUVLQWHUPVRISK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOQHHGVDQGDWWKHVDPH
WLPH FRQVLGHULQJ VRFLDO FXOWXUDO HFRQRPLF LGHQWLFDO DQG HVWKHWLFDO DVSHFWV LQ WKH
IUDPHZRUN RI WLPH GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV FRXOG EH GHWHUPLQHG 7KH VLJQLILFDQW SRLQW DQG
LGHDLVDOOWKHVHDVSHFWVWREHFRQVLGHUHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DORQJHDFKRWKHUDQGWKDW
WRRPXFKDWWHQWLRQWRRQHDVSHFWGRHVQRWOHDGWRWKHLJQRUDQFHRIWKHRWKHURQHV
%\ WKLV PLQGVHW HYHQ D VLPSOH HOHPHQW OLNH D FKDLU LQ DQ XUEDQ VSDFH FRXOG EH
GHVLJQHGLQDZD\WKDWLQDGGLWLRQWRLWVXVXDOIXQFWLRQDOLW\HJDSODFHIRUVLWWLQJLQD
FHUWDLQSHULRGRIWLPHRURXWRIWKHLWVXVXDOIXQFWLRQLQJSHULRGVSHUIRUPHFRORJLFDO
VRFLDO FXOWXUDO HFRQRPLF RU LGHQWLFDO UROHV 7KLV NLQG RI WKLQNLQJ ZKLOH GHVLJQLQJ
PXOWLSOLHV WKH YDOXH RI ³HDFK GHFLVLRQ´ RU ³HDFK FKRLFH´ 2QH ZRXOG PD\ WKLQN WKDW
GHVLJQLQJ FRXOG EH PRUH GLIILFXOW E\ KDYLQJ WKLV SRLQW RI YLHZ EXW LI WKLV ZRXOG WXUQ
LQWR D ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ IRU WKH GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV SODQQHUV DQG GHVLJQHUV E\ PDNLQJ
VLPSOHFKDQJHVRUDWOHDVWLQWHUYHQWLRQLWFRXOGOHDGWRDPRUHVXVWDLQDEOHHIIHFWLYH
DQG KLJKTXDOLW\ FRQVHTXHQFHV DQG UHVXOWV WKH VXEMHFW WKDW WKH IXWXUH ZRUOG QHHGV
VWURQJO\

5HIHUHQFHV

$DPRGW$ 3OD]D(&DVH%DVHG5HDVRQLQJ)RXQGDWLRQDO,VVXHV
0HWKRGRORJLFDO9DULDWLRQVDQG6\VWHP$SSURDFKHVAI Communications. IOS
Press, 7

$KQ+.LP.M +DQ,$FDVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJV\VWHPZLWKWKH
WZRGLPHQVLRQDO UHGXFWLRQ WHFKQLTXH IRU FXVWRPHU FODVVLILFDWLRQ Expert
Systems with Applications, 32

$OH[DQGHU & ,VKLNDZD 6 6LOYHUVWHLQ 0 A Pattern Language:
Towns, Buildings, Construction28386$

$OOHQ $ 8UEDQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ XQGHU WKUHDW 7KH UHVWUXFWXULQJ RI WKH
ILVKLQJLQGXVWU\LQ0DUGHO3ODWD$UJHQWLQDDevelopment in Practice, 11

$UFKLEDOG5&7LPHDVDIRXUWKGLPHQVLRQBulletin (New Series) of
the American Mathematical Society, 20

$VJKDUSRXU 0- 0XOWLSOH &ULWHULD 'HFLVLRQ 0DNLQJ WK HGLWLRQ
7HKUDQXQLYHUVLW\3UHVV7HKUDQLQ3HUVLDQ

$VVRFLDWLRQ $ 3 6WHLQHU ) 5 %XWOHU . Planning and Urban
Design Standards:LOH\

%DWW\ 0 %HVXVVL ( 0DDW . +DUWV - - 5HSUHVHQWLQJ
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO&LWLHV'HQVLW\DQG'LYHUVLW\LQ6SDFHDQG7LPH8&/:RUNLQJ
3DSHUV5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSFDVDXFODFXNZRUNLQJBSDSHUVSDSHUSGI

%pGDUG < 5LYHVW 6 3URXO[ 0- 6SDWLDO 2Q/LQH $QDO\WLFDO
3URFHVVLQJ 62/$3 &RQFHSWV $UFKLWHFWXUHV DQG 6ROXWLRQV IURP D
*HRPDWLFV(QJLQHHULQJ3HUVSHFWLYHData Warehouses and OLAP: Concepts,
Architectures and Solutions('$*URXS
%LFKLQGDULW] , 0RQWDQL 6 Case-Based Reasoning: 18th
International Conference, ICCBR 2010, Alessandria, Italy, July 19-22, 2010
Proceedings6SULQJHU

%UDQGW- 9HMUH+0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOODQGVFDSHV0RWLYHVFRQFHSWV
DQGSHUVSHFWLYHVMultifunctional landscapes - Theoty, values and historySS
/RQGRQ:LW3UHVV

&DUDPLD 0 'HOO
2OPR 3 Multi-objective Management in Freight
Logistics: Increasing Capacity, Service Level and Safety with Optimization
Algorithms6SULQJHU/RQGRQ

&DUPRQD0+HDWK72F7 7LHVGHOO6Public Places - Urban
Spaces7D\ORU )UDQFLV

&DUU6Public Space&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

&KLX0/ 6KLK6*$QDORJLFDO5HDVRQLQJDQG&DVH$GDSWDWLRQ
LQ$UFKLWHFWXUDO'HVLJQ&RPSXWHUVYV+XPDQ'HVLJQHUVCAAD futures 1997
SS6SULQJHU

'D &XQKD $ (QMHX[ GX GpYHORSSHPHQW XUEDLQ GXUDEOH
7UDQVIRUPDWLRQV XUEDLQHV JHVWLRQ GHV UHVVRXUFHV HW JRXYHUQDQFH 3UHVVHV
3RO\WHFKQLTXHVHW8QLYHUVLWDLUHV5RPDQGHV

'DYLG. 6XOOLYDQ0([SHFWDWLRQVIRUZDONLQJVSHHGVVWDQGDUGV
IRUVWXGHQWVLQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVPediatr Phys Ther, 17

'H 6DEOHW 0 Des spaces urbains agréables á vivre: places, rues,
squares et jardins(GGX0RQLWHXU

'RPHVKHN ( $ .RORGQHU - / =LPULQJ & 0 7KH 'HVLJQ RI D
7RRO .LW IRU &DVH%DVHG 'HVLJQ $,'6 ,Q - 6 *HUR ) 6XGZHHNV (GV
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DESIGN ’94 1994.

'XIRXU $ 0DX] , 5pP\ - %HUQDUG & 'REUHPH] / +DYHW $ HW DO
0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQ$JULFXOWXUHDQGLWV$JHQWV5HJLRQDO&RPSDULVRQV
Sociologia Ruralis, 47

(UHOO ( 3HDUOPXWWHU ' :LOOLDPVRQ 7 Urban Microclimate:
Designing the Spaces Between Buildings7D\ORU )UDQFLV

)DUU'6XVWDLQDEOH8UEDQLVP8UEDQ'HVLJQ:LWK1DWXUH:LOH\

)DYHW1 *DX]LQ0OOHU'Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism:
Concepts, Technologies, Examples%LUNKlXVHU%DVHO

)ORULGD * , 7 3 * 8 Business Geography and New Real Estate
Market Analysis2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV86$

)UDQFLV 0 8UEDQ 2SHQ 6SDFH 'HVLJQLQJ )RU 8VHU 1HHGV ,VODQG
3UHVV

*DU]RQ , Multifunctionality of agriculture in the European Union : Is
there substance behind the discourse's smoke ?3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH7KH
SROLWLFDO HFRQRP\ RI DJULFXOWXUH DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW LQ WKH 86 DQG WKH (8
5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSHVFKRODUVKLSRUJXFLWHPEY]SDJH

*HKO - UHYLVLWHG HG /LIH %HWZHHQ %XLOGLQJV 8VLQJ 3XEOLF
6SDFH,VODQG3UHVV

*HKO-Cities for People,VODQG3UHVV

*KDIRXUL $ :HEHU & 3URSHFN=LPPHUPDQQ ( 'XIUDVQHV ( /D
IRUPH XUEDLQH GXUDEOH 0XOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp HW $GDSWDWLRQ 5HGpILQLU OHV
HVSDFHV XUEDLQV HQ WDQW TXH ]RQHV SDUWDJpHV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOHV 3DSHU
SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH 5,'$$' &RQIHUHQFH /HV 5HQFRQWUHV
,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDLUHV'RFWRUDOHVGHO
$UFKLWHFWXUHHWGHO
$PpQDJHPHQW'XUDEOHV
(173(/\RQ)UDQFH

*KROLSRXU 9 Collaborative Eco-Design of sustainable buildings.
3K'/RUUDLQH8QLYHUVLW\

*RRGPDQ:, )UHXQG(&Principles and Practice of Urban
Planning,QWHUQDWLRQDO&LW\0DQDJHUV
$VVRFLDWLRQ

*RRGULGJH & 'RXFK 3 .LGV 6WDII . 3URMHFW 3 , 6WDII 3 , 3
)DPLOLHV Inclusion by Design: A Guide to Creating Accessible Play
and Childcare Environments.LGV1DWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW'HSDUWPHQW

*UDQW - 3ODQQLQJ 7KH *RRG &RPPXQLW\ 1HZ 8UEDQLVP ,Q 7KHRU\
$QG3UDFWLFH5RXWOHGJH

*UDQW / Multi-Functional Urban Green Infrastructure 7KH &KDUWHUHG
,QVWLWXWLRQRI:DWHUDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO0DQDJHPHQW

*URDW/1 :DQJ'Architectural Research Methods:LOH\

+DDV 7 Sustainable urbanism and beyond 5L]]ROL ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
3XEOLFDWLRQV,QFRUSRUDWHG

+lJHUVWUDDQG 7 ZKDW DERXW SHRSOH LQ UHJLRQDO VFLHQFH" Papers in
Regional Science, 24
+HLQ/YDQ.RSSHQ.GH*URRW56 YDQ,HUODQG(&6SDWLDO
VFDOHV VWDNHKROGHUV DQG WKH YDOXDWLRQ RI HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV Ecological
Economics, 57

+H\OLJKHQ $ 1HXFNHUPDQV + $ PRGHOGULYHQ DSSURDFK WR WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO REMHFW PRGHO Artificial intelligence in
engineering, 15

,QVWLWXWH IRU 7UDLQLQJ LQ 0XQLFLSDO $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ & $VVRFLDWLRQ , & 0
Principles and Practice of Urban Planning3XEOLVKHGIRUWKH,QVWLWXWH
IRU 7UDLQLQJ LQ 0XQLFLSDO $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ E\ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &LW\ 0DQDJHUV

$VVRFLDWLRQ

,YHVRQ.3XWWLQJWKHSXEOLFEDFNLQWRSXEOLFVSDFHUrban Policy and
Research, 16

-DEDUHHQ<56XVWDLQDEOH8UEDQ)RUPV7KHLU7\SRORJLHV0RGHOV
DQG&RQFHSWVJournal of Planning Education and Research, 26

-DFREV - The Death and Life of Great American Cities 9LQWDJH
%RRNV

.DUDVDYYRJORX$*2QJDQ63RO\FKURQLGRX37RGRURYD6 ,NRYD-
7KH (FRQRPLHV RI %DONDQ DQG (DVWHUQ (XURSH &RXQWULHV LQ WKH
&KDQJHG :RUOG (%((& 0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO $JULFXOWXUH 6RFLDO DQG
(FRORJLFDO ,PSDFWV RQ WKH 2UJDQLF )DUPV LQ %XOJDULD Procedia Economics
and Finance, 9

.LWFKLQJ 5 / Systems Ecology: An Introduction to Ecological
Modelling8QLYHUVLW\RI4XHHQVODQG3UHVV

.D\GHQ - 6 3ODQQLQJ 1 < ' R & <RUN / 0 $ 6 R 1
Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience:LOH\

.OXJ + 3DUWLFLSDWLYH ODQGVFDSH SODQQLQJ XVLQJ D *,6 DSSURDFK IRU
IDFLOLWDWLRQ ,Q 0DQGHU + :LJJHULQJ . +HOPLQJ (GV Multifunctional
Land Use: Meeting Future Demands for Landscape Goods and Services
6SULQJHU

/HDNH'Case-Based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons, and Future
Directions$$$,3UHVV0,73UHVV

/LP / < <XHQ % . 3 /RZ & %XLOGLQJ 1 8 R 6 6 R (VWDWH 5
Urban Quality of Life: Critical Issues and Options 6FKRRO RI %XLOGLQJ
DQG5HDO(VWDWH1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI6LQJDSRUH

/OR\G . $XOG & /HLVXUH SXEOLF VSDFH DQG TXDOLW\ RI OLIH LQ WKH
XUEDQHQYLURQPHQWUrban Policy and Research, 21

/RYHOO670XOWLIXQFWLRQDOXUEDQDJULFXOWXUHIRUVXVWDLQDEOHODQGXVH
SODQQLQJLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVSustainability, 2

/RYHOO 6 7 7D\ORU - 5 6XSSO\LQJ XUEDQ HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV
WKURXJK PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Landscape
Ecology, 28

/\QFK.Good City Form0,73UHVV

0DGDQLSRXU$Public and Private Spaces of the City5RXWOHGJH

0DKHU0/ 3X3Issues and Applications of Case-Based
Reasoning to Design7D\ORU )UDQFLV
0DQGHUh:LJJHULQJ+ +HOPLQJ.Multifunctional Land Use:
Meeting Future Demands for Landscape Goods and Services6SULQJHU%HUOLQ
+HLGHOEHUJ

0DUFXV & & )UDQFLV & People Places: Design Guidlines for
Urban Open Space-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV

0F*O\QQ 6 6PLWK * $OFRFN $ 0XUUDLQ 3 %HQWOH\ ,
Responsive Environments7D\ORU )UDQFLV

0H\HU% 'HJRUVNL0,QWHJUDWLRQRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOJRDOVLQWRODQG
XVH ± WKH SODQQLQJ SHUVSHFWLYH ,Q h 0DQGHU + :LJJHULQJ . +HOPLQJ
(GV Multifunctional Land Use: Meeting Future Demands for Landscape
Goods and Services6SULQJHU

0RXJKWLQ&Urban Design: Street and Square7D\ORU )UDQFLV

0XEDUDN . Case-based reasoning for design composition in
architecture.&DUQHJLH0HOORQ8QLYHUVLW\

0OOHU ' * )DYHW 1 6XVWDLQDEOH DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG XUEDQLVP
FRQFHSWVWHFKQRORJLHVH[DPSOHV%LUNKDXVHU9HUODJ*PE+

0OOHU-0OOHU6%DXU+ 0D\HU),QWUDLQGLYLGXDOJDLWVSHHG
YDULDELOLW\LQKHDOWK\FKLOGUHQDJHG [\HDUVGait & Posture, 38

1DYHK = 7HQ PDMRU SUHPLVHV IRU D KROLVWLF FRQFHSWLRQ RI
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ODQGVFDSHV Landscape and Urban Planning, 57±

1D\\HUL 5 &DVH%DVHG 5HDVRQLQJ&%5 ,Q $ 8 R 7HFKQRORJ\
(GWHKUDQ,UDQ$PLUNDELU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
1J ( 'HVLJQLQJ +LJKGHQVLW\ &LWLHV IRU 6RFLDO DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO
6XVWDLQDELOLW\(DUWKVFDQ//&

2(&' Multifunctionality: Towards an Analytical Framework 3DULV
2UJDQLVDWLRQIRU(FRQRPLF&R2SHUDWLRQ$QG'HYHORSPHQW

2OOLNDLQHQ0/-XVVLMultifunctional Agriculture: The Effect of Non-
Public Goods on Socially Optimal Policies3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQJUHVVRI(XURSHDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI$JULFXOWXUDO(FRQRPLVWV
&RSHQKDJHQ'HQPDUN

2WWH $ 6LPPHULQJ ' :ROWHUV 9 %LRGLYHUVLW\ DW WKH ODQGVFDSH
OHYHO UHFHQW FRQFHSWV DQG SHUVSHFWLYHV IRU PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ODQG XVH
Landscape Ecology, 22

2[IRUG5HWULHYHGIURPZZZR[IRUGGLFWLRQDULHVFRP

3pUH]6RED03HWLW6-RQHV/%HUWUDQG1%ULTXHO92PRGHL=RULQL
/ HW DO /DQG 8VH )XQFWLRQV ± D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DSSURDFK ,Q .
+HOPLQJ 0 3pUH]6RED 3 DEEXVK (GV Sustainability Impact
Assessment of Land Use Changes SS %HUOLQ 6SULQJHU %HUOLQ
+HLGHOEHUJ

3LQWR $ - 5HPHVDU $ Thinking Public Spaces for Low Carbon
Cities3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKHWK,62&$53&RQJUHVV
3LRUU $ 0OOHU . Rural Landscapes and Agricultural Policies in
Europe6SULQJHU%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ

3RSXODWLRQ UHIHUHQFH EXUHDX :RUOG3RSXODWLRQ'DWD 6KHHW 81
+XPDQ'HYHORSPHQW5HSRUW8QLWHG1DWLRQV

3RWVFKLQ0%.OXJ+ +DLQHV<RXQJ5+Futures, 42

3RXUEDNKW 0 )XMLL $ &RQFHSWXDO XUEDQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ IURP ]RQDO
WUDQVLWLRQWRPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVSDFHVInterdisciplinary Themes Journal, 1.1

5RGHQEXUJ & $ 1LMNDPS 3 'H *URRW + / ) 9HUKRHI ( 7
:LOOLQJQHVV WR 3D\ IRU 0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO 0HJDSURMHFWV $ 6WDWHG 3UHIHUHQFH
$QDO\VLV $PRQJ )LUPV LQ WKH $PVWHUGDP =XLGDV $UHD European Planning
Studies, 18

5RGHQEXUJ & $ 1LMNDPS 3 *URRW + / ) G 9HUKRHI ( 7
5HVLGHQWV¶ EHQHILWV HYDOXDWLRQ RI XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW SODQV Tinbergen
Institute, 023

5RGHQEXUJ&$9UHHNHU5 1LMNDPS30XOWLIXQFWLRQDOODQGXVH
DQ HFRQRPLF SHUVSHFWLYH ,Q & $ 5RGHQEXUJ 5 9UHHNHU 3 1LMNDPS
(GV The Economics of Multifunctional Land Use: Experiences and Policy
Lessons0DDVWULFKW6KDNHU3XEOLVKLQJ

5XG\6Roman Jakobson: 1896 - 1982. A Complete Bibliography of
His Writings'H*UX\WHU

6DDW\7/The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority Setting,
Resource Allocation0F*UDZ+LOO

6DDW\ 7 / Decision Making for Leaders: The Analytic Hierarchy
Process for Decisions in a Complex World5:63XEOLFDWLRQV

6DDW\7/ 3HQLZDWL.Group Decision Making: Drawing Out and
Reconciling Differences5:63XEOLFDWLRQV

6DHLGL 5H]YDQL 1 3ODQQLQJ DQG GHVLJQ ]RQLQJ D WRRO RU D EDUULHU
Urban management (in persian), 7

6DXQGHUV 0 /HZLV 3 7KRUQKLOO $ Research Methods for
Business Students)LQDQFLDO7LPHV3UHQWLFH+DOO

6RXOH ' & Urban sprawl: a comprehensive reference guide
*UHHQZRRG3XEOLVKLQJ*URXS,QFRUSRUDWHG

6TXLUHV * ' 8UEDQ 6SUDZO &DXVHV &RQVHTXHQFHV DQG 3ROLF\
5HVSRQVHV8UEDQ,QVWLWXWH3UHVV

7KULIW1- 3UHG$Time-geography: A New Beginning,QVWLWXWHRI
8UEDQ 5HJLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD%HUNHOH\

7KRPSVRQ&: 7UDYORX3Open Space: People Space7D\ORU
)UDQFLV

7UHVV % 7UHVV * 'pFDPSV + G¶+DXWHVHUUH $0 %ULGJLQJ
KXPDQ DQG QDWXUDO VFLHQFHV LQ ODQGVFDSH UHVHDUFK Landscape and Urban
Planning, 57±

8UEDQ 'HVLJQ $VVRFLDWHV *LQGUR] 5 /HYLQH . 7KH 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ
+DQGERRN7HFKQLTXHVDQG:RUNLQJ0HWKRGV6HFRQG(GLWLRQ1RUWRQ

9DQ /HHXZHQ ( 1LMNDPS 3 GH 1RURQKD 9D] 7 7KH
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO XVH RI XUEDQ JUHHQVSDFH International Journal of Agricultural
Sustainability, 8

9DQ 6FKDLFN - 9DQ 'HU 6SHN 6 & 8UEDQLVP RQ 7UDFN
$SSOLFDWLRQRI7UDFNLQJ7HFKQRORJLHVLQ8UEDQLVP,263UHVV

9D](69/31717KHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOXVHRIXUEDQ
JUHHQVSDFHJournal of Agricultural Sustainability, 8

9HORVR0 $DPRGW$Case-Based Reasoning Research and
Development: First International Conference, ICCBR-95, Sesimbra, Portugal,
October 23 - 26, 1995. Proceedings6SULQJHU%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ

9HUKRHI59+/)G*(78UEDQ0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO/DQG8VH
7KHRUHWLFDODQG(PSLULFDO,QVLJKWVRQ(FRQRPLHVRI6FDOH6FRSHDQG
'LYHUVLW\Built Environment, 30

9UHHNHU5*URRW+/)' 9HUKRHI(78UEDQ0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO
/DQG8VH 7KHRUHWLFDODQG(PSLULFDO ,QVLJKWVRQ(FRQRPLHVRI6FDOH6FRSH
DQG'LYHUVLW\Built Environment, 30

:DUQHU 6 % :KLWWHPRUH $ American Urban Form: A
Representative History0,73UHVV

:KLWWLFN$DE. Design and Environment5&3XEOLFDWLRQV

:LOVRQ * $ 0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUH D WUDQVLWLRQ WKHRU\
SHUVSHFWLYH&$%,

:72 International Trade Statistics 2015 - Annual Report 5HWULHYHG
IURPKWWSVZZZZWRRUJHQJOLVKUHVBHVWDWLVBHLWVBHLWVBWRFBHKWP

<LQ5.&DVH6WXG\5HVHDUFK'HVLJQDQG0HWKRGV6$*(
3XEOLFDWLRQV

=HLGOHU ( + Multi-use architecture in the urban context 9DQ
1RVWUDQG5HLQKROG

$QQH[,6WXGLHG&DVHV

32363ULYDWHO\2ZQHG3XEOLF6SDFHV 86$1HZ<RUN
Multifunctional

3ULYDWHO\ 2ZQHG 3XEOLF 6SDFH SULYDWH SURSHUWLHV WKDW VHUYH DV SXEOLF VSDFHV 7KH
RSHQ FRPSOH[ LV UHVWULFWHG WR DGPLQLVWUDWLYH VWDII LQ WKH GD\ DQG VHUYHV WKH SXEOLF
HYHQLQJVDQGZHHNHQGV

6RXUFHV
KWWSQ\FJRYKWPOGFSKWPOSULYSULYVKWPO

%DQNVLGH 8./RQGRQ
Multifunctional

%DQNVLGH UHSUHVHQWV WKH QH[W ORJLFDO VWHS LQ WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH 6RXWK
%DQNEXLOGLQJRQWKHVXFFHVVRIQHDUE\7DWH0RGHUQ,WFRQVLVWVRIWKUHHEXLOGLQJV

