2014 Ukrainian revolution

The Ukrainian revolution of 2014 (also known as the

2014 Ukrainian revolution
Euromaidan Revolution or Revolution of Dignity; Ukrainian:
Революція гідності, Revoliutsiia hidnosti) took place in Ukraine Part of the Euromaidan
in February 2014, when a series of violent events involving
protesters, riot police, and unknown shooters in the capital, Kiev,
culminated in the controversial ousting of the elected Ukrainian
President, Viktor Yanukovych, and the overthrow of the Ukrainian
Government.[34]

Successive Ukrainian governments in the 2000s, including that of

Yanukovich, sought a closer relationship with the European Union
(EU).[35][36] One of the measures meant to achieve this was an
association agreement with the European Union, which would
have provided Ukraine with loans in return for liberalising Protesters fighting government forces on
reforms.[37] This agreement would have complicated Ukraine's Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kyiv on 18 February
trade relationship with Russia, its biggest trade partner at the 2014.
time.[38] President Yanukovych intended to enter the agreement, Date 18 February 2014 – 23 February
but continued to waiver and delay.[39] This sparked a wave of 2014 (5 days)[1][2][3]
protests called the "Euromaidan" movement.[40] Clashes between Location Mariinsky Park and Instytutska
the protestors and the riot police became violent, and resulted in Street, Maidan Nezalezhnosti, Kiev,
deaths of nearly 130 people, including 18 police officers.[41] As Ukraine
the tensions rose, the personal safety for the president became 50°27′0″N 30°31′27″E
untenable;[42] on February 22 he fled from Kiev to Russia.[40] The
Goals
protesters proceeded to take control of the streets of Kiev. On the Removal of President Viktor
same day, the parliament declared that Yanukovich was relieved of Yanukovych
duty in a 328-to-0 vote.[43][44][45] Restoration of the 2004
Yanukovich said that this vote was illegal and possibly coerced,
amendments to Constitution of
and asked Russian Federation for assistance.[46] Russia viewed the
Ukraine
overthrow of Yanukovych as an illegal coup, and did not recognize Methods
Protesting, rioting, civil
the interim government that replaced him.[47] Widespread protests
disobedience
against the revolution occurred in the eastern and southern regions
of Ukraine, where Yanukovich received particularly strong support Resulted Euromaidan/Opposition victory
in the 2010 presidential election. These protests escalated into the in
President Yanukovych
annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, War in Donbass,
overthrown. Yanukovych
Russian military intervention,[48][49] and the establishment of de
becomes a fugitive and flees to
facto independent states in Donetsk and Luhansk.
Russia.
The interim government, led by Arseniy Yatsenyuk, proceeded to Restoration of the 2004
sign the EU association agreement. Petro Poroshenko became the amendments to Constitution of
president of Ukraine after a landslide victory in the unscheduled Ukraine
2014 presidential elections. The new government restored the 2004 Yulia Tymoshenko released from
amendments to the Ukrainian constitution that were controversially prison.
repealed as unconstitutional in 2010,[50] and initiated a large-scale Repeal of the "law on regional
purge of civil servants who were associated with the overthrown languages", resulting in again
regime.[51][52][53] making Ukrainian the sole state
language at all administrative
A December 2016 survey by the Kiev International Institute of
levels[4] (vetoed by interim-
Sociology found that thirty four percent of respondents in the
President Turchynov)[5]
government-controlled Ukraine regarded the change in power as an
"illegal armed coup", while fifty six percent regarded it as a
Dismissal of Ministers of the
"popular revolution".[54]
acting Second Azarov
Government[4]
50 suspects, including top
officials, are charged with
Contents organising the killing of
Overview protesters.[6]
Prelude Berkut special force is dissolved
Russian involvement
Rise of the Ukrainian nationalism
United States involvement
and far-right organizations and
Timeline militias[7][8][9]
18 February
Initial clashes (Mariinsky and Lypky) Mass protests in East and South
Raid on Party of Regions office and police Ukraine against the government
retaliation in Kiev
Advance toward Maidan
Nationwide destruction of Soviet
Attack on Мaidan
Opposition leaders meeting with President monuments[10]
Yanukovych Beginning of Crimean crisis, pro-
19 February Russian unrest, War in Donbass,
20 February and Russian military intervention
Diplomatic efforts
in Ukraine
Ukrainian political developments
21 February Parties to the civil conflict
Deal
Deal's aftermath Euromaidan Ministry of
Casualties protesters Internal Affairs
Deaths Euromaidan
Berkut riot
Speculation on snipers militants (Sotnia)
police
Aftermath Right Sector
Removal of Yanukovych Special
Disappearance and prosecution
Company of
Political developments
Berkut[11]
Juridical developments
Censorship Tiger special
Lustration forces
Blockage of traffic Interior
Berkut dissolved
Troops of
Protests against the new government
Ukraine
Southern and Eastern Ukraine
Crimea Security
Destruction of Soviet monuments Service of Ukraine
RSA occupations
Economic
 Sports SBU Alpha
Domestic responses Group[12]
Verkhovna Rada
Political response Titushky[13]
Regions Ukrainian Front
International reactions
International organisations
Lead figures
Nations Arseniy Yatsenyuk Viktor Yanukovych
Notes Vitali Klitschko Serhiy Arbuzov
References Oleh Tyahnybok Vitaliy Zakharchenko
Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Yefremov
Yuriy Lutsenko Andriy Klyuyev
Overview
Oleksandr Turchynov Hennadiy Kernes
A period of relative calm in the anti-government demonstrations in
Yulia Tymoshenko Mikhail Dobkin
Kiev ended abruptly on 18 February 2014, when protesters and
Andriy Parubiy Viktor Pshonka
police clashed. At least 82 people were killed over the next few
days, including 13 policemen; more than 1,100 people were Andriy Sadovyi Olena Lukash
injured.[55][56] Arsen Avakov Yuriy Boyko
Dmytro Yarosh Leonid Kozhara
On 18 February, some 20,000 Euromaidan protesters advanced on
Ukraine's parliament in support of restoring the Constitution of Ruslana Dmytro Tabachnyk
Ukraine to its 2004 form, which had been repealed by the Number
Constitutional Court of Ukraine shortly after Yanukovych was
Kiev: Law enforcement in Kiev:
elected president in 2010. The police blocked their path. The
400,000–800,000
confrontation turned violent; the BBC, citing correspondents,
protesters[14] 4,000 Berkut
reported that each side blamed the other.[57] The police fired guns
12,000 "self-defense 1,000 Internal Troops
with both rubber bullets and, later, live ammunition (including
sotnia"[15][16]
automatic weapons and sniper rifles), while also using tear gas and 3,000–4,000 titushky[20]
flash grenades in an attempt to repel thousands of demonstrators. Across Ukraine:
50,000 (Lviv)[17] Pro-government/anti-
The protesters fought with crude weapons (such as large rocks and
EU demonstrations:
bats), firearms, and improvised explosives (Molotov cocktails),[58] 20,000 (Cherkasy)[18]
and broke into the headquarters of the Party of Regions. Police
20,000–60,000 (Kiev)
10,000+ (Ternopil)[19]
officers stormed the main protest camp on Maidan Nezalezhnosti 40,000 (Kharkiv)[21]
other cities and
and overran parts of the square.[57] The Trade Unions Building, 15,000 (Donetsk)[22]
towns
which served as the Euromaidan headquarters, was burned down.
10,000 (Simferopol)[23]
Political commentators suggested that Ukraine was on the brink of
2,500 pro-Russia
a civil war.[59] Some areas, including Lviv Oblast, declared
(Sevastopol)[24]
themselves politically independent of the central government.[60]
Casualties
On 19 February, the authorities instituted police checkpoints,
restrictions on public transportation, and school closures in Kiev, Deaths: 100[25] Deaths: 13[30]
which the media referred to as a de facto state of emergency.[61] Missing: 166[26] Injured: 272[28]
Injured: 1,100+[27][28] Captured: 67[31]
On 20 February, Internal Affairs Minister Vitaliy Zakharchenko
announced that he had signed a decree authorising the use of live Arrested: 77[29]
ammunition against protesters.[62] Central Kiev saw the worst Deaths: 113
violence yet, and the death toll in 48 hours of clashes rose to at
Injuries: 1,811
least 77.[63] In response, the chairman of the Ukrainian parliament,
Ministry of Healthcare totals (16 April 2014 @6:00
Volodymyr Rybak, announced the next day that he had signed a LST)[32]
parliamentary decree condemning the use of force and urging all Dead and missing during entire conflict: 780
institutions (the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Cabinet of Medical volunteer estimates[33]
Ministers, etc.) to cease immediately all military actions against
protesters.[64] Parliament also suspended Zakharchenko from his duties.

On 21 February, President Yanukovych signed a compromise deal with

opposition leaders. It promised constitutional changes to restore certain powers
to Parliament and called for early elections to be held by December.

Despite the agreement, thousands continued to protest in central Kiev, and the
demonstrators took full control of the city's government district: the parliament
building, the president's administration quarters, the cabinet, and the Interior Overview of the occupation of central
Ministry.[65][66] On 21 February, an impeachment bill was introduced in Kiev by protestors in early February
Parliament.[67] On the same day, Yanukovych left for Kharkiv to attend a 2014
summit of southeastern regions, according to media reports.

