Nsu Chem 1310 Perry Review

NSU - GENERAL CHEMISTRY II - PROF.
PERRY
NSU CHEM 1310 PERRY EXAM 3 REVIEW*
www.clutchprep.com
* This review was not prepared by your professor or school and is neither approved nor endorsed by your college or university 1
NSU - GENERAL CHEMISTRY II - PROF. PERRY
PRACTICE: Which pair of substance can be dissolved together (in the right ratio) to prepare a
buffer solution?
i, C2H 3O2H
ii. NaC2H 3O2
iii. NaOH
iv. HCl
v. NaCl
A. i and ii
B. i and iii
C. ii and iii
D. i and ii, ii and iv, i and iii
E. iv and v; i and iii
PRACTICE: Find the pH of a buffer solution made by mixing 100 mL of 0.20 M methylamine,
CH3NH2, with 250.0 mL of a 0.50 M CH 3NH3Cl. Kb of methylamine is 4.4 x 10-4.
PRACTICE: You wish to prepare an HC 2H 3O2 buffer with a pH of 4.24. If the pKa of is 4.74, what
ratio of C2H 3O2- / HC2H 3O2 must you use?
A) 0.10
B) 0.50
C) 0.32
D) 2.0
E) 2.8
PRACTICE: Which of the following curve best represents the titration of Na2CO3 with HCl?
PRACTICE: Identify each type of titration curve as involving a strong or weak acid or base. What is
the significance of the half-equivalence point? Identify this point on the relevant curves below.
PRACTICE: Which titration curve could describe the titration of a solution of HCl by addition of a
solution of KOH?
PRACTICE: Calculate the pH of the solution resulting from the addition of 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH
to 50.0 mL of a 0.10 M solution of aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid, Ka = 3.0 × 10–4) solution.
A) 3.5 B) 2.9 C) 4.1 D) 10.5 E) 1.8
PRACTICE: What is the pH of a one-liter solution that is 0.100 M in NH3 and 0.100 M in NH 4Cl
after 1.6 g of NaOH(s) has been added? Kb for NH3 is 1.8 × 10-5.
(a) 4.74
(b) 9.26
(c) 9.46
(d) 9.62
(e) 11.12
PRACTICE: A 100.0 mL sample of 0.20 M HF is titrated with 0.10 M KOH. Determine the pH of
the solution after the addition of 100.0 mL of KOH. The K a of HF is 3.5 × 10 -4.
A) 2.08
B) 3.15
C) 4.33
D) 3.46
E) 4.15
PRACTICE: A 25.0-mL sample of 0.125 M pyridine is titrated with 0.100M HCl. Calculate the pH at
50 mL of added acid. Express your answer using two decimal places.
PRACTICE: In order to create a buffer 7.321 g of potassium lactate is mix with 550.0 mL of 0.328 M
lactic acid, HC3H 5O3. What is the pH of the buffer solution after the addition of 700.0 mL of 0.100 M
hydrobromic acid, HBr? The Ka of HC3H 5O3 is 1.4 x 10-4.
PRACTICE: What is the pH at the equivalence point of a weak base-strong acid titration if 20.00 mL
of NaOCl requires 28.30 mL of 0.50 M HCl to reach the equivalence point? The acid dissociation
constant of HOCl is 3.0x10-8.
A. 3.76
B. 0.30
C. 3.18
D. 4.03
PRACTICE: Nitrous acid, HNO2 has a Ka of 4.6 x 10-4. If the 100 mL of a 0.2 M solution of nitrous
acid is mixed with a 200 mL of a 0.1 M solution of NaOH which of the following is NOT true of the
resulting solution?
1. [Na+] > [H 3O +]
2. [NO2-] = [OH -]
3. they are all true
4. [NO2-] > [HNO 2]
5. [OH-] > [H3O+]
PRACTICE: What volume (in mL) of 0.0500 M phosphoric acid is needed to titrate completely 25.0
mL of 0.150 M barium hydroxide solution to a phenolphthalein end point?
3Ba(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6H2O
(A) 50.0
(B) 75.0
(C) 100
(D) 150
PRACTICE: A 25.0 L solution is made of 0.10 M acid and 0.13 M conjugate base. What mass of
HNO 3 (MM = 63.01) in grams can the buffer absorb before one of the components is no longer
present?
A. 6.30
B. 8.19
C. 47.3
D. 157
E. 205
SUMMARY: Strong Acid Strong Base Titrations
PRACTICE: 100. mL of 0.200 M HCl is titrated with 0.250 M NaOH.
i) What is the pH of the solution after 50.0 mL of base has been added? Express the pH
numerically.
ii) What is the pH of the solution at the equivalence point? Express the pH numerically.
PRACTICE: A 25.00 mL sample of 0.320 M NaOH analyte was titrated with 0.750 M HI at 25 °C.
a) Calculate the initial pH before any titrant was added.