RQ D SULPH VLWH EHWZHHQ 7DWH 0RGHUQ DQG 6RXWKZDUN 6WUHHW 7RJHWKHU WKH\ VSDQ
RIRIILFHVSDFHDQGVTXDUHIHHWRIUHWDLODFFRPPRGDWLRQDOOOLQNHGE\
DVHULHVRISHGHVWULDQWKRURXJKIDUHVDQGSXEOLFVSDFHV,QNHHSLQJZLWKWKHVSLULWRI
WKHDUHDZHKDYHPDGHDPDMRULQYHVWPHQWLQSXEOLFDUWLQFOXGLQJWKH0RQXPHQWWR
WKH 8QNQRZQ $UWLVW DQ DQLPDWURQLF DUWZRUN WKDW PLPLFV WKH ERG\ ODQJXDJH RI
SDVVLQJ SHGHVWULDQV $ VHULHV RI LPDJLQDWLYH HYHQWV LQFOXGLQJ RXU *UHDW %ULWLVK
6XPPHUKDVDOVRKHOSHGLQMHFWDVHQVHRIHQHUJ\DQGFRPPXQLW\LQWRWKHDUHD

6RXUFHV
KWWSODQGVHFXULWLHVORQGRQFRPSRUWIROLREDQNVLGH

0L[HGXVHSDWKV083V :RUOGZLGH
Mixed-use

3DWKVIRUSHGHVWULDQVF\FOLVWV

6RXUFHV
KWWSORYHO\ELNHEORJVSRWIUVKDULQJVSDFHZLWKSHGHVWULDQVKWPO

6WUHHW%DGPLQWRQ 9LHWQDP

Multifunctional

7KHVLGHZDONVLQ9LHWQDPDUHDOVRDEDGPLQWRQHTXLSSHGSOD\JURXQG

6RXUFHV
KWWSWQKYLHWQDP[HP]LFRPHQJURXSVKRZ%DGPLQWRQ

6WUHHW&DIHVWHUUDVVH :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

7KHVLGHZDONVDOORZFDIHWDEOHVDQGVKRSZDUHVWREHGLVSOD\HGRQWKHVWUHHW

6RXUFHV
ZZZOHFDIHSDULVLHQFRP
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL3DULVLDQBFDIp

5LYHU6PDUW+RPHV 86$:DVKLQJWRQ'&
Multifunctional

7KH5LYHU6PDUW+RPHVSURJUDPRIIHUVLQFHQWLYHVWRKRPHRZQHUVLQWHUHVWHGLQ
UHGXFLQJVWRUPZDWHUSROOXWLRQIURPWKHLUSURSHUWLHV7KLV'LVWULFWZLGHSURJUDPRIIHUV
LQFHQWLYHVWRKRPHRZQHUVLQWHUHVWHGLQUHGXFLQJVWRUPZDWHUUXQRIIIURPWKHLU
SURSHUWLHV+RPHRZQHUVUHFHLYHXSWRWRDGRSWRQHRUPRUHRIWKHIROORZLQJ
ODQGVFDSHHQKDQFHPHQWV

6RXUFHV
KWWSGGRHGFJRYULYHUVPDUWKRPHV

1HWKHUODQG
:RRQHUI
Mixed-use

$ ZRRQHUI LV D OLYLQJ VWUHHW ZKHUH SHGHVWULDQV DQG F\FOLVWV KDYH OHJDO SULRULW\ RYHU
PRWRULVWV DV LPSOHPHQW LQ WKH 1HWKHUODQGV DQG LQ )ODQGHUV 7HFKQLTXHV LQFOXGH

VKDUHG VSDFH WUDIILF FDOPLQJ DQG ORZ VSHHG OLPLWV 8QGHU $UWLFOH RI WKH 'XWFK
WUDIILFFRGHPRWRUL]HGWUDIILFLQDZRRQHUIRUUHFUHDWLRQDUHDLVUHVWULFWHGWRZDONLQJ
SDFH ,Q WKH 8. WKHVH DUH FDOOHG KRPH ]RQHV ,Q WKH 86$ FRPSOHWH VWUHHWV DUH D
VLPLODUFRQFHSWZKHUHHTXDOSULRULW\LVJLYHQWRDOOPRGHVRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQFOXGLQJ
DXWRPRELOHVELF\FOHVDQGSHGHVWULDQV

6RXUFHV
KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL:RRQHUI
KWWSVWUHHWVZLNLZLNLVSDFHVFRP:RRQHUI

:HHNO\PDUNHWV0DUFKp+HEGRPDGDLUH )UDQFH
Multifunctional

7KHPDUNHWVIRUIUXLWVDQGYHJHWDEOHVRQFHRUWZLFHDZHHNLQSDUNLQJORWVVTXDUHV
RUSOD]DV

6RXUFHV
KWWSPDUFKHGHIUDQFHRUJDJHQGDPDUFKHVZHHNO\DDVS

)ULGD\SUD\HUV ,UDQ7HKUDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI
7HKUDQ

Multifunctional

-XPX
DK)ULGD\SUD\HULVDFRQJUHJDWLRQDOSUD\HUWKDW0XVOLPVKROGHYHU\)ULGD\,Q
7HKUDQ7KH)ULGD\SUD\HUWDNHVSDUWDW8QLYHUVLW\RI7HKUDQ,Q,UDQWKHZHHNHQGLV
RQ)ULGD\V

6RXUFHV
*KDIRXUL

0RVDOOD ,UDQ7HKUDQ
Multifunctional

/RFDWHG LQ WKH FDSLWDO FLW\ RI ,UDQ WKH ,PDP .KRPHLQL 0RVTXH 0RVDOOD LV
FRQVLGHUHG DV RQH RI WKH EHWWHU YHQXHV IRU KRVWLQJ YDULRXV NLQGV RI EXVLQHVV DQG
DFDGHPLF HYHQWV DQG FRQIHUHQFHV (DV\ WR UHDFK DQG FRQQHFWHG WR WKH PDMRU
GHVWLQDWLRQV E\ 7KH ,PDP .KRPHLQL ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $LUSRUW ZKLFK LV DURXQG
NLORPHWHUVDZD\IURPWKHFHQWHURIWKHFLW\,QDGGLWLRQWRSURYLGLQJDKXJHVSDFHIRU
DFFRPPRGDWLQJ FRUSRUDWH SURJUDPV WKH PRVTXH DOVR ERDVWV RI WHFKQRORJLFDOO\

DGYDQFHGHTXLSPHQWVZKLFKPDNHLWFRQYHQLHQWIRUWKHRUJDQL]HUVWRDUUDQJHHYHQWV
6WDWH RI WKH DUW DXGLR YLVXDO V\VWHPV DORQJ ZLWK ZLUHOHVV FRQQHFWLYLW\ DLG WR WKH
VXFFHVVIXO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VXFK SURJUDPV 7KH ,PDP .KRPHLQL 0RVDOOD DOVR
IRUPVRQHRIWKHPRVWSRSXODUWRXULVWDWWUDFWLRQVIRUWKHYLVLWRUVWR7HKUDQ

6RXUFHV
KWWSEL]WUDGHVKRZVFRPYHQXHVLPDPNKRPHLQLPRVDOODKWPO
KWWSDEDVDEDGWHKUDQLUGHIDXOWDVS["WDELG

3DULV3ODJHV3DULV%HDFKHV )UDQFH3DULV
Multifunctional

7KH VXPPHU WUDQVIRUPV 3DULV 7KH FLW\VFDSH GRQV JUHHQHU\ DQG WKH ULYHUVLGH
WKRURXJKIDUHVEHFRPHFDUIUHHUHVRUWV7KH3DULV3ODJHV3DULV%HDFKHVRSHUDWLRQ
NLFNVRIIRQRUDURXQGWK-XO\DQGODVWVIRXUZHHNV,WEHJDQLQ$6HLQHVLGH
KROLGD\7KDWLQDQXWVKHOOLVZKDW3DULV3ODJHVLVDOODERXW±FRPSOHWHZLWKVDQG\
EHDFKHV GHFNFKDLUV XELTXLWRXV LFH FUHDP VHOOHUV DQG FRQFHUWV IRU )UHQFK DQG
IRUHLJQJXHVWV+ROLGD\PDNHUVDWWKH%DVVLQGHOD9LOOHWWH3DULVFDQDOVRERUURZ
ERRNV IUHH RI FKDUJH SOD\ EHDFK YROOH\ WDNH DQ DTXD J\P FODVV LQ D PLQL SRRO RU
ND\DNDURXQGWKHODNH±RURIFRXUVHMXVWFKLOODQGHQMR\7KH6HLQH¶VEDQNVEHFRPH
SHGHVWULDQ DQG WKH EHDFKHV DUH VSUHDG DFURVV WKUHH VSRWV /RXYUH3RQW GH 6XOO\
3RUWGHOD*DUHDQG%DVVLQGHOD9LOOHWWH

6RXUFHV
KWWSSSVRUJJUHDWBSXEOLFBVSDFHVRQH"SXEOLFBSODFHBLG
KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNLSDULVSODJHV

'HV MDUGLQV FROOHFWLIV 3RWDJHUV XUEDLQV )UDQFH6WUDVERXUJ
FROOHFWLIVVKDUHGJDUGHQV
Innovation

$QLGHDIRUEULQJLQJWKHQDWXUHLQWRWKHFLW\DVDIHHGLQJVRXUFHLQDOOQHLJKERUKRRGV

6RXUFHV
KWWSVWUDVERXUJHXHQYLURQQHPHQWTXDOLWHGHYLHELRGLYHUVLWHHQYLOOHMDUGLQV
QRXUULFLHUVOHVGLIIHUHQWHVIDFRQVGHMDUGLQHU
KWWSVWUDVERXUJHXHQYLURQQHPHQWTXDOLWHGHYLHELRGLYHUVLWHHQYLOOHMDUGLQV
QRXUULFLHUVOHVMDUGLQVIDPLOLDX[ORXHUIDT
KWWSFXHMLQIREORJVOHSRWDJHUXUEDLQFROOHFWLISUHQGUDFLQH

8QLRQ6WUHHW8UEDQ2UFKDUG 8./RQGRQ
Innovation

3URGXFLQJ IRRG LQ D JDUGHQ LQ WKH KHDUW RI D QHLJKERUKRRG WKDW RIIHUV IUXLWV DQG
YHJHWDEOHVWRWKHQHLJKERUV

6RXUFHV
KWWSGH]HHQFRPXQLRQVWUHHWXUEDQRUFKDUGE\KHDWKHUULQJ
KWWSXQLRQVWUHHWRUFKDUGRUJXN

8UEDQIDUPLQJ&RPPXQLW\JDUGHQV 86$
Innovation

3URGXFLQJIRRGLQXUEDQVSDFHVE\WKHUHVLGHQWVRIWKHQHLJKERUKRRG

6RXUFHV
KWWSXUEDQHDWLQFRPDERXWXUEDQHDWLQJDUGHQHUVZLQQLSHJ
KWWSFLW\IDUPHULQIRQXHVWUDVUDLFHVSURPRWHVXUEDQDJULFXOWXUHLQ
KRO\RNHPDVVDFKXVHWWV

6FKRRO)DUPV 86$
Innovation

3URGXFLQJIRRGLQVFKRRO\DUGVE\FKLOGUHQ

6RXUFHV
KWWSFKLOGUHQVIDUPRUJ
KWWSVZZZZKROHNLGVIRXQGDWLRQRUJUHVRXUFHVVFKRROJDUGHQUHVRXUFHV

-DUGLQGH/X[HPEXUJ )UDQFH3DULV
Multifunctional

3RUWDEOHVKDUHGFKDLUV

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL/X[HPERXUJB3DODFH

6SDQLVKSOD]DV 6SDLQ
Mixed-use

+LJKO\PL[HGXVHDUHDVDFWLYH

6RXUFHV
ZZZWRWDOO\VSDLQWUDYHOFRPEHVWSOD]DVLQVSDLQ
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL3OD]D

0HHWLQJ%RZOV 86$1HZ<RUN
Multifunctional

6SDQLVKFROODERUDWLYHKDVFUHDWHGDQHZVWUHHWIXUQLWXUHLQVWDOODWLRQZKLFKFUHDWHVDQ
LQWLPDWHFRQYHUVDWLRQHQYLURQPHQWLQWKHFHQWHURI0DQKDWWDQ
VEXVLHVWSOD]D

6RXUFHV
KWWSSVINFRPPHHWLQJERZOVQ\FVWUHHWIXUQLWXUHIRUVSRQWDQHRXVGLDORJ
SLFVKWPO

)DLUJURXQGV :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

7KH SHUPDQHQW YHQXH RI H[SRVLWLRQV LQ GLIIHUHQW FLWLHV LQ WKH WLPHV WKDW LW GRHV QRW
KROGH[SRVLWLRQVFRXOGEHXVHGIRURWKHUIXQFWLRQVDQGDFWLYLWLHV

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL3DUTXHBGDVB1D&$&%HV
KWWSMGVIUVWUDVERXUJSDUFH[SRDOVDFHSDUFGHVH[SRVLWLRQVGXZDFNHQB/

9RONHUWSODW] $XVWULD9LHQQD
Multifunctional

7KHVTXDUH¶VFHQWUHSURYLGHVVSDFHIRUVHWWLQJXSDWHPSRUDU\VWDJH

6RXUFHV
KWWSFHQWUDOHXILOHDGPLQXVHUBXSORDG'RZQORDGVRXWSXWOLE
8UEVSDFHBB'HVLJQBDUFKLWHFWXUDOBDVSHFWVB35SGI

$LJHQVG $XVWULD6DO]EXUJ
Multifunctional

:LWKLQ WKH PDVWHU SODQ RI WKH KRXVLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH SURWDJRQLVWV DUWLFXODWHG
IROORZLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO SULQFLSOHV IRU WKH RSHQ VSDFH 7KH GHILFLWV RI JUHHQ VSDFH
VXSSO\ IRU WKH VXUURXQGLQJ TXDUWHUV DUH WR EH FRQVLGHUHG GXULQJ WKH SODQQLQJ %\
PHDQV RI D GLIIHUHQWLDWHG V\VWHP RI SXEOLF SDWKV KDOISXEOLF DUHDV DQG SULYDWH

JDUGHQV QRW RQO\ WR IRUP D YLWDO UHVLGHQWLDO SURMHFW EXW DOVR WR SDVV WKLV LPSXOVH WR
DGMDFHQWFLW\TXDUWHUV

6RXUFHV
KWWSFHQWUDOHXILOHDGPLQXVHUBXSORDG'RZQORDGVRXWSXWOLE
8UEVSDFHBB'HVLJQBDUFKLWHFWXUDOBDVSHFWVB35SGI
KWWSHXURSHDQJUHHQFLWLHVFRPFLW\%XLOGLQJDXVWULDDVS

,QQLFKHQ ,WDO\6DQ&DQGLGR
Multifunctional

3HGHVWULDQ=RQH,QQLFKHQE\$OOHV:LUG*XW'HSHQGLQJRQVHDVRQPLGVHDVRQWKH
DWPRVSKHUHRIWKHSHGHVWULDQ]RQHFKDQJHVDORW7KHRSHQVSDFHDQGWKHVXUIDFHV
DUH GHVLJQHG ³UHDFWLYHO\´ VR WKH FRPPXQH FDQ UHDFW WR WKH RFFXUULQJ VHDVRQDO
FKDQJHVDQGPRGLI\WKHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHYLOODJH

6RXUFHV
KWWSODQGH]LQHFRPLQGH[SKSSHGHVWULDQ]RQHLQQLFKHQ

2VPRVH )UDQFH
Mixed-use

%XLOGLQJWKHEXVVWDWLRQRIWKHIXWXUH

6RXUFHV
KWWSUDWSIUHQUDWSUBRVPRVHEXLOGLQJWKHEXVVWDWLRQRIWKHIXWXUHSULQW

7KH&LUFOH 86$,/1RUPDO
Multifunctional

,W¶VDPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOVKDUHGVSDFHWKDWSURYLGHVHQWHUWDLQPHQWDQGDFWLYLWLHVIRUWKH
FRPPXQLW\ DQG YLVLWRUV DOLNH DOO \HDU ORQJ 7KH &LUFOH DOVR UHF\FOHV VWRUPZDWHU
UHFLUFXODWLQJLWLQWRWKHSXEOLFGULQNLQJIRXQWDLQVDQGLUULJDWLRQV\VWHP,W¶VDSOHDVDQW
SODFHWRVLWDQGUHOD[ DQGLWVKRPHWRDIDUPHUVPDUNHWDVZHOO7KH&LUFOH FROOHFWV
VWRUPZDWHU IURP WKH VXUURXQGLQJ VWUHHWVFDSHV ZKHUH LW LV ILOWHUHG IRU H[FHVV GHEULV
8OWUD YLROHW OLJKW HQHUJ\ KHOSV GHVWUR\ PLFURRUJDQLVPV ZLWKRXW XVLQJ KDUPIXO
FKHPLFDOVEHIRUHLWLVSXPSHGXSWKURXJKWKH&LUFOH¶V³ERJ´SODQWV7KHVHSODQWVDOVR
KHOSWRFOHDQWKHZDWHUE\ILOWHULQJH[FHVVVHGLPHQWVDQGDEVRUEWR[LQVLQWKHZDWHU

/LNH DQFLHQW 5RPDQ DTXHGXFWV JUDYLW\ PRYHV WKH ZDWHU WKURXJK IRXU ERJ SRROV
ZKHUH LW HYHQWXDOO\ WHUPLQDWHV LQWR WKH IRXQWDLQ WXUEXOHQFH SRRO +HUH LW FDQ EH
HQMR\HGE\WKHSXEOLFDVDZDWHUIHDWXUH

6RXUFHV
KWWSSSVRUJEORJ\RXUSLFNVIRUWKHWRSSXEOLFVSDFHVLQWKHXVDQGFDQDGD

7HPSOH6TXDUH 86$&71HZ+DYHQ
Mixed-use

/RFDWHGLQWKHKHDUWRIGRZQWRZQ1HZ+DYHQ&77HPSOH3OD]DZDVFUHDWHGLQWKH
V E\ KROORZLQJ RXW WKH FUXPEOLQJ LQWHULRU RI D ODUJH FLW\ EORFN 6PDOO DQG
LUUHJXODUO\VKDSHG LW LV ERUGHUHG E\ XWLOLWDULDQ FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV PHWDO ILUH VWDLUV
DQG ZDONZD\V EULFN ZDOOV FRQFUHWH FROXPQV DQG D GUDPDWLF FRUNVFUHZ H[LW UDPS
IURPWKHSDUNLQJJDUDJH7LJKWO\HQFORVHGDQGZLWKYLVWDVREVWUXFWHGE\ORQJQDUURZ
SDVVDJHZD\V WKH SOD]D FRQWDLQV RXWGRRU FDIHV VWDLUV WR SHUFK RQ IRXQWDLQV
FDVFDGLQJ VWHSV DQG D VPDOO ODZQ IRU SLFQLFV RU D OXQFKWLPH QDS 7KH GUDPDWLF
VFXOSWXUDO SUHVHQFH RI WKH FXUYLQJ FRQFUHWH UDPS RI WKH SDUNLQJ JDUDJH LQVSLUHG
6ZLVV DUWLVW )HOLFH 9DULQL ZKRVH
6TXDUH ZLWK IRXU FLUFOHV
LQVWDOODWLRQ RSHQHG LQ
7HPSOH3OD]DLQ-XQH

6RXUFHV
KWWSSODQHWL]HQFRPWRSSXEOLFVSDFHV

&DPSXV0DUWLXV3DUN 86$'HWURLW0LFKLJDQ
Mixed-use

%HFDXVH RI D UHYLWDOL]HG &DPSXV 0DUWLXV SHRSOH DUH FRPLQJ EDFN WR GRZQWRZQ
'HWURLW WR KHDU FRQFHUWV ZDWFK RXWGRRU PRYLHV DGPLUH WKH HYHUFKDQJLQJ IORZHU
JDUGHQV GHOLJKW LQ WKH IRXQWDLQV PHHW D GDWH DW WKH 3DUN &DIH RU VLPSO\ VLW DQG
UHOD[$NH\DFFRPSOLVKPHQWRI&DPSXV0DUWLXVKDVEHHQLWVDELOLW\WRDWWUDFWYLVLWRUV
RI DOO NLQGV &DPSXV 0DUWLXV LV ORFDWHG LQ WKH FHQWHU RI 'HWURLW
V &HQWUDO %XVLQHVV
'LVWULFWDURXJKO\RQHPLOHVTXDUHDUHDIUDPHGE\WKUHHPDMRUURDGVDQGWKH'HWURLW
5LYHU,WFRQWDLQVJUDVV\ODZQVJUDYHOZDONZD\VDQGLQIRUPDOVHDWLQJIRUPRUHWKDQ
SHRSOHRQZDOOVEHQFKHVVWHSVDQGPRYDEOHFKDLUV7ZRUHWUDFWDEOHVWDJHV
ZLWKOLJKWDQGVRXQGHTXLSPHQWFDQEHPRYHGLQWRSRVLWLRQIRUHYHQWV$QLFHVNDWLQJ
ULQNILOOVPXFKRIWKHSDUNIURP1RYHPEHUWR0DUFK$Q$X%RQ3DLQRIIHUVFDIpIRRG
\HDUURXQG ZLWK ERWK LQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH VHDWLQJ DQG ZLUHOHVV ,QWHUQHW LV DYDLODEOH
WKURXJKRXW WKH SDUN 3pWDQTXH DQG ERFFH EDOO FRXUWV SURYLGH DFWLYH XVHV D FHQWUDO
IRXQWDLQZLWKZDWHUZDOOVDQGWKHUHVWRUHG6ROGLHUVDQG6DLORUV0RQXPHQWDGGWKHLU
RZQ IODYRUV 7KH VSDFH LV GHVLJQHG WR PD[LPL]H WKH QXPEHU DQG W\SHV RIDFWLYLWLHV
WKDW FDQ WDNH SODFH DQG LV VXIILFLHQWO\ IOH[LEOH WR DOORZ FKDQJHV WR DQG HYROXWLRQ RI
WKHVSDFH

6RXUFHV

&LW\$UW:DONLQJ6FXOSWXUH7RXU 86$0LQQHVRWD0DQNDWR
Innovation

1RW XQOLNH WKH PRUH DX FRXUDQW SUDFWLFH RI WDFWLFDO XUEDQLVP DUW IDLUV DQG
FRPSHWLWLRQVDUHHQOLYHQLQJVSDFHVDFURVVWKH86PRVWQRWDEO\LQ*UDQG5DSLGV
0LFKLJDQ0DQNDWR0LQQHVRWD
V&LW\$UW:DONLQJ6FXOSWXUHWRXULVFXOWLYDWLQJDOLYHO\
DQGDFWLYHVWUHHWOLIHLQWKHFLW\FHQWHU7KLVSURMHFWKDVEHHQZDUPO\UHFHLYHGIRULWV
LPSURYHPHQW WR VLGHZDON DHVWKHWLFV DQG KLJKO\ UHJDUGHG IRU LWV DELOLW\ WR DWWUDFW
YLVLWRUVWRVKRSVDQGUHVWDXUDQWVRQRUQHDUWKHWRXUVSDWK/DXQFKHGLQWKH6SULQJRI
WZHQW\ILYH VFXOSWXUHV E\ DUWLVWV IURP DURXQG WKH ZRUOG DUH DUUDQJHG RQ
SHGHVWDOVDQGDUHGLVSOD\HGIRUDIXOO\HDU0DSVDQGEDOORWVDORQJWKHEORFNURXWH
DQGWKHSXEOLFDUHHQFRXUDJHGWRYRWHIRUWKHLUIDYRULWH7KHZLQQHULVSXUFKDVHGDQG
SODFHGLQWKHSXEOLFDUWFROOHFWLRQRIWKH&LW\&HQWHU

