Causes of depression among the pupils of

General Emilio Aguinaldo National

High School Palico IV, Imus

City of Cavite

A Statistical Research

Presented to:

Jibby L. Berdan

By:

Nina Angela Torredes

Ethan Gian Gail Cedula

Allysajoy L. Asilo

Jay Ar Daria

Lyndon Oquina

S.Y. 2018-2019
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Depression is one of the most common psychological problems affecting nearly

everyone either personally or through a family member. Depression can interfere with
normal functioning and frequently causes problems with work, social and family
adjustment. Serious depression can destroy the family life and the life of the depressed
person. The term depression is used in many different ways: to describe transient states
of low mood experienced by all people at some time in their life through to severe
psychiatric disorders.

Depression is understood to be a condition that generally comes and goes that is

more likely at certain stages of the life cycle and with some types driven by genetic,
biological factors and other types being more a response to major life events.

The clinical diagnosis of depression is made on the basis of the existence of a

collection of signs and symptoms also called a syndrome. Currently, the most widely
used classification systems for depressive disorders are the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-
10) which has replaced by ICD-9. The DSM-IV system underpins much clinical practice
and is both a dimensional and categorical are the sub typing of DSM-IV system.

Depressive symptoms can be measured in the community and in research

populations by a number of self-report inventories and checklists. Depression is nearly
twice as common in women as in men. Many women (particularly in this cohort of older
adults) may have experienced postpartum or “empty nest” depression that was not
recognized or treated. Because of the stigma associated with mental illness in this
cohort, the depression may have been labeled as having a “nervous breakdown ”or“
bed sick” after some traumatic life experience. As a result, there may be no record of
depression in the medical or psychiatric history [Rogerio, 2007].
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Several studies have shown significantly higher health care costs for depressed
patients in primary care settings compared to non-depressed patients. The increased
service utilization persists after adjustment for chronic medical conditions. The
increased costs also occur in any health utilization category measured, including
primary care visits, medical specialty visits, lab tests, pharmacy costs, inpatient medical
costs, and mental health visits. Hospitalizations are the most costly services provided in
a health care system. Depression, after controlling for medical illness severity,
increases both length of stay and likelihood for readmission. Typically, data collected
from surveys are analyzed by removing any subject with missing values for any variable
included in a multivariate model. This method of analyzing data is called a “complete
case analysis”.

Depression is the common cold of mental disorders — most people will be

affected by depression in their lives either directly or indirectly, through a friend or family
member. Confusion about depression is commonplace, e.g., with regard to what
depression exactly is and what makes it different from just feeling down.

There is also confusion surrounding the many types of depression that people
experience — unipolar depression, biological depression, manic depression, seasonal
affective disorder, dysthymia, etc. There have been so many terms used to describe this
set of feelings we’ve all felt at one time or another in our lives, it may be difficult to
understand the difference between just being blue and having clinical depression.

Depression is characterized by a number of common symptoms. These include a

persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood, and feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
that lasts nearly every day, for weeks on end. A person who is depressed also often has
feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and helplessness. They no longer take interest or
pleasure in hobbies and activities that were once enjoyed; this may include things like
going out with friends or even sex. Insomnia, early-morning awakening, and
oversleeping are all common.
 Appetite and/or weight loss or overeating and weight gain may be symptoms of
depression in some people. Many others experience decreased energy, fatigue, and a
constant feeling of being “slowed down.”

Thoughts of death or suicide are not uncommon in those suffering from severe
depression. Restlessness and irritability among those who have depression is common.
A person who is depressed also has difficulty concentrating, remembering, and trouble
making decisions. And sometimes, persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to
traditional treatments — such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain —
may be signs of a depressive illness.

Feeling down or feeling like you’ve got the blues is pretty common in today’s fast-
paced society. People are more stressed than ever, working longer hours than ever, for
less pay than ever. It is therefore natural to not feel 100% some days. That’s completely
normal. What differentiates occasionally feeling down for a few days from depression is
the severity of the symptoms listed above, and how long you’ve had the symptoms.
Typically, for most depressive disorders, you need to have felt some of those symptoms
for longer than two weeks. They also need to cause you a fair amount of distress in your
life, and interfere with your ability to carry on your normal daily routine.