b) Calculate the pH of the solution after 5.00 mL of the titrant was added.
PRACTICE: What anion is present at the first equivalence point in the titration of H 3PO4 with
NaOH?
a. H2PO4-
b. HPO42-
c. PO43-
d. PO33-
e. P3-
PRACTICE: For the following polyprotic acid questions:
Citric acid (H3C 6H 5O6) K a1 = 8.4 x 10–4 Ka2 = 1.8 x 10–5 Ka3 = 4.0 x 10–6
Oxalic acid (H2C 2O4) Ka1 = 6.5 x 10–2 Ka2 = 6.1 x 10–5
Sketch a titration curve of the complete titration oxalic acid with NaOH. Label the important points
on the curve and list the dominant species present at each of these points.
PRACTICE: Pyradine (C6H 5N) is a weak organic base with a K b of 1.7x10-9. Suppose you were to
titrate 25.0 mL of a 0.100 M aqueous solution of pyridine with a 0.100 M HCl solution.
a. What is the pH at the equivalence point?
b. The Ka of the acid-base indicator 2,3-dinitrophenol is around 6.69 x 10 -5, and the Ka of the acid-
base indicator thymolphthalein is approximately 1.26x10-10. If you had to choose between these two
indicators for your titration above, which would you choose?
PRACTICE: An indicator changes from red to blue going from its acidic (nonionized) form to its
basic (ionized) form. The indicator has a Ka of 3.2 × 10−5 . What color would be visible in a solution
with this indicator at pH 5.62?
1. red
2. purple
3. blueish-purple
4. reddish-purple
5. blue
PRACTICE: Lead thiocyanate, Pb(SCN)2, has a Ksp value of 2.00 × 10−5.
Part A. Calculate the molar solubility of lead thiocyanate in pure water. The molar solubility is the
maximum amount of lead thiocyanate the solution can hold. Express the molar solubility
numerically.
Part B. Calculate the molar solubility of lead thiocyanate in 1.00M KSCN. Express the molar
solubility numerically.
PRACTICE: Select the false statement below regarding PbI 2 (Ksp = 7.9 x 109) and PbCO3 (Ksp =
7.4 x 1014).
A. the molar solubility of PbI 2 can be calculated by taking the cube root of (K sp/4)
B. PbCO3 is more soluble in 1.0 M HCl than in pure water
C. PbI2 is less soluble in 1.0 M NaI than in pure water
D. PbCO3 is more soluble in 1.0 M Pb(NO 3)2 than in pure water
E. PbI2 is more soluble in 1.0 M NaOH than in pure water (Kf of Pb(OH)2 = 8 x 1013)
PRACTICE: What is the minimum S2− concentration that will cause ZnS to start precipitating from a
0.10 M solution of Zn(NO 3)2, a very soluble salt? Ksp for ZnS is 1.1 × 10−21.
PRACTICE: Solutions of 0.00024 M aqueous sodium iodide and 0.0054 M aqueous lead (II) nitrate,
Pb(NO3)2 are mixed together. Which of the following is the most likely result that a student would
observe? Assume no volume change. Ksp of Pbl2 is 1.4 x 10-8.
A. All ions remain in solution and no precipitate is observed.
B. A precipitate of sodium nitrate, NaNO3, is observed.
C. A precipitate of lead (II) iodide, Pbl 2, is observed.
D. The mixture results in the formation of a saturated solution at equilibrium.
E. The Nal and Pb(NO3)2 solutions do not mix and two separate layers are formed.
PRACTICE: Ksp = 6.3 x 10-5 for the following hypothetical equation. Each of the following mixture
is prepared with the indicated molarity of A2+ and B3- at 95°C and then allowed to cool to room
temperature. Which of the mixtures would produce a precipitate of A3B2?
A3B2 (s) ⇌ 3 A2+ (aq) + 2 B 3- (aq)
a. [A2+] = 0.036 M and [B 3- ] = 0.300 M
b. [A2+] = 0.272 M and [B 3- ] = 0.042 M
c. [A2+] = 0.150 M and [B 3- ] = 0.028 M
d. [A2+] = 0.086 M and [B 3- ] = 0.895 M
e. [A2+] = 0.682 M and [B 3- ] = 0.003
PRACTICE: Potassium thiocyanate, KSCN, is often used to detect the presence of Fe3+ ions in
solution by the formation of the red Fe(H2O)5SCN2+ (or, more simply, FeSCN2+). What is the
concentration of Fe3+when 0.52 L each of 0.0012 M Fe(NO3)3and 0.21 M KSCN are mixed?Kf
of FeSCN2+ = 8.9 x 102.
PRACTICE: Copper (I) ions in aqueous solution react with 0.56 M NH3 (aq) according to
Cu+ (aq) + 2 NH3 (aq) → Cu(NH3)2+ (aq)