On 22 February, the protesters were reported to be in control of Kiev, and

Yanukovych was said to have fled the capital for eastern Ukraine.[68][69] The
parliament, or Verkhovna Rada, voted 328–0 in favour of impeaching
Yanukovych and scheduled new presidential elections for 25 May.[70]

Parliament named its speaker, Oleksandr Turchynov, as interim president on 23

February.[1] A warrant for the arrest of Yanukovych was issued by the new
government on 24 February.[71] Over the next few days, Russian nationalist
Crowds of protesters at a mass rally
politicians and activists organised rallies in Crimea and urged Russia to help
on Independence Square in Kiev.
defend the region from advancing "fascists" from the rest of Ukraine.[72]

On 28 February, Yanukovych attended a press conference in southern Russia and

answered questions from mostly Russian reporters. He said that the early presidential elections scheduled for late May were
illegal and that he "would not be participating in them". He also said that while the 21 February agreement could have calmed the
situation, the opposition had not agreed to it.[73]

On 1 March, Russia's parliament approved a request from President Vladimir Putin to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine.[74]

Prelude
Protests originally erupted in November 2013 after Yanukovych
refused to sign a political association and free trade agreement with
the European Union at a meeting of the Eastern Partnership in
Vilnius, Lithuania, choosing closer ties with Russia instead. Prime
Minister Mykola Azarov had asked for €20 billion (US$27 billion) in
loans and aid.[75] The EU was willing to offer €610 million ($838
million) in loans,[76] but Russia was willing to offer $15 billion,[76]
as well as cheaper gas prices.[76] In addition, the EU demanded
major changes to Ukraine's regulations and laws, but Russia did
not.[75] Russia also applied economic pressure on Ukraine and
Pro-European Union Euromaidan protesters in
launched a propaganda campaign against the EU deal.[77]
Kiev, December 2013.
Yanukovych was widely disliked in Ukraine's west but had some support in the east, where his native Russian is much more
spoken, and in the south. The rallies were initially peaceful but became violent in January 2014 after Parliament, dominated by
Yanukovych's supporters, passed laws intended to repress the protests. The European Union and the United States urged
Yanukovych to negotiate a peaceful end to the conflict and said they would impose sanctions on government officials if they were
found responsible for violence.[78]

In the lead-up to the February revolution an amnesty agreement was made with protesters wherein they would be spared criminal
charges in exchange for leaving occupied buildings.[79] The demonstrators vacated all occupied Regional State Administration
buildings, and activists in Kiev left the Hrushevskoho Street standoff; Kiev's City Hall was also released back to government
control on 16 February.[79] All those previously jailed for taking part in protests were scheduled to be released after 17
February.[79]

On 14 February, Yanukovych had said: "I want to say that I was incited, and I'm incited to use various methods and ways how to
settle the situation, but I want to say I don't want to be at war. I don't want any decisions made using such a radical way."[80] He
called on all politicians to refrain from radicalism and to understand that "there is a line that shouldn't be crossed, and this line is
law".[80]

Russian involvement
The perception that Yanukovych was trying to establish closer ties with Russia
played a major role in the protests. Yanukovych accepted "bail-out" money—$2
billion out of a $15 billion package—from Russia, and this was interpreted as a sign
that he would seek close ties with Putin.[81] Russian officials had been pressuring
the Ukrainian administration to take decisive action to crush the protests, and the
police assault on Euromaidan protesters was ordered hours after the $2 billion from
Russia was transferred.[82][83] Several government ministers from across Europe
blamed Russia for exacerbating the violence.[84]

In an interview on 20 February, a retired[85] colonel of the Main Intelligence

Directorate of Russia (GRU), Aleksandr Musienko, said that the conflict could only
be solved by force, and that Ukraine had proven it could not exist as an independent,
sovereign state.[85][86] According to government documents released by former 17 December 2013 Ukrainian–
Deputy Interior Minister Hennadiy Moskal, Russian officials served as advisers to Russian action plan

the operations against protesters. Code-named "Wave" and "Boomerang", the

operations involved the use of snipers to disperse crowds and capture the protesters'
headquarters in the House of Trade Unions. Before some police officers defected, the plans included the deployment of 22,000
combined security troops in Kiev.[87] According to the documents, the former first deputy of the Russian GRU stayed at the Kiev
Hotel, played a major role in the preparations, and was paid by the Security Services of Ukraine.[88] According to Reuters, the
authenticity of the documents could not be confirmed.[89] Interior Minister Arsen Avakov said that the conflict had been
provoked by a "non-Ukrainian" third party and that an investigation was ongoing.[90]

On 21 February, after a failed crackdown that killed as many as 100 people, Yanukovych made some concessions. In response,
Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev of Russia said that Yanukovych needed to stop behaving like a "doormat", and that further loan
installments would be withheld. A Russian political adviser, Sergey Markov, said, "Russia will do everything allowable by law to
stop [the opposition] from coming to power."[91] On 24 February, Russia's Foreign Ministry issued a statement urging Ukrainians
to "crack down on the extremists who are trying to get established in power",[92] and Medvedev refused to recognise Ukraine's
provisional government as legitimate.[93]
During a press conference on 3 April 2014, Ukraine's new interior minister, chief prosecutor, and top security chief implicated
more than 30 Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) agents in the crackdown on protesters, saying that, in addition to taking part
in the planning, the agents had flown shipments of large quantities of explosives into an airport near Kiev. Valentyn
Nalyvaichenko, the interim head of Ukraine's SBU state security agency, said the agents had been stationed in Kiev throughout
the Euromaidan protests, had been provided with "state telecommunications" while residing at an SBU compound, and had kept
in regular contact with Ukrainian security officials. "We have substantiated grounds to consider that these very groups which
were located at an SBU training ground took part in the planning and execution of activities of this so-called antiterrorist
operation," Nalyvaichenko said. Investigators, he added, had established that Yanukovych's SBU chief, Oleksandr Yakymenko,
who later fled the country, had received reports from FSB agents stationed in Ukraine, and that Yakymenko had held several
briefings with the agents. The FSB rejected these claims as "groundless accusations" and otherwise refused to comment.[94]

United States involvement

In December 2013, Republican Senator John McCain in company with Democratic senator Chris Murphy visited Yatsenyuk and
Tyahnybok and later addressed the crowds:

Ukraine will make Europe better and Europe will make Ukraine better, we are here to support your just cause, the
sovereign right of Ukraine to determine its own destiny freely and independently. And the destiny you seek lies in
Europe, What we're trying to do is try to bring about a peaceful transition here, that would stop the violence and
give the Ukrainian people what they unfortunately have not had, with different revolutions that have taken place –
a real society. This is a grassroots revolution here – it's been peaceful except when the government tried to crack
down on them, and the government hasn't tried that since. I'm praising their ability and their desire to demonstrate
peacefully for change that I think they deserve. These people love the United States of America, they love
freedom – and I don't think you could view this as anything other than our traditional support for people who
want free and democratic society.[95]

In a recorded phone conversation leaked on February 4, Assistant Secretary of State Victoria Nuland and US Ambassador to
Ukraine Geoffrey Pyatt are heard discussing their plans to help Ukraine transition to an interim government. Specifically, which
roles the prominent opposition leaders should pursue:

Nuland: "I don't think Klitsch (Klitschko) should go into the government. I don't think it's necessary, I don't think
it's a good idea."

Pyatt: "Just let him stay out and do his political homework and stuff."

Nuland: "I think Yats (Yatsenyuk) is the guy who's got the economic experience the governing experience. I just
think Klitsch going in… he's going to be at that level working for Yatseniuk, it's just not going to work. We want
to try to get somebody with an international personality to come out here and help to midwife this thing."[96]

Nuland was also recorded in the same conversation saying, "F... the EU". Dismissively referring to slow-moving European efforts
to address political paralysis and a looming fiscal crisis in Ukraine.[97]

Timeline

18 February
 Initial clashes (Mariinsky and Lypky)
The night before the clashes, Right Sector called on all of its members to ready
themselves for a "peace offensive" on 18 February. The Maidan People's Union
also urged all concerned citizens to take part in the "peace offensive", which
student unions had agreed to join as well. The Maidan Union reported on the
morning of 18 February that columns of protesters would begin a march on
Parliament at 08:30.[98]

A line of riot police in Kiev on 12 That morning, around 20,000 demonstrators marched on the Verkhovna Rada[81]
February. as Parliament was set to consider opposition demands for a new constitution and
government. Around 09:45, the demonstrators broke through the police
barricade of several personnel-
transport trucks near the
building of the Central Officers'
Club of Ukraine[99] and pushed
the cordon of police aside.[100]
The clashes started after some
two dozen demonstrators
moved a police vehicle
blocking their path to
Protesters building a barricade. Trucks that had been carrying troops
Parliament.[58] At 10:00, a
were burned in Kiev's city center on
member of Parliament
18 February.
representing Batkivshchyna, Lesya Orobets, reported that police armed with
Fort-500T shotguns had begun to attack with flash and stun grenades from
Shovkovychna Street and Lypska Street.[99]

As the column neared the Verkhovna Rada building at 10:08, it met resistance
from another cordon of police officers.[99] There were reports that the number of
protesters had swelled to 50,000.[99] At 10:18, according to other reports,
explosions and smoke were seen on Instytutska Street as people started to tear up
roadway paving blocks.[99] Protesters started to throw the pavement blocks at
the police, while officers defending themselves with shields tried to subdue the
crowd with stun grenades.[99] Protesters who had barricaded themselves near the
Protesters throwing bricks and
Dynamo Stadium colonnade began setting fire to tires.[99] At about 10:30,
Molotov cocktails at police officers
Parliament was set to vote on whether to restore the 2004 constitution.[99] behind the burning barricade.
However, it did not happen as Speaker Rybak did not register the bill.[58]

At 10:33, the street fights between protesters and the police shifted to
Shovkovychna Street.[99] Protesters started to wave 200-hryvnia banknotes in
the face of some of Yanukovych's police forces—saying that they were
merceneries—in Mariinsky Park.[99] An activist, Oleksandr Aronets, reported
that snipers were targeting civilians.[99] By 11:00, protesters had sustained
serious wounds.[99] Molotov cocktails[99] were thrown by the protesters, and on
Shovkovnycha Street, a barricade of dump trucks was set on fire.[99] At 11:10,
Play media
police officers started to use shotguns and throw grenades from rooftops into Conflict on Independence Square at
crowds.[99] night.