6RXUFHV
KWWSFLW\DUWPDQNDWRFRPOD]\BGD\V

%U\DQW3DUN 86$1HZ<RUN
Mixed-use

6LQFH LWV UHVWRUDWLRQ LQ WKH V %U\DQW 3DUN ± RULJLQDOO\ EXLOW \HDUV HDUOLHU ±
KDV EHFRPH RQH RI WKH EHVW QHZ XUEDQ SDUNV LQ WKH ZRUOG ,WV RYHUDOO GHVLJQ DQG
HOHPHQWV VXSSRUW D UDQJH RI DFWLYLWLHV DQG XVHV IRU SHRSOH ZKR ZRUN VKRS RU OLYH
QHDUE\ DV ZHOO DV WKRVH ZKR DUH MXVW YLVLWLQJ /RFDWHG LQ WKH KHDUW RI PLGWRZQ
0DQKDWWDQDGMDFHQWWRWKH1HZ<RUN3XEOLF/LEUDU\PDLQEUDQFKDQGGR]HQVRIKLJK
ULVHFRUSRUDWHRIILFHVDQGKHDGTXDUWHUVWKHTXLHWODZQVDQGWUHHOLQHGSDWKVSURYLGH
DFULWLFDOUHVSLWHIURPWKHEX]]VWUHVVDQGHQHUJ\RIWKHFLW\7KHSDUN
VFHQWHULVD
WKUHHDFUH RSHQ JUHHQ VXUURXQGHG E\ WDOO DUFKLQJ WUHHV .LRVNV DW LWV QRUWKZHVW
FRUQHURIIHUFRIIHHDQGOLJKWPHDOV0RUHWKDQOLJKWZHLJKWFKDLUVFDQEHPRYHG
WKURXJKRXW WKH SDUN GXULQJ JRRG ZHDWKHU YLVLWRUV FDQ UHQW SLHFHV IRU FKHVV DQG
EDFNJDPPRQ WDEOHV IURP WKH 1HZ <RUN &KHVV DQG %DFNJDPPRQ &OXE 2WKHU
DWWUDFWLRQVLQFOXGHIORZHUJDUGHQVDIRXQWDLQDWWKHZHVWHQGRIWKHSDUNSLQJSRQJ
DQGDYDULHW\RIYDQWDJHSRLQWVIURPZKLFKWRMXVWVLWDQGZDWFKWKHZRUOGJRHVE\,Q
WKHZLQWHULFHVNDWLQJWDNHVRYHUWKHODZQDUHDWKHULQNLVSRSXODUZLWKWRXULVWVDQG
1HZ<RUNHUVFLW\FLQHPD

6RXUFHV
KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL%U\DQWB3DUN

3LWWVEXUJK0DUNHW6TXDUH 86$3HQQV\OYDQLD3LWWVEXUJK
Mixed-use

0DUNHW6TXDUHLVDXQLTXHVSDFHLQWKHKHDUWRIGRZQWRZQ3LWWVEXUJKZLWKDVWRULHG
SDVW ,W¶V EHHQ WKH FHQWUDO VTXDUH LQ 3LWWVEXUJK¶V GRZQWRZQ VLQFH WKH WK FHQWXU\
DQGZDVWKHVLWHRIDSXEOLFVSDFHNQRZQDVWKH'LDPRQGRU'LDPRQG6TXDUHWKDW
ZDVGHPROLVKHGLQ7RNHHSWKHKLVWRULFVFDOHDQGVW\OHRIWKHGRZQWRZQLQWDFW
0DUNHW6TXDUHZDV GHVLJQDWHG DV3LWWVEXUJK¶VILUVWKLVWRULFGLVWULFWLQ6HYHUDO
UHGHVLJQ SURMHFWV IROORZHG VXLW *LYHQ LWV KLVWRU\ DQG FHQWUDO ORFDWLRQ WKH SODFH
VKRXOG KDYH EHHQ DQ DFWLYH VRFLDEOH GHVWLQDWLRQ EXW HYHQ DIWHU VHYHUDO UHGHVLJQV
WKHVTXDUHIORXQGHUHGDVWKHFHQWUDODUHDLQGRZQWRZQ,QPRUHUHFHQWGHFDGHVWKH
VTXDUHZDVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\GUXJXVHKHDY\EXVWUDIILFDQGORLWHULQJDQGHVSHFLDOO\
DIWHUSPGUHDU\HPSWLQHVV7KHUHIXUELVKHGVTXDUHIRRWSOD]DFRPELQHV
WKH IRXU TXDGUDQWV RI WKH ROG VTXDUH LQWR RQH ODUJH SHGHVWULDQRQO\ FHQWHU LVODQG
5DLVHG FXUEV DQG SODQWHUV ZHUH HOLPLQDWHG DQG WKH VTXDUH UHJUDGHG WR RQH
FRQVLVWHQWSODQH7KHUHGEULFNSDYLQJDQGZLWKHULQJSODQWVZHUHUHSODFHGE\PRGHUQ
SDYLQJ PDWHULDO DQG D OLJKWHUFRORUHG ODUJH FLUFXODU ULQJ WKDW GUDZV YLVLWRUV WR WKH
FHQWHURIWKHVTXDUH7KHQHZWUHHVZHUHSODQWHGLQIRXURUJDQL]HGFOXVWHUVQRGGLQJ
WRWKHKLVWRULFDOVWUHHWSDWWHUQVDQGWKHSUHYLRXVIRXUTXDGUDQWV7HPSRUDU\VHDWLQJ
DQGELVWURWDEOHVDUHDOVRVSUHDGRXWWKURXJKWKHSOD]D,QDGGLWLRQWRVHDWLQJLQWKH
VTXDUHLWVHOIQHZEULFNVLGHZDONVZHUHH[WHQGHGRQWKHVWUHHWVDURXQGWKHVTXDUH
DOORZLQJIRUH[SDQGHGFDIpVHDWLQJ

6RXUFHV
KWWSYLUWRXULVWFRPDPHULFDSLWWVEXUJKKWP

$UWV'LVWULFWDW%D\6WUHHW 86$:$%HOOLQJKDP
Mixed-use

%HOOLQJKDP
V GRZQWRZQ $UWV 'LVWULFW VSDQV WKH DUHD EHWZHHQ WKH FLYLF FHQWHU WR WKH
QRUWKDQGFRPPHUFLDOFRUHWRWKHVRXWKDQGDOVRFRQQHFWVWRWKH2OG7RZQGLVWULFW
DQG WKH %HOOLQJKDP %D\ ZDWHUIURQW 7KH FLW\ RI %HOOLQJKDP KDV GRQH D QXPEHU RI
VWUHHWVFDSH LPSURYHPHQWV WR PDNH WKH GLVWULFW PRUH ZDONDEOH DQG FRPPXQLW\
RULHQWHG LQFOXGLQJ WKH UHPRYDO RI KLJKYROXPH SDUNLQJ DQG QHZO\ ZLGHQHG
VLGHZDONV IRU D VDIHU PRUH SOHDVDQW SHGHVWULDQ H[SHULHQFH 5HVWDXUDQWV DQG
UHWDLOHUV KDYH EHHQ HQFRXUDJHG WR VSLOO RXW RQWR WKH VLGHZDONV DQG WKH DGGLWLRQ RI
EHQFKHVDQGSODQWLQJVPDNHVWKHVWUHHWVFDSHDWWUDFWLYHDQGIXQFWLRQDO3XEOLFSOD]DV
DUHEHLQJFUHDWHGDWWKH$UW &KLOGUHQ
V0XVHXPWKHOLEUDU\DQGNH\LQWHUVHFWLRQV
LQ WKH GRZQWRZQ GLVWULFW OLQNLQJ FXOWXUDO LQVWLWXWLRQV WR WKH FLW\VFDSH DQG SURPRWLQJ
PXOWLXVH FRPPXQLW\ JDWKHULQJ SODFHV 5HYLWDOL]DWLRQ LQ DQG DURXQG 0DULWLPH
+HULWDJH 3DUN LQFOXGLQJ FOHDQXSV ODQGVFDSLQJ DQG LQFUHDVHG DWWHQWLRQ WR ORFDO
DFWLYLWLHVDQGSDUNLQJKDYHDOUHDG\PDGHWKHSDUNDVDIHUPRUHHIIHFWLYHFRPPXQLW\
GHVWLQDWLRQ

6RXUFHV

%DOERD3DUN 86$&$6DQ'LHJR
Multifunctional

%DOERD 3DUN LV RQH RI WKH FLW\¶V PRVW SUL]HG DWWUDFWLRQV EHORYHG E\ ERWK UHVLGHQWV
DQGYLVLWRUV7KHDFUHSDUNRSHQHGLQLVRUJDQL]HGDURXQGDV\VWHPRI
LQWHUQDO SDWKV OHDGLQJ WR LWV FXOWXUDO DWWUDFWLRQV ,W LV KRPH WR RQH RI WKH EHVW
FROOHFWLRQV RI 6SDQLVK &RORQLDO 5HYLYDO DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV OHJDF\ RI
WKH FLW\
V GHFLVLRQ WR KRVW D 3DQDPD&DOLIRUQLD ([SRVLWLRQ LQ %DOERD 3DUN
GUDZV PLOOLRQ YLVLWRUV DQQXDOO\ DQG DWWUDFWV D GLYHUVH JURXS RI XVHUV 7KH
HGJHVRIWKHSDUNDUHZHOOLQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJQHLJKERUKRRGVDWWUDFWLQJ
D ODUJH QXPEHU RI ORFDOV DQG WKH DPD]LQJ FXOWXUDO FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG UHFUHDWLRQ
RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZLWKLQ LWV ERXQGDULHV GUDZ YLVLWRUV IURP DOO RYHU WKH ZRUOG 7KH OLYHO\
DWPRVSKHUHDQGIOH[LELOLW\RIUHFUHDWLRQDOVSDFHDOORZIRUQXPHURXVDFWLYLWLHVWRWDNH
SODFHLQFOXGLQJZHGGLQJVIHVWLYDOVSHUIRUPDQFHVSDLQWLQJDQGSDUDGHV

6RXUFHV
KWWSPLVVLRQED\YDFDWLRQUHQWDOVFRPVDQBGLHJRPLVVLRQBEHDFKWRSBGHVWLQDWLRQV

&KXUFK6WUHHW0DUNHWSODFH'LVWULFW 86$97%XUOLQJWRQ
Multifunctional

+LVWRULF&KXUFK6WUHHW0DUNHWSODFHLVSDUWRID1DWLRQDO5HJLVWHU+LVWRULF'LVWULFWZLWK
9LFWRULDQ DQG $UW 'HFR VWUXFWXUHV DV ZHOO DV PRGHUQ LQILOO EXLOGLQJV ,W ZDV EXLOW LQ
ZLWKWKHLQYROYHPHQWRIIRUZDUGWKLQNLQJSODQQHUVZKRVDZDQHHGIRUDVWURQJ
FLW\ FHQWHU IRU D VWURQJ LGHQWLW\ %XLOGLQJ KHLJKWV DUH UHVWULFWHG WR SUHVHUYH WKH
DSSHDUDQFH RI KLVWRULF VWUXFWXUHV DQG PDLQWDLQ JUHDW YLHZV RI /DNH &KDPSODLQ WKH
$GLURQGDFN 0RXQWDLQV DQG WKH )LUVW 8QLWDULDQ 8QLYHUVDOLVW 6RFLHW\ FKXUFK ZLWK LWV
FORFNWRZHUVWHHSOHEXLOWLQ=RQLQJSURPRWHVJURXQGIORRUUHWDLODQGXSSHUVWRU\
RIILFH DQG UHVLGHQWLDO XVHV 7KH 0DUNHWSODFH ZLWK IRXQWDLQV SXEOLF DUW VWUHHW
HQWHUWDLQHUV DQG YHQGRU FDUWV LV D FHQWUDO JDWKHULQJ SODFH IRU IHVWLYDOV VXFK DV WKH
0DJLF +DW 0DUGL *UDV SDUDGH LQ )HEUXDU\ DQG WKH 'LVFRYHU -D]] )HVWLYDO LQ
VXPPHU 'XULQJ WKH KROLGD\ VHDVRQ PRUH WKDQ ZKLWH OLJKWV LOOXPLQDWH WKH
IRXUEORFNORQJEULFNHGPDOO7KH0DUNHWSODFHDWWUDFWVQHDUO\WKUHHPLOOLRQYLVLWRUVD
\HDU

6RXUFHV

6WUHHW&KHVV &DQDGD
Multifunctional

'HVLJQHGILHOGVIRUSOD\LQJFROOHFWLYHFKHVVLQXUEDQVSDFHV

6RXUFHV
KWWSLQQHUVHOIFRPFRQWHQWSHUVRQDOKDSSLQHVVDQGVHOIKHOSSHUIRUPDQFH
FRPPXQLW\FHOHEUDWLRQVDQGGDQFLQJLQWKHVWUHHWVKWPO
KWWSDODP\FRPVWRFNSKRWRVWUHHWSDUW\PRQWUHDOFDQDGDKWPO

6WUHHW3LQJ3RQJ *HUPDQ\7XELQJHQ
Multifunctional

7KHSRUWDEOHWDEOHVIRUSOD\LQJSLQJSRQJEHWZHHQWKHEXLOGLQJVVTXDUHV

6RXUFHV
KWWSMXJHQGKHUEHUJHGHHQ\RXWKKRVWHOVWXHELQJHQOHLVXUHDFWLYLWLHV
KWWSQHZVGD\FRPWUDYHOVSRWVWRSOD\SLQJSRQJLQQ\F

&KDPUDQ%RXOHYDUG ,UDQ6KLUD]
Mixed-use

6LGHZDONRIDPDLQVWUHHWLQ6KLUD]ZLWKGLIIHUHQWSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUUHFUHDWLRQRUVRFLDO
DFWLYLWLHVOLNHDOLQHDUSDUN

6RXUFHV*KDIRXUL

,PDP6TXDUH ,UDQ,VIDKDQ
Multifunctional

1DTVKH-DKDQ6TXDUHNQRZQDV,PDP6TXDUHIRUPHUO\NQRZQDV6KDK6TXDUHLV
D VTXDUH VLWXDWHG DW WKH FHQWHU RI,VIDKDQFLW\,UDQ&RQVWUXFWHG EHWZHHQ DQG
LW LV QRZ DQ LPSRUWDQW KLVWRULFDO VLWH DQG RQH RI81(6&2
V:RUOG +HULWDJH
6LWHV,WLVPHWHUVZLGHE\PHWHUVORQJDQDUHDRIP7KHVTXDUH
LVVXUURXQGHGE\EXLOGLQJVIURPWKH6DIDYLGHUD7KH6KDK0RVTXHLVVLWXDWHGRQWKH
VRXWKVLGHRIWKLVVTXDUH2QWKHZHVWVLGHLVWKH$OL4DSX3DODFH6KHLNK/RWI$OODK
0RVTXHLV VLWXDWHG RQ WKH HDVWHUQ VLGH RI WKLV VTXDUH DQG WKH QRUWKHUQ VLGH RSHQV

LQWRWKH,VIDKDQ*UDQG%D]DDU7RGD\1DPDD]H-RP
HKWKH0XVOLP)ULGD\SUD\HU
DQGRWKHUVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOSURWHVWVDUHKHOGLQWKH6KDK0RVTXH

6RXUFHV
KWWSSSVRUJJUHDWBSXEOLFBVSDFHVRQH"SXEOLFBSODFHBLG
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL1DTVKHB-DKDQB6TXDUH

/D5DPEOD 6SDLQ%DUFHORQD
Multifunctional

/DV 5DPEODV LV WKHPRQXPHQWDO FHQWHUSLHFH RI OLIH LQ WKH &DWDODQ &DSLWDO ,W WKUREV
ZLWK$FWLYLW\DVFURZGVDWDOOKRXUVRIWKHGD\ILOHSDVWYHQGRUVIRRGPDUNHWVFDIHV
DQG KLVWRULF EXLOGLQJV LQFOXGLQJ WKH JUHDW /LFHX 2SHUD +RXVH 6XEGLYLGHG LQWR ILYH
VHSDUDWH 5DPEODV HDFK RI WKH GLIIHUHQW FKDUDFWHU DQG DWWUDFWLRQV DUH D OLYHO\
VXFFHVVLRQRIQHZVSDSHUNLRVNVIUHVKIORZHUVWDQGVELUGVHOOHUVDQGFURZGIULHQGO\
KXPDQVWDWXHVLQHODERUDWHO\FRQFHLYHGFRVWXPHVDQGIDFHSDLQW

6RXUFHV
KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL/DB5DPEODB%DUFHORQD

$OH[DQGHUSODW] *HUPDQ\%HUOLQ
Mixed-use

$OH[DQGHUSODW]LVDODUJHSXEOLFVTXDUHDQGWUDQVSRUWKXELQWKHFHQWUDO0LWWHGLVWULFW
RI%HUOLQ QHDU WKH )HUQVHKWXUP ,Q SODQV IRU D PDMRU UHGHYHORSPHQW LQFOXGLQJ
WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIVHYHUDOVN\VFUDSHUVZHUHSXEOLVKHGEXWGXHWRDODFNRIGHPDQG
LWLVXQOLNHO\WKHVHZLOOEHFRQVWUXFWHG+RZHYHUEHJLQQLQJZLWKWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
WKH.DXIKRIGHSDUWPHQWVWRUHLQDQGWKHELJJHVWXQGHUJURXQGUDLOZD\VWDWLRQRI
%HUOLQ VRPH EXLOGLQJV ZLOO EH UHGHVLJQHG DQG QHZ VWUXFWXUHV EXLOW RQ WKH VTXDUH
V
VRXWKHDVWHUQVLGH7KH$OH[DVKRSSLQJPDOOZLWKDSSUR[LPDWHO\VWRUHVRSHQHG
QHDUE\ GXULQJ DQG D ODUJH 6DWXUQ HOHFWURQLF VWRUH ZDV EXLOW DQG LV RSHQ RQ
$OH[DQGHUSODW]VLQFH

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$OH[DQGHUSODW]
KWWSVWDGWHQWZLFNOXQJEHUOLQGHEDXHQEDXELODQ]HQDOH[DQGHUSODW]KWPO

3DUDPDQD6TXDUH *UHHFH7KHUPL7KHVVDORQLNL
Multifunctional

7KHGHVLJQRIWKHFHQWUDOVTXDUHUHVSRQGVWRWKHVRFLDODQGSURJUDPPDWLFGHPDQGV
RI D FRPSOH[ XUEDQ FRUH DQG FUHDWHV D QHZ LGHQWLW\ IRU WKH FLW\ )URP WKH LQLWLDO
VWDJHVRIGHVLJQSURFHVVGLJLWDODQLPDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVZHUHLQWURGXFHG7KHSURSRVDO
LVEDVHGRQG\QDPLFµIRUPDWLRQ
RIWZRRYHUODSSLQJDQGLQWHUDFWLYHQHWZRUNILHOGVD
µSDWK QHWZRUN
RI WKH SRVVLEOH SHGHVWULDQ PRYHPHQWV DQG D µSURJUDPPDWLF QHWZRUN

RI WKH SRWHQWLDO DFWLYLWLHV RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH VTXDUH )XUWKHU RQ DGGLWLRQDO
SURFHVVLQJRSWLPL]HGWKHLUFRUUHODWLRQDQGV\QHUJ\DQGJHQHUDWHGWKHILQDOIRUP7KH
VTXDUH IURP D ' VXUIDFH LV WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR D ' VXUIDFH DUWLFXODWHG E\ VL[
IUHHIRUPVWULSHVRIYDULDEOHVL]HKHLJKWDQGPDWHULDOUHVXOWLQJLQDULFKVSDWLDOTXDOLW\
7KH LQIRUPDO DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH REOLTXH DQG WKH LPEDODQFH LV WHPSWLQJ LWV XVHUV WR
LQWHUDFW ZLWK LWV IROGHG VXUIDFHV DQG SURYRNHV QHZ EHKDYLRUV DQG XQH[SHFWHG
SURJUDPV

6RXUFHV
KWWSJUHHNDUFKLWHFWVJUHQODQGVFDSH(&SDUDPDQD('
VTXDUHLG
KWWSDUFKLWUDYHOFRPDUFKLWUDYHOEXLOGLQJSDUDPDQDVTXDUHLQWKHUPL

([SRV :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

7KRVH6SDFHVWKDWDUHGHVLJQHGIRU([SRVDIWHUWKHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH([SRVFRXOG
KDYHDGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQ7KHSDYLOLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVWKDWKDYHEHHQGHVLJQHG
E\ WKH EHVW DUFKLWHFWV RI WKDW FRXQWU\ LQ DGGLWLRQ WR LWV IXQFWLRQ DV DQ DUFKLWHFWXUH
H[SRVLWLRQFRXOGFRQWLQXHWRRWKHUDFWLYLWLHVRUHYHQEHDUHFUHDWLRQDOVSDFH

6RXUFHV
KWWSXUEDQFKRUHRJUDSK\QHWVZDJURXSGHVLJQPL[HGXVHIDLUJURXQGV
LQFDOLIRUQLD
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL:RUOGVBIDLU

5RRI2UFKDUG $XVWUDOLD
Multifunctional

&LWLHVJDUGHQVFDQEHPRUHWKDQDGHFRUDWHGODQGVFDSH/LNHWKHEXLOWHQYLURQPHQW
JUHHQVSDFHVFDQZRUNZLWKXVWRPDNHDQLQWHJUDWHGXUEDQHQYLURQPHQWUDWKHUWKDQ
LVRODWHG SRFNHWV RI PDQLFXUHG JUHHQHU\:H SURSRVH D JDUGHQ WKDW FRQWULEXWHV D

62&,$/VSDFHFUHDWHVDORZLPSDFWDQGVXVWDLQDEOH(&2120,&PRGHOEHDXWLILHV
WKH 85%$1 ODQGVFDSH DQG LPSURYHV RXU XUEDQ DUHDV LPSDFW RQ WKH
(19,5210(17 :H SURSRVH WKDW UDWKHU WKDQ RQO\ SURGXFLQJ D EHDXWLIXO JUHHQ
URRIWRSVSDFHZHDOVRFUHDWHDJUHDWHUDQGDFKLHYDEOHXUEDQJHVWXUH:HSURSRVHD
ZRUNLQJ JDUGHQ WKDW LV ZRQGHUIXO WR YLVLW JUHDW WR KDYH HYHQWV DW ZKLOH DOVR
SURGXFLQJIRRGPXFKOLNH&XED¶V0DUNHW*DUGHQV

6RXUFHV
KWWSFLW\IDUPHULQIRXUEDQRUFKDUGSUL]LQJZLQQLQJFRQFHSWIRUWKH
JURZLQJXSGHVLJQFRPSHWLWLRQ
KWWSPD\QDUGDUFKLWHFWVFRP6LWHKRXVHV3DJHV8UEDQB2UFKDUGKWPO

5RRIWRS*DUGHQ :RUOGZLGH
Innovation

5RRI JDUGHQLV DJDUGHQRQ WKHURRIRI DEXLOGLQJ %HVLGHV WKH GHFRUDWLYH EHQHILW
URRI SODQWLQJV PD\ SURYLGH IRRG WHPSHUDWXUH FRQWURO K\GURORJLFDO EHQHILWV
DUFKLWHFWXUDO HQKDQFHPHQW KDELWDWV RU FRUULGRUV IRU ZLOGOLIH UHFUHDWLRQDO
RSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGLQODUJHVFDOHLWPD\HYHQKDYHHFRORJLFDOEHQHILWV7KHSUDFWLFHRI
FXOWLYDWLQJ IRRG RQ WKH URRIWRS RI EXLOGLQJV LV VRPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG WR DVURRIWRS
IDUPLQJ