Depression is a severe disorder, and one that can often go undetected in some
people’s lives because it can creep up on you. Depression doesn’t need to strike all at
once; it can be a gradual and nearly unnoticeable withdrawal from your active life and
enjoyment of living. Or it can be caused by a clear event, such as the breakup of a long-
term relationship, a divorce, family problems, etc. Finding and understanding the causes
of depression isn’t nearly as important as getting appropriate and effective treatment for
it.

Grief after the death or loss of a loved one is common and not considered
depression in the usual sense. Teenagers going through the usual mood swings
common to that age usually don’t experience clinical depression either.
 Depression usually strikes adults, and twice as many women as men. It is
theorized that men express their depressive feelings in more external ways that often
don’t get diagnosed as depression.

For example, men may spend more time or energy focused on an activity to the
exclusion of all other activities, or may have difficulty controlling outbursts of rage or
anger. These types of reactions can be symptoms of depression.

The symptoms of depression — technically referred to as major depressive

disorder — are characterized by an overwhelming feeling of sadness, isolation, and
despair that lasts two weeks or longer at a time. Depression isn’t just an occasional
feeling of being sad or lonely, like most people experience from time to time. Instead, a
person who has depression feels like they’ve sunk into a deep, dark hole with no way
out — and no hope for things ever changing.

A person who suffers from a major depressive disorder (sometimes also referred
to as clinical depression or simply depression) must either have a depressed mood or a
loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities consistently for at least a 2 week period.
This depressed mood must represent a significant change from the person’s normal
mood. Social, occupational, educational, or other important functioning must also be
negatively impacted by the change in mood. For instance, when a person who’s
depressed starts missing work or school, or has stopped going to classes or their usual
social engagements (such as hanging out with friends).
1.3 OBJECTIVES

In any research work, objectives are basically important to provide direction. For
researcher objectives are statements of activities to be performed to shape research
work. This sections include description of the specific objectives. There were three
primary objective of this study:

1. To find out how depression affected students

2. To identify the impact of depression
3. To detect who is at risk of developing depression

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study strongly aims to determine the effects of General Emilio Aguinaldo
National High School students who have depression especially this sought answer the
following questions.

1. What are the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age
b. Gender
2. How did you know you had depression?
3. What were the symptoms?
a. Physically
b. Emotionally
4. What causes depression?
a. Physically
b. Mentally
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Depressive- causing feelings of hopelessness, despondency, and dejection.

Fatigue- extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness.

Hypothyroidism- abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland, resulting in retardation of

growth and mental development in children and adults.

Insomnia- habitual sleeplessness; inability to sleep.

Multivariate- involving two or more variable quantities.

Biological- a therapeutic substance, such as a vaccine or drug, derived from biological

sources.

Atypical- not representative of a type, group, or class.

Syndrome- a group of symptoms which consistently occur together, or a condition

characterized by a set of associated symptoms.

Stigma- a visible sign or characteristic of a disease.

Isolation- denoting a hospital or ward for patients with contagious or infectious

diseases.

Traumatic- emotionally disturbing or distressing.

Utilization- the action of making practical and effective use of something.

Cohort- a group of people with a common statistical characteristic.

Pessimism- a tendency to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will
happen; a lack of hope or confidence in the future.

Restlessness- the inability to rest or relax as a result of anxiety or boredom.

Unipolar- (of psychiatric illness) characterized by either depressive or (more rarely)
manic episodes but not both.
 CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

2.1 RELATED LITERATURE

Post-traumatic stress disorder is often diagnosed with other mental health

problems, particularly depression. Although PTSD comorbidity has been associated
with more severe and chronic symptomology, relationships among commonly co-
occurring disorders are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to review the
literature regarding the development of depression comorbid with combat-related PTSD
among military personnel. We summarize results of commonly tested hypotheses about
the etiology of PTSD and depression comorbidity, including (1) causal hypotheses, (2)
common factor hypotheses, and (3) potential confounds.