Raid on Party of Regions office and police retaliation

At 11:23, the Berkut special police forces tried to launch an assault on the crowd,
but the protesters attacked back.[99] Two minutes later, the first report came that
protesters were breaking down the doors of the Party of Regions headquarters on
Lypska Street.[99] At 11:30, protesters—including the journalist Tetyana
Chornovol[58]—sacked and set fire to the building.[101][102] At 12:12, Minister
of Healthcare Raisa Bohatyriova was attacked by protesters as she left Mariinsky
Park, but she escaped unharmed.[99] By 12:30, the police had regained control of
the Party of Regions office.[58]
A barricade burning outside the
By 13:00, thousands of police officers had encircled the government district and headquarters of the internal defence
begun chasing down protesters.[58] One protester with a head wound told the forces in Lviv, caused by mass
protests.
Kyiv Post that charging police officers had "smashed everybody" in their path.

Around 13:30, four officers on Instytutska Street were stationed atop a building,
lobbing stun grenades at the crowd and shooting, when protesters stormed the
building and set part of it on fire. The protesters forced their way to the roof,
forcing the police to retreat.[58] The building on Instytutska Street was described
as the scene of the day's most violent clashes. Berkut and Internal Troops
servicemen opened a full-scale assault, firing directly into the crowd.[99] There
were reports of police using water cannons to break through.[99]

By mid-afternoon, police officers using tear gas drove as many as 10,000 A barricade line separating interior
protesters from Mariinsky Park, where barricades had been built earlier in the troops and protesters.
day. Demonstrators threw stun grenades, filling the park with smoke. Other anti-
government activists tried to keep the pro-government and anti-government
forces apart.[58]

Multiple news outlets published photographs showing the police armed with
AK-74 assault rifles.[103][104] Former Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs
Hennadiy Moskal speculated that they were Alpha Group units.[105] A Berkut
leader, Vladimir Krashevsky, said the armed police officers in black with yellow
armbands were part of a Berkut unit that had been deployed to help evacuate the
interior troops.[11]
A masked protester during clashes in
Protesters re-occupied City Hall.[106] And according to the Russian state-owned Kiev.

newspaper Izvestia, opposition activists armed with bats and iron rods beat a
computer engineer, Valery Konstantinovich Zakharov, to death in the raid on the
Party of Regions office.[107]

Advance toward Maidan

At 15:45, hundreds of riot police officers advanced toward Parliament, attacking protesters.[108] An officer grabbed the gas mask
of a Kyiv Post journalist on Instytutska Street and said of the police advance: "I love it! We love it!"[58]

At 16:00, the acting chief of the Ukraine Security Services, Oleksandr Yakymenko, and acting Interior Minister Zakharchenko
issued a public warning to protesters to clear the streets within two hours, saying, "If by 18:00 the lawlessness doesn't cease, we
shall be forced to use all legal means to bring order."[58] At the October Palace, visible from Independence Square, riot police
threw bricks down the hill at protesters, including women, from a bridge along Instytutska Street.[58]

At 20:00, it was reported that 50 unknown assailants were trying to break into the Canadian Consulate.[109]
Attack on Мaidan
Following the warning, the police advanced on thousands of protesters on
Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) with guns, a water cannon, and an
armored personnel carrier. Tents housing protesters were burning on the main
square.[58] The police justified their actions as part of an anti-terror campaign
against "individuals who had clearly armed themselves".[110] Opposition leader
Arseniy Yatsenyuk called on the police to retreat 200 meters up Instytutska
Street and urged both sides to call a truce until morning.[28] Protesters on the
Clashes between protesters and
square stacked tires and other burning debris to create a wall of fire between
internal troops.
themselves and security forces.[28]

The TV channel 5 Kanal's broadcast was shut down countrywide[28][111] but

remained available via satellite (with a brief interruption) and a live feed on
YouTube.[28] It resumed service some hours later.

At approximately 22:00, it was reported that the police had broken through the
protesters' barricades on the eastern side of the square.[112] Officers then tried to
retake the occupied Trade Unions building but failed.[28]

Presidential adviser Hanna Herman said that negotiations between the

A riot police officer is thrown to the
government and the opposition would only happen once peace was restored and ground during clashes in Kiev.
the crowds retreated, and that "calling further for armed conflict is a great crime
against the Ukrainian people and the Ukrainian state."[28] General Prosecutor of
Ukraine Viktor Pshonka said: "Organisers of mass protests will be held accountable. We
will demand the heaviest punishment both for those who revved people up to take part in
today's action and for those who organised and controlled them."[110]

At 01:35 the next morning, street lights were switched off around the square. The activists
believed that this heralded the beginning of a decisive assault.[113]

Opposition leaders meeting with President Yanukovych

Emerging from a meeting with President Yanukovych, opposition leader Vitali Klitschko
told Hromadske TV that the talks had not been successful. Klitschko said that opposition
leaders had listened for more than an hour to Yanukovych's claims that they were to blame
for the 20 deaths on 18 February. The president also demanded that the opposition force Kiev's Trade Union building,
the protesters to leave Maidan Nezalezhnosti.[28] He reportedly threatened opposition used as Euromaidan
headquarters, on fire after a
leaders with criminal prosecution.[114]
police raid.
In a message on Ukrainian television, Yanukovych told the opposition leaders, "Separate
yourself from the radical elements that seek bloodshed and conflict with law enforcement
agencies," and said that if they did not, he would "talk differently" with them.[115] He added: "The opposition leaders have
ignored the basic foundation of democracy. The line had been crossed when they called people to arms."[115]

On 20 February, three opposition parties (Batkivshchyna, UDAR, and Svoboda) said in a statement: "We never have and never
will call people to arms. This is our principled position. The death of each person is a personal tragedy for each of us."[116] Later
that day, the parties said, "To hold talks with the regime, the policies of which led to the deaths of many people, is an extremely
unpleasant thing, but we must do everything possible and even the impossible to prevent further bloodshed."[117] They said that
dissolving the protests would be "counterproductive and unrealistic" and stated: "It was not we who brought Maidan together, and
it is not for us to disperse it! People will decide themselves what to do depending on when and how their demands are
satisfied."[117]

19 February
The Kiev Metro was closed and main roads blocked by police.[118] Bigger stores
and malls on Khreshchatyk were also closed, but according to a Euronews
correspondent, "Life away from the barricades is business as usual."[119]

In the early morning, titushky shot two protesters, killing one.[120] By this point,
the death toll had risen to 26 on both sides.[121]

The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) launched an "anti-terrorist" operation,

while the intelligence services began investigating unnamed politicians over
Internal troops form a phalanx what was described as an illegal attempt to seize power.[118] The decision to
against protesters. Berkut policemen begin the anti-terrorist operation involved the SBU, the Interior Ministry, the
are standing behind. Ministry of Defence, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, and the central
and local governments, according to a statement on the SBU website.[122]
According to political analyst Taras Berezovets, the decree meant that the SBU
could search protesters, seize their property, and detain them at will, "without a court order or other legal safeguards."[122]

In the early morning, Olena Lukash announced that the opposition had refused to
sign a declaration disapproving of radical measures. President Yanukovych
demanded that the opposition stop occupying buildings and seizing arms; the
opposition, however, would not concede.[123] The acting minister of defence,
Pavlo Lebedyev, acknowledged that he had sent some airborne troops from
Dnipropetrovsk to Kiev.[124] Ciphered telegrams were discovered in which
Yuriy Ilyin, the newly appointed chief of the general staff of the Ukrainian
Armed Forces, gave direct orders to deploy military units.[125]
Euromaidan crowds on 19 February.
Also on 19 February, a military An-26 made a secret flight from Kiev to Russia
to pick up a large batch of anti-riot weapons and ammunition; this only became
known in 2015.[126]

A Euronews correspondent on Independence Square reported that protesters were arriving "from all parts of Ukraine".[127] By
14:50, about 5,000 remained on the square.[122] Right Sector occupied the Kiev Central Post Office and the State Committee for
Television and Radio, with the post office serving as a new headquarters.[122][128]

President Yanukovych fired the chief of the general staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, Volodymyr Zamana, and replaced him
with Ilyin, who was previously the commander of the Ukrainian Navy.[129] The Ministry of Defence announced that it was
redeploying units around the country to guard military facilities.[129] The director of the SBU, Oleksandr Yakymenko, said that
military bases and arms depots had been attacked in several regions.[130]

The European Investment Bank froze activities in Ukraine,[131] saying, "For the time being, the situation is so cruel that it would
be politically the wrong signal, but also irresponsible vis-a-vis the people we asked to do the job, to be active on business in
Ukraine."[132]
 Following a meeting between
government and opposition
leaders late at night, both sides
declared a truce and agreed to
start negotiations.[122][133]
President Yanukovych said in a
statement that he had agreed to
"start negotiations with the aim
of ending bloodshed and
Burning of the Euromaidan Protesters burning tires near Kiev
stabilising the situation in the
headquarters in the Trade Unions Conservatory to obscure snipers'
Building. state in the interests of social visibility.
peace".[133] According to
opposition politician Yatsenyuk,
the truce included a pledge from Yanukovych not to launch a police assault that night.[133] Right Sector did not agree to the
truce.[134] A Euronews correspondent on Independence Square reported that the number of protesters had grown, saying, "In
general, all I have heard from people is the more they are attacked and the worse they are beaten, the more determined they are to
stand back up and resume the struggle."[135]