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL5RRIBJDUGHQ

2OG6SLWDOILHOGV0DUNHW 8./RQGRQ
Innovation

,QVSLUHGE\WKHLQFUHDVLQJO\XQLPDJLQDWLYHDQGXWLOLWDULDQDSSURDFKWRPRGHUQSXEOLF
IXUQLWXUH 6SLWDOILHOGV LQWHULRUV VWRUH 7KH /ROOLSRS 6KRSSH LQYLWHG LQIOXHQWLDO
IXUQLWXUHGHVLJQHUV±WKHOLNHVRI-'6$UFKLWHFWV)UHVKZHVWDQG'HFRGH±WRFUHDWH
GLVWLQFWLYH LQQRYDWLYH DQG UHPDUNDEO\ XQLTXH YHUVLRQV RI WKH KXPEOH EHQFK
'RWWHGDURXQG2OG6SLWDOILHOGV0DUNHW±XQWLOWK6HSWHPEHU±WKHEHQFKHVIRUP
DQ HQJDJLQJ PLFURH[KLELWLRQ DV SDUW RI WKLV \HDU¶V /RQGRQ 'HVLJQ )HVWLYDO
HQFRXUDJLQJ WKRVH ZKR YLHZ DQG XVH WKH EHQFKHV WR LPDJLQH WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV RI
SXEOLFIXUQLWXUHDVERWKIXQFWLRQDODQGDVLQQRYDWLYHDQGFDSWLYDWLQJSLHFHVRISXEOLF
DUW :H ORYHG WKH VOLFN OLWWOH PDS DYDLODEOH LQVWRUH DQG WKHUH ZDV VRPHWKLQJ RI D
FKLOGOLNHSOHDVXUHLQVHHNLQJRXWWKHSLHFHVLILWKDGQ¶WKDYHEHHQWKHZRUVWZHDWKHU
RI WKH ZHHN ± DOVR RXU H[FXVH IRU WKH HUUDWLF SKRWRJUDSK\ ± RQ WKH GD\ ZH YLVLWHG
WKHQ ZH ZRXOG ORYHG WR KDYH HQMR\HG D OLWWOH PRUH WLPH ZLWK HDFK RI WKH ZRUNV«
SHUKDSV LW¶OO JLYH WRZQ SODQQHUV IRRG IRU WKRXJKW DQG ZH FDQ DOO HQMR\ D PRUH
HQOLJKWHQLQJEUHDNIURPWKHFURZGVLQIXWXUH

6RXUFHV
KWWSZHKHDUWFRXNEHQFKE\WKHOROOLSRSVKRSSH

*ORZLQJ3ODFHV 8./RQGRQ
Innovation

*ORZLQJ3ODFHVLVDFRQFHSWIURPDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRLQQRYDWLYHZD\VIRUSHRSOHWR
LQWHUDFW ZLWK OLJKW LQ SXEOLF VSDFHV 7KH SODVWLF VHDWLQJ HPEHGGHG ZLWK /(' OLJKW
HPLWWLQJGLRGHVWULSVDQGVHQVRUVPHDVXUHWKHSUHVHQFHRISHRSOHRYHUWLPH%RWK
WKH QXPEHU RI SHRSOH VLWWLQJ DQG WKH OHQJWK RI WLPH WKH\ VWD\ FUHDWH D µVRFLDO
LQWHUDFWLYHSDWWHUQ¶WKDWLVWUDQVODWHGE\SDWHQWHGVRIWZDUHLQWROLJKWLQJHIIHFWVLQWKH
IXUQLWXUH 0DQ\ SHRSOH VLWWLQJ IRU EULHI SHULRGV RI WLPH UHVXOW LQ OLJKWLQJ DFWLYLW\
H[SUHVVLQJ D EXV\ SHULRG ZKHUHDV RQH RU WZR SHRSOH VLWWLQJ IRU D ORQJHU SHULRG
WULJJHUPHOORZOLJKWLQJ

6RXUFHV
KWWSLQWHUDFWLYHDUFKLWHFWXUHRUJ
KWWSKKFUFDDFXNDUFKLYHKKUFSURJUDPPHVUDUDSKWPO

%URDGZD\ 86$1HZ<RUN
Multifunctional

%URDGZD\ WKHDWUH FRPPRQO\ NQRZQ DV%URDGZD\ UHIHUV WR WKH WKHDWULFDO
SHUIRUPDQFHV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH SURIHVVLRQDOWKHDWUHVZLWK RU PRUH VHDWV
ORFDWHG LQ WKH7KHDWHU 'LVWULFWDQG/LQFROQ &HQWHUDORQJ%URDGZD\ LQ0LGWRZQ
0DQKDWWDQ1HZ <RUN &LW\ $ORQJ ZLWK /RQGRQ
V:HVW (QG WKHDWUHV %URDGZD\
WKHDWUHVDUHZLGHO\FRQVLGHUHGWRUHSUHVHQWWKHKLJKHVWOHYHORIFRPPHUFLDOWKHDWUHLQ
WKH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJZRUOG7KH7KHDWHU'LVWULFWLVDSRSXODUWRXULVWDWWUDFWLRQLQ1HZ
<RUN &LW\ $FFRUGLQJ WR7KH %URDGZD\ /HDJXH %URDGZD\ VKRZV VROG D UHFRUG
86ELOOLRQZRUWKRIWLFNHWVLQDQLQFUHDVHRIRYHUWKHSUHYLRXV\HDU
$WWHQGDQFH LQ VWRRG DW PLOOLRQ D LQFUHDVH RYHU 7KH JUHDW
PDMRULW\ RI %URDGZD\ VKRZV DUHPXVLFDOV +LVWRULDQ 0DUWLQ 6KHIWHU DUJXHV

%URDGZD\PXVLFDOV
FXOPLQDWLQJLQWKHSURGXFWLRQVRI5LFKDUG5RGJHUVDQG2VFDU
+DPPHUVWHLQEHFDPHHQRUPRXVO\LQIOXHQWLDOIRUPVRI$PHULFDQSRSXODUFXOWXUHDQG
KHOSHGPDNH1HZ<RUN&LW\WKHFXOWXUDOFDSLWDORIWKHQDWLRQ

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL%URDGZD\,QB1HZB<RUNB&LW\
KWWSQ\FJRYKWPOGRWKWPODERXWEURDGZD\VKWPO

3XEOLF)DUP2QH 86$1HZ<RUN
Multifunctional

3) ZLOO FRPELQH SOD\IXO SURJUDPV ZLWK HGXFDWLRQDO RQHV FUHDWLQJ D VHQVH RI
FRPPXQLW\ DURXQG WKH VKDUHG H[SHULHQFH RI JURZLQJ IRRG %ULQJLQJ VXVWDLQDEOH
FRQVWUXFWLRQ WRJHWKHU ZLWK VXVWDLQDEOH DJULFXOWXUH 3) ZLOO EH EXLOW HQWLUHO\ RI
UHF\FODEOH PDWHULDOV EH VRODUSRZHUHG DQG ZLOO XWLOL]H UDLQ FROOHFWLRQ IRU
LUULJDWLRQ3)LVIRUPHGDVDIROGHGSODQHPDGHIURPFDUGERDUGWXEHVGHVLJQHGWR
KROG SODQWHUV IRU YHJHWDEOHV KHUEV DQG IUXLW :KLOH PRVW RI WKH WXEHV FUHDWH DQ
HOHYDWHG FDQRS\ IRU VKDGH VRPH WXEHV H[WHQG WR WKH JURXQG WR EHFRPH FROXPQV
(DFK FROXPQ KROGV D GLIIHUHQW SURJUDP IURP VHDWLQJ WR VRXQG HQYLURQPHQWV WR D
PRELOHSKRQHFKDUJLQJFROXPQDQGHYHQDMXLFHEDUDWWKHIDUPHUVPDUNHW

6RXUFHV
KWWSSXEOLFIDUPRUJLQGH[SKS"RQJRLQJDERXW
KWWSSODWDIRUPDDUTXLWHFWXUDFOFOSXEOLFIDUPHQHOSVZRUNDF

-HWW\6TXDUH 6RXWK$IULFD&DSH7RZQ
Multifunctional

$ORQJVLGH3LHU3ODFHVLWVDQRWKHUSXEOLFVSDFHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKH)RUHVKRUH-HWW\
6TXDUH7KHVTXDUHLVQRWDEOHIRULWVLQVWDOODWLRQRIJKRVWVKDUNVFXOSWXUHVFUHDWHGE\
DUWLVW 5DOSK %RUODQG XVLQJ GLJLWDO WHFKQRORJ\ FDOOHG SK\VLFDO FRPSXWLQJ 7KH VKDUN
VNHOHWRQ VWUXFWXUHV KDYH LQIUDUHG VHQVRUV LQ WKHLU QRVHV ZKLFK UHVSRQG WR
SHGHVWULDQV SDVVLQJ EHQHDWK WKHP DQG VZLYHO LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH PRYHPHQWV
EHORZ$VWKHVTXDUHRQZKLFKWKH\DUHORFDWHGLVODQGUHFODLPHGIURPWKHVHDWKH
VKDUN VFXOSWXUHV SLYRWLQJ DERYH D EULFN ZRUN PRWLI RI VZLUOLQJ ZDWHU VHHPV
DSSURSULDWH:LWKWKHFUHDWLRQRIVW\OLVKELVWURVDQGFRIIHHVKRSVDURXQG-HWW\6TXDUH
DQG3LHU3ODFHWKH)RUHVKRUHDUHDRI&DSH7RZQLVEHFRPLQJDQDWWUDFWLYHPLGGOH
JURXQG EHWZHHQ WKH FLW\ DQG WKH &DSH 7RZQ &RQYHQWLRQ &HQWUH DV ZHOO DV EHLQJ
FORVH WR WKH KXE RI WKH FLW\¶V ILQDQFLDO EXVLQHVV DQG SXEOLVKLQJ ZRUOGV 7KH QHDUE\
&RQYHQWLRQ &HQWUH KDV UHFHQWO\ RSHQHG &RQYHQWLRQ 7RZHUV D WRZHU RI JUDGH $Q
RIILFH DFFRPPRGDWLRQ 1HDUE\ LV WKH ,FRQ %XLOGLQJ DQ VWRUH\ PL[HGXVH
GHYHORSPHQWDQG&DSH7RZQ¶VILUVWEODFNHPSRZHUPHQWGHYHORSPHQWZKLFK
RSHQHGLQ

6RXUFHV
KWWSFDSHWRZQSDUWQHUVKLSFR]DROGSURJUDPPHVSXEOLFVSDFHIRUSXEOLFOLIHMHWW\
VTXDUH

6LPFRHDQG5HHV:DYH'HFNV &DQDGD7RURQWR
Multifunctional

7KH7RURQWR :DWHUIURQW :DYHGHFNVDUH D VHULHV RI ZRRGHQ VWUXFWXUHV FRQVWUXFWHG
RQ WKH ZDWHUIURQW RI7RURQWR&DQDGDDV SDUW RI WKH UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH FHQWUDO
ZDWHUIURQW:DWHUIURQW7RURQWRFRPPLWWHGWRFRQVWUXFWLQJDVHULHVRIXQLTXHZRRGHQ
ZDYHGHFNV DORQJ WKH ZDWHU
V HGJH IRU WKH NP DUHD UXQQLQJ IURP%DWKXUVW
6WUHHWWR 3DUOLDPHQW 6WUHHW 7KH ZDYHGHFNV DUH QHZ SXEOLF VSDFHV WKDW YDU\ LQ
VKDSH DUWLFXODWLRQ DQG GHVLJQ WR UHIOHFW WKH PRYHPHQW RI/DNH 2QWDULR(DFK LV
DUWLVWLF DQG IXQFWLRQDO DQG KDV SURYHQ WR EH PDMRU SXEOLF DWWUDFWLRQV DORQJ
WKHKDUERXUIURQW

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL7RURQWRB:DWHUIURQWB:DYH'HFNV

3DUN/LEUDU\ )UDQFH6WUDVERXUJ
Multifunctional

/LEUDU\QH[WWRWKHSOD\JURXQGWKH2UDQJHULH3DUN

6RXUFHV
KWWSFHGDUFLW\OLEUDU\RUJ

3DUNLQJ'D\ :RUOGZLGH
Pop-up

3$5.LQJ 'D\ LV DQ DQQXDO ZRUOGZLGH HYHQW ZKHUH DUWLVWV GHVLJQHUV DQG FLWL]HQV
WUDQVIRUPPHWHUHGSDUNLQJVSRWVLQWRWHPSRUDU\SXEOLFSDUNV

6RXUFHV
KWWSSDUNLQJGD\RUJ
KWWSSDUNLQJGD\IU

1DUUDEHHQ/DJRRQ0XOWLXVH7UDLO6WDJH $XVWUDOLD6\GQH\

Mixed-use

$63(&7 6WXGLRV GHVLJQHG DQG GRFXPHQWHG D QHZ PXOWLXVH WUDLO IRU 1DUUDEHHQ
/DJRRQ7KH1DUUDEHHQ/DJRRQZDONLVRQHRI6\GQH\¶VEHDXWLIXOEXVKWUDLOVDQGD
XQLTXH UHFUHDWLRQDO DVVHW IRU WKH QRUWKHUQ EHDFKHV 7KURXJK WKH GHVLJQ DQG
SODFHPHQW RI LWV ORRNRXWV DQG ERDUGZDONV WKH WUDLO FRQQHFWV 'HHS &UHHN WR 0LGGOH
&UHHN DQG SURYLGHV D VHULHV RI QHZ H[SHULHQFHV DORQJ WKLV VHQVLWLYH ODQGVFDSH
VHWWLQJ 7KH QHZ NLORPHWHU VHFWLRQ RI WUDLO LV WKH ILUVW LQVWDOOPHQW RI D VKDUHG
SHGHVWULDQ DQG F\FOH SDWKZD\ WKDW ZLOO HYHQWXDOO\ FRPSOHWH WKH HQWLUH ORRS DURXQG
1DUUDEHHQ /DJRRQ $ QHZ WLPEHU ERDUGZDON KDV EHHQ GHVLJQHG ZLWK VHDWLQJ DQG
LQQRYDWLYHORRNRXWSRLQWVWDNH\RXIURPWKHEXVKWRWKHODJRRQHGJH7KHORRNRXWV
DUH VFXOSWXUDO HOHPHQWV DQG ZHUH FDUHIXOO\ GHVLJQHG WR PLQLPL]H LPSDFW RQ
WKUHDWHQHGYHJHWDWLRQIULQJLQJWKHODJRRQIRUHVKRUH

6RXUFHV
KWWSDUFKGDLO\FRPQDUUDEHHQODJRRQPXOWLXVHWUDLOVWDJHDVSHFWVWXGLRV

0XOWL0LOO 1HWKHUODQGV$PVWHUGDP
Multifunctional

6HHLQJWRSRUWRI$PVWHUGDPDVEHLQJLQ³DSHUSHWXDOSURFHVVRIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ´WKH
DUFKLWHFWVZDQWHGWKHQHZVWHSWRUHVSRQGWRWKDWFRQVWDQWFKDQJH7KHWKUHHZLQJV
ZKLFKEUDQFKIURPDFHQWUDOSODWIRUPHDFKSRVVHVVDGLIIHUHQWIRUPILWIRUWKHLUXVDJH
³7KHGHVLJQZLOOHYRNHYDULHGSURJUDPPLQJEHVLGHVWKHHYLGHQWZD\VWRGHSOR\WKH
REMHFW LW KRSHV WR FDWDO\]H XQH[SHFWHG µLQKDELWDWLRQ¶ 7KH LGHD LV WR GHYHORS DQ
DGDSWDEOH REMHFW WKDW FDQ EH XVHG ERWK DV D VWHS DQG DV D VWDQG´ H[SODLQHG WKH
DUFKLWHFWV

6RXUFHV
KWWSDUFKGDLO\FRPPXOWLPLOOQODUFKLWHFWV

7KH8UEDQ/LYLQJ5RRP 1HWKHUODQGV5RWWHUGDP
Innovation

7KH 8UEDQ /LYLQJ 5RRP LV D VPDOO OLYLQJ URRP LQ SXEOLF VSDFH &RPSOHWHO\ SDLQWHG
EOXH)<,5$/WKHSURMHFWVDLPVWRJLYHSHRSOHDPRUHKRPHO\H[SHULHQFHLQ

SXEOLFVSDFHDVZHOODVVWLPXODWHVSRQWDQHRXVPHHWLQJVDQGFRQYHUVDWLRQV

6RXUFHV
KWWSSRSXSFLW\QHWWKHXUEDQOLYLQJURRP
KWWSXUEDQOLYLQJURRPRUJXUEDQBOLYLQJBURRPKRPHKWPO

%ORRPLQJGDOH7UDLO 86$&KLFDJR
Mixed-use

%\ WKLV SURMHFW WKH %ORRPLQJGDOH 7UDLO ZLOO EH PLOHV RI UDLOWRSDUN FRQYHUVLRQ
PDNLQJLWGRXEOHWKHOHQJWKRIWKH+LJK/LQH,WZLOODOVREHZLGHULQFRUSRUDWHELF\FOH
ODQHV DQG DFW DV D FRQQHFWRU IRU LWV PDQ\ DGMDFHQW SDUNV 7KH OHQJWK RI WKH SDUN
UXQVWKURXJKIRXUGLIIHUHQW&KLFDJRQHLJKERUKRRGVRIGLYHUVHVRFLRHFRQRPLFOHYHOV
LQFOXGLQJ WKH URXJKDQGWXPEOH +XPEROGW 3DUN &RPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV
KLJKOLJKWHGDWHDFKVWHSRIWKHSODQQLQJSURFHVVZLWKLQYROYHPHQWLQSURMHFWVVXFKDV
PXUDODUW7KHSDUNZLOOEHWKHFXOPLQDWLRQRIDOPRVWDGHFDGHRIUHYLWDOL]DWLRQHIIRUWV
IURPORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVDQGFRQFHUQHGFLWL]HQV&RPSOHWLRQRIWKHSDUN

6RXUFHV
KWWSSRSXSFLW\QHWFKLFDJRVHOHYDWHGSDUNUHDG\WREORRP

8UEDQ&DPS6FDSH3RSV8S 1HWKHUODQGV(LQGKRYHQ

Pop-up

7KHLQLWLDWRUVRIWKH8UEDQ&DPS6FDSHDLPWRUHVHDUFKWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKHQHJOHFWHG
VSDFH XQGHU WKH IO\RYHU DV D µ*UHHQ &RUULGRU¶ ² D QRGH WR FRQQHFW WKH FLW\ WR LWV
JUHHQ VXUURXQGLQJV 7KHUHIRUH WKH 8UEDQ &DPS6FDSH ZLOO QRW RQO\ EH D SODFH WR
VOHHS GXULQJ WKH '': EXW ZLOO DOVR RIIHU D WHPSRUDU\ FXOWXUDO SURJUDP DERXW FR
FUHDWLRQ DQG GXUDELOLW\ 7KH SURJUDP LQFOXGHV JXHUULOOD JDUGHQLQJ ZRUNVKRSV DQ
H[KLELWLRQ DERXW WKH *UHHQ &RUULGRU EUHDNIDVW ZLWK SURGXFWV IURP WKH 3KLOLSV )UXLW
*DUGHQELF\FOHWRXUVDQGPXFKPRUH

6RXUFHV
KWWSSRSXSFLW\QHWFKLFDJRVHOHYDWHGSDUNUHDG\WREORRP

7KH+LJK/LQH 86$1HZ<RUN
Innovation

7KH +LJK /LQH SURMHFW VWLPXODWHV WKLQNLQJ DERXW FUHDWLYH VROXWLRQV IRU UHXVLQJ FLW\
VSDFHDQGDOVRFRQWULEXWHVWRZKDWZHZRXOGFDOOWKHµ$JHRI([SHULHQFH¶7KH$JHRI
([SHULHQFH IRUPV DQ LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI QRZDGD\V PHWURSROLWDQ FXOWXUH LQ ZKLFK WKH
FUHDWLRQ RI H[WUDRUGLQDU\ H[SHULHQFHV EHFRPHV PRUH DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQW IRU
FRQWHPSRUDU\FLWLHVLQRUGHUWRDWWUDFWVSRLOWFRVPRSROLWDQVDQGGHYHORSDQLQQRYDWLYH
DWPRVSKHUH

6RXUFHV
KWWSSRSXSFLW\QHWWKHKLJKOLQH

$+LJK/LQHIRU/RQGRQ 8./RQGRQ
Innovation

$PXVKURRPJDUGHQLQDQROGUDLOZD\WXQQHOEHQHDWK2[IRUG6WUHHW

6RXUFHV
KWWSSRSXSFLW\QHWKLJKOLQHIRUORQGRQFRPSHWLWLRQKDVDZLQQHU

:KLWH&KDLUV3RS8S 1HWKHUODQGV5RWWHUGDP
Multifunctional

'XULQJ 5RWWHUGDP¶V SXEOLF DUW IHVWLYDO :HUHOG YDQ :LWWH GH :LWK XUEDQLVP
RIILFH0(67UHDQLPDWHG WKLV LGHD %XW LQVWHDG RI ELNHV WKH GHVLJQHUV OHIW
ZKLWHFKDLUVLQSXEOLFVSDFHLQ5RWWHUGDP7KHFKDLUVVHUYHGDVDWHUUDFHIRUDOOWKH
GHFHQWUDOL]HGSHUIRUPDQFHVDQGIHGDGLVFXVVLRQDERXWSXEOLFVSDFHDQGRZQHUVKLS
DW WKH VDPH WLPH 3HRSOH ZHUH DOORZHG WR XVH WKH ZKLWH FKDLUV IUHHO\ DQG WR WDNH
WKHPWRDQ\RWKHUORFDWLRQDVORQJDVWKH\UHPDLQHGSDUWRISXEOLFVSDFH7KHZKLWH
FKDLUVZHUHVORZO\VSUHDGDFURVVWKHFLW\$FFRUGLQJWRWKHIHVWLYDORUJDQL]DWLRQWKH\
ZHUH HYHQ VSRWWHG DW WKH &HQWUDO 6WDWLRQ RI /HLGHQ D WRZQ VRPHZKHUH EHWZHHQ
5RWWHUGDPDQG$PVWHUGDP

6RXUFHV
KWWSSRSXSFLW\QHWZKLWHFKDLUVSRSXSLQURWWHUGDP

%LNH6KDULQJ :RUOGZLGH
Innovation

%DFNLQWKHVWKHLQQRYDWLYH'XWFKFRXQWHUFXOWXUHPRYHPHQW3URYRODXQFKHGWKHLU
LGHDVIRUDVRFDOOHGµ:LWWH)LHWVHQSODQ¶Dµ:KLWH%LF\FOH3ODQ¶IRU$PVWHUGDP7KH
LGHDZDVVLPSOH²LQVWHDGRIXUEDQLWHVZKRDOORZQDELF\FOHWKHV\VWHPZDQWHGWR
LQWURGXFH FROOHFWLYH ZKLWHSDLQWHG ELNHV WKDW HYHU\RQH FDQ XVH 2QH FRXOG
HDVLO\ WDNH D ELNH XVH LW DQG OHDYH LW RQ WKH VSRW RI DUULYDO IRU D QH[W XVHU 7KLV
UHYROXWLRQDU\ LGHD LQVSLUHG PDQ\ELNHVKDULQJ SODQV WKDW ZHUH ODXQFKHG LQ JOREDO
FLWLHVGHFDGHVODWHU([DPSOH9HOKRSLQ6WUDVERXUJ

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL%LF\FOHVKDULQJBV\VWHP
KWWSUDGLRHXURGLVWULFWFRPFOLQGRHLODXJHQEOLFNOHYHOKRSDODUHQWUHHKWPO

7KH*ORZ,Q7KH'DUN6NDWH3DUN )UDQFH9DVVLYLqUH,VODQG
Innovation

.RUHDQ DUWLVW .RR -HRQJ$ GHVLJQHG WKH VRFDOOHG2WUR D JORZLQWKH GDUN VNDWH
VFXOSWXUH'XULQJGD\WLPH\RXZRQ¶WVHHDQ\WKLQJVSHFLDOEXWDVVRRQDVLWJHWVGDUN
WKH VWUXFWXUH WUDQVIRUPV LQWR D EHDXWLIXO JORZLQJ VNDWLQJ RDVLV 7KH 2WUR HQDEOHV
IDQDWLFVNDWHERDUGHUVWRSUDFWLFHWKHLUWULFNVDOVRZKHQLWJHWVGDUN7KHVWUXFWXUHFDQ
DOVREHXVHGIRU%0;DQGUROOHUV,QDGGLWLRQLWJLYHVJRRGYLEHVWRWKHHQYLURQPHQW