Depression is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders. Depression can

be caused by several factors, including interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal
relationships are the relationship between individuals and the reactions and emotions of
each individual expressed directly and discreetly to each other. Common interpersonal
relationships include (a) within the family, such as between the parents and between
parents and children; (b) the social environment where differences in ethnicity and
social class come into play; and (c) interactions between genders across age groups for
both females and males.

FAMILY

One could argue that out of all the interpersonal cases that can contribute on the
onset of a depressive disorder, the ambiance of a family has the most weight and
impact on a depressed individual. In the case of spouses, the well being of one spouse
will have a notable impact on the other spouse and on the welfare of their marriage. For
example, in 30% of all marriage problems, there is one spouse that can be described as
clinically depressed. The reason why a spouse might have a unipolar mood disorder
could be due to their relationship being "characterized by friction, hostility, and a lack of
affection".
SOCIALIZATION
As in the family environment, socialization is key to maintaining healthy
relationship and feeling well deserved and part of someone's life. Depression can have
an adverse effect on the social capacity of depressed persons, affecting their social
functioning and ability to react and deal with stressful situations. Gotlib and Hammen
discussed the social functioning of people with depressive disorders and found that
people with the symptoms of depression are found to test low in social activities, close
relationships, quality close relationships, family actives, and network contact, yet they
test high in family arguments.

One major part in the development of mood disorders in a social setting would be
how well one could deal with stressful events. Normally, this is called coping strategies
and it allows a person to manage their troubles and not be overwhelmed. Oftentimes,
people can become depressed when unable to deal with "drama" from their friends-
especially in children. Depressed children reported significantly higher level of
hopelessness, lower general self-esteem, and lower coping skills than non-depressed
children. Their ability to be unable to cope with stress can lead to fewer and less
adaptive coping techniques.

A depressed individual can impact their social settings by exhibiting a lack of self-
esteem, becoming more sensitive to the opinions of others, and more importantly,
become less physically active. This means that they will not want to go out, that they do
not want to exert themselves. A prime example of this would be an athletic in school
that becomes depressed. He does not want to participate in athletic activities because
he is depressed, but his coach forces him to. As a result, he performs poorly, and his
teammates heckle him for his poor performance. As an affected person, the athletic
becomes overly sensitive to his teammates' heckling and his self-esteem plummets and
he drops out of sports and begins to withdraw and fight with everybody he knows.

The social class can also have a subtle effect on depression. Brown and Harris
reported that the females with children in the working class were more prone to
depression than females with children in the middle class.
 This can be attributed to the working class mother having to leave home to work,
having to leave her child alone. This interpersonal relation can cause excessive worry
and guilt that the women is not being a good mother as compared to the middle class
mom, who can afford to stay at home and take care of the children/her family.

GENDER

There are a lot of interpersonal relations when it comes to gender, such as the
discrimination against gender in an academic setting. This is very prominent in females,
where girls can face increased expectations to conform to the standards set forth by
society, to pursue feminine type activities and occupations. It appears that parents tend
to have "lower expectations" for girls when it comes to school. As a result of that
lowered expectations, parents tend to not push their daughters toward a high-profile job,
instead attempting to make their daughter conform to the stereotype of society, like
become a teacher or a nurse. Breaking the social norm can also lead to depression, the
more intelligent a girl is, the more likely she is to become depressed. This positive
correlation could be attributed to the more intelligent girls being able to out-perform the
boys yet get punished for doing so. Being depressed as a female adolescent can have
consequences in the long run in terms of social functioning, career, and enjoyment of
life. Theoretically, if one were to be depressed in high school, then their grades would
suffer. If their grades were to suffer, then their chances of entering a good college would
dwindle. If they cannot enter a top-notch college, then they might not be able to get the
career they want, and with that they would not be able to enjoy their job and feel like
they have missed out on life.
2.2 RELATED STUDIES