20 February
At 00:35, Interfax reported that Yanukovych had declared 20 February a day of
mourning for those killed in the clashes.[136]

Around 03:50, activists claimed that they had torn a shoulder patch from the
uniform of a Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) soldier during the
clashes, brandishing the patch as alleged proof of Russian involvement.[137]
Protesters at Independence Square continued to hear gunshots, despite the
ceasefire agreement.[138] Around 04:20, five buses carrying protesters from
Police snipers. Ivano-Frankivsk arrived.[139]

Each side blamed the other for igniting the deadly conflict.[140] Yakymenko
blamed Ukraine's current Euromaidan government, claiming they were responsible for hiring snipers on 20 February.[141] In a
statement, the Presidential Administration of Ukraine claimed that the protesters had gone on the offensive: "They are working in
organised groups. They are using firearms, including sniper rifles. They are shooting to kill," it said.[142] Protesters accused the
police of starting the conflict by throwing Molotov cocktails and improvised explosive devices.[140] Opposition politician
Klitschko issued a statement saying: "Armed thugs have been let loose in the streets to attack people and create an illusion that
there is a confrontation between citizens."[142]

At 09:25, protesters pushed the Berkut back to the October Palace[143] after security forces tried to set fire to Kiev Conservatory,
which was being used as a field hospital for wounded protesters.[144] At 09:32, it was announced that Parliament would not
convene.[143] Euromaidan protesters marched on the police with shields and Molotov cocktails and forced them to retreat, thus
regaining control of Independence Square and capturing up to 67 police officers.[145][146] Around 10:49, law enforcement
personnel were captured while sleeping in the Ukrainian House and during clashes on barricades near the October Palace.[145]
Many of the men were only 18 or 19 years old, were not trained, and were armed only with rubber truncheons. Those with minor
injuries were treated by medics.[145] The captured police were from Crimea, the central-eastern cities Dnipropetrovsk and Kryvyi
Rih, and eastern Luhansk.[140] Interior Troops soldiers, of whom almost 100 surrendered during the clashes (mostly conscripts
aged 19–20[147]),[148] were held prisoner at the headquarters of the Energy Company of Ukraine and at the October Palace.[145]
At 10:00, between 10,000 and 20,000 demonstrators remained, according to the Kyiv Post, and at least 42 people had been killed,
primarily by police gunfire.[145] According to a UNIAN correspondent, there were more than 30,000 people on Independence
Square.[149] At 10:55, the chief of the presidential administration, Andriy Klyuev, announced that the president was prepared to
sign a treaty with the opposition on the demanded changes to the Constitution of Ukraine, and that the ongoing clashes should
compel politicians to find a quick consensus.[150]

Trains between Kiev and Lviv, one of the protesters' strongholds, were
temporary suspended; a railway spokeswoman said this was because of damage
to the lines.[151] Coincidentally, there were reports that arms had been seized
from an Interior Ministry armory in Lviv and transported to the outskirts of
Kiev.[152]

The head of the Kiev City State Administration, Volodymyr Makeyenko,

resigned from the Party of Regions but said he would continue to perform his
duties to ensure that the city functioned properly.[142] He then ordered the A masked protester with an air rifle.
reopening of the Kiev Metro.[142] By 15:00, the metro was still not running, and
ground-based transport in the city was scarce.[153] The metro was partly
reopened in the early evening, but interchange stations remained closed.[154]

The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Kiev was temporarily closed.[155]

Radio Liberty published video footage of police special forces shooting protesters with Kalashnikov and sniper rifles.[156] Acting
Interior Minister Zakharchenko announced that combat weapons had been provided to the police, saying in an address to the
nation, "We signed relevant orders as part of the Antiterrorist Center's work: the law enforcement officials have been provided
with combat weapons, and they will be used in line with the law on police."[157] The ministry's website said the riot police had
the right to use their weapons to free hostages being held by protesters.[158] The ministry further stated that a sniper had injured
20 of its police officers.[158]

Interfax-Ukraine reported that at 15:00, "a group of unknown individuals" headed to the Presidential Administration Building,
and shots and explosions were heard. The Euromaidan self-defense force had repeatedly urged protesters not to go outside the
square's perimeter.[159]

Diplomatic efforts
The above-mentioned clashes erupted shortly before three visiting EU foreign ministers—Radosław Sikorski of Poland, Laurent
Fabius of France, and Frank-Walter Steinmeier of Germany—were due to meet with President Yanukovych to push for a
compromise with the Ukrainian opposition.[160][161] The meeting was delayed for security reasons and began an hour late.[160]
Before the meeting, Fabius said in an interview with BFM TV: "Our purpose is to cause the Ukrainian administration to conduct
elections. There is no solution other than elections."[162] The negotiations lasted six hours.[163] Prime Minister Donald Tusk of
Poland told reporters soon afterward, "It was agreed with Yanukovych that there was a willingness to hold early elections this
year, both presidential and parliamentary." Tusk also said that Yanukovych "was willing to form a national unity government in
the next 10 days and to change the constitution before the summer". Further talks were scheduled to negotiate the signing of the
relevant document.[164][165]

After a telephone conversation between Yanukovych and the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, Russian human rights
ombudsman Vladimir Lukin was sent as an envoy to Ukraine, at Yanukovych's request, to try to mediate talks between the
government and the opposition.[160]
The United States imposed visa bans on 20 Ukrainian officials it considered "responsible for ordering human rights abuses related
to political oppression".[160] The European Union introduced a visa ban and a financial asset freeze against those responsible for
the violence in Ukraine, and a ban on export to Ukraine of equipment that could be used for repression.[166][167][168] "The scale
of implementation will be taken forward in the light of developments in Ukraine," the EU Council concluded.[169]

Ukrainian political developments

The leader of the ruling Party of Regions, Oleksandr Yefremov, travelled to Luhansk to meet with local leaders and law
enforcement agents to discuss the possibility of southeastern Ukraine's declaring independence and seceding from the
state.[170][nb 1] The chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea, Vladimir Konstantinov, travelled to Moscow, where he
announced that the Autonomous Republic of Crimea would secede from Ukraine if there were a change of power.[173][174]

Party of Regions MP Sergiy Tigipko called for the resignation of Parliament Speaker Volodymyr Rybak, his replacement with an
opposition parliamentarian, and the urgent election of a prime minister supported by all factions. "The president, the parliament
speaker, the acting prime minister, and opposition leaders have completely lost control of the situation in the country and do not
offer any solutions to pacify the country," he said. "Their inaction is leading to increased confrontation and deaths.[175]
Immediate concrete steps, rather than negotiations, are needed to resolve the crisis in the country."[175] In the evening, Tigipko
held talks with opposition politicians Yatsenyuk and Klitschko.[176]

The head of the Kiev City State Administration, Volodymyr Makeyenko, and 17 MPs resigned from the Party of Regions.[177] In
Rivne and Zhytomyr, the Party of Regions formally disbanded, with all MPs from those regions leaving the party as well.[178]

Ten Party of Regions and two independent MPs[nb 2] called for a return to the parliamentary-presidential form of
government.[179][nb 3] They also called on security forces to "execute the oath they swore to the Ukrainian people, not to follow
criminal orders to use firearms, not to allow the participation of law enforcers in provocations involving gangs against the
peaceful public and protesters all over Ukraine".[179]

At 16:42, Parliament convened for an emergency sitting.[180] The Party of Regions did not take part.[181] According to a UNIAN
correspondent, 227 MPs out of 450—mostly from the opposition, but some from the Party of Regions—were present.[182] Out of
238 deputies present, 236 voted to condemn the recent violence, ban the use of weapons against protesters, and withdraw troops
and the police deployed against them.[183][184] The entire parliamentary faction of the Communist Party of Ukraine and some
80% of the Party of Regions chose to miss the session.[185] Lawmakers barred chiefs and commanders of the Interior Troops, the
Armed Forces of Ukraine, the SBU, and other government agencies from carrying out any counter-terrorism operations because
they violated the Constitution of Ukraine.[186] They were also ordered to stop blocking roads and bridges, squares and streets in
Kiev and other cities and towns.[186] The Party of Regions MPs at the sitting agreed to form an "anti-crisis group".[187]

Late in the evening, it was announced that five more MPs had left the parliamentary faction of the Party of Regions.[188]

The Parliament of Crimea called for an extraordinary session on 21 February. The leader of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar
People said he suspected that lawmakers would ask for Russian military intervention, stating, "Tomorrow may be a decision that
will bring chaos and disaster to Crimea."[189] Several scholars discussed the possibility of Russian intervention in Crimea
specifically, because of its unique geopolitical nature and demographics.[190]

21 February
The Armed Forces' deputy chief of staff, Lieutenant-General Yuri Dumansky, resigned because he disagreed with the involvement
of the army in the conflict.[191] "Today the army is being involved in the civil conflict, which could lead to the mass deaths of
civilians and soldiers," he said.[192] At around midnight, journalist Artem Shevchenko, referring to his sources in the General
Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, announced that 10 BTRs had departed from Kozachia (Cossack) Bay, where the Black Sea
Fleet of Russia is based, escorted by DAI (Road Auto Inspection) vehicles.[193] According to Shevchenko, 1,500 airborne
soldiers and 400 marines—including the 25th Airborne Brigade, the 1st Marine
Brigade, the 831st Anti-sabotage Unit, and the 2nd Marine Spetsnaz—had been
transferred on 20 February under the command of the SBU for the anti-terrorist
operation.[194]

In the lead-up to the day's parliamentary session, it was reported that many
members of the Party of Regions and their families had fled the capital,[195]
including acting Interior Minister Zakharchenko and Prosecutor General Viktor
Pshonka.[196]
Euromaidan crowds on 21 February.
Later, Maidan activists released the Interior Troops servicemen whom they had
captured the previous day.[147] Meanwhile, the entire police force of Radekhiv
joined the protesters in Kiev.[197]