Calculate the solubility in g. Note: Kf = 6.3 x 1010 and Copper (I) ions come from Copper (I)
bromide.
PRACTICE: The following reaction is endothermic:
2 H2O (l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
Which of the following answers correctly describes the spontaneity:
A. This reaction is always spontaneous
B. This reaction is only spontaneous at low temperatures
C. This reaction is only spontaneous at high temperatures
D. This reaction is never spontaneous
PRACTICE: Which of the following processes WILL NOT be spontaneous at 1000 K?
A) ΔH = +40.2kJ/mole ΔS = -41.8 J/mole K
B) ΔH = +40.2kJ/mole ΔS = +41.8 J/mole K
C) ΔH = -41.8 kJ/mole ΔS = +40.2 J/mole K
D) ΔH = +41.8 kJ/mole ΔS = -40.2 J/mole K
E) both A and D
PRACTICE: For the reaction A + B ⇌ C + D, ΔH°= +40 kJ and ΔS°= +50 J/K. Therefore, the
reaction at standard conditions is
A. spontaneous at temperatures less than 10 K.
B. spontaneous at temperatures greater than 800 K.
C. spontaneous only at temperatures between 10 K and 800 K.
D. spontaneous at all temperatures.
E. Nonspontaneous at all temperatures.
SUMMARY: First Law of Thermodynamics
PRACTICE: Which of the following is true of a general thermodynamic state function?
1. The change of the value of a state function is independent of the path of a process.
2. The value of a state function does NOT change with a change in temperature of a process.
3. The change in the value of a state function is always negative for a spontaneous reaction.
4. The value of the state function remains constant.
5. The change in the value of the state function is always positive for endothermic processes.
PRACTICE: Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Entropy is not a state function.
B) Endothermic processes are never spontaneous.
C) Endothermic processes decrease the entropy of the surroundings, at constant T and P.
D) Exothermic processes are always spontaneous.
E) None of the above are true.
PRACTICE: Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. State functions are not dependent on the path taken to reach a particular state.
b. The change in the internal energy of a system can be determined by using constant volume
calorimetry.
c. Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
d. The enthalpy of a reaction can be determined by using constant pressure calorimetry.
e. All of the above statements are true.
SUMMARY: Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
PRACTICE: Which of the following are always true for a spontaneous process?
I. ΔSsys > 0 II. ΔSsurr > 0 III. ΔSuniv > 0 IV. ΔGsys > 0
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. I and III
e. III and IV
PRACTICE: Which of the following relationships must be true of any reaction at equilibrium?
a) ΔSuniv = 0
b) ΔG ̊ = 0
c) ΔS ̊ = 0
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
PRACTICE: Which of the following statements regarding the third law of thermodynamics is
incorrect?
SUMMARY: Entropy
PRACTICE: Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reaction at 25°C.
2CH3OH(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
PRACTICE: HI has a boiling point of –35.4 oC with a standard enthalpy of vaporization of 21.16
kJ/mol. Calculate the standard entropy of vaporization of HI.
a) 598 J/K·mol
b) 68.6 J/K·mol
c) 75.2 J/K·mol
d) 0.068 J/K·mol
e) 89.0 J/K·mol
PRACTICE: Calculate ΔS°rxn for the following rreaction. The S° for each species is shown below
the reaction.
H2 + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
S°(J/mol•K) 130.7 223.1 186.9
A) -20 J/K
B) +20 J/K
C) -166.9 J/K
D) +166.9 J/K
E) +466.2 J/K
PRACTICE: Which answer below is the best description for “microstates”:
A. The relative size of particles
B. Conditions that occur between phase changes
C. Conditions that occur during a spontaneous reaction
D. Possible positions of equal energy
E. The relative temperature of particles
PRACTICE: The definition of entropy below was proposed by Boltzman. Which is