According to Gregory S. Beattie’s paper articulates many important variables that

significantly impact the onset and severity of depression in human beings. However, his
paper does not take into consideration the relative impact of shared environment versus
non shared environment. Which one of these wields more power than the other? His
paper seems to support the theory that shared environment, or an external surrounding
that is shared by people in the same family, will affect whether or not those individuals
experience depressive symptoms. Case in point: His topic statement for the first section
of his paper dictates that the most important interpersonal factor that may cause
depression is the family environment. Conversely, many studies over time have
demonstrated just the opposite: non shared environments, or surroundings unique to
each individual, have more significant effects on the likelihood that depressive
symptoms will occur.

Behavior genetics is a field of study in psychology that covers topics involving

twin, adoption, and family studies. In each of these three realms, the theory of non
shared environment impacting individuals has always reigned supreme. For example, it
is known that when monozygotic twins are reared apart later in life, their unique
experiences shape their psychopathologies, regardless of the fact they both share the
same genetic makeup and that they both experienced the same original family
environment. Beattie argues that a pair of depressed parents will create a depressed
child; that is, their outward symptoms will overwhelm their child and carry over into his
or her psychopathology, causing the child to suffer from the same disorder. Although
this certainly may happen in some families, it is simply not plausible to make an
umbrella statement implying that the shared experiences among family members will
always result in shared personalities, behaviors, and mental disorders.

Other studies are adoption studies; for example, adoption studies of antisocial
personality disorder show that if a biological parent passes down his or her antisocial
disorder through genetics, then the child will suffer from the disorder even within the
adoptive environment, away from the biological parent.
 This further supports the theory that non shared environment is important:
adoptive family environments are typically nurturing and supportive, which gives no
reason (according to the shared environment perspective) for an adoptee to develop an
illness such as antisocial personality disorder.

According to Nathanial C. Lowe, For most individuals with a healthy social support
network, major stressors in life can be more easily handled. A proper support network
consists of a reinforcing family and friends who can help the affected individual to work
through any problems, such as the death of a family member, loss of a job, major injury,
or any of a number of other stressors that can contribute to psychological illnesses,
such as depression. For individuals with an undeveloped social network, or those with a
negatively reinforcing social network, these major life events can cause greater harm to
the individual because of a lack of support that most individuals have. An
underdeveloped social network cannot handle the pressure of an individual looking for
support, and a negatively framed social network can actually reinforce thoughts of
hopelessness, failure, and being worthless. Without this support, it is more likely for that
individual to develop symptoms of depression.

In Beattie’s paper, a considerable amount of evidence was given that indicated

the importance of social interactions within ones’ family. It was stated that the
depression of one family member, and especially that of a parent, can lead to
depression in other family members, namely the children. Depression in circumstances
such as this can be attributed to many things, such as marital problems, difficulty
adjusting to a new family member, and poor social connections being formed with
depressed family members. In more normal conditions, a healthy social support
network, as is found in many families, can help a depressed individual cope with the
problems that he or she is experiencing. The absence of such a network can cause the
individual facing a difficult situation to be unable to cope with the problem. When a
parent is depressed, the children in the family, experiencing problems of their own as
children often do, can further depression in the parent by getting in trouble with the law,
performing poorly in school, or any number of other things that a non-depressed parent
would normally be able to cope with.
 If that parent is depressed, it may not be possible for the parent to help the child
face his or her problems, which increases the likelihood of the development of
depression in children. The lack of social support from a parent can be a factor in the
development of childhood depressive symptoms, or in clinical childhood depression.

According to Linda A. McDonagh, family relationships help decrease depression

and the rate of suicide compared to those who are single. The partner helps the person
to get through situations that are hard to survive on one's own. One knows that there is
someone there to get one through times of sadness. Those who are single go deeper
into their depression because they do not have the comfort and support of a loved one.
An intimate relationship increases happiness in a person, because one knows that one
is not alone in the world. A confidence boost from the partner helps to decrease the
sorrow and states of sadness in a person. Relationships are a way to help prevent loved
ones from falling into a deeper depression.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes research methodological. The topics consist of research

design, population sample, research instrument, the respondent, data gathering
procedure and the data processing and statistical treatment.