The Security Service of Ukraine officially ended its "preparations for antiterrorist operation" introduced on 19 February.[198]

Deal
A compromise deal was agreed to on 21 February after hours of negotiations led by the European Union mediators and Foreign
Ministers Radosław Sikorski of Poland, Laurent Fabius of France, and Frank-Walter Steinmeier of Germany.[199][200] Officially
called the Agreement on Settlement of Political Crisis in Ukraine, but unofficially called the 21 February Agreement, it was
signed by both opposition leaders and the president after overnight negotiations (read the full text of the agreement here (https://w
ww.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/21/agreement-on-the-settlement-of-crisis-in-ukraine-full-text)).[201] The agreed-to
provisions included a restoration of the constitution as it was between 2004 and 2010; constitutional reform to be completed by
September; early presidential elections no later than December 2014; an investigation into the violence conducted under joint
monitoring of the administration, the opposition, and the Council of Europe; a veto on imposing a state of emergency; amnesty
for protesters arrested since 17 February; the surrender of public buildings occupied by protesters; the forfeiture of illegal
weapons; "new electoral laws", and the formation of a new Central Election Commission.[202][203] The three EU foreign
ministers signed the document as witnesses;[204] Russian mediator Vladimir Lukin did not, because he had no mandate to sign an
agreement on the crisis.[205][206]

Parliament voted unanimously, 386–0, to return to the 2004 constitution, and then 332–0 to suspend acting Interior Minister
Zakharchenko.[192] Another bill made changes to the Criminal Code, allowing for the release of Yulia Tymoshenko.[207] 310
MPs voted in favour of the measure, including 54 from the Party of Regions and 32 Communists.[208][207] Mykola Rudkovsky
introduced a bill to impeach President Yanukovych.[209] Parliament also adopted a resolution late that evening that ordered all
Interior Ministry troops and police officers to return to their barracks.[210]

Deal's aftermath
Right Sector leader Dmytro Yarosh rejected the agreement, saying, "We have to state the obvious fact that the criminal regime
had not yet realised either the gravity of its evil doing." He noted that the agreement did not include provisions for the arrest of
Interior Minister Zakharchenko; the punishing of Berkut commanders alleged to have been involved in the murder of civilians;
the removal of the general prosecutor and defence minister; a ban on the Party of Regions and Communist Party; and guarantees
of safety for those involved in the opposition. He called for the "people's revolution" to continue until power had been completely
removed from the governing authorities.[192] Euromaidan leader Andriy Parubiy insisted that elections be held as soon as
possible and reiterated that one of the main demands of protesters had been the resignation of President Yanukovych.[211]
Automaidan also announced that it would not accept anything short of Yanukovych's resignation.[212]
Vitali Klitschko apologised to the crowd on Independence Square after shaking
hands with Yanukovych.[213] Protesters there responded to the deal by booing
opposition leaders. Activist Volodymyr Parasiuk warned from the stage that if
Yanukovych did not resign by 10:00 the next day, an armed coup would be
staged.[214] Oleh Lyashko echoed the demand, saying, "Either he resigns, or we
take him away." Outside of Kiev, it was later discovered that the summer home
of pro-Russian politician Viktor Medvedchuk had been set on fire.[215]

By late afternoon, hundreds of riot police officers guarding the presidential Right Sector activists stand in front of
compound and nearby government buildings had vanished.[210] Radosław a Belarusian opposition movement
Sikorski, the Polish foreign minister, described the withdrawal of forces as flag.
"astonishing", noting that it was not part of the agreement.[216] The riot police
had begun withdrawing early in the morning because they feared that
Yanukovych's government would pin the responsibility for the violence on them, and because they feared being attacked after
protesters stole around 1,200 pistols and Kalashnikov rifles from the police on 18 February during the occupation of government
buildings in Lviv.[210] The Ukrainian Interior Ministry was left without leadership. Deputy Interior Minister Viktor Dubovik
ordered the riot police to leave the city, but it is unclear where this order originated.[210] Opposition member Serhiy Pashynsky
arranged escorts out of the city for more than 5,000 officers, Interior Ministry forces, and other special forces.[210] After the riot
police vanished, Andriy Parubiy reported that Euromaidan self-defence had peacefully gained control over Kiev and its
government buildings,[217] and that the military was standing with the opposition.[218]

A new parliamentary coalition was created after 28 MPs left the Party of Regions' faction.[219] Within the remaining faction, a
"group of 31 deputies with a special position" was formed by Sergiy Tigipko "to persuade other Party of Regions MPs to vote
progressively".[220]

Casualties
After the first day of clashes, 26 people were reported dead: 16 protesters and 10
police officers. Those hospitalised included three minors, five journalists, and 79
police officers.[27] According to Olga Bogomolets, an honored doctor of
Ukraine, "snipers were aiming at heart, lungs and neck".[221]

Deaths
From 18–19 February, the official death toll according to the Ministry of
Healthcare was 28, of whom 10 were police and Berkut troops.[222]
A memorial in Kiev.
By 13:00 on 20 February, at least 34 more protesters had been fatally shot by the
police, with reporters verifying the bodies (15 at the Kozatsky Hotel, 12 at the
Ukraine Hotel, 7 at the Central Post Office).[145] In the early afternoon, Kyiv Post journalists reported a further eight bodies on
Khreshchatyk Street.[145] According to the coordinator of medical services on Independence Square, Oleh Musiy, between 70 and
100 protesters had been killed by 17:30 on 20 February.[223] Meanwhile, the Kiev City State Administration reported 67 deaths
based on the number of bodies delivered to forensics.[224] The Ministry of Healthcare reported 75 deaths since the start of the
conflict.[32]

Speculation on snipers
CNN reported that officials had intercepted a telephone call between Foreign Minister Urmas Paet of Estonia and High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton in which Paet relayed a doctor's testimony
that the sniper killings of protesters and Berkut troops had been committed by the same people.[225] Paet later asserted that he had
not been implying that the opposition was involved, but merely relaying the content of the doctor's testimony.[226] Olga
Bogomolets, the doctor who allegedly claimed that protesters and Berkut troops had come under fire from the same source, said
that she had not made such a claim to Mr. Paet; that she had not implied that the opposition was involved in the killings; and that
the government had informed her that an investigation was underway.[227]

Hennadiy Moskal—a former deputy head of Ukraine's main security agency, the SBU, and of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
(MIA)—suggested in an interview published in the Ukrainian newspaper Dzerkalo Tizhnya that snipers from the MIA and SBU,
not foreign agents, were responsible for the shootings and had acted on contingency plans dating back to Soviet times. He said:
"In addition to this, snipers received orders to shoot not only protesters, but also police forces. This was all done in order to
escalate the conflict, in order to justify the police operation to clear Maidan."[228][229]

He further suggested that the current minister of internal affairs, Avakov, and the chairman of the SBU, Nalivaichenko, were
protecting the personnel who actually planned and carried out the killings, in order to prevent backlash against the ministry and to
avoid a loss of prestige.[229] Avakov said that the conflict had been provoked by a "non-Ukrainian" third party and that an
investigation was ongoing.[90]

On 31 March 2014, the Daily Beast published photos and videos showing that the snipers were members of the SBU's "anti-
terrorist" Alpha unit who had been trained in Russia. The media suggested that it was not the Ukrainian riot police who fired on
the protesters, as previously believed, although the members of the Alpha team are Ukrainian citizens.[230][231]

Aftermath

Removal of Yanukovych
On 21 February, President Yanukovych and Parliament declared 22 and 23 February to be days of mourning "due to the loss of
human life as a result of mass disturbances".[232]

Speaker Rybak submitted his resignation in parliament on February 22, citing illness.[233] Yanukovych's whereabouts were
unknown, despite media reports that he had flown to Kharkiv (according to the governor of Kharkiv Oblast at the time, Mykhailo
Dobkin, Yanukovych was in Kharkiv that day[210]). Oleksandr Turchynov said that most of the ministers had disappeared,
including Interior Minister Zakharchenko, who was reported to have fled to Belarus.[234] In Parliament, deputies voted 328–0 (of
447 total deputies)[235] to schedule a presidential election for 25 May.[70][236] They did not follow the impeachment process
specified by the constitution, which would have involved formally charging Yanukovych with a crime, a review of the charge by
the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and a three-fourths majority vote—at least 338 votes in favor—in Parliament. Instead,
Parliament declared that Yanukovych "withdrew from his duties in an unconstitutional manner" and cited "circumstances of
extreme urgency" as the reason for early elections.[237] Lawmakers then elected Turchynov to be the chairman of Parliament and
acting president and prime minister of Ukraine.[1][238][239]

Turchynov claimed that Yanukovych had agreed to resign as president, but after consulting with advisers, he disavowed that and
even pre-recorded a resignation statement.[192] Yanukovych said he would not resign or leave the country and called Parliament's
decisions "illegal." He added, "The events witnessed by our country and the whole world are an example of a coup d'état," and
compared them to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany in the 1930s.[240]

Disappearance and prosecution

Following the parliamentary procedures to transfer power to the new provisional government, General Prosecutor Pshonka and
Minister of Revenues and Duties Oleksandr Klymenko were stopped at the Russian border while trying to flee the country.
According to the State Border Service, Yanukovych also tried to flee via a charter flight from Donetsk, but was stopped by border
guards. The guards were "met by a group of armed men who offered money for flying without the proper clearance". Yanukovych
then left by armored car, and his subsequent whereabouts were unknown.[241] Former Interior Minister Zakharchenko also tried
to fly out of Donetsk and was similarly turned back.[242]