6RXUFHV
KWWSSRSXSFLW\QHWWKHJORZLQWKHGDUNVNDWHSDUN

)LEUR&,7< 86$7H[DV+RXVWRQ
Innovation

)LEUR&,7< LV D SURSRVDO E\3HUNLQV:LOOWKDW RSHUDWHV DV D UHVWRUDWLYH FDWDO\VW IRU
FRPPXQLWLHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ VHJUHJDWHG E\ WK FHQWXU\ VXSHUKLJKZD\V DQG WKH
HQYLURQPHQWEXLOWDURXQGWKHFDU)LEUR&,7<LVDWHPSODWHWKDWUHVWRUHVXUEDQYRLGV
ZLWKSODFHVIRUSHRSOHDFWLYLWLHVDQGLQWHUDFWLRQV

6RXUFHV
KWWSDUFKGDLO\FRPILEURFLW\SHUNLQVZLOO

/LYLQJ:DOO :RUOGZLGH
Innovation

$ JUHHQ ZDOO LV D ZDOO HLWKHU IUHHVWDQGLQJ RU SDUW RI D EXLOGLQJ WKDW LV SDUWLDOO\ RU
FRPSOHWHO\FRYHUHGZLWKYHJHWDWLRQDQGLQVRPHFDVHVVRLORUDQLQRUJDQLFJURZLQJ
PHGLXP 7KH FRQFHSW RI WKH JUHHQ ZDOO GDWHV EDFN WR %& ZLWK WKH +DQJLQJ
*DUGHQVRI%DE\ORQ7KHODUJHUJUHHQZDOOVFRQFHSWKDVEHHQXWLOL]HGZLWKLQQRYDWLYH
K\GURSRQLFV WHFKQRORJ\ 7KH YHJHWDWLRQ IRU D JUHHQ IDoDGH LV DOZD\V DWWDFKHG RQ
RXWVLGHZDOOVZLWKOLYLQJZDOOVWKLVLVDOVRXVXDOO\WKHFDVHDOWKRXJKVRPHOLYLQJZDOOV
FDQ DOVR EH JUHHQ ZDOOV IRU LQWHULRU XVH )RU OLYLQJ ZDOOV WKHUH DUH PDQ\ PHWKRGV
LQFOXGLQJDWWDFKLQJWRWKHDLUUHWXUQRIWKHEXLOGLQJWRKHOSZLWKDLUILOWUDWLRQ7KH\DUH
DOVRUHIHUUHGWRDVOLYLQJZDOOVELRZDOOVYHUWLFDOJDUGHQVRUPRUHVFLHQWLILFDOO\9&:9
YHUWLFDOYHJHWDWHGFRPSOH[ZDOOV

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL*UHHQBZDOO

/DID\HWWH6XPPHU6WUHHW 86$1HZ<RUN
Multifunctional

&DU)UHH 6XPPHU 6WUHHWV :LWK WKH QHDU PLOH VWUHWFK RI URDG FORVHG EHWZHHQ
3DUN$YHQXHDWQG6WUHHWDQGWKH%URRNO\Q%ULGJHFORVHGIRU1HZ<RUN¶V6XPPHU
6WUHHWVFDPSDLJQORZHU0DQKDWWDQWRRNRQDQXQIDPLOLDUVRXQGWUDFN<RXFRXOGVWLOO
KHDU WKH FDUV RQ %URDGZD\ D EORFN RYHU EXW WKH ODFN RI LGOLQJ HQJLQHV DQG WRXULVW
EXVHVZDVXQVHWWOLQJLQDJRRGZD\$IWHUWKHUHTXLVLWHHXSKRULDVXEVLGHGLWIHOWOLNHD
QDWXUDO RGGLW\ LQ D FLW\ WKDW ZDV GRLQJ PRVW WKLQJV ULJKW E\ ZD\ RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
SROLF\

6RXUFHV
KWWSUDGLDOVEORJFRPWDJVXPPHUVWUHHWV
ZZZQ\FJRYVXPPHUVWUHHWV

6WUHHW)RRWEDOO :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

3OD\LQJIRRWEDOOVRQWKHSHGHVWULDQVDQGVWUHHWVLVDFRPPRQKDELWXGHIURPWKHSDVW
$GDSWLQJWKHWUDIILFRIWKHDXWRPRELOHVZLWKWKHWHDPVLQGLIIHUHQWVRFLHWLHVEDVHGRQ
WKHLUFXOWXUHLVGLIIHUHQW

6RXUFHV
KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL6WUHHWBIRRWEDOO

*DUHGR2ULHQWH 3RUWXJDO/LVERQ
Mixed-use

*DUHGR2ULHQWHRU/LVERQ2ULHQW6WDWLRQLVRQHRIWKHPDLQWUDQVSRUWKXEVLQ/LVERQ
3RUWXJDO ,W ZDV GHVLJQHG E\ WKH 6SDQLVK DUFKLWHFW6DQWLDJR &DODWUDYDDQG EXLOW
E\1HFVR,WZDVILQLVKHGLQIRUWKH([SR
ZRUOG
VIDLULQ3DUTXHGDV1Do}HV
ZKHUHLWLVORFDWHG,WHQFRPSDVVHVD/LVERQ0HWURVWDWLRQDKLJKVSHHGFRPPXWHU
DQG UHJLRQDO WUDLQ KXE D ORFDO QDWLRQDO DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO EXV VWDWLRQ D VKRSSLQJ
FHQWUHDQGDSROLFHVWDWLRQ2ULHQWH6WDWLRQLVRQHRIWKHZRUOG
VODUJHVWVWDWLRQVZLWK

PLOOLRQ SDVVHQJHUV SHU \HDU ZKLFK PDNHV LW DV EXV\ DV1< *UDQG
&HQWUDO7HUPLQDO

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL*DUHBGRB2ULHQWH

/LEUDU\%XVRU%RRN%XV 6ZHGHQ.LUXQD 1HZ
=HDODQG'XQHGLQDQGVRPH
RWKHUGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHV
Innovation

7KHIXQFWLRQRIWKHQHZEXVLVWRVXSSO\DODUJHUVHUYLFHZKHUHQHZGLJLWDOPHGLDLV
SUHVHQWHG DV ZHOO DV WUDGLWLRQDO SULQWHG PDWHULDO ([FHSW IURP GLVWULEXWLQJ PHGLD WKH
EXVZLOODOVRIXQFWLRQDVDSODFHIRUSHRSOHWRFRPPXQLFDWHRQWKHZHEDQGHQDEOH
PHHWLQJV EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW JURXSV LQ WKH VRFLHW\ %HFDXVH RI WKH ODFN RI VXQOLJKW
GXULQJPRVWRIWKH\HDULQWKHQRUWKWKHEXVZLOOEHOLNHDODQWHUQZKHQGDUNWRDWWUDFW
SHRSOH DQG OLJKW XS WKH VXUURXQGLQJV 7KH EXV LQFOXGHV D OLEUDU\ D VPDOO FLQHPD
FRPSXWHUJDPHVDPXVLFOLVWHQLQJFRXFKLQWHUQHWVWDWLRQDQGSHUVRQDOVHUYLFH7KH
JUDSKLFVDUHPDGHE\IHOORZGHVLJQHUV)UHGULN)RUVEHUJDW7+(<*5$3+,&6

6RXUFHV
KWWSGH]HHQFRPOLEUDU\EXVE\PXXQJDQR
KWWSGXQHGLQOLEUDULHVJRYWQ]\RXUOLEUDU\ORFDWLRQVDQGKRXUVERRNEXV

3RRQHK%ULGJH0XVHXP ,UDQ7HKUDQ
Innovation

$SHGHVWULDQEULGJHRQRQHRIWKHPDLQDQGEXV\VWUHHWVLQWKHFLW\FHQWHURI7HKUDQ
KDVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDJDOOHU\IRUH[SRVLQJDUWZRUNV

6RXUFHV
KWWSVKDKUVD]\EORJIDFRPSRVWDVS[
KWWSMR]HSKEORJIDFRPSRVW

1DWXUH%ULGJH ,UDQ7HKUDQ
Innovation

7KH ELJJHVW SHGHVWULDQ EULGJH LQ ,UDQ FRQQHFWV WZR SDUNV 7KLV EULGJH FRXOG KDYH
EHHQRQO\DSDVVZD\EXWE\JLYLQJIXQFWLRQVVXFKDVFRIIHHVKRSVDQGUHVWDXUDQWV
WRWKLVSODFHZKLFKLVQRUPDOO\WREHDSODFHWRSRQGHUWKH\KDYHEHHQWUDQVIRUPHG
LQWRDOLYHVSDFHV

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL7DELDWB%ULGJH
KWWSVVWUXFWXUDHQHWVWUXFWXUHVWDELDWEULGJH

%URQ[&KLOGUHQ¶V0XVHXPEXV 86$1HZ<RUN
Innovation

7KHLGHDLVXVLQJWKHVSDFHVLQVLGHDEXVDVDPXVHXPH[SRVLWLRQVSDFHIRUNLGV,W
FRXOGDOVRPRYHDURXQGWKHFLW\DQGEHWZHHQVFKRROV

6RXUFHV
KWWSFLW\URRPEORJVQ\WLPHVFRPEURQ[FKLOGUHQVPXVHXPUROOVRXWDQG

ZHGRPHDQUROOV

%XV5RRWV 86$1HZ<RUN
Innovation

%XV5RRWVLVDOLYLQJJDUGHQSODQWHGRQWKHURRIVRIFLW\EXVHV,W¶VDQHIIRUWWKDWURVH
RXWRI1HZ<RUN&LW\GHVLJQHU0DUFR$QWRQLR&DVWUR&RVLR¶VJUDGXDWHWKHVLVDWWKH
1<87KHSURMHFWDLPVWRUHFODLPWKHIRUJRWWHQVSDFHRQWKHWRSVRIFLW\EXVHVZKLOH
HQKDQFLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIXUEDQOLIHE\SUROLIHUDWLQJJUHHQVSDFHVRQWKHVHXQXVHGEXV
URRIV$SURWRW\SHRIWKHUROOLQJJDUGHQVKDVEHHQLQVWDOOHGRQWKHURRIRIWKH%LR%XV
DPRELOHVFLHQFHODERUDWRU\DQGWKHILUVWEXVZLWKDQH[WHQVLYHJUHHQURRIV\VWHP,W
KDVEHHQJURZLQJIRUILYHPRQWKVZKLOHWUDYHOOLQJDURXQG1HZ<RUN&LW\DQGDVIDUDV
2KLR
%XV 5RRWV MRLQV WKH UDQNV RI PRELOH JDUGHQV SODQWHG RQ WUXFNV WUDLQV DQG RWKHU
URYLQJVLWHV&RVLRH[SODLQVKLVSURMHFWDVDQH[HUFLVHLQ³QRPDGLFXUEDQDJULFXOWXUH´

6RXUFHV
KWWSWUHHKXJJHUFRPFDUVEXVURRWVSXEOLFEXVGRXEOHVDVPRELOHJUHHQURRIKWPO
KWWSZDNHXSZRUOGFRPJDUGHQVWKULYHRQWRSRIFLW\EXVVHV

'ULYHLQ&LQHPD :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

:LWK WKH ZLGHVSUHDG XVH RI FDUV LQ PLGGOH RI WZHQWLHV WKH FLQHPDV SURYLGHG WKLV
IDFLOLW\ WR ZDWFK D PRYLH ZLWKRXW FRPLQJ RXW RI WKHLU FDUV D VSDFH WKDW FRXOG EH D
SDUNLQJ

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL'ULYHLQBWKHDWHU
ZZZZHVWZLQGGLFRPORFDWLRQVODVYHJDV

6WUHHW&ODVVURRPV %DQJODGHVK
Multifunctional

6WUHHWFKLOGUHQOHDUQRQWKHVWUHHWVRI%DQJODGHVK

6RXUFHV
KWWSGHPRWL[FRPQHZVVWUHHWFKLOGUHQOHDUQVWUHHWVEDQJODGHVKPHGLD

6WUHHW*DOOHU\ :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

7KHLGHDLVXVLQJWKHZLGWKRIWKHVWUHHWVRUWKHVTXDUHVIRUH[SRVLQJSHUPDQHQWRU
WHPSRUDU\DUWZRUNV

6RXUFHV
KWWSFRRSHUDWLYHFRRSODWHVWQHZVFDWHJRU\VWUHHWJDOOHU\
KWWSORQGRQLQVLGHUFRXNFDUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVWUHHWJDOOHU\ZRUOG
SKRWRJUDSK\H[KLELWLRQWKDPHV

6WUHHW9HQGRU :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

,Q GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV KDYLQJ VWUHHW YHQGRUV LQ WKH SDWWHUQ RI ZHHNO\ PDUNHWV IRU
WKRVHZKRPKDYHDQDXWKRUL]DWLRQLVDQRUPDOSKHQRPHQRQ,QGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
WKHYHQGRUVRFFXS\LOOHJDOO\DJUHDWSDUWRIWKHSHGHVWULDQVDQGXVHLWDVDSODFHLQ
RUGHU WR RIIHU DQG VHOO WKHLU LWHPV 7KLV SKHQRPHQRQ KDV WZR VLGHV ILUVWO\ E\
RFFXS\LQJ D SDUW RI WKH SHGHVWULDQ WKH WUDIILF RI FLWL]HQV ZRXOG IDFH ZLWK GLIILFXOW\
6HFRQGO\EHFDXVHLWOHDGVWRWKHSUHVHQFHRISHRSOHLQWKHODWHKRXUVRIWKHQLJKWLQ
WKHVWUHHWVLWKHOSVLQSURYLGLQJWKHVHFXULW\$VDUHVXOWLQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVWKHUH
H[LVWGLIIHUHQWSROLWLFVWRWKHVHYHQGRUV,Q,UDQWKHYHQGRUVFRXOGKDYHWKHLUDFWLYLW\
DIWHU30

6RXUFHV
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL<DQJRQ

6WUHHW7KHDWUH :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

6WUHHWWKHDWUHVDUHQRWRQO\DVHOIPRWLYDWHGZRUNEXWDOVRDUHDSDUWRIWKHDUWLVWLF
IHVWLYDOVLQPDQ\FRXQWULHV

6RXUFHV
KWWSMH]HEHOFRPUXPSOHVVWLOWVVNLQ

3DUDGHV FDUQLYDOV :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

8VLQJPDLQVWUHHWVIRUPDUFKHVRUFDUQLYDOVRQVSHFLDORFFDVLRQV

6RXUFHV
KWWSJHWW\LPDJHVFRPSKRWRVEDVWLOOH
GD\"VRUW PRVWSRSXODU H[FOXGHQXGLW\ WUXH PHGLDW\SH SKRWRJUDSK\ SKUDVH
EDVWLOOHGD\
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL%DVWLOOHB'D\BPLOLWDU\BSDUDGH

6WUHHW$UW :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

7KHPDLQLGHDLVWRXVHWKHVXUIDFHRIIORRUVDQGZDOOVRISXEOLFVSDFHVIRUSDLQWLQJ

6RXUFHV
KWWSKGZDOOSDSHULDFRPVWUHHWGDUWKWPO

6WUHHW0XVLF :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

7KHDUWLVWVZKRPDUHVHOIPRWLYDWHGRURUJDQL]HGSHUIRUPPXVLFLQWKHSHGHVWULDQV
,QGLYLGXDOO\RULQDJURXS

6RXUFHV

KWWSIDVKLRQRQVWUHHWGHFDWHJRU\DOOJHPHLQ

2XWGRRUVNHWFKLQJFODVV :RUOGZLGH
Multifunctional

$ SDUW RI DUW DQG DUFKLWHFWXUH VWXGHQWV FRXUVHV SDVVHV QRW RQO\ LQ WKH DWHOLHUV EXW
DOVRLQSXEOLFVSDFHVDQGE\VNHWFKLQJSHRSOHRUEXLOGLQJV

6RXUFHV
KWWSSHQFLODQGFKDLFRP

6FKRRO\DUGSOD\JURXQG 86$1HZ<RUN
Multifunctional

+XQGUHGVRIVFKRRO\DUGVKDYHEHHQUHQRYDWHGDQGRSHQHGWRWKHSXEOLFGXULQJQRQ
VFKRROKRXUVWKURXJKWKH6FKRRO\DUGVWR3OD\JURXQGVSURJUDPLQ1<&

6RXUFHV
ZZZQ\FJRYSDUNVRUJJUHHQLQJSODQ\FVFKRRO\DUGV

$QQH[,,$SSOLFDEOH*ULG

$QQH[,,,$EULHIVXPPDU\LQ)UHQFK

,QWURGXFWLRQHWSUREOpPDWLTXH
6HORQ OH JURXSH G

H[SHUWV LQWHUJRXYHUQHPHQWDO *,(& VXU O
pYROXWLRQ GX FOLPDW OH
FKDQJHPHQWFRQGXLUDLWjXQHDXJPHQWDWLRQGHODWHPSpUDWXUHPR\HQQHPRQGLDOHGH
j & HW LO DIIHFWHUDLW WRXV OHV FRQWLQHQWV /H FKDQJHPHQW FOLPDWLTXH HW OH
UpFKDXIIHPHQWFOLPDWLTXHRQWFRQGXLWODFRPPXQDXWpLQWHUQDWLRQDOHjV¶LQWHUURJHUHW
WHQWHUGHUpGXLUHOHVpPLVVLRQVGHJD]jHIIHWGHVHUUH'D&XQKD2XWUHOHV
TXHVWLRQV G
pQHUJLH OHV GpILV OLpV DX[ V\VWqPHV XUEDLQV HW QRWDPPHQW j OD
FRQVWUXFWLRQ HW DX[ WUDQVSRUWV MRXHQW XQ JUDQG U{OH GDQV FHWWH VLWXDWLRQ /D IRUPH
XUEDLQHDHQHIIHWXQLPSDFWFRQVLGpUDEOHVXUFHVpYROXWLRQVTXHFHVRLWjO¶pFKHOOH
JOREDOHSDUGHVSROLWLTXHVPLVHVHQSODFHVXUO¶HQVHPEOHG¶XQWHUULWRLUHRXjO¶pFKHOOH
ORFDOH GDQV OH FDGUH G¶RSpUDWLRQV j O¶pFKHOOH GX EkWL LVRODWLRQ HW UpGXFWLRQ GH OD
FRQVRPPDWLRQ G
pQHUJLH GDQV OHV EkWLPHQWV XWLOLVDWLRQ GH PDWpULDX[ GXUDEOHV RX
XWLOLVDWLRQG¶pQHUJLHVUHQRXYHODEOHVWRXVOHVHIIRUWVVRQWSHUWLQHQWVHWQpFHVVDLUHV
'¶DXWDQWSOXVTXHODPRLWLpGHODSRSXODWLRQPRQGLDOHYLWGDQVOHVYLOOHVHWTXHFHWWH
SURSRUWLRQQHFHVVHG
DXJPHQWHU813DUFRQVpTXHQWOHVSD\VDJHVHWOHV
IRUPHVGHVYLOOHVVRQWHQFRQVWDQWHpYROXWLRQDFFHQWXDQWXQGpYHORSSHPHQWHWXQH
H[SDQVLRQ j OD IRLV KRUL]RQWDOH HW YHUWLFDOH (Q SOXV GH O
pWDOHPHQW XUEDLQ UHFRQQX
FRPPH XQ SURFHVVXV GDQJHUHX[ HQ UDLVRQ GH O¶pOpYDWLRQ GHV pPLVVLRQV GH &2
DVVRFLpH O
DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH O¶DUWLILFLDOLVDWLRQ GHV VROV HW OD IUDJPHQWDWLRQ GHV
SD\VDJHV GDQV OHV ]RQHV SpULXUEDLQHV SDUWLFLSHQW DXVVL j GH WHOV SURFHVVXV 1J
HQWUDLQDQW GHV FRWV LPSRUWDQWV GDQV OHV WUDQVSRUWV OHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV HW
O¶XUEDQLVDWLRQ GHV ]RQHV SpULSKpULTXHV $ QRWHU TXH OD FURLVVDQFH YHUWLFDOH HW
O¶DXJPHQWDWLRQ GHV GHQVLWpV HQWUDLQHQW XQH GpJUDGDWLRQ GH OD TXDOLWp GH YLH GHV
FLWR\HQVHWXQHYXOQpUDELOLWpDFFUXHGHODSRSXODWLRQ6TXLUHV6RXOH
'H QRPEUHX[ H[SHUWV RQW WHQWp GH UpSRQGUH j FHWWH VLWXDWLRQ FRPSOH[H LQWHUDFWLRQ
HQWUHOHVDVSHFWVVRFLDX[HQYLURQQHPHQWDX[HWpFRQRPLTXHVjSDUWLUGHGLIIpUHQWV
SRLQWV GH YXH /H FRQFHSW GH © O
XUEDQLVPH GXUDEOHª WHQWH GH UpSRQGUH j FHV
HQMHX[DXWUDYHUVGHGLYHUVHVHQWUpVOHVTXHVWLRQVVRFLDOHVPRELOLWpHWG
pTXLWpOHV
TXHVWLRQVWHFKQLTXHVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVHWIRUPHXUEDLQHODPRELOLWpGpSODFHPHQWVHW
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV HW OHV UHVVRXUFHV pQHUJLH OHV UHVVRXUFHV DOLPHQWDLUHV HW GHV

PDWpULDX[ ,O LPSOLTXH SDU DLOOHXUV GHV REMHFWLIV WHOV TXH OD GpPRFUDWLH SDUWLFLSDWLYH
RX ORFDOH OD SURWHFWLRQ VRFLDOH OD SUpVHUYDWLRQ GHV UHVVRXUFHV QDWXUHOOHV HW GH
O
HQYLURQQHPHQWODYLDELOLWppFRQRPLTXHRXOHWUDQVSRUW(QYLVDJHUFHWWHFRPSOH[LWp
QpFHVVLWH XQ FDGUH FRQFHSWXHO TXL SXLVVH HQJOREHU WRXV FHV DVSHFWV )DYHW HW
*DX]LQ0OOHU )DUU +DDV /D PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp GHV HVSDFHV
XUEDLQVSHXWHQRIIULUXQDERUGDQWOHVIRUPHVXUEDLQHVHWOHXUVXVDJHV
-DEDUHHQ UpVXPH XQH IRUPH XUEDLQH GXUDEOH VHORQ WURLV HQVHPEOHV GH
FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV-DEDUHHQ
$VSHFWV IRUPHOV HW SK\VLTXHV OD FRPSDFLWp HW OD GHQVLWp GH OD SRSXODWLRQ VH
UpIpUDQWjO¶DXJPHQWDWLRQGHODFRPSDFLWpVWUXFWXUHOOHGDQVOHGpYHORSSHPHQWXUEDLQ
FHFL VH WUDGXLVDQW SDU XQH DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH OD GHQVLWp GH OD SRSXODWLRQ HW GHV
EkWLPHQWV XQ GpYHORSSHPHQW XUEDLQ VWUXFWXUHO FRPSDFW GHV OLJQHV UDSLGHV GH
WUDQVSRUW HQ FRPPXQ HW OD FUpDWLRQ GH SOXVLHXUV FHQWUHV XUEDLQV GDQV OD UpJLRQ
PpWURSROLWDLQH &HWWH DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH OD FRPSDFLWp VWUXFWXUHOOH UHSRVH VXU OD SULVH
HQ FRQVLGpUDWLRQ GH OD SURSRUWLRQ GH OD SRSXODWLRQ HW GHV SRVVLELOLWpV G
HPSORL GDQV
FKDTXH UpJLRQ HQ VH WRXUQDQW YHUV GHV PRGqOHV GH ©YLOODJH XUEDLQª SRXU OHV
TXDUWLHUVUpVLGHQWLHOVDILQGHPLQLPLVHUO
pWDOHPHQWHQFUpDQWOD]RQHjXVDJHPL[WH
&HFLHQWUDLQHXQHVWUXFWXUHSRO\FHQWULTXHDYHFGHVGHQVLWpVYDULpHVGDQVOHFHQWUH
YLOOH ]RQH LQWHUPpGLDLUH HW EDQOLHXH XQH IRUPH XUEDLQH IDFLOLWDQW OD PRELOLWp DFWLYH
PDUFKHYpORSDWLQHWFDYHFGHVTXDUWLHUVSLpWRQQLHUVHQILQO
DGDSWDWLRQG¶XQSODQ
GH]RQDJHSDUXQHXWLOLVDWLRQGHVWHUUHVIOH[LEOH
$VSHFWV VRFLDX[ XQH PL[LWp WUDQVJpQpUDWLRQQHOOH HW XQH DGDSWDWLRQ DX[