Research methodology is the process of solving the problem systematically by

research. The objective of the study is to solve the problem by using available data.
This research examined the causes of depression in General Emilio Aguinaldo National
High School.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

For this study, the researchers decided to use the descriptive design, for this
method it will described the characteristics of a total number of population that
answered the following question based on the survey. This survey is the one we base
on the study because it gave the researchers the nominative approach for them to
evaluate, which is commonly used to base on their experience and how they felt on said
problem. This method is commonly used to base on physically interact with the primary
respondents such a General Emilio Aguinaldo National High School High School
Students for the 2018 -2019 school year

We, the researchers used the descriptive method survey method of a research
because this the appropriate method of evaluating the opinion of our respondents who
have depression .The descriptive method of research study involves as a certain data
gathering process on prevailing conditions and practice or description on it , also
predicting for identifying relationship among the available choices.
3.3 POPULATION SAMPLE

The target population for this research defined to include the students of General
Emilio Aguinaldo National High School that experienced depression or not. Not every
student had a chance to be involved in the sample thus, we only gathered those
students who have free time on the time we toured around the school to give them the
research instrument which is a 30 item survey questionnaire.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The questionnaire is an often used as observational device for collecting

personal data and opinion it provides a way to collect personal information from
subjects that may not be readily obtainable using other methods. Questionnaire provide
structured responses, we used checklist to answer the survey questionnaire. Every
respondent is instructed to respond to each item with one of five possible answer coded
1-5, with 5 representing the highest that stands for always and 1 being the lowest, that
stands for never. The researchers personally submitted the questionnaires to the
respondents and assure them of confidentiality to be able to obtain honesty in the
respondent’s answer.

3.5 THE RESPONDENT

This research utilizes the 40 students of the GEANHS. There were 30 survey
questionnaire that were handed to two gender types. The research involves the
students of General Emilio Aguinaldo National High School that was picked through
random sampling. This sampling method was conducted where each member of a
population has an equal opportunity to become a part of our research through
answering our survey questionnaires.

As all the members of the population have an equal chance to become a

research participant, this is said to be the most efficient way of sampling.

In order to conduct this sampling strategy, the researchers went room to room
around General Emilio Aguinaldo National High School, looked for some willing
participants.
3.6 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The data of this research were gathered and collected based on the descriptive
survey form approach. We, the researchers, get ideas from the internt composing of
suitable questions. It compose of a total 30 questions related research. This included
the process of conducting and gathering data needed in the said research study. The
first step in the process is the construction of the questionnaires that tackles the
“Causes of Depression”.

3.7 DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Descriptive statistics used in this Chapter included mean and frequencies. The
selection of tools was done on the basis of objectives of the research work and the
nature of respondents. The purpose of this statistical treatment can help the researcher
to collect mathematical data for the beneficial to the upcoming outcome of the study.
The following statistical treatments are used to identify the answer to the specific
problem of the study:

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution

Frequency and percentage distribution was used to determine the genders and
age profiles and the academic performance of the students.

Percentage

Formula: P=n/Nx100

2. Mean and Weighted Mean

The mean and weighted mean is used to determine the respondent’s average
response on each of the statement in the questionnaire.

Weighted Mean

Formula: x=Σfx/N

x= weighted mean Σfx= sum of weighted frequency N= number of cases

 TABLE 1.0

Arbitrary Scale

Scale Range Descriptive Interpretation

5 4.50-5.00 Always
4 3.50-4.49 Usually
3 2.50-3.39 Sometimes
2 1.50-2.49 Rarely
1 1.00-1.49 Never
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the analysis of data followed by a discussion of the

research findings. The findings relate to the research questions that guided the study.
Data were analyzed to identify, describe, and explore the causes of depression in
GEANHS. It also discussed the interpretation of the data we’ve gathered through survey
including the age of the students, gender, and the weighted mean of the questionnaires.