On 23 February, Parliament deputy Oleh Lyashko claimed that Yanukovych had been seen at the Russian naval base in
Sevastopol, preparing to flee the country on board a Russian military vessel.[243] Journalist Tetyana Chornovol speculated that he
was actually trying to flee on his private yacht, also in Sevastopol.[244] According to court testimony of a bodyguard,
Yanukovych and his family flew from Kharkiv to Donetsk by helicopter, then drove to Berdiansk on the Azov Sea, from where
they were flown by aircraft with Russian military markings, via two other airfields, to a Russian facility in Yalta, Crimea, then
moved to Russian base in Sevastopol, and departed late on February 23.[245]

On 24 February, acting Interior Minister Avakov announced that Yanukovych had been placed on the country's most wanted list
and that "a criminal case on mass killings of civilians has been opened" for him and other officials.[246][247]

On 25 February, Parliament asked the International Criminal Court to "establish and bring to justice" senior Ukrainian officials,
including Yanukovych, for crimes against humanity committed during "peaceful protests of citizens" from 21 November 2013 to
22 February 2014.[248] On the same day, Yanukovych and Zakharchenko were declared internationally wanted.[249] Criminal
proceedings were launched in the 20 February killings of Euromaidan demonstrators. Yanukovych; the former head of the
presidential administration, Andriy Kliuyev; former Prosecutor General Pshonka; former Interior Minister Zakharchenko; former
SBU head Yakymenko; the commander of the Interior Troops, Stanislav Shuliak; and a number of others were declared suspects
in the case.[250]

Political developments
On 22 February, Yulia Tymoshenko was released from prison and addressed more than 100,000 people on Independence
Square.[251] The same day, Parliament appointed Avakov as acting interior minister.[252] Lawmakers also ousted Pshonka as
general prosecutor of Ukraine in a no-confidence vote.[253]

On 23 February, the second day of national mourning, Parliament voted to abolish the law on language policies that had given the
Russian, Romanian, and Hungarian languages the official status of regional languages in some areas.[4][254] However, this
measure was later vetoed by the acting president, who said he would not sign the bill until new legislation protecting minority
languages was developed.[5] The same day, Parliament dismissed Foreign Minister Leonid Kozhara, Health Minister Raisa
Bogatyrova, and Education Minister Dmytro Tabachnyk and nationalised Yanukovych's private estate Mezhyhirya.[4][255]
Warrants were issued for former Incomes Minister Oleksandr Klymenko and former Prosecutor General Pshonka.[4] Parliament
also passed amendments restoring its power to appoint and dismiss judges, which had belonged to the Supreme Council of
Justice.[256]

On 24 February, Parliament dismissed Social Policies Minister Natalia Korolevska and Culture Minister Leonid Novokhatko;[257]
it also dismissed Ihor Sorkin as governor of the National Bank of Ukraine and replaced him with Stepan Kubiv.[258][259] The
same day, it appointed Valentyn Nalyvaichenko as head of the Security Service of Ukraine after dismissing Oleksandr
Yakymenko from the post.[260] Meanwhile, the leader of the Party of Regions faction, Oleksandr Yefremov, declared that the
party was moving into the opposition.[261] Seventy-seven of its MPs had left the faction over the past few days.[261]

On Tuesday, 25 February, acting President Turchynov called for the formation of a national unity government by Thursday.[262]
(Two days earlier, he had asked for the formation of such a government by Tuesday.[263]) Also on the 25th, Anatoliy Kinakh and
32 other deputies, mostly former Party of Regions members, created the Economic Development faction.[264][265]
On 26 February, Turchynov assumed the duties of the supreme commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.[266][267]

Juridical developments
On 24 February, Parliament decided to release all political prisoners, including the father and son in the Pavlichenko criminal
case,[268] and terminated the powers of five judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, appointed from Parliament's quota, for
violating their oath.[269] Lawmakers also offered to dismiss, for the same reason, two judges appointed by the president of
Ukraine, and called on the Council of Judges of Ukraine to convene an extraordinary congress within three days to consider
dismissing five Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Council. In the same resolution, Parliament assigned the prosecutor
general of Ukraine to begin criminal proceedings against all judges who, in the opinion of the People's Deputies of Ukraine, were
guilty of adopting on 30 September 2010 a decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (No. 20-rp/2010) on the procedure of
introducing constitutional amendments. On 27 February, judges of the Constitutional Court sent a letter to European
organizations, international organizations, and human rights institutions questioning the constitutionality of the parliamentary
resolution.[270]

On 27 February, Yanukovych was accused of having stolen $70 billion from the state budget.[271]

Censorship
The Ukrainian National Council for TV and Radio Broadcasting instructed all cable operators on 11 March to stop transmitting a
number of Russian channels, including the international versions of the main state-controlled stations—Rossiya 1, Channel One,
and NTV—as well as Rossiya 24.[272]

Lustration
On 26 February, Ehor Sobolev was nominated to lead the Committee on Lustration in the new Yatsenyuk government.[273]
Months later, on 14 August 2014, Parliament adopted a bill that established "procedures for conducting checks of government
officials and people nominated for government position with the purpose of deciding whether they meet certain criteria for
occupying relevant post".[274][275]

The law on lustration, which excluded from government most officials who had worked in the Yanukovych administration,
affected up to a million people.[276] Volodymyr Yavorsky of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group called it
"unreasonable" and a "serious, systematic violations of human rights"—among other reasons, because it meant too many people
would lose their jobs, including officials who could not be easily replaced.[277]

The Security Service of Ukraine arrested the former chief of its counterintelligence service, Volodymyr Byk.[278] On 3 July 2014,
former Prime Minister Mykola Azarov was placed on the international wanted list for alleged abuse of power. After the
Euromaidan, eight former officials tied to Yanukovych's Party of Regions were found to have committed suicide. When
Newsweek asked the General Prosecutor's Office about the deaths, the office initially replied that all information about them was a
state secret, a response that Newsweek called "staggering". The prosecutor's office later said that four of the deaths were being
investigated as murders; a suspect was also charged with murder in a fifth case, the death of prosecutor Sergei Melnychuk.[279]

Blockage of traffic
On 18 February at 16:00, the Kiev Metro stopped because of a terrorist threat.[280][281][282] On 20 February at 10:00,
Euromaidan's activists picketed the main office at the Kiev Metro station Politekhnichnyi Instytut, demanding that the system be
reopened.[283] A former head of the Kiev City State Administration, Ivan Saliy, also called for the reopening of the metro.[284] At
16:00 that day, the Titushky were transported by metro from the Pozniaky station to the Pecherska station, Lvivska Gazeta
reported.[285] The government also closed highways and railway access.
The metro became fully operational again, including the reopening of the Maidan Nezalezhnosti station, on 24 February.[286]

Berkut dissolved
On 25 February, acting Interior Minister Avakov signed a decree dissolving the Berkut.[287] In March, Russia announced that the
Crimean Berkut unit would preserve its name as it was incorporated into the Russian Interior Ministry.[288][nb 4]

Protests against the new government

According to Cathy Young, in the Antimaidan protests against the revolution, street posters, Internet posts, and even speeches at
rallies attacked the new government as a "Jewish clique" seeking to use Ukrainians to defend the interests of wealthy Jews, and
depicted the revolution as a "Zionist coup."[291]

Southern and Eastern Ukraine

The pro-Russian Ukrainian Front organisation held a meeting on 22 February
with representatives from southern and eastern Ukraine.[292] Andriy Kluyev, an
organiser of the event, said the group intended to discuss the federalisation of the
country into semi-autonomous regions.[293] Following the agreement with the
opposition and measures passed by Parliament, Yanukovych flew from Kiev to
Kharkiv to attend the Ukrainian Front congress; sources indicated that Berkut
forces had gathered in Kharkiv in anticipation of the event.[294][295][296] As
Yuriy Lutsenko reported, past midnight on 22 February, the SBU opened
Pro-Russian protesters in Donetsk, 1
criminal proceedings against Governor Mikhail Dobkin of Kharkiv and Mayor March 2014.
Hennadiy Kernes for advocating separatism.[297]

At the Congress of the Southern and Eastern regions in Kharkiv on 22 February,

the deputies passed a resolution declaring that they were ready to take
responsibility for protecting constitutional order in their territory. They stated
that the recent events in Kiev had paralyzed the central government and
destabilised the country.[298] They also signed a statement rejecting the authority
of Parliament.[299] The Interior Ministry reported that Governor Dobkin and
Mayor Kernes then fled to Russia.[300]

On February 23, Parliament adopted a bill to repeal the country's law on

minority languages. If signed by the president, the bill would have disestablished Pro-Russian activists march on the
streets of Odessa, 30 March 2014.
Russian as a minority languages of Ukraine, although regions like Crimea are
populated by a Russian-speaking majority.[301] The Christian Science Monitor
reported that the bill "only served to infuriate Russian-speaking regions, [who] saw the move as more evidence that the
antigovernment protests in Kiev that toppled Yanukovych's government were intent on pressing for a nationalistic agenda."[302]
Acting President Turchynov vetoed the bill on 28 February.[303]

Also on 23 February, clashes erupted in Kharkiv between thousands of equally sized pro- and anti-government rallies, and Mayor
Kernes was blocked from entering the City Council building.[304] Pro-Russian protesters stood guard over the statue of Vladimir
Lenin in the city center,[305] but the deputy head of the Regional State Administration announced that the city would dismantle
the statue regardless on 25 February.[306]