JpQpUDWLRQVIDYRULVDQWXQHFHUWDLQHGLYHUVLWpVRFLDOH
$VSHFWV HQYLURQQHPHQWDX[ O¶LQWpJUDWLRQ GH OD QDWXUH HW OD FRQFHSWLRQ GH
EkWLPHQWV DGDSWpV DX FKDQJHPHQW FOLPDWLTXH PDWpULDX[ IRUPH FRPSDFWH OHV
FRXORLUVGHYHQWLODWLRQHWF
&H SRVLWLRQQHPHQW VL RQ OH UHWLHQW UHTXLHUW XQH SULVH HQ FRQVLGpUDWLRQ JOREDOH GH
FHV DVSHFWV GH GXUDELOLWp XUEDLQH DVSHFWV HQYLURQQHPHQWDX[ HW VRFLDX[ HW OD
QpFHVVLWp GH IDYRULVHU XQH FHUWDLQH FRQFHSWLRQ XUEDLQH VRXWHQDQW XQH PL[LWp GHV
XVDJHV HW GHV DFWLYLWpV GHV FKRL[ GH WUDQVSRUW HW O¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ HW OD GpWHUPLQDWLRQ

G¶HVSDFHVSRXUOHVDFWLYLWpV©QRQQpFHVVDLUHVªRSWLRQQHOOHVVRFLDOHVHWUpFUpDWLYHV
DILQGHJDUDQWLUXQHTXDOLWpGHYLHGHVUpVLGHQWV*HKO/DTXDOLWpGHYLHHVWXQ
FRQFHSWPXOWLIRUPHTXLHQJOREH QRQVHXOHPHQWOHVDVSHFWVPDWpULHOV GH ODYLHWHOV
TXH OH QLYHDX GH YLH HW OD GLVSRQLELOLWp G¶pTXLSHPHQWV VRFLDX[ HW G
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
SK\VLTXHV PDLV DXVVL GHV DVSHFWV PRLQV WDQJLEOHV WHOV TXH OD VDQWp RX OHV
SRVVLELOLWpV GH ORLVLUV HW G¶DFWLYLWpV OXGLTXHV /LP <XHQ HW DO Ceci pose la
question de l’extension des fonctionnalités des espaces urbains existants afin
d’optimiser leur efficacité
'DQV QRWUH WKqVH QRWUH K\SRWKqVH HVW HQUDFLQpH GDQV O

LGpH GH OD
©PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpªGHVHVSDFHVDILQGHSURSRVHUGHVSLVWHVFRQGXLVDQWjXQHWHOOH
RSWLPLVDWLRQ &H FRQFHSW D G
DERUG pWp XWLOLVpH GDQV OH GRPDLQH GH O
DJULFXOWXUH HW
QRXV VXSSRVRQV TXH OH WUDQVIHUW DX[ V\VWqPHV XUEDLQV HVW SRVVLEOH HW TXH OD
PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp GHV HVSDFHV XUEDLQV SHXW RSWLPLVHU OHXU WDX[ G
H[SORLWDWLRQ HW
DPpOLRUHUODTXDOLWpGHYLHGHVFLWR\HQV1RWUHK\SRWKqVHHQYLVDJHODUpGXFWLRQGHV
LQFRQYpQLHQWV FLWpV SUpFpGHPPHQW O
pWDOHPHQW XUEDLQ HW OD GHQVLWp XUEDLQH
H[FHVVLYH,OQHV¶DJLWSDVG¶XQFRQFHSWQRXYHDXHQSDUWLFXOLHUGDQVO
DJULFXOWXUHHW
OHVpWXGHVSD\VDJqUHVPDLVFHWWHUHFKHUFKHWHQWHGHO
DGDSWHUHQWDQWTXHUpSRQVH
DXGLOHPPHGHODQpFHVVLWpG¶XQQLYHDXGHFRPSDFLWpGHVYLOOHV IXWXUHVSRXUpYLWHU
O¶pWDOHPHQWHWFHOOHGHODSUpVHUYDWLRQG¶XQQLYHDXGHTXDOLWpGHYLHGHVFLWR\HQV
/
REMHFWLIGHODUHFKHUFKH
1RWUH REMHFWLI HVW G

H[SORUHU OHV SRVVLELOLWpV GH IDLUH UHYLYUH OHV HVSDFHV XUEDLQV
VHPLSXEOLFV HW SULYpV SXEOLFV SRXU G
DXWUHV IRQFWLRQV TXH OHXU IRQFWLRQ SULQFLSDOH
SHQGDQW OHXUV KHXUHV FUHXVHV SDU H[HPSOH DILQ GH FUpHU GHV HVSDFHV GH SDUWDJH
PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV
3RXUDWWHLQGUHFHEXWODFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHFHW\SHG
HVSDFHVGHOHXUVIRQFWLRQVHW
GHVXWLOLVDWLRQVVXSSOpPHQWDLUHVSRVVLEOHVHVWG
XQHLPSRUWDQFHSULPRUGLDOH3RXUFHW
REMHFWLI LO HVW LPSpUDWLI GH GpWHUPLQHU OHV SRVVLELOLWpV PDLV DXVVL OHV OLPLWHV GH
O
HVSDFHXUEDLQHQWHQDQWFRPSWHGHVUHVWULFWLRQVOpJDOHVHWRXFXOWXUHOOHVDLQVLTXH
OHVEHVRLQVGHVXWLOLVDWHXUVSRWHQWLHOV

&HWWH UHFKHUFKH DSSURIRQGLW G
DERUG OD GpILQLWLRQ GH OD PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp GHV
HVSDFHV O
DSSURFKH GpYHORSSpH HVW GpFULWHGDQV OD GHX[LqPH SDUWLH HW OD WURLVLqPH
SDUWLH SUpVHQWH GHV SURSRVLWLRQV HW GHV PRGqOHV FRQFHSWXHOV HW GHV UpDOLVDWLRQV
G
LOOXVWUDWLRQ /D VHFWLRQ VXLYDQWH UHSRVH VXU XQ H[HPSOH GH VFpQDULR H[SpULPHQWDO
SRXUODYLOOHGH6WUDVERXUJ&HWWHUHFKHUFKHVHWHUPLQHHQSURSRVDQWXQHSHUVSHFWLYH
G¶RXYHUWXUH SDU O
LQWURGXFWLRQ G
XQ RXWLO QRPPp 62/$3 6SDWLDO 2Q/LQH $QDO\WLFDO
3URFHVVLQJ HQ WDQW TXH SRVVLELOLWp GH VLPSOLILFDWLRQ GX SURFHVVXV GH SULVH GH
GpFLVLRQ
4XHVWLRQVGHUHFKHUFKH
&HWWHUHFKHUFKHYLVHjWURXYHUGHVUpSRQVHVDX[TXHVWLRQVVXLYDQWHV
Peut-on étendre les fonctionnalités de nos espaces urbains existants, avec une plus
grande efficacité et sur des plages horaires plus importantes ? Peut-on utiliser des
zones ouvertes privées ou semi-publiques pour des fonctions publiques? Comment
est-ce possible? Quel genre d'espaces répond à ce besoin? Quelles sont les
caractéristiques de ces espaces potentiels ? Quelles sont les conséquences de la
mise en place d’un tel concept?
+\SRWKqVHGHUHFKHUFKH
$ILQ GH UHQGUH QRV YLOOHV SOXV DGDSWpHV SRXU O

DYHQLU HQ FH TXL FRQFHUQH
O
DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH OD SRSXODWLRQ XUEDLQH HW OHV HQMHX[ PRQGLDX[ O
K\SRWKqVH HVW
HQUDFLQpHGDQVO
LGpHGHODPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpGHVHVSDFHVXUEDLQV1RXVWHQWRQVGH
GpILQLU XQH PpWKRGH DGDSWpH j FHW REMHFWLI TXL VRLW HQ PHVXUH G¶DFFRPSDJQHU OD
GpPDUFKH QRWDPPHQW GDQV OH FKRL[ GHV ]RQHV DSSURSULpHV GDQV O
DJJORPpUDWLRQ
HQPHWWDQWHQDYDQWOHVFULWqUHVG¶XQHVSDFHXUEDLQPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO

6RFOHGHUHFKHUFKH
/H FRQFHSW GH PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp D pWp LQWURGXLW GDQV GH QRPEUHXVHV QpJRFLDWLRQV
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHV GHSXLV SRXU SHUPHWWUH j O
DJULFXOWXUH GH EpQpILFLHU GH O
DLGH
SXEOLTXH HQ OpJLWLPDQW OHV FRPSHQVDWLRQV JRXYHUQHPHQWDOHV GLVWULEXpHV DX[
DJULFXOWHXUV SUHQDQW DSSXL VXU OHV IRQFWLRQV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV TX¶LOV DVVXUHQW
QRWDPPHQW HQYHUV OD GHPDQGH VRFLpWDOH /
DJULFXOWXUH PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOH j F{Wp GH
OD SURGXFWLRQ DOLPHQWDLUH SHUPHW DLQVL GH FRQVLGpUHU OHV U{OHV pFRQRPLTXHV HW
pFRORJLTXHV PDLV DXVVL VRFLRFXOWXUHOV KLVWRULTXHV HW HVWKpWLTXHV UHPSOLHV GDQV FH
FDGUH
¬ FHW pJDUG OD PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp FRUUHVSRQG j OD FDSDFLWp GHV HVSDFHV UXUDX[ j
UHPSOLU SOXV G
XQH IRQFWLRQ HQ PrPH WHPSV QRWDPPHQW HQ VH IRQGDQW VXU OHV
VHUYLFHV pFRV\VWpPLTXHV IRXUQLV SDU OD QDWXUH VXSSRUW SURGXFWLRQ SDWULPRQLDO RX
HVWKpWLTXH &H FRQFHSW QpFHVVLWH j OD IRLV XQH SODQLILFDWLRQ HW XQH JHVWLRQ
pFRORJLTXH GHV WHUULWRLUHV DILQ G
RSWLPLVHU FHV IRQFWLRQV &H SRLQW GH YXH KROLVWLTXH
FUpp XQH UHODWLRQ GLUHFWH HQWUH PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp FRPPH SURFHVVXV D[p VXU OHV
DFWLYLWpV HW GXUDELOLWp FRPPH SURFHVVXV D[p VXU OHV UHVVRXUFHV %UDQGW HW 9HMUH

&HOD HVW ELHQ HQWHQGX XQ SHX GLIIpUHQW HQ DUFKLWHFWXUH HW HQ XUEDQLVPH (Q
DUFKLWHFWXUH OH WHUPH ©IRQFWLRQª HVW XQ WHUPH FOpV HW IDLW UpIpUHQFH j O
REMHFWLI GH OD
FRQVWUXFWLRQ HW DX[ DFWLYLWpV HIIHFWXpHV SDU OHV XWLOLVDWHXUV j O
LQWpULHXU GH O
HVSDFH
FRQVLGpUp &H PRW HVW WRXMRXUV XWLOLVp GDQV OD OLWWpUDWXUH DUFKLWHFWXUDOH j F{Wp GHV
PRWV ©OD IRUPH O
HVSDFH OD VWDELOLWp HW OD EHDXWp 3DU FRQVpTXHQW OHV WHUPHV
HVSDFHV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV RQW pWp XWLOLVpV SRXU GHV EkWLPHQWV j XVDJH PL[WH
SRO\YDOHQWVHWPXOWLXVDJHVHWFHFLVRXYHQWVDQVDXFXQHGLVWLQFWLRQRXGLIIpUHQFH
(Q FRQFHSWLRQ XUEDLQH FH FRQFHSW D XQH GpILQLWLRQ SOXV SUpFLVH =LHGOHU =HLGOHU
UHOLHOHFRQFHSWGHPXOWLXVDJHGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVDX[DQFLHQQHVFRQVWUXFWLRQV
JUHFTXHV RX PpGLpYDOHV 'DQV VRQ OLYUH ©PXOWLXVDJHV DUFKLWHFWXUH HW FRQWH[WH
XUEDLQª =HLGOHU LO PHQWLRQQH TXH OD YLOOH GHYUDLW rWUH XQ PRWLI SDWWHUQ GH
GLIIpUHQWHV XWLOLVDWLRQV HW DFWLYLWpV /H PHLOOHXU H[HPSOH SRXU GH WHOV HVSDFHV HVW
FHOXLGH©O¶$JRUD/¶$JRUDHQWDQWTX¶HVSDFHFHQWUDOGHVFLWpVGHOD*UqFHDQWLTXH

pWDLW OH FHQWUH GH OD YLH VSRUWLYH DUWLVWLTXH VSLULWXHO HW SROLWLTXH GH OD YLOOH
0DGDQLSRXU
'DQVFHWWHUHFKHUFKHQRWUHGpILQLWLRQGHODPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpUHQYRLHjODV\QHUJLH
HQWUH GLIIpUHQWHV IRQFWLRQV TXL VRQW FRPELQpHV GDQV XQ HVSDFH &HWWH V\QHUJLH HVW
GXHjO
LQWHUDFWLRQHQWUHFHVDFWLYLWpV
5pDOLVDWLRQVHWUpVXOWDWV
%LHQTXHOHFRQFHSWG
HVSDFHPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOH[LVWHHQO
DUFKLWHFWXUHODGpILQLWLRQD
GX rWUH FODULILpH HQ XWLOLVDQW OD GpILQLWLRQ GH OD PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp GHV pWXGHV HQ
DJULFXOWXUH HW HQ DQDO\VH GHV SD\VDJHV 1RV WUDYDX[ SODLGHQW SRXU GHV HVSDFHV
PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOVXUEDLQVFRPPHpWDQWGHVpOpPHQWVHVVHQWLHOVSRXUXQHFRQFHSWLRQ
XUEDLQHGXUDEOH,OVGpFULYHQWOHGpYHORSSHPHQWGXFRQFHSWGHPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpHW
GpILQLVVHQWVRQXWLOLVDWLRQGDQVODSUDWLTXHGXGHVLJQXUEDLQ
6XUODEDVHGHFHWWHGpILQLWLRQFODULILpHFHWWHWKqVHSURSRVHXQFDGUHVWUXFWXUpSRXU
O¶DQDO\VH HW OD FRQFHSWLRQ G
HVSDFHV XUEDLQV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV DYHF GLYHUV
LQGLFDWHXUVHWRXWLOVGHPHVXUHjSUHQGUHHQFRPSWHVHORQOHVDFWLYLWpVHWIRQFWLRQV
TXLVHGpURXOHQWDXVHLQG
XQHVSDFHXUEDLQ/
RULJLQDOLWpGHFHWWHUHFKHUFKHUHSRVH
DXVVL VXU O¶DQDO\VH GH FDV HPSLULTXHV UHFXHLOOLV SRXU pODERUHU XQH W\SRORJLH HW OD
FDUDFWpULVDWLRQGHVSRVVLELOLWpVPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOHVTXLSHXYHQWFRQWULEXHUjXQHUH
GLVFXVVLRQ VXU OH U{OH GH WHOV HVSDFHV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV GDQV OD FUpDWLRQ GH IRUPHV
XUEDLQHVGXUDEOHV
/DGpILQLWLRQGHODPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp
6HORQ FH TXL D pWp SUpVHQWp GDQV OHV SDUWLHV SUpFpGHQWHV XQ ©HVSDFH
PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOªSHXWrWUHLGHQWLILpSDUGHX[FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV
3HUPHWWUH GHV IRQFWLRQV GLIIpUHQWHV SURSRVpHV SDU GHV DFWHXUV GLYHUV SRXU XQH
ODUJH JDPPH G¶XWLOLVDWHXUV DX FRXUV GH SpULRGHV GH WHPSV YDULDEOHV RX DYRLU OD

FDSDFLWpG
DFFXHLOOLUGHX[RXSOXVLHXUVDFWLYLWpVHQPrPHWHPSVDFFHSWHUSOXVG
XQH
IRQFWLRQjODIRLV
6DWLVIDLUH SOXVLHXUV U{OHV SRXU XQ PrPH HVSDFH DILQ G¶DVVXUHU XQH GXUDELOLWp
HQYLURQQHPHQWDOHpFRQRPLTXHHWVRFLDOHSOXVLPSRUWDQWH
/HV FRQVpTXHQFHV VRFLDOHV pFRQRPLTXHV HW HQYLURQQHPHQWDOHV GH OD FUpDWLRQ GH
WHOV HVSDFHV V¶DYqUHQW SRVLWLYHV GDQV O
HQVHPEOH 'H WHOOHV UpDOLVDWLRQV GHYUDLHQW
IDYRULVHU XQH DPpOLRUDWLRQ GH OD TXDOLWp GH YLH GHV FLWR\HQV HQ UDLVRQ GH
O
DXJPHQWDWLRQGHODGXUpHSHUPHWWDQWGHVDFWLYLWpVUpFUpDWLYHVHWVRFLDOHVXQHSOXV
JUDQGH LQWHUDFWLRQ DYHF O
HQYLURQQHPHQWHW XQH GLPLQXWLRQ GH OD SROOXWLRQ OLpH DX
WUDILFGXHjO¶KDUPRQLVDWLRQGHVSURMHWVXUEDLQV/DILJXUHUpVXPHOHVSULQFLSHVTXL
UpJLVVHQWODPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpGHVHVSDFHVXUEDLQVVHORQQRXV/DVDQWpXUEDLQHHVW
XQGpILPDMHXUSRXUO¶DYHQLU206
)LJXUH/HVGLIIpUHQWVHIIHWVHWOHVDYDQWDJHVGHO
DSSOLFDWLRQGXFRQFHSWGH©PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpª
GDQVODSODQLILFDWLRQHWODFRQFHSWLRQXUEDLQH6RXUFHDXWHXUV

&HV FRQFOXVLRQV QHVRQWHQYLVDJHDEOHVTXHVLXQHDSSURFKHJOREDOHGHODYLOOHHVW
GpILQLH(QG
DXWUHVWHUPHVXQWHOFRQFHSW QHSHXWrWUHHIILFDFHTXHV¶LOHVWSULVHQ
FRPSWHDXGpPDUUDJHGHODFRQFHSWLRQG¶XQDPpQDJHPHQWGXWHUULWRLUH
/HVDYDQWDJHVGHODPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpGDQVO
DUFKLWHFWXUHHWO
XUEDQLVPH
/HV HVSDFHV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV DX[ SHWLWHV pFKHOOHV JURXSH GH EkWLPHQWV LORWV
SUpVHQWHQW GH QRPEUHX[ DYDQWDJHV SDUPL OHVTXHOV OD GLPLQXWLRQ GX WHPSV GH
WUDQVSRUW O¶DXJPHQWDWLRQ GX WHPSV HIIHFWLI G
DFWLYLWp HW OD UpGXFWLRQ GHV FRWV
G
HQWUHWLHQGHUpSDUDWLRQRXGHPLVHHQVpFXULWpFHFLHQUDLVRQGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
GHVDFWLYLWpVGHVLQVWDOODWLRQVHWGHVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVHQXQPrPHHVSDFH3RXUEDNKW
HW)XMLL
$X[JUDQGHVpFKHOOHVVXUGHVSURMHWVG
XUEDQLVPHHWG
DPpQDJHPHQWGXWHUULWRLUHOD
PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpSHXWUpGXLUHO
pWDOHPHQWXUEDLQDXJPHQWHUODGHQVLWpSURPRXYRLU
OD TXDOLWp HQYLURQQHPHQWDOH HW VSDWLDOH pFRQRPLVHU GH O
HVSDFH HQ LQWHQVLILDQW VRQ
XWLOLVDWLRQHQDPpOLRUDQWODSHUIRUPDQFHpFRQRPLTXHHWFUpDQWGHV]RQHVDWWUDFWLYHV
HWYLYDQWHV,YHVRQ/OR\GHW$XOG5RGHQEXUJHWDO9UHHNHUHW
DO
/
LQWHUSUpWDWLRQPDWKpPDWLTXHGXFRQFHSWGHPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpGHVHVSDFHVHWGHV
DFWLYLWpVHVWUpVXPpHILJXUH6LRQFODVVHOHVDFWLYLWpVVHORQODW\SRORJLHSURSRVpH
SDU -DQ *HKO WURLV W\SHV G
DFWLYLWpV SHXYHQW rWUH UHFRQQXV OHV DFWLYLWpV
QpFHVVDLUHV RSWLRQQHOOHV HW VRFLDOHV ,O VHUDLW DLQVL SRVVLEOH G
XWLOLVHU WRXW RX XQH

-DQ*HKOGDQVVRQOLYUH©/DYLHHQWUHOHVEkWLPHQWVªpWDEOLWXQHGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUH
GLIIpUHQWVW\SHVG
DFWLYLWpVTXLVHSURGXLVHQWGDQVXQHVSDFHH[WpULHXUDFWLYLWpVQpFHVVDLUHV
IRQFWLRQQHOOHV DFWLYLWpV RSWLRQQHOOHV ORLVLUV HW GHV DFWLYLWpV VRFLDOHV GDQV OHV HVSDFHV
SXEOLFV $ORUV TXH OHV DFWLYLWpV QpFHVVDLUHV RQW OLHX LQGpSHQGDPPHQW GH OD TXDOLWp GH
O
HQYLURQQHPHQW SK\VLTXH OHV DFWLYLWpV IDFXOWDWLYHV RX RSWLRQQHOOHV GpSHQGHQW GDQV XQH
ODUJH PHVXUH GH FH TXH O
HQGURLW D j RIIULU HW GX FRPSRUWHQW GHV XVDJHUV HW GH OHXU
SHUFHSWLRQ/
DFWLYLWpVRFLDOHHVWOHIUXLWGHODTXDOLWpGHVOLHX[HWGHODGXUpHGHVG
DFWLYLWpV
FDUOHVLQWHUDFWLRQVVHSURGXLVHQWVSRQWDQpPHQWTXDQGOHVJHQVVHUpXQLVVHQWGDQVXQOLHX

SDUWLHGHV]RQHVGpGLpHVDX[DFWLYLWpVQpFHVVDLUHVPDUFKHUUDQGRQQHUWUDYDLOOHURX
VKRSSLQJSRXUOHVDXWUHVIRQFWLRQVTXLHOOHVSHXYHQWVHGpURXOHUGXUDQWOHVKHXUHV
FUHXVHVRXEpQpILFLHUG¶HVSDFHVPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV
)LJXUH/DOLEpUDWLRQGHVVROVSRXUOHVQRXYHOOHVIRQFWLRQVOLpHjODFRPELQDLVRQGHVDFWLYLWpV
6RXUFHDXWHXUV
$O
pFKHOOHG
XQHXQLWpGHYRLVLQDJHpFKHOOHORFDOHVLXQHSDUWLHGHO
HVSDFHSHXW
rWUHDOORXpHjGHVIRQFWLRQVVRFLDOHVRXUpFUpDWLYHVSRXUWRXVOHVUpVLGHQWVGHO
XQLWp
GH YRLVLQDJH OD QpFHVVLWp GH FRQVWUXLUH GH QRXYHOOHV LQVWDOODWLRQV GpGLpHV j FHV