TABLE 1.1

Age Profile of the Students

Age Number of Percentage Rank

Respondents
13 1 2.5 7
14 3 7.5 4
15 7 17.5 2
16 20 50 1
17 5 12.5 3
18 2 5 5
19 1 2.5 7
20 1 2.5 7
Total 40 100

Table 1.1 shows that the most respondents or students subjected to this study
are 16 years old that constitute 20 persons or 50 in percentage. In addition, some of
them are 15 years old, compose of 7 persons or 17.5 in percentage. In addition, some
of them are 17 years old, compose of 5 persons or 12.5 in percentage. In addition,
some of them are 14 years old, compose of 3 persons or 7.5 in percentage. In addition,
some of them are 18 years old, compose of 2 persons or 5 in percentage. Lastly, some
of them are 13, 19, and 20 years old. Compose of 1 person or 2.5 in percentage.

TABLE 1.2

Gender of the Students

Gender Number of Percentage Rank

Respondents
Female 22 55 1
Male 18 45 2
Total 40 100

The Table 1.2 shows that most of respondents are female with 22 participants or
55 in percentage. While 18 of them are male with 45 in percentage. My total respondent
that research that subjected were 40 persons only.

TABLE 1.3

Depression

Depression Weighted Verbal Rank

Mean Interpretation
Little interest or pleasure in doing things. 2.88 Sometimes 2
I could not get “going”. 2.53 Sometimes 4
Feeling bad about yourself , or that you are a 3.13 Sometimes 1
failure or have yourself or your family down.
I felt I could not shake off the blue even with 2.8 Rarely 7
the help from my family and friends.
Sensitive to smell/light/sound. 2.2 Rarely 10
Unmotivated. 2.33 Rarely 6
Not getting as much pleasure from fun things 2.5 Rarely 9
as usual.
Bothered by things that usually don’t bother 2.7 Rarely 8
you.
Feeling life is not very much fun. 2.45 Sometimes 5
Thoughts that you would be better off dead. 2.73 Sometimes 3

The Table 1.3 shows the causes of depression among the pupils of GEANHS in
Palico IV, Imus, Cavite S.Y. 2018-2019. This table revealed that most of the primary
respondents are affected on having a depression. “Feeling bad about yourself , or that
you are a failure or have yourself or your family down.” Statement got weighted mean of
3.13 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 1. “Little interest or pleasure
in doing things.”. Statement got weighted mean of 2.88 with a verbal interpretation of
sometimes and a rank of 2. “Thoughts that you would be better off dead.” Statement got
weighted mean of 2.73 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 3. “I
could not get “going”.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.53 with a verbal interpretation
of sometimes and a rank of 4. “Feeling life is not very much fun.” Statement got
weighted mean of 2.45 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 5.
“Unmotivated.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.33 with a verbal interpretation of
rarely and a rank of 6. “I felt I could not shake off the blue even with the help from my
family and friends.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.8 with a verbal interpretation of
rarely and a rank of 7. “Bothered by things that usually don’t bother you.” Statement got
weighted mean of 2.7 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 8. “Not getting
as much pleasure from fun things as usual.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.7 with a
verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 9. “Sensitive to smell/light/sound.” Statement
got weighted mean of 2.2 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 10.
 TABLE 1.4

Physical Symptoms

Symptoms (a) Weighted Verbal Rank

Mean Interpretation
Feeling tired or having little energy. 2.73 Sometimes 4
Poor appetite or overeating. 2.78 Sometimes 3
Have to push to get things done. 3.08 Sometimes 1
Not feeling good when usually would feel 2.63 Sometimes 5
good.
Moving or speaking so slowly that other 2.98 sometimes 2
people could have notice.
Symptoms (b)
I felt lonely. 2.6 Rarely 3.5
I feel depressed. 1.13 Never 4
Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless. 2.78 Sometimes 1
Not being able to stop or control worrying. 2.6 Rarely 3.5
Low mood, sadness, feeling down, 2.75 Sometimes 2
depressed, just can’t be bothered.