On 24 February, acting Interior Minister Avakov announced that a criminal case had been launched against Yevhen Zhylin, leader
of the Kharkiv-based anti-Euromaidan organisation Oplot.[307]
On 1 March, thousands of people in Kharkiv, Donetsk, Simferopol, Odessa, Luhansk, Melitopol, Yevpatoria, Kerch, and
Mariupol protested against the new government.[308][309][310] Public surveys in April revealed that most people in Ukraine's
eastern regions considered all levels of the government illegitimate. Half of respondents believed that President Turchynov was
"illegally occupying his post". Roughly half held the same opinion about the central government led by Prime Minister
Yatsenyuk.[311] However, nearly 70% agreed that Yanukovych was also not the legal president of the country.[312]

Crimea
Following the Ukrainian revolution, a secession crisis began in the Russian-leaning Crimean Peninsula. On 1 March 2014,
Yanukovych put into writing his request that President Putin of Russia send military forces "to establish legitimacy, peace, law
and order, stability and defending the people of Ukraine".[313] On the same day, Putin requested and received authorization from
the Russian Parliament to deploy troops to Ukraine in response to the crisis.[74] Russian troops accordingly mobilized throughout
Crimea and the southeast of Ukraine. By 2 March, Russian troops had complete control over Crimea.[314][315][316]

Destruction of Soviet monuments

The monument to the Russian field marshal Mikhail Kutuzov was demolished in the city of Brody in western Ukraine.[317][318]
At least 25 statues of Lenin were destroyed by Euromaidan protesters.[319] The militant group Right Sector was blamed for much
of the destruction.[319][320] In addition, a statue honouring Soviet soldiers was removed from the western Ukrainian city of
Stryi.[321][322] In early December 2013, unknown activists partially painted in red and black (similar to the flag of the
nationalistic Ukrainian Insurgent Army) a statue honouring the workers of the Arsenal factory in Kiev who died in 1918.[323] On
28 February, a monument dedicated to Soviet forces who fought in World War II and one dedicated to Soviet soldiers who fought
in Afghanistan, both in the city of Dnipropetrovsk, were vandalized and painted with nationalistic slogans. [324] On its English-
language Twitter account, the Russian Foreign Ministry described the targeting of Russian- and Soviet-built monuments as
"Russophobic vandalism" and an "outrage", and demanded that it be stopped.[325]

RSA occupations
Starting on 18 February, Euromaidan activists occupied regional state
administration (RSA) buildings in several oblasts (regions).[326]

Economic
In May 2014, the International Monetary Fund disbursed US$3.2 billion to
stabilise Ukraine. The European Union required Ukraine to secure this aid
package from the IMF in order to obtain about 1.6 billion euros pledged under Euromaidan-occupied regional
the recently signed Ukraine-EU Association Agreement.[327] government offices on 3 March 2014.

Sports
On 19 February 2014, UEFA announced that it had decided to change the venue of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League Round of
32 match between Dynamo Kyiv and Valencia from Olympic Stadium in Kiev to GSP Stadium, in Nicosia, Cyprus, because of
the riots in Kiev.[328][329][330]

Dynamo Kyiv and the other clubs competing in the Round of 32 held a minute of silence for the victims in Kiev before the match,
and the athletes played wearing mourning armbands.[331][332][333]

On 25 February, subsequent games of the 2013–14 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague were postponed.[334][335] On 26 February,
the second part of the 2013–14 Ukrainian Premier League was suspended because of the situation in the country.[336]
On 3 March, a scheduled friendly match between the United States and Ukraine in Kharkiv was moved to Nicosia because of
safety concerns regarding potential instability in Kharkiv Oblast.[337]

Three HC Donbass home KHL playoff games were moved from Donetsk's Druzhba Arena to Slovnaft Arena in Bratislava,
Slovakia.[338] After playing Game 7 of their first-round series against Dinamo Riga and Games 3 and 4 in the second round
against Lev Praha in Bratislava, the Slovak capital, the team returned to Donetsk for the sixth game of the series against Lev.

Domestic responses

Verkhovna Rada
On 20 February, Parliament resumed its work around 16:00 and worked until about 23:00. Members adopted a draft law that
expressed "condemnation of the violence that led to the deaths of peaceful citizens of Ukraine".[339]

On the morning of 21 February, Parliament announced that Speaker Rybak had signed a resolution titled "About condemning
violence in Ukraine, which led to loss of life". The resolution ordered the Cabinet of Ukraine and all siloviks to stop the use of
force and prohibited the use of any weapons and special measures against citizens of Ukraine.[340]

Political response

Iryna Herashchenko, a member of Parliament with Klitschko's opposition Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for
Reform party, commented on the critical state of Ukrainian health services, saying: "Emergency services and all
are filled to the brink. There is nowhere to put people up. The doctors are wonderful. Their sacrifice is impressive.
They work with full dedication, fight for everyone who is injured."[341]
After negotiations with Yanukovych, opposition leader Yatsenyuk said that the talks had "ended with nothing. ...
Deputies from the opposition said Yanukovych threatened all opposition leaders with criminal responsibility. We
only had one item: immediately start the truce, but they told us to effectively give in. Since a truce has not been
announced and the government has no such desire, we're standing on the brink of the most dramatic page of the
history of Ukraine."[341]
In a statement on his party's website, Klitschko wrote: "Yanukovych reacts to the situation absolutely
inadequately. All he's been talking about is that the leaders of the opposition should call on people on Maidan
(Kyiv's Independence Square) to end the standoff and lay down arms. ... These are police forces that are
violently shooting at protesters downtown Kyiv. This is what I suggest: authorities should immediately withdraw
law enforcers and put an end to the bloody crackdown, as people continue to die. This is what I've told
Yanukovych. Could talks be a solution while blood has been shed? But unfortunately he has no understanding of
the situation."[341]
Acting Prime Minister Serhiy Arbuzov said at a 19 February cabinet meeting, "It is unacceptable to talk about
European values and the desire for a new level of Ukraine's development and at the same time sacrifice human
lives, destroy the state's and citizens' goods, burn their cars and apartments, and shame the country in the eyes
of international community."[130]
Acting Minister of Justice Olena Lukash accused the opposition of violating agreements and demanded an
immediate end to violence. She argued that the escalation was the fault of extremists.[342]
Party of Regions MP Oleh Tsariov appeared on Russian TV and announced that officials would clear
Independence Square within an hour, saying, "After we bring order to Maidan, we'll bring it nationwide."[28]
Party of Regions MP Vadym Kolesnichenko blamed the opposition and the German chancellor, Angela Merkel,
for the violence in Ukraine.[343]
On 18 February, in an interview with Hromadske TV, Inna Bohoslovska said that she had seen policemen
disguised as protesters shooting at other policemen.[344] The same day, the MVS website showed people
dressed as protesters with firearms.[345]
Yulia Tymoshenko called on the opposition to cease any talks with Yanukovych.[346]
An international group of researchers who specialize in the study of far right political movements published a joint
statement in which they disagreed with claims about the nationalist character of the Ukrainian revolution, pointing
out that it had a mostly democratic and liberal character. According to the letter signed by these researchers,
while nationalist groups were present and involved in the protests, their influence on the movement was
 marginal. However, they said, this influence was disproportionately highlighted by the Russian media, which was
using the claims as a weapon of Russian imperialism.[347]

Regions

The presidium of the Supreme Council of Crimea (the parliament of Crimea) said: "Peaceful Crimea is extremely
worried by another outbreak of violence in the center of Kiev. Slaughter on the capital's streets proves that the
opposition has perceived numerous concessions on the part of the authorities as a manifestation of weakness
and has taken advantage of the amnesty law[nb 5] to take a respite before a new attempt to forcibly seize power
in the country." It added: "Innocent people died at the hands of the lawless gunmen on February 18. These are
no longer peaceful protests, of which the opposition leaders and biased mass media outlets have said
repeatedly, and not even mass unrest. This is the beginning of a civil war."[348]
Deputies of Luhansk Oblast declared: "We turn to the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich with the demand to
take strict measures concerning those, who today virtually went to war against our country, and to introduce a
state of emergency. The time of peaceful negotiations has ended — negotiations cannot be held with terrorists
and extremists!"[349]
Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People's former chairman, Mustafa Abdülcemil Qırımoğlu, said: "They will answer for
the blood of every patriot. I urge all citizens to create pockets of resistance."[350]

International reactions

International organisations

United Nations — Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on 19 February for an end to the "unacceptable"
violence in Ukraine and for amnesty for those detained during the unrest.[351]
European Union — Foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton urged Yanukovych, the government, and leaders
of the opposition "to address the root causes of the crisis".[352] In addition, the president of the European
Commission, José Manuel Barroso, issued a statement expressing his condolences to the families of those killed
and calling for an end to the violence. He also said: "The EU has been offering its sincere assistance to facilitate
political dialogue between the sides and de-escalate the situation. We continue to believe that constitutional
reform, formation of a new inclusive government and creating conditions for democratic elections constitute the
only way out of this deep and long-lasting political crisis. [...] Yet, we have also made it clear that the EU will
respond to any deterioration on the ground. We therefore expect that targeted measures against those
responsible for violence and use of excessive force can be agreed by our Member States as a matter of
urgency."[353]
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe — The OSCE chairperson-in-office, Foreign Minister
Didier Burkhalter of Switzerland, urged Ukrainian authorities on 19 February "to do their utmost to defuse the
menacing situation in the country" and to suggest measures to de-escalate the conflict, including the assignment
of "an impartial international facilitator, possibly working in tandem with a respected Ukrainian personality, and
dispatching an international expert team to establish facts on violent incidents and human rights violations".[354]
Council of Europe — The secretary general of the Council, Thorbjørn Jagland, said in a statement on 18
February that the Ukrainian Parliament should have a "serious debate on how to end the crisis" and offered the
legal and constitutional support of the Council of Europe.[355]
Weimar Triangle — in a joint statement by the foreign ministers of France, Germany, and Poland issued on 28
February, the three countries urged the new Ukrainian authorities to respect minority rights, stating, "A lasting
accommodation of the existing diversity in Ukrainian society necessitates reaching out to Eastern and Southern
regions and engaging with all legitimate interests, including minority rights, especially regarding language
issues."[356]