SDUWLFXOLHU/HVDFWLYLWpVGHORLVLUVRXVRFLDOHVFRPSUHQQHQWFHOOHVJUDYLWDQWDXWRXUGHVSODFHV
GH MHX SRXU HQIDQWV GDQV OH FDGUH GH VDOXWDWLRQV HW GH FRQYHUVDWLRQV RX HQFRUH ORUV
G¶DFWLYLWpVFROOHFWLYHV

(QXUEDQLVPH OH FRQFHSW G
XQLWp GH YRLVLQDJHD pWp GpYHORSSp DX FRXUV GHVDQQpHV
DX[eWDWV8QLV ,O V¶DJLW G¶XQ HQVHPEOH G¶KDELWDWLRQV JURXSpHV DXWRXU G¶XQHpFROH
SULPDLUHHWIRUPDQWO¶XQLWpGHEDVHGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHVEDQOLHXHVQRUGDPpULFDLQHV

DFWLYLWpVGLPLQXHUDLW&HVSHWLWHVFHOOXOHVHQULFKLUDLHQWODGLYHUVLWpGHVDFWLYLWpVHWOHV
FKRL[XUEDQLVWLTXHVGDQVWRXWOHTXDUWLHU
7\SRORJLH /HV SRWHQWLHOV SRXU O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOH GHV

HVSDFHVXUEDLQV
'pPDUFKH
/
DSSURFKH FRPSDUDWLYH GpILQLH ORUV GH FH WUDYDLO D FRQVLVWp j pYDOXHU GHV
H[SpULHQFHV VLPLODLUHV LQLWLpHV DX QLYHDX LQWHUQDWLRQDO DILQ G¶LGHQWLILHU OHV FRQGLWLRQV
SUpDODEOHV j OD GpWHUPLQDWLRQ G¶HVSDFHV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV 1RXV DYRQV UHOHYp
GLIIpUHQWVW\SHVG
HVSDFHVXUEDLQVHWDQDO\VpOHXUVIRQFWLRQQHPHQWVSRXUWURXYHUOHV
QRXYHOOHV RSSRUWXQLWpV SHUPHWWDQW XQH XWLOLVDWLRQ SDUWDJpH HW PXWXDOLVpH WRXW HQ
WHQDQWFRPSWHGHVUHVWULFWLRQVOpJDOHVFXOWXUHOOHVHWRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOHV
1RXVDYRQVXWLOLVpXQHFRPELQDLVRQGHUDLVRQQHPHQWjSDUWLUGHFDVXQHPpWKRGH
GHUHFKHUFKHFRPPXQHGDQVOHGHVLJQLQGXVWULHOHWGHO
LQWHOOLJHQFHDUWLILFLHOOHHQVH
IRQGDQW VXU OD WKpRULH GX 3DWWHUQ/DQJXDJH GH &KULVWRSKHU $OH[DQGHU $OH[DQGHU
,VKLNDZD HW DO SRXU DQDO\VHU OHV FDV 1RXV DYRQV GpYHORSSp XQH
DSSURFKH UpIOH[LYH GDQV ODTXHOOH FKDTXH QRXYHDX FDV QRXV IDLW UHYRLU QRWUH
SURFHVVXVDILQGHSUpFLVHUOHFKRL[HWOHVFULWqUHVGHUHFKHUFKHG¶DQDO\VHILJXUH
1RXV DYRQV XWLOLVp FHV FULWqUHV SRXU SURSRVHU XQ VFKpPD FRQFHSWXHO GH GRQQpHV
IDFLOLWDQWHQVXLWHO¶XWLOLVDWLRQG¶XQ6,*6XUODEDVHGHVFDVTXHQRXVDYRQVDQDO\VpV
QRXVDYRQVGpILQLXQVFpQDULRSRXUPHWWUHQRVUpVXOWDWVHQSUDWLTXHVXU6WUDVERXUJ
HQ WUDYDLOODQW VXU OHV WHUUDLQV GH MHX[ G
pFROH SULPDLUH 'DQV FH VFpQDULR
H[SpULPHQWDOQRXVXWLOLVRQVOH6,*SRXUYLVXDOLVHUHWpYDOXHUO
LPSDFWGHFHFRQFHSW
VXUODYLHGHVUpVLGHQWV

)LJXUH0pWKRGRORJLHUDLVRQQHPHQWjSDUWLUGHFDV6RXUFHDXWHXUV
/HVFDVG¶pWXGH
$ILQG
pYDOXHUOHSRWHQWLHOG
XWLOLVDWLRQPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOHGHVHVSDFHVXUEDLQVHQYLURQ
H[HPSOHV 7DE RQW pWp pWXGLpV 1RXV DYRQV DXVVL LGHQWLILp G
DXWUHV HVSDFHV
D\DQW OD FDSDFLWp GH GHYHQLU PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO GHV LGpHV LQQRYDQWHV HW GHV SRSXSV
TXLSRXUUDLHQWrWUHGHVOHoRQVjUHWHQLU&HVH[HPSOHVVRQWH[WUDLWVG¶XQHDQDO\VHGH
ODOLWWpUDWXUHHWGHWUDYDX[GHUHFKHUFKHUpDOLVpVHQWUHVHSWHPEUHHWPDUV

7DEOHDX/HVFDVG¶pWXGH
'HQRPEUHX[H[HPSOHVH[LVWHQWSDUWRXWGDQVOHPRQGH/DSOXSDUWGHFHVHVSDFHV
RQW pWp FUppV VDQV SODQLILFDWLRQ LQLWLDOH FHSHQGDQW XQH SURSRUWLRQ VLJQLILFDWLYH
G
HQWUHHX[WLHQWFRPSWHGHTXHVWLRQVMXULGLTXHVRXG¶DVVXUDQFHV)LJ(QUDLVRQ
GH OD YDULpWp GHV FRQWH[WHV LO VHPEOH TXH OH FRQFHSW GH PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp SXLVVH
rWUHFRQVLGpUpVRXVFHUWDLQHVFRQGLWLRQVVHORQOHVLWHHWOHFRQWH[WHVRFLDOGHVIXWXUV

XWLOLVDWHXUV /D ILJXUH PRQWUH OD YDULpWp GHV H[HPSOHV VHORQ OD GLVSHUVLRQ
JpRJUDSKLTXH OD ORFDOLVDWLRQ GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH XUEDLQ HW OD PRUSKRORJLH GHV OLHX[
)LJ(QFHTXLFRQFHUQHODORFDOLVDWLRQJpRJUDSKLTXHHWO
pFKHOOHODPDMRULWpGHV
FDV VH VLWXH GDQV OHV SD\V GpYHORSSpV DX FHQWUHYLOOH HW GDQV GHV DLUHV GH WDLOOH
PR\HQQH 1pDQPRLQV LO \ D GHV H[HPSOHV G
HVSDFHV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV GDQV OH
PRQGH HQWLHU &HOD LQGLTXH TXH O
LGpH SHXW rWUH PLVH HQ °XYUH VRLW VSRQWDQpPHQW
VRLW GH IDoRQ RUJDQLVpH VHORQ VRQ FRQWH[WH FXOWXUHO 'DQV OD SOXSDUW GHV FDV OHV
HVSDFHV XWLOHV j GH QRXYHDX[ EHVRLQV RQW pWp FKRLVLV SRXU RIIULU GH QRXYHOOHV
IRQFWLRQVHQHVVD\DQWGHOHVFRPELQHUDYHFOHVDFWLYLWpVGHODYLHTXRWLGLHQQH
)LJXUH9DULpWpGHFDVG¶pWXGHHQIRQFWLRQGHODGLVSHUVLRQJpRJUDSKLTXH
/HV FDV pWXGLpV RQW SHUPLV GH VpOHFWLRQQHU XQ HQVHPEOH GH FULWqUHV j SUHQGUH HQ
FRQVLGpUDWLRQEDVpHVXUOHVDFWHXUVOHVXVDJHVOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHVDFWLYLWpVHW
GHV OLHX[ 7DE &HV FULWqUHV RQW pWp LGHQWLILpV JUkFH j XQ EDOD\DJH UDVVHPEODQW
FDV HW UHYXH GH OD OLWWpUDWXUH &DUPRQD +HDWK 2F 7LHVGHOO 0DUFXV
)UDQFLV .D\GHQ &DUU 7KRPSVRQ 7UDYORX )UDQFLV
(UHOO3HDUOPXWWHU :LOOLDPVRQ*HKO1J
&HUWDLQVGHFHVFULWqUHVVRQWSOXVLPSRUWDQWVTXHG¶DXWUHV'HX[FDWpJRULHVRQWpWp
FUppHV OHV FULWqUHV REOLJDWRLUHV GXUpH G
XWLOLVDWLRQ GHV OLHX[ PRGH GH SURWHFWLRQ
DFFHVVLELOLWp SDU H[HPSOH HW OHV FULWqUHV RSWLRQQHOV TXL DPpOLRUHQW OD TXDOLWp

WHPSpUDWXUH UHYrWHPHQW GH O
HVSDFH SROOXWLRQ VRQRUH« &HWWH UHFKHUFKH SRUWH
VXUODGpWHUPLQDWLRQGHVFULWqUHVREOLJDWRLUHV
7DEOHDX/HVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVV\QWKpWLTXHVGHVFDVpWXGLpHV/HVFULWqUHVG
DQDO\VH

/D GLVWULEXWLRQ VWDWLVWLTXH GH FKDTXH FULWqUH D pWp pWXGLpH SRXU TXDQWLILHU O¶DQDO\VH
TXDOLWDWLYH 3RXU FKDTXH FULWqUH QRXV DYRQV GpILQL GHX[ j GL[ W\SHV GH UpSRQVH
SRVVLEOHV /D IUpTXHQFH GH FKDTXH UpSRQVH PRQWUH FRPPHQW LO HVW SRVVLEOH G¶HQ
GpILQLUXQSDUPLWRXVOHVDXWUHVFKRL[1RXVDYRQVUHJURXSpOHVUpSRQVHVVLPLODLUHV
SRXUOHVFULWqUHVTXLFRPSWDLHQWSOXVGHFLQTUpSRQVHVSRVVLEOHV
/DILJXUHUpVXPHOHVSUHPLHUVUpVXOWDWVGHVDQDO\VHVVHORQOHVFULWqUHV
-XULGLTXHPHQW OHV HVSDFHV IRQW O¶REMHW G¶XQH ORFDWLRQ RX G¶XQ DFFqV j WLWUH JUDWXLW
0DLVOHSURSULpWDLUHSHXWpJDOHPHQWSHUVRQQHOOHPHQWSUHQGUHODUHVSRQVDELOLWpG¶XQH
VHFRQGHIRQFWLRQFRPPHO¶pFKDQJHG¶XQELHQRXODPLVHjGLVSRVLWLRQG¶XQWHPSV
G¶XVDJH RX HQFRUH OD ORFDWLRQ G¶XQ OLHX GH VpMRXU SULYp 3DUIRLV GHV 21* VRQW
LPSOLTXpHV SRXU DLGHU j O
XWLOLVDWLRQ GH O
HQGURLW RX DSSRUWHQW OHXU VRXWLHQ SRXU \
DFFpGHU)LJ$
%LHQ TXH OHV UHVWULFWLRQV MXULGLTXHV VHPEOHQW G

XQH JUDQGH LPSRUWDQFH GDQV FH
GRPDLQH GDQV OD SOXSDUW GHV FDV OHV IRQGHPHQWV MXULGLTXHV HQ PDWLqUH GH
UHVSRQVDELOLWpHWG
DVVXUDQFHQ¶RQWVHQVLEOHPHQWSDVpWpPRGLILpV$YHFXQHERQQH
SODQLILFDWLRQ DLQVL TX¶XQH GpILQLWLRQ FODLUH GHV SULRULWpV XQ HVSDFH SHXW VH
WUDQVIRUPHUHQXQHVSDFHPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO)LJ%
/D SULRULWp G
XWLOLVDWLRQ GH O
HVSDFH HVW XQH TXHVWLRQ LPSRUWDQWH TXDQG LO \ D XQH
LQWHUDFWLRQ HQWUH GHX[ IRQFWLRQV RX ORUVTX¶XQH GHV IRQFWLRQV DWWHLQW VRQ DSRJpH
'DQV FHV VLWXDWLRQV LO IDXW TXH OHV DXWUHV IRQFWLRQV VRLHQW VXIILVDPPHQW IOH[LEOHV
SRXUV¶DGDSWHUDX[QRXYHOOHVFRQGLWLRQV(QRXWUHOHVXVDJHVSUpSRQGpUDQWVGRLYHQW
rWUH LGHQWLILpV WRXW FRPPH OHV SULRULWpV LQGXLWHV DILQ GH FODULILHU OHV H[LJHQFHV HW OHV
FRQGLWLRQV QpFHVVDLUHV j XQH JHVWLRQ KDUPRQLHXVH GH FHWWH PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp
)LJ&
/DGLYHUVLWpGHVFDVpWXGLpVHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHU\WKPHHWODGXUpHLQGLTXHGHV
SpULRGHVG¶XWLOLVDWLRQPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOHDOODQWGHTXHOTXHVPLQXWHVjTXHOTXHVPRLV
7RXWHDFWLYLWpHVWVRXPLVHjXQU\WKPHHWjGHVGpURXOpVFKURQRORJLTXHV)LJ'

)LJXUH/DFODVVLILFDWLRQGHVHVSDFHVVHORQGLIIpUHQWVFULWqUHV
&UpHUXQHEDVHGHGRQQpHV6,*
6DQV SODQLILFDWLRQ j GLIIpUHQWV QLYHDX[ O

LQWpJUDWLRQ GHV REMHFWLIV PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV
GDQVO¶XWLOLVDWLRQGXVROQHSHXWrWUHUpXVVLH0H\HU 'HJRUVNL/HFRQFHSWGH
PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWpUHTXLHUWXQHDSSURFKHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDLUH7UHVVHWDOGXIDLW
GHODQpFHVVDLUHSULVHHQFRPSWHVLPXOWDQpHGHVQRPEUHXVHVGLPHQVLRQVH[SRVpHV
FLGHVVXV /H 6,* SHXW SDU VHV FDSDFLWpV GH VWUXFWXUDWLRQ HW GH UHTXrWH DLGHU j
O¶DGRSWLRQ GH GpFLVLRQV DSSURSULpHV HQ UDVVHPEODQW HW FRPELQDQW GLIIpUHQWHV
FRXFKHVG¶LQIRUPDWLRQVXUOHVHVSDFHVFRQFHUQpV
$ILQ G
LGHQWLILHU OHV HVSDFHV SRWHQWLHOOHPHQW PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV GDQV XQH YLOOH RX
FKRLVLU XQH DXWUH IRQFWLRQ SRXU XQ HVSDFH GRQQp GLIIpUHQWHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV GHV
HVSDFHVXUEDLQVHWGHVDFWLYLWpVGRLYHQWrWUHFROOHFWpV

/D PRUSKRORJLH O
pFKHOOH HW OD WDLOOH LO H[LVWH XQH UHODWLRQ GLUHFWH HQWUH OD WDLOOH GH
O
HVSDFH HW O¶LPSRUWDQFH GH O
DFWLYLWp RX OH QRPEUH G
XWLOLVDWHXUV /HV SHWLWV HVSDFHV
VRQW XWLOLVpV SRXU GHV DFWLYLWpV ORFDOHV WDQGLV TXH OHV VLWHV IDFLOHPHQW DFFHVVLEOHV
SHXYHQWrWUHDWWULEXpVjGHVDFWLYLWpVD\DQWXQSOXVODUJHUD\RQQHPHQWjO
pFKHOOHGX
TXDUWLHURXGHWRXWHODYLOOH
/H U\WKPH G¶DFWLYLWp OH U\WKPH GH O

XWLOLVDWLRQ GHV HVSDFHV SRXU FKDTXH F\FOH
G
DFWLYLWpGRLWrWUHUHOHYpDILQG
LGHQWLILHUOHXUpFKHOOHWHPSRUHOOH
/DGLYHUVLWpGHVDFWLYLWpVLOV¶DJLWG¶pYLWHUO¶LPSODQWDWLRQG¶DFWLYLWpVVLPLODLUHVGDQVXQ
PrPHHVSDFHDILQG
DFFURvWUHODGLYHUVLWpGHVDFWLYLWpVG¶XQVLWH
/¶DFFHVVLELOLWp HW OD SUR[LPLWp DX[ PR\HQV GH WUDQVSRUW HQ FRPPXQ O
DFWLYLWp
VHFRQGDLUHGHFKDTXHHVSDFHGRLWrWUHFKRLVLHHQIRQFWLRQGHVRQDFFHVVLELOLWpHWVD
ORFDOLVDWLRQ GDQV OD YLOOH &H FULWqUH HVW HVVHQWLHO SRXU OH GpYHORSSHPHQW G¶DFWLYLWpV
D\DQWXQSRWHQWLHOG¶DWWUDFWLRQDXGHOjGXTXDUWLHU
/¶DFFqV j GHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV HW VHUYLFHV XUEDLQV FHUWDLQHV DFWLYLWpV QpFHVVLWH XQ
UDFFRUGHPHQWjGHVUpVHDX[G
pOHFWULFLWpGHWpOpFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRQQH[LRQ,QWHUQHW
G¶HDX«
/HV LQVWDOODWLRQV G
pFODLUDJH SXEOLF OH SODQ G
pFODLUDJH OH O¶HVSDFH XUEDLQ GRLW rWUH
DQDO\Vp DILQ G
rWUH HQ PHVXUH GH GpWHUPLQHU OHV HVSDFHV SRWHQWLHOOHPHQW
DSSURSULpHVSRXUOHVDFWLYLWpVQRFWXUQHV
&HVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVVRQWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWOLpHVjGHV]RQHVEkWLHV(OOHVSHUPHWWHQW
G¶LGHQWLILHU OD ]RQH DSSURSULpH RX O
XWLOLVDWLRQ G¶DOWHUQDWLYHV DFFHSWDEOHV /D FROOHFWH
G¶LQIRUPDWLRQ GRLW GRQF FRXYULU O¶HQVHPEOH GH FHV DVSHFWV 3DU H[HPSOH OD
GpDPEXODWLRQGDQVXQHYLOOHQpFHVVLWHGHVHQGURLWVDWWUD\DQWV/DSRSXODWLRQGHYUDLW
rWUHHQPHVXUHGHSURILWHUGXWHPSVHWG¶LWLQpUDLUHVOLEUHV/HVWURWWRLUVSDUH[HPSOH
SRXUUDLHQWRIIULUXQHYDULpWpGHIRQFWLRQVVHORQOHXUORFDOLVDWLRQHWOHXUWDLOOH0RXJKWLQ
(QUDLVRQGHODODUJHXUGXWURWWRLUGLIIpUHQWVHVSDFHVSHXYHQWrWUHFUppVSRXU
UpSRQGUHjFHVHQMHX[7DE

7DEOHDX/HVSRWHQWLHOVSRXUXQHXWLOLVDWLRQPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOHG
XQWURWWRLUHWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHV
QpFHVVDLUHVVHORQO¶DFWLYLWpVHFRQGDLUHFKRLVLH
&HVSUHPLHUVFULWqUHVGHYUDLHQWrWUHFRPELQpVDYHFGHVFULWqUHVVRFLRpFRQRPLTXHV
MXULGLTXHV HW FXOWXUHOV DVVRFLpV HQ SDUWLFXOLHU j OD UHVSRQVDELOLWp HW O
DVVXUDQFH
7DE
&ODVVLILFDWLRQGHVFULWqUHVHWOHVPRGqOHVFRQFHSWXHOVSDWWHUQV
/H FRQFHSW GH PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp SHXW HQWUHU GDQV OD FRQFHSWLRQ DUFKLWHFWXUDOH HW
XUEDLQH GqV OH GpEXW SDU OD FRQFHSWLRQ GX SODQ GLUHFWHXU GH OD YLOOH HQ IRQFWLRQ GHV
]RQHV j XVDJH PL[WH HW GHV IRQFWLRQV GH SDUWDJH j YDORULVHU FRQFHYRLU XQ UpVHDX
G
DFWLYLWp )LJ (Q XWLOLVDQW OHV PpWURV OHV WRLWV RX OHV WHUUDLQV YDFDQWV RX OD
FRQFHSWLRQ GH PHXEOHV WUDQVIRUPDEOHV SRUWDEOH TXL SHXW DGDSWHU GH QRXYHOOHV
VLWXDWLRQVODVFqQHVHUDLWSHXWrWUHRXYHUWHjGHVLGpHVQRYDWULFHV

)LJXUHPRGqOHVFRQFHSWXHOVSDWWHUQVH[WUDLWVGHO

DQDO\VHGHVFDV6RXUFHDXWHXUV
'DQV FHWWH UHFKHUFKH OHV SRWHQWLHOV GH O

XWLOLVDWLRQ PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOH GH O
HVSDFH
XUEDLQHWOHXUDGDSWDWLRQjODIRUPHXUEDLQHGXUDEOHDpWppWXGLpH/HVFULWqUHVGpILQLV
DLGHUDLHQW j WURXYHU OHV GRPDLQHV DSSURSULpV GH OD YLOOH GDQV XQH SKDVH GH
SURJUDPPDWLRQ
(Q DQDO\VDQW OHV FDV LO D pWp FRQVWDWp TXH FHUWDLQV FULWqUHV VRQW G
XQH LPSRUWDQFH
SOXVJUDQGHTXHOHVDXWUHV/HVFRPPHQWDLUHVGHO
DQDO\VHGHVFDVQRXVDFRQGXLWj
FODVVHU OHV FULWqUHV HQ GHJUpV G
LPSRUWDQFH 7DE &HV FULWqUHV GRLYHQW rWUH
DQDO\VpV GDQV OHV SKDVHV G
pWXGH GH IDLVDELOLWp GH SURJUDPPDWLRQ HW GH
FRQFHSWLRQ /HV SUHPLHUV FULWqUHV G
pWXGHV UpXQLVVHQW OHV FULWqUHV HVVHQWLHOV j OD
UpDOLVDWLRQ GX SURMHW VDQV OHVTXHOV FHOXLFL QH SHXW SDV GpPDUUHU /H VHFRQG GHJUp
FRQFHUQHOHVFULWqUHVTXLRQWXQHJUDQGHYDULpWpG
DWWULEXWVHWGRLYHQWQpFHVVDLUHPHQW
rWUHSULVHQFRQVLGpUDWLRQPDLVHQFDVGHSUREOqPHVRXGHOLPLWHVGHQRPEUHXVHV
VROXWLRQVGLIIpUHQWHVSRXUUDLHQWrWUHPLVHQWHVW/HVFULWqUHVGXWURLVLqPHGHJUpVRQW
UHFRPPDQGpV GDQV FKDTXH SURMHW GH GHVLJQ XUEDLQ WDQW SRXU XQ HVSDFH
PRQRIRQFWLRQQHO TX
XQ HVSDFH PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO &HWWH FODVVLILFDWLRQ SRXUUDLW rWUH
FRQVLGpUpHFRPPHXQHEDVHSRXUXQHpWXGHGHIDLVDELOLWpSRXUODPRGLILFDWLRQG
XQ
HVSDFHPRQRIRQFWLRQQHOjXQHVSDFHPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO

7DEOHDX7URLVQLYHDX[GHFULWqUHV
EŝǀĞĂƵϭ EŝǀĞĂƵϮ EŝǀĞĂƵϯ

ƌŝƚğƌĞƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĂŶĚĠƐƉŽƵƌ
ƌŝƚğƌĞƐĞƐƐĞŶƚŝĞůƐ ƌŝƚğƌĞƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐ
ġƚƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĠƌĠ
dǇƉĞĚΖĂĐƚĞƵƌƐŝŶŝƚŝĂƵǆ ^ƚĂƚƵƚĚĞƐƵƚŝůŝƐĂƚĞƵƌƐ ƚƚƌĂĐƚŝǀŝƚĠ;ůŝĞƵнĂĐƚŝǀŝƚĠͿ
dǇƉĞĚΖĂĐƚĞƵƌƐƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŝƌĞƐ dǇƉĞĚΖĂĐƚŝǀŝƚĠ ZŝƐƋƵĞƐ;ĂǀĞĐŽƵƐĂŶƐĂǀŽŝƌůĂ
&ŽŶĐƚŝŽŶƐŝŶŝƚŝĂůĞƐĞƚ ĂƐĞũƵƌŝĚŝƋƵĞĚĞůĂƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĞĨŽŶĐƚŝŽŶĂũŽƵƚĠĞ
ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŝƌĞƐ ĞƚĚĞůĂŐĞƐƚŝŽŶ DŽĚĞĚĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶ
ĞƐƚŝŶĂƚŝŽŶĚΖƵƐĂŐĞ ĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚĠ ĂƐĞũƵƌŝĚŝƋƵĞĚĞůĂ
DŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐŝĞĚƵƐŝƚĞ >ŽĐĂůŝƐĂƚŝŽŶ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚĠĚĞƐůŝĞƵǆ
dĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠ EŽƵǀĞĂƵĐŽŶƚƌĂƚĚΖĂƐƐƵƌĂŶĐĞ
DŽĚĂůŝƚĠƌĠŐůĞŵĞŶƚĂŝƌĞĚĞ
ůΖƵƐĂŐĞ
$SSOLFDWLRQ
8Q VFpQDULR H[SpULPHQWDO SRXU 6WUDVERXUJ D pWp GpILQL SRXU LOOXVWUHU FHV WUDYDX[
WUDQVIRUPHU OHV FRXUV G
pFROH HQ DLUHV GH MHX[ RXYHUWV DX[ SXEOLFV HQ GHKRUV GHV
KHXUHVG
pFROH
3RXU rWUH HQ PHVXUH GH SDVVHU GH OD WKpRULH j OD SUDWLTXH LO QRXV D VHPEOp
QpFHVVDLUH G¶DSSOLTXHU FHWWH GpPDUFKH VXU XQ FDV UpHO 3RXU FHOD XQ HQVHPEOH
G¶LQIRUPDWLRQV D pWp FROOHFWp FRPSOpWp SDU O
REVHUYDWLRQ GH WHUUDLQ GX FRQFHSWHXU
/HV LQIRUPDWLRQV FROOHFWpHV HW OHV VRXUFHV G¶LQIRUPDWLRQ SRXU 6WUDVERXUJ VRQW
SUpVHQWpHVGDQVOHWDEOHDX/HVLQIRUPDWLRQVPDUTXpHVHQYHUWVRQWFHOOHVTXLVRQW
IDFLOHPHQW FROOHFWpHV HQ XWLOLVDQW GHV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV FRXUDQWHV SRXYDQW rWUH
DLVpPHQW UDVVHPEOpHV GDQV XQ 6,* FDGDVWUH SODQV GLYHUV UqJOHV XUEDLQHV HW
UpJOHPHQWDWLRQ HW SHXYHQW rWUH FRPSOpWpHV HQ YLVLWDQW OH VLWH /HV LQIRUPDWLRQV HQ
RUDQJHVRQWFHOOHVGRQWQRXVDYRQVEHVRLQSRXUSUHQGUHGHVGpFLVLRQVUpDOLVHUOHV
DQDO\VHV HW OHV pWXGHV GH GHVLJQ SRXU OHV VLWHV HW OHV IRQFWLRQV VHFRQGDLUHV
VpOHFWLRQQpHV (OOHV GRLYHQW SRXYRLU rWUH DGDSWpHV DX[ GLYHUV VFpQDULRV HQYLVDJpV
OD GpFLVLRQ G¶LQWURGXLUH XQH IRQFWLRQ VHFRQGDLUH RX DMRXWpH HQWUDLQH XQ QRXYHDX
UpVXOWDW

7DEOHDX/HVGLIIpUHQWHVLQIRUPDWLRQVQpFHVVDLUHVjODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQVHWOHXUVRXUFH
,O FRQYLHQW GH JDUGHU j O

HVSULW TXH FH SUREOqPH Q
D SDV GH UpSRQVH JOREDOH
&HUWDLQHVLQIRUPDWLRQVFRPPHOHVTXHVWLRQVMXULGLTXHVRXG
DVVXUDQFHVRQWGLIILFLOHV
jLQWURGXLUHVSDWLDOHPHQWGDQVOHVFRXFKHV6,*&KDTXHSD\VRIIUHGHVSRVVLELOLWpV
HW GHV OLPLWHV VSpFLILTXHV HQ IRQFWLRQ GH UqJOHPHQWV SURSUHV GH V\VWqPHV
DGPLQLVWUDWLIV HW G¶pOpPHQWV FXOWXUHOV 3DU H[HPSOH GDQV FHUWDLQV SD\V OHV UqJOHV
UHODWLYHV j O
DVVXUDQFH HW j OD UHVSRQVDELOLWp VRQW PRLQV UHVWULFWLYHV TXH GDQV
G¶DXWUHV (Q RXWUH OHV GLIIpUHQWHV GpILQLWLRQV GH O
HVSDFH SXEOLF HW GH VD IRQFWLRQ
GDQV GLIIpUHQWHV FXOWXUHV FRQGXLVHQW j XQH JUDQGH GLYHUVLWp GDQV OD IDEULFDWLRQ GHV
HVSDFHVPXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOV
,OHVWLPSRUWDQWGHSUHQGUHGXWHPSVSRXULQWURGXLUHFHW\SHGHFRQFHSWDXSUqVGHV
DFWHXUV GpFLGHXUV HW SRSXODWLRQ HW GH OHV HQFRXUDJHU j UHJDUGHU O
HVSDFH FRPPH
XQ©FDSLWDOªTXLSRXUUDLWGHYHQLUPXWXDOLVpSDUWDJpQRQVHXOHPHQWHQWUHGLIIpUHQWV

XWLOLVDWHXUVPDLVDXVVLHQWUHGLIIpUHQWHVDFWLYLWpV/DQRWLRQ©G
XVDJHGHSDUWDJHªHVW
TXHOTXHFKRVHTXLSRXUUDLWrWUHDWWHLQWJUkFHjO
LQIRUPDWLRQHWjO
pGXFDWLRQ
&RQFOXVLRQ
)RQGpH VXU OD EDVH GH QRV FRQQDLVVDQFHV HQ DUFKLWHFWXUH HW HQ DUFKLWHFWXUH GX
SD\VDJH FHWWH UHFKHUFKH FRQIRUWH QRV K\SRWKqVHV LQLWLDOHV VXU OH FRQFHSW GH
PXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLWp GHV HVSDFHV ,O SDUWLFLSH j O¶DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH OD TXDOLWp GHV
HVSDFHVDUFKLWHFWXUDX[HWXUEDLQV(QG
DXWUHVWHUPHVVLO
RQUHJDUGHODFRQFHSWLRQ
FRPPH XQH UpVXOWDQWH GH OD IRUPH HW OD IRQFWLRQQDOLWp SUHQGUH HQ FRPSWH OHV
DWWHQWHV GHV XWLOLVDWHXUV HQ WHUPHV GH EHVRLQV SK\VLTXHV HW SV\FKRORJLTXHV HW HQ
PrPH WHPSV VL O¶RQ WLHQW FRPSWH GHV DVSHFWV VRFLDX[ FXOWXUHOV pFRQRPLTXHV HW
HVWKpWLTXHVGDQVXQFDGUHWHPSRUHODGDSWpFHWWHDSSURFKHSHXWV¶DYpUHUSHUWLQHQWH
HWHIILFDFHSRXUUpSRQGUHDX[H[LJHQFHVV¶XQGpYHORSSHPHQWXUEDLQGXUDEOH
'DQVFHWpWDWG
HVSULWPrPHXQpOpPHQWVLPSOHFRPPHXQHFKDLVHGDQVXQHVSDFH
XUEDLQ SRXUUDLW rWUH FRQoX GH PDQLqUH j SHUPHWWUH HQ SOXV GH VD IRQFWLRQQDOLWp
KDELWXHOOH GDQV XQ FHUWDLQ ODSV GH WHPSV RX KRUV GHV SpULRGHV GH IRQFWLRQQHPHQW
KDELWXHO HQ LQWpJUDQW G¶DXWUHV U{OHV pFRORJLTXH VRFLDO FXOWXUHO pFRQRPLTXH &H
JHQUHGHYLVLRQORUVGHODFRQFHSWLRQPXOWLSOLHODYDOHXUGH©FKDTXHGpFLVLRQªRXGH
©FKDTXH FKRL[ª 2Q SRXUUDLW SHQVHU TXH OD FRQFHSWLRQ VHUDLW SOXV GLIILFLOH HQ
DGRSWDQW FH SRLQW GH YX PDLV XQH WHOOH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ FRQFHSWXHOOH SHXW rWUH ULFKH
SRXU OHV GpFLGHXUV OHV SODQLILFDWHXUV HW OHV FRQFHSWHXUV HQ DSSRUWDQW GHV
SURSRVLWLRQV GH FKDQJHPHQWV VLPSOHV RX QpFHVVLWDQW OH PRLQV G¶LQWHUYHQWLRQV
SRVVLEOHV &HFL SRXUUDLW FRQGXLUH j GHV FRQVpTXHQFHV HW GHV UpVXOWDWV GXUDEOHV
HIILFDFHVHWGHKDXWHTXDOLWpDOODQWGDQVOHVHQVG¶XQIXWXUPHLOOHXU

Sustainable Urban Form

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Sustainable Urban Form

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Sustainable urban form : multifunctionality and

adaptation : redefining urban spaces as multifunctional

To cite this version:

HAL Id: tel-01523818

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

ÉCOLE DOCTORALE 413 « Sciences de la Terre et de l’Environnement »

0276 &/(6 GXUDELOLWp XUEDLQH IRUPH XUEDLQH HVSDFH SDUWDJp PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO

7KH8UEDQIRUP WKHVSDFHVEXLOGLQJVSDWKVDQGERXQGDULHVWKDWGHILQHFLW\OLIH LV

)RUPDODQGSK\VLFDODVSHFWV FRPSDFWQHVVDQGSRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\ LQFUHDVHG

 6RFLDO DVSHFWV PL[WXUH RI JHQHUDWLRQV DQG JHQHUDWLRQDO DGDSWDWLRQ VRFLDO

,QXUEDQGHVLJQWKLV FRQFHSWKDVDPRUHSUHFLVHGHILQLWLRQ=LHGOHU =HLGOHU 

7KHUHIRUH WKH OLQJXLVWV FRQVLGHU WKH ODQJXDJH DV D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO SKHQRPHQRQ

0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUH EHVLGH IRRG SURGXFWLRQ FRQVLGHUV WKH VRFLDO

$ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO ODQGVFDSH LV D /DQGVFDSH WKDW SURYLGHV D UDQJH RI EHQHILFLDO

)LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\ZLWKWKDWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ /RYHOO 7D\ORU

$QRWKHUGHILQLWLRQLVSURYLGHGE\$UQROG:KLWWLFN :KLWWLFN ZKRGHILQHV]RQLQJ

,Q )UDQFH 3/8 SODQ ORFDOH G

7KLV UHVHDUFK IRFXVHV RQ WKH VPDOOVFDOH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DUHDV

)LJXUH7KHIXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\JUDSKRIDVDPSOHVSDFHGXULQJDGD\ OHIW DQDZHHN ULJKW

$FFRUGLQJWR%UDQGWDQG9HMUH  LQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHIXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFH

)LJXUH7KHGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIXVLQJDVSDFH )XQFWLRQ GXULQJDF\FOHRILWVDFWLYLW\ 7LPH *KDIRXUL

)XQFWLRQDO'HQVLW\ WKHQXPEHURIXVHUVRIVSDFHLQDVSHFLILFSHULRG  WKHQXPEHU

-DQ*HKOLQKLVERRN³/LIHEHWZHHQEXLOGLQJV´  GLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW

 &DVHEDVHG5HDVRQLQJ &%5

,Q &%5 WHUPLQRORJ\ D FDVH XVXDOO\ GHQRWHV D SUREOHP VLWXDWLRQ $ SUHYLRXVO\

&DVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJKDVDQRYHUDOOF\FOH )LJXUH ZKLFKFDQEHGHVFULEHGE\

)LJXUH&%5&\FOH $DPRGW 3OD]D

Is the space currently multifunctional or it has just the potential to be?

Are the actors public (State / Territorial Collectivity) or private (individuals,

Is the space covered by vegetation or mineral materials? Is it a soft landscape or a

 6HDUFK LQ FODVVLF OLEUDULHV OLNH VFLHQFHGLUHFWFRP ZLWKLQ WKHVH NH\ZRUGV

 6HDUFK LQ RQOLQH DUFKLWHFWXUDO DQG ODQGVFDSH PDJD]LQHV ZZZGH]HHQFRP

Multifunctional - public to semi-public Necessary activities to recreation/social

Multifunctional - public to private Necessary activities to necessary

Multifunctional - private to public Pedagogic to cultural/social

Multifunctional - public to public Necessary activities to recreation

 RI RXU FDVHV DUH FXUUHQWO\ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DQG

$OWKRXJK WKH LQLWLDO DFWRUV DUH RIWHQ SXEOLF ZKHQ WKH

7KLV VKRZV WKDW WKH SXEOLF VSDFHV KDYH D JUHDWHU

$OWKRXJK WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI XWLOL]HG VSDFH E\ D

0RVW RI WKH VSDFHV ZKLFK KDYH VWDUWHG DV PXOWL

)RU WKH OHJDO IXQGDPHQWDOV RI VSDFH RFFXSDWLRQ DQG

$OWKRXJK LW VHHPV WKDW OHJDO UHVWULFWLRQV DUH RI JUHDW

,Q VWXGLHG FDVHV ZLWK DGGLWLRQ RI QHZ IXQFWLRQ QHZ

7KH SULRULW\ LQ XVLQJ WKH VSDFH VKRXOG DOVR EH

:KLOH WKH SURFHVV RI WUDQVIRUPLQJ D PRQRIXQFWLRQDO

7KH GLYHUVLW\ EHWZHHQ VWXGLHG FDVHV UHJDUGLQJ WKHLU

5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ IXQFWLRQDO RSHUDWLRQ DQG

$ PHDQLQJIXO UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ IXQFWLRQDO

8VXDOO\ LQ DGGLQJ QHZ IXQFWLRQV WR D VSDFH WKHUH

$GGLQJ D QHZ IXQFWLRQ WR VSDFH DXJPHQWV WKH

$ UHPDUNDEOH DQG PHDQLQJIXO UHODWLRQVKLS GRHV QRW

6LQFH LQ RXU VWXGLHV RSHQ VSDFHV KDYH EHHQ

$ QRWDEOH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GHILQHG DFWLYLW\ DQG

$ QRWDEOH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GHILQHG DFWLYLW\ DQG

7KH DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI QHZ XVHUV OHDGV WR WKH

)URP PRUSKRORJ\ SRLQW RI YLHZ D QRWDEOH YDULHW\ LQ

7KH FKRVHQ VSDFHV DUH WKH GLUHFWO\ DFFHVVLEOH

8VXDOO\ WKRVH VSDFHV KDYH EHHQ FKRVHQ IRU D

7KH FKRVHQ VSDFHV IRU KDYLQJ VHFRQGDU\ RU DGGHG

&KDQJH LQ WKH OHJDO EDVLV RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH

7KH IUHTXHQF\ RI FKDQJH LQ WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH

,Q PRVW FDVHV SUHUHTXLVLWH EDVLV IRU SURYLGLQJ

6LQFH WKH PDLQ SXUSRVH RI LQFUHDVLQJ WKH IXQFWLRQDO

0276 &/(6 GXUDELOLWp XUEDLQH IRUPH XUEDLQH HVSDFH SDUWDJp PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHO

7KH8UEDQIRUPWKHVSDFHVEXLOGLQJVSDWKVDQGERXQGDULHVWKDWGHILQHFLW\OLIHLV

)RUPDODQGSK\VLFDODVSHFWVFRPSDFWQHVVDQGSRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\LQFUHDVHG

6RFLDO DVSHFWV PL[WXUH RI JHQHUDWLRQV DQG JHQHUDWLRQDO DGDSWDWLRQ VRFLDO

,QXUEDQGHVLJQWKLV FRQFHSWKDVDPRUHSUHFLVHGHILQLWLRQ=LHGOHU=HLGOHU

7KHUHIRUH WKH OLQJXLVWV FRQVLGHU WKH ODQJXDJH DV D PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO SKHQRPHQRQ

0XOWLIXQFWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUH EHVLGH IRRG SURGXFWLRQ FRQVLGHUV WKH VRFLDO

)LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\ZLWKWKDWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\/RYHOO 7D\ORU

$QRWKHUGHILQLWLRQLVSURYLGHGE\$UQROG:KLWWLFN:KLWWLFNZKRGHILQHV]RQLQJ

7KLV UHVHDUFK IRFXVHV RQ WKH VPDOOVFDOH PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DUHDV

)LJXUH7KHIXQFWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\JUDSKRIDVDPSOHVSDFHGXULQJDGD\OHIWDQDZHHNULJKW

$FFRUGLQJWR%UDQGWDQG9HMUHLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHIXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFH

)LJXUH7KHGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIXVLQJDVSDFH)XQFWLRQGXULQJDF\FOHRILWVDFWLYLW\7LPH*KDIRXUL

)XQFWLRQDO'HQVLW\ WKHQXPEHURIXVHUVRIVSDFHLQDVSHFLILFSHULRGWKHQXPEHU

-DQ*HKOLQKLVERRN³/LIHEHWZHHQEXLOGLQJV´GLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW

&DVHEDVHG5HDVRQLQJ&%5

,Q &%5 WHUPLQRORJ\ D FDVH XVXDOO\ GHQRWHV D SUREOHP VLWXDWLRQ $ SUHYLRXVO\

&DVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJKDVDQRYHUDOOF\FOH)LJXUHZKLFKFDQEHGHVFULEHGE\

)LJXUH&%5&\FOH$DPRGW 3OD]D

6HDUFK LQ FODVVLF OLEUDULHV OLNH VFLHQFHGLUHFWFRP ZLWKLQ WKHVH NH\ZRUGV

6HDUFK LQ RQOLQH DUFKLWHFWXUDO DQG ODQGVFDSH PDJD]LQHV ZZZGH]HHQFRP

RI RXU FDVHV DUH FXUUHQWO\ PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DQG

$OWKRXJK WKH LQLWLDO DFWRUV DUH RIWHQ SXEOLF ZKHQ WKH

$OWKRXJK WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI XWLOL]HG VSDFH E\ D

0RVW RI WKH VSDFHV ZKLFK KDYH VWDUWHG DV PXOWL

,Q VWXGLHG FDVHV ZLWK DGGLWLRQ RI QHZ IXQFWLRQ QHZ

:KLOH WKH SURFHVV RI WUDQVIRUPLQJ D PRQRIXQFWLRQDO

8VXDOO\ LQ DGGLQJ QHZ IXQFWLRQV WR D VSDFH WKHUH

6LQFH LQ RXU VWXGLHV RSHQ VSDFHV KDYH EHHQ

)URP PRUSKRORJ\ SRLQW RI YLHZ D QRWDEOH YDULHW\ LQ

8VXDOO\ WKRVH VSDFHV KDYH EHHQ FKRVHQ IRU D

,Q PRVW FDVHV SUHUHTXLVLWH EDVLV IRU SURYLGLQJ

6LQFH WKH PDLQ SXUSRVH RI LQFUHDVLQJ WKH IXQFWLRQDO

7KH H[DPLQHG VSDFHV ZHUH RSHQ VSDFHV 7KHVH

,QWKLVVWHSLQRUGHUWRKDYHWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRFRPSDUHWKHYDOXHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH

7DEOH&DOFXODWLQJWKHQRUPDOL]HGYDOXHIURPWRRIHDFKFULWHULRQ

)URPWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIZHLJKWLQJFULWHULD7DEOHDQGWKHWDEOHLQZKLFKRSWLRQV

$WWUDFWLYHQHVVORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\

5LVNVZLWKRXWDGGLQJWKHVHFRQGIXQFWLRQ

,QLWLDOIXQFWLRQ 1HFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV

7\SHRIVHFRQGDU\DFWRUV 3ULYDWH

0RUSKRORJ\ /DUJHVL]HDUHD

$FFHVVLELOLW\ 2SHQ

7\SHRIDFWLYLW\ 0L[HG

8VHUVWDWXV 3XEOLFDOOSHRSOH

/RFDWLRQ (YHU\ZKHUH

7HPSRUDOLW\ 3HUPDQHQWGDLO\IXOOWLPH

1HZLQVXUDQFHSROLF\ 1R

3UHUHTXLVLWHV 1RSUHUHTXLVLWHV

/LJKWLQJ 7RFRQVLGHU

1DWXUHRIJURXQG 0LQHUDO

7\SHRILQLWLDODFWRUV 3XEOLF

$FFHVVLELOLW\ 2SHQ

,QLWLDOIXQFWLRQ 1HFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV

7\SHRIVHFRQGDU\DFWRUV 3ULYDWH

7HUPRIXVH :LWKSULRULW\

1HZLQVXUDQFHSROLF\ 1R

5LVNV 1RULVNV

8VHUVWDWXV 3XEOLFDOOSHRSOH

0RUSKRORJ\ /DUJHVL]HDUHD

6SDFHFRYHULQJ 2SHQ

/LJKWLQJ 7RFRQVLGHU

3UHUHTXLVLWHV 1RSUHUHTXLVLWHV

1DWXUHRIJURXQG 0LQHUDO

7KHWDEOHVEHORZ7DEOHVVKRZWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWDFWLYLWLHVDVWKH

7KHUHSHWLWLRQRIHDFKSDWWHUQIUHTXHQF\LVYDULDEOH,IWKHIUHTXHQF\RIHDFKSDWWHUQ

)LJXUH7KHIUHTXHQF\SHUFHQWDJHRIUHSHWLWLRQRIHDFKSDWWHUQLQDOOFDVHV*KDIRXUL

7UDQVIRUPDEOH VXUIDFHV DQG SRUWDEOH XUEDQ IXUQLWXUH SURYLGLQJ WKH

&DOFXODWLRQRIWKHFRHIILFLHQW7(03

)LJXUH$VFKHPDWLFSURFHVVIRUFKRRVLQJDVSDFH$LQWKH]RQH=ZKLFKPD\KDYHDVHFRQGDU\

0DQ\ZDWHUZD\VWKH5KLQHDQGLWVWULEXWDULHVUXQWKURXJKWKHDUHDRIIHULQJDJUHDW

$VSHFWV VRFLDX[ XQH PL[LWp WUDQVJpQpUDWLRQQHOOH HW XQH DGDSWDWLRQ DX[

'DQV QRWUH WKqVH QRWUH K\SRWKqVH HVW HQUDFLQpH GDQV O

7\SRORJLH /HV SRWHQWLHOV SRXU O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ PXOWLIRQFWLRQQHOOH GHV

%LHQ TXH OHV UHVWULFWLRQV MXULGLTXHV VHPEOHQW G

6DQV SODQLILFDWLRQ j GLIIpUHQWV QLYHDX[ O

/H U\WKPH G¶DFWLYLWp OH U\WKPH GH O

&ODVVLILFDWLRQGHVFULWqUHVHWOHVPRGqOHVFRQFHSWXHOVSDWWHUQV

)LJXUHPRGqOHVFRQFHSWXHOVSDWWHUQVH[WUDLWVGHO

'DQV FHWWH UHFKHUFKH OHV SRWHQWLHOV GH O