a TRUE statement about this equation?
S = k ln W
A) S stands for the number of particles
B) S stands for the number of microstates
C) W stands for the work done
D) W stands for the number of microstates
E) k is the rate constant for the process
PRACTICE: Given the thermodynamic data in the table below, calculate the equilibrium constant
(at 298 K) for the reaction:
2SO2 (g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
a) 2.37 x 1024
b) 1.06
c) 1.95
d) 3.92 x 1023
e) More information is needed.
PRACTICE: In the Haber process, N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

ΔG° at 298 K for this reaction is -33,300 J/mol.
The value of ΔG at 298 K for a non-equilibrium reaction mixture that consists of 1.9 atm N 2, 1.6
atm H2, and 0.65 atm NH 3 is __________.
a. -40,500 J
b. -1,800 J
c. -7.25 × 106 J
d. -3.86 × 106 J
e. -104,500 J
PRACTICE: What is the ΔG (in kJ/mol) for a reaction at 255 Celsius that has a ΔH = 110 kJ/mol
and a ΔS of 655 J/mol-K?
A. -456
B. -236
C. -57
D. 236
E. 456
SUMMARY: Redox Reaction
PRACTICE: Break down reaction into its half-reactions.
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
PRACTICE: Given the overall redox reaction: Fe2+(aq) + Ce4+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + Ce3+(aq)
Identify the two half-reactions.
Oxidation half-reaction Reduction half-reaction
A) Fe 2+(aq) → Fe 3+(aq) + e− Ce 4+(aq) + e − → Ce 3+(aq)
B) Ce 4+(aq) + e − → Ce 3+(aq) Fe2+(aq) → Fe 3+(aq) + e −
C) Fe 2+(aq) + e − → Fe 3+(aq) Ce4+(aq) → Ce 3+(aq) + e −
D) Ce 4+(aq) → Ce 3+(aq) + e − Fe 2+(aq) + e − → Fe 3+(aq)
E) Fe 3+(aq) →Fe 2+(aq) + e − Ce 4+(aq) → Ce 3+ (aq) + e −
PRACTICE: If a nail made of elemental iron [Fe(s)] is placed in an aqueous solution of a soluble
palladium(II) salt [Pd2+ (aq)], the nail will gradually disappear as the iron enters the solution as Fe3+
(aq) and palladium metal [Pd(s)] forms.
a. Is this a redox equation?
b. Balance and show the net ionic equation that describes this reaction.
PRACTICE: Balance the following redox reaction occurring in acidic solution. (Hint: the Br2 partakes
in both half reactions)
Br2 (l) → BrO3 (aq) + Br –(aq)
PRACTICE: A concentration cell consists of two Sn/Sn2+ half-cells. The cell has a potential of 0.15V
at 25°C. What is the ratio of the Sn 2+ concentrations in the two half-cells?
PRACTICE: Consider a standard voltaic cell based on the reaction:
2 H+ (aq) + Sn (s) → Sn2+ (aq) + H2 (g)
Which of the following actions would change the emf of the cell?
a) Increasing the pH at the cathode
b) Lowering the pH at the cathode
c) Increasing [Sn2+] at the anode
d) Increasing the hydrogen gas pressure at the cathode
e) All of the above changes will alter the cell potential
PRACTICE: Consider the redox reaction:
PbO2(s) + Ba(s) + 4H+ (aq) → Pb+2 (aq) + Ba +2 (aq) + 2H2O(l)
At standard conditions ε° = 4.36 V (highly spontaneous). Suppose the voltage ε, is measured for
the above reaction when the [H+] concentration is [H+] = 10 -7 M instead of [H+] = 1M.
How does ε compare to ε° (circle one):
ε > ε° ε < ε° ε = ε° Can't be determined
PRACTICE: A solution of Mn+5 is used to plate out Mn in an electrochemical cell. If a total of 3.70 g
of Mn is plated out in a total time of 1 seconds, what was the electrical current used? (MW of Mn is
54.94 g/mol)
PRACTICE: a. Label the anode and the cathode. Indicate the direction of electron flow. Label the
terminals on the battery as positive or negative.
b. Indicate the half-reaction occurring at Anode. Express your answer as a chemical equation.
Identify all of the phases in your answer.
c. Indicate the half-reaction occurring at Cathode. Express your answer as a chemical equation.
Identify all of the phases in your answer.
d. Calculate the minimum voltage necessary to drive the reaction. Express your answer using two
significant figures.
PRACTICE: Which statement is true of all functioning voltaic cells?
a) Both Ecell and ΔG are negative
b) Both Ecell and ΔG are positive
c) Ecell is negative and ΔG is positive
d) Ecell is positive and ΔG is negative
e) None of the above must be true
PRACTICE: Determine the cell notation for the redox reaction given below.
Sn (s) + 2 Ag+(aq) → Sn2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
A) Ag+(aq) / Ag(s) // Sn(s) / Sn2+(aq)
B) Sn(s) / Sn2+(aq) // Ag+(aq) / Ag(s)
C) Ag(s) / Ag+(aq) // Sn2+(aq) / Sn(s)
D) Sn2+(aq) / Sn(s) // Ag(s) / Ag+(aq)
E) Sn(s) / Ag(s) // Sn2+(aq) / Ag+(aq)
PRACTICE: Given a voltaic cell that is made of:
Co3+(aq) + e− → Co2+(aq)
Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + e–
Which of the following would be the correct voltaic notation for this cell?
A. Co3+ | Co2+ || Ag | Ag+
B. Ag | Co3+ || Co2+ | Ag+
C. Co2+ | Co3+ || Ag | Ag+
D. Ag | Ag+ || Co3+ | Co2+