Nations

Armenia — A Foreign Ministry spokesman said on 20 February: "We deeply regret the tens of victims as a
result of clashes in Kiev. Ukraine is a friendly country for Armenia. We hope that the sides will resume talks to
achieve a peaceful settlement of contentious issues."[357]
Australia — Foreign Minister Julie Bishop on 19 February condemned the violence and loss of life in
Ukraine and urged both sides to resume positive political negotiations to resolve the crisis.[358]
 Canada — Foreign Minister John Baird declared in a statement on 18 February: "Canada calls on all sides
to show restraint and to cease all acts of violence immediately. No act of violence or repression today will go
unnoticed by the Government of Canada, and we will work with our allies in the international community to
ensure that those responsible will be held to account."[359] On the same day, Baird also said that Canada would
supply demonstrators in Ukraine with medical aid.[360]
Colombia — The Foreign Ministry, on behalf of the Colombian government, issued a press release
expressing "deep concern about the situation in Ukraine" while also deploring the "acts of violence that have
taken place in the last couple of days." In the same statement, Colombia urged the government of Ukraine to
"guarantee security, human rights, and the fundamental liberties of its citizens".[361]
Czech Republic — Foreign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek, meeting with the Ukrainian ambassador on 19
February, described the use of violence against protesters as "absolutely unacceptable" and said that "under no
circumstances should internal problems be solved in such a manner".[362]
Estonia — Foreign Minister Urmas Paet said in a statement on 19 February, "We need to help Ukraine out
of this crisis," and added, "Estonia is prepared to consider punitive measures against all those responsible for the
increase in violence."[363]
Finland — Foreign minister Erkki Tuomioja, in a statement on 18 February, expressed his condolences to
the families of those killed, urged an end to the violence and praised the attempts of the EU, the OSCE, and the
Council of Europe to mediate in the conflict.[364]
Georgia — The Foreign Ministry released a statement on 18 February condemning the use of force and
adding that Georgian officials were "extremely concerned over tragic events" in Kiev.[365] On 20 February,
President Giorgi Margvelashvili said that "use of arms against own people does not speak well of any
government" and warned that "not a single government has managed to get away with it".[366]

In an interview with The Guardian, Irakli Alasania, Georgia's defence minister, said that
the Ukrainian revolution was the "first strategic failure for Putin." Alasania was sanguine
about the potential for escalation, saying: "There's a lot of rhetoric and chest-thumping.
It's not unusual. But Russia won't go into military confrontation. I don't think there's a
military option on the table for Putin."[367]

Germany — Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned, "Those responsible for making decisions
that lead to further bloodshed should know that Europe's decision on sanctions will be reconsidered for
sure."[352]
Hungary — The Foreign Ministry expressed deep concern and extended condolences to the victims'
families. It also stated that, as a neighbouring country, Hungary was interested in a "stable, democratic, and
integrated Ukraine, as well as directly interested in the legal certainty of the Trans Carpathian Hungarians".[368]
Israel — Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman said that Israel was concerned about the events and
expressed hope that the situation would resolve without further loss of human life.[369]
Italy — Foreign Minister Emma Bonino called on 20 February for visa sanctions against those responsible
for violence, a weapons embargo, and humanitarian support.[370]
Latvia — The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement on 19 February putting the full responsibility for
the escalation of the crisis on the Ukrainian government. The statement also read, "Those guilty of causing
violence must be held responsible."[371]
Lithuania — The Foreign Ministry issued a note stating in part: "We demand to halt violence immediately
and thoroughly investigate all the incidents, which have resulted in deaths and injuries, and to arraign the
perpetrators before court. Once again, we invite the European Union member states to discuss a possibility of
applying target measures against those responsible for the use of force."[372]
Poland — Secretary of State Henryka Mościcka-Dendys from MSZ told the Jyllands-Posten daily on 21
February 2014 that Poland trusted the Ukrainian people to decide for themselves what future they wanted for
Ukraine, while stressing the significance of Polish-Ukrainian relations both in history and in individual family ties.
There was a time, she said, when Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary were expected to remain in the Soviet
Bloc forever, and yet it was a Russian leader, Boris Yeltsin, who changed that belief. She said that situation was
analogous to the current one because in the long run, a more democratic Russia could only benefit from a pro-
European Ukraine.[373]
Romania — President Traian Băsescu stated that the events threatened the stability of the region. He
added that "Romania agrees with the proposed individual sanctions, for the silver lining has been crossed. The
25 deaths serve as evidence for the fact that both parties (e.n. the Ukrainian government and the protesters)
 have crossed the line."[374] Prime Minister Victor Ponta made an immediate appeal for peace, saying that
"diplomatic efforts will lead to the cessation of violence".[375]
Russian Federation — The Russian Foreign Ministry stated on 19 February: "What is happening is a direct
result of the policies of appeasement by Western politicians and European institutions, which from the beginning
of the crisis turned a blind eye to the aggressive actions of radical forces in Ukraine, thereby encouraging them to
escalate and provoke the legitimate authority."[376] According to the press secretary of the president of Russia,
Russia considered the events in Ukraine a coup attempt.[377][378]

On 20 February 2014, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev stated that Russia could only
cooperate fully with Ukraine when its leadership was in "good shape".[142] He added that
Russia wanted a "strong government" in Ukraine "so that people don't wipe their feet on
the authorities like a doormat".[151] Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov likened threats of EU
sanctions "on those responsible for Ukraine violence" to blackmail and said, "The EU is
also trying to consider the introduction of sanctions, and at the same time they come to
Kiev on uninvited missions."[160]

On 24 February, Medvedev questioned the legitimacy of the authorities who replaced

President Yanukovych, saying, "If you consider Kalashnikov-toting people in black masks
who are roaming Kiev to be the government, then it will be hard for us to work with that
government."[379]

The following day, Foreign Minister Lavrov expressed concern about the faith of the TV
channel "Inter", Russian TV channels in Ukraine, freedom of speech in Ukraine, and the
abolition of the Ukrainian law on language. He added that his government was interested
in "preventing the influence of radicals and nationalists who are now trying to play the first
violin".[380]

Sweden — Foreign Minister Carl Bildt issued a statement saying in part, "The EU will not hesitate on
measures against interests of persons associated with repression and violence in Ukraine."[28] He also said that
Yanukovych had "blood on his hands".[381]
Turkey — Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu said in a press conference, "Ukraine is one of the countries
with a strategic location in the Black Sea basin. Stability of Ukraine and peace in the country is of vital importance
to the whole region."[382]
United Kingdom — Foreign Secretary William Hague said: "It is clear ousted President Viktor Yanukovych's
authority is no longer widely accepted in Ukraine, and Britain is working with the new government in Kiev. ...
Ukraine had a pressing need for constitutional reform, improvements to its political culture, free elections, and an
end to pervasive corruption. Meanwhile, the international community must work with the new government to
discourage further violence and agree on international financial support. Ukraine's financial situation is very
serious and, without outside assistance, might not be sustainable. An economic crisis in Ukraine would be a
grave threat to the country's stability and have damaging wider consequences. It wasn't clear the country could
wait until presidential elections in late May for a financial package as it faced dwindling reserves, a depreciating
currency, and large foreign exchange debts that were falling due, and it was also shut out of international capital
markets." Asked who the UK recognized as the current head of state, Hague said Britain was working with the
new government.[383] "There is, of course, a dispute constitutionally about who is the president, but in this
situation it is very clear that, whatever the constitutional provisions, the authority of Mr. Yanukovych is no longer
widely recognized as president," he said. "And in order to achieve the objectives that I've just set out, it's
necessary for us to talk to the speaker who has been declared the acting president."
United States — President Barack Obama warned on 19 February that there would be consequences if
violence continued in Ukraine and that the Ukrainian military should not step into a situation that could be
resolved by civilians.[384][385] The US also imposed a visa ban on 20 senior Ukrainian officials and other people it
accused of being behind the violent crackdown on protesters.[386] On 20 February, President Obama sharply
criticized Russian support of the Yanukovych government and called for respect of people's basic freedoms.[387]

Notes
1. In Luhansk Governor of Luhansk Oblast Valeriy Holenko said: "We believe that Ukraine becoming a federation
will ensure the security of the people. No one's going to teach us how to live, how to love our motherland or what
 political interests we defend".[171][172]
2. The MP's from the Party of Regions were Andriy Derkach, Volodymyr Zubyk, Hryhoriy Smitiukh, Oleksandr
Kuzmuk, Volodymyr Pekhov, Volodymyr Prodyvus, Volodymyr Struk, Mykola Soroka, Viktor Bondar, Viktor
Tykhonov, and two independent lawmakers were Oleksandr Tabalov and Andriy Tabalov.[179]
3. On 4 February 2014 the opposition had unsuccessfully tried to push through an unconditional amnesty for all
detained protesters, and the returning to the constitution as it was between 2004 and 2010, in the Verkhovna
Rada (Ukraine's parliament).
4. The status of Crimea and Sevastopol is currently under dispute by Ukraine and Russia; Ukraine and the majority
of the international community consider Crimea an autonomous republic of Ukraine and Sevastopol one of
Ukraine's cities with special status, while Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea a federal subjects of
Russia and Sevastopol one of its federal cities.[289] Both are completely under Russian control.[290]
5. This law regulated the exempt from criminal liabilities and punishment for Euromaidan protesters who committed
crimes in the period 27 December 2013 through 2 February 2014 and had came into effect on 17 February
2014.[79]

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