PRACTICE: When looking at a table of reduction potentials, the reduction of Cu+ (aq) going to Cu
E. has
Ag ||aCo 3+ ||| Ag+ || Co2+
(s) standard electrode potential of 0.52 V. What does that value mean?
a) The reduction of copper cation produces 0.52 V of electricity
b) The copper cation will spontaneously create copper solid
c) The reduction of Cu+ (aq) to Cu (s) is 0.52V greater than the reduction of H+ (aq) to H2 (g).
d) Cu+ (aq) is going to be reduced because its electrode potential is positive
PRACTICE: All potentials in tables of standard reduction potentials are measured with respect to
the standard hydrogen electrode as cathode, which is considered to have a potential of
a. +1.76 V.
b. +1.00 V.
c. -1.00 V.
d. 0.00 V.
PRACTICE: What statement is NOT true about standard electrode potentials?
A) E°cell is positive for spontaneous reactions.
B) Electrons will flow from more negative electrode to more positive electrode.
C) The electrode potential of the standard hydrogen electrode is exactly zero.
D) The electrode in any half-cell with a greater tendency to undergo reduction is positively charged
relative to the standard hydrogen electrode and therefore has a positive E°.
E) E°cell is the difference in voltage between the anode and the cathode, E°a-E°c
PRACTICE: Design an electrolytic cell from the following half-reactions:
Cd2+(aq) + 2 e− → Cd(s) E° = −0.40
Cr3+(aq) + 3 e− → Cr(s) E° = −0.74
The overall cell potential of the electrolytic cell is:
A. −1.14 B. −0.34 C. −0.28 D. 0.28 E. 0.34
PRACTICE: Identify the battery that is used as a common flashlight battery.
a) dry-cell battery
b) lithium ion battery
c) lead-acid storage battery
d) NiCad battery
e) fuel cell
PRACTICE: Which, if any, of the following metals could be connected to an iron pipe to act as a
sacrificial anode to help prevent corrosion of the pipe? Hint: See the attached activity series/E red
̊
tables.
a) Copper
b) Nickel
c) Aluminum
d) Silver
e) More than one of the above
PRACTICE: Chromium metal can be plated from an acidic solution of CrO 3
CrO3 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 6 e – (aq) → Cr (s) + 3 H 2O
How many grams of chromium will be plated by the passage of 19,300 C ?
A. 10.4
B. 5.19
C. 1.73
D. 0.20
PRACTICE: During the process for electrolysis of water, a current is passed through water and
produces hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Which of the following statements is true?
a. O2 gas is produced at the anode.
b. H2 gas is produced at the cathode.
c. In the reaction, H2 moles are twice the O2 moles.
d. All of the following are correct.

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NSU - GENERAL CHEMISTRY II - PROF.

D. i and ii, ii and iv, i and iii

E. iv and v; i and iii

A) 3.5 B) 2.9 C) 4.1 D) 10.5 E) 1.8

3Ba(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6H2O

SUMMARY: Strong Acid Strong Base Titrations

PRACTICE: 100. mL of 0.200 M HCl is titrated with 0.250 M NaOH.

a) Calculate the initial pH before any titrant was added.

PRACTICE: For the following polyprotic acid questions:

a. What is the pH at the equivalence point?

PRACTICE: Lead thiocyanate, Pb(SCN)2, has a Ksp value of 2.00 × 10−5.

B. PbCO3 is more soluble in 1.0 M HCl than in pure water

C. PbI2 is less soluble in 1.0 M NaI than in pure water

D. PbCO3 is more soluble in 1.0 M Pb(NO 3)2 than in pure water

A. All ions remain in solution and no precipitate is observed.

B. A precipitate of sodium nitrate, NaNO3, is observed.

C. A precipitate of lead (II) iodide, Pbl 2, is observed.

D. The mixture results in the formation of a saturated solution at equilibrium.

A3B2 (s) ⇌ 3 A2+ (aq) + 2 B 3- (aq)

a. [A2+] = 0.036 M and [B 3- ] = 0.300 M

b. [A2+] = 0.272 M and [B 3- ] = 0.042 M

c. [A2+] = 0.150 M and [B 3- ] = 0.028 M

d. [A2+] = 0.086 M and [B 3- ] = 0.895 M

e. [A2+] = 0.682 M and [B 3- ] = 0.003

Cu+ (aq) + 2 NH3 (aq) → Cu(NH3)2+ (aq)

PRACTICE: The following reaction is endothermic:

2 H2O (l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)

Which of the following answers correctly describes the spontaneity:

A. This reaction is always spontaneous

B. This reaction is only spontaneous at low temperatures

C. This reaction is only spontaneous at high temperatures

D. This reaction is never spontaneous

PRACTICE: Which of the following processes WILL NOT be spontaneous at 1000 K?

A) ΔH = +40.2kJ/mole ΔS = -41.8 J/mole K

B) ΔH = +40.2kJ/mole ΔS = +41.8 J/mole K

C) ΔH = -41.8 kJ/mole ΔS = +40.2 J/mole K

D) ΔH = +41.8 kJ/mole ΔS = -40.2 J/mole K

A. spontaneous at temperatures less than 10 K.

B. spontaneous at temperatures greater than 800 K.

C. spontaneous only at temperatures between 10 K and 800 K.

D. spontaneous at all temperatures.

E. Nonspontaneous at all temperatures.

SUMMARY: First Law of Thermodynamics

PRACTICE: Which of the following is true of a general thermodynamic state function?

4. The value of the state function remains constant.

PRACTICE: Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Entropy is not a state function.

B) Endothermic processes are never spontaneous.

C) Endothermic processes decrease the entropy of the surroundings, at constant T and P.

D) Exothermic processes are always spontaneous.

E) None of the above are true.

PRACTICE: Which of the following statements is TRUE?

c. Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

d. The enthalpy of a reaction can be determined by using constant pressure calorimetry.

e. All of the above statements are true.

SUMMARY: Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics

e) All of the above

2CH3OH(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

S°(J/mol•K) 130.7 223.1 186.9

PRACTICE: Which answer below is the best description for “microstates”:

A. The relative size of particles

B. Conditions that occur between phase changes

C. Conditions that occur during a spontaneous reaction

D. Possible positions of equal energy