The Table 1.4 shows the causes of depression among the pupils of GEANHS in
Palico IV, Imus, Cavite S.Y. 2018-2019. This table revealed that most of the primary
respondents are affected on having a symptoms (a). “Have to push to get things done”.
Statement got weighted mean of 3.08 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a
rank of 1. “Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have notice.”
Statement got weighted mean of 2.98 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a
rank of 2. “Poor appetite or overeating.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.78 with a
verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 3. “Feeling tired or having little energy.”
Statement got weighted mean of 2.73 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a
rank of 4. “Not feeling good when usually would feel good.” Statement got weighted
mean of 2.63 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 5. Symptoms (b)
“Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless..” Statement got weighted mean of 2.78 with a
verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 1. “Low mood, sadness, feeling down,
depressed, just can’t be bothered.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.75 with a verbal
interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 2. “Not being able to stop or control worrying.”
and “I felt lonely.” statement got weighted mean of 2.6 with a verbal interpretation of
rarely and a rank of 3.5. “Not being able to stop or control worrying.” Statement got
weighted mean of 2.6 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 3.5. “I feel
depressed.” Statement got weighted mean of 1.13 with a verbal interpretation of never
and a rank of 4.

TABLE 1.5

Causes of Depression

Physically Weighted Verbal Rank

Mean Interpretation
Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping 2.55 Sometimes 1
too much.
Being so fidgety or restless that you have 2.2 Rarely 5
been moving around a lot more than usual.
Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge. 2.39 Rarely 3
Hard to get motivated. 2.3 Rarely 4
I talked less than usual. 2.45 Rarely 2

Mentally

Trouble concentrating on things, such as 2.35 Rarely 2

reading the newspaper or watching television.
Thoughts of hurting yourself. 2.4 Rarely 3

I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was 2.5 Rarely 4.5

doing.
I thought my life had been a failure. 2.5 Rarely 4.5

I felt that people disliked me. 2.98 Sometimes 1

 The Table 1.5 shows the causes of depression among the pupils of GEANHS in
Palico IV, Imus, Cavite S.Y. 2018-2019. This table revealed the causes of depression
(physically) “Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much.” Statement got
weighted mean of 2.55 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 1. “I
talked less than usual.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.45 with a verbal
interpretation of rarely and a rank of 2. “Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge.”
Statement got weighted mean of 2.39 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of
3. “Hard to get motivated.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.3 with a verbal
interpretation of rarely and a rank of 4. “Being so fidgety or restless that you have been
moving around a lot more than usual.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.2 with a
verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 5. (Mentally) “I felt that people disliked me.”
Statement got weighted mean of 2.98 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a
rank of 1. “Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching
television.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.35 with a verbal interpretation of rarely
and a rank of 2. “Thoughts of hurting yourself.” Statement got a weighted mean of 2.4
with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 3. “I had trouble keeping my mind on
what I was doing.” and “I felt that people disliked me.” Statements got weighted mean of
2.5 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 4.5.

TABLE 1.6
Overall Mean and Percentage

Mean Percentage Rank

Table 1.3 How did you know you had 2.63 6.58 2
depression?
Table 1.4 What were the symptoms? (a) 2.84 7.1 1
Table 1.4 What were the symptoms? (b) 2.37 5.93 5
Table 1.5 What causes depression? (a) 2.38 5.95 4
Table 1.5 What causes depression? (b) 2.55 6.38 3

The table 1.6 shows the overall mean and percentage and also the rank of each
table from 1.3 to 1.5. Table 1.4 (a) got a mean of 2.84 with a 7.1 in percentage, got a
rank of 1. Table 1.3 got a mean of 2.63 with a 6.58 in percentage, got a rank of 2. Table
1.5 (a) got a mean of 2.55 with a 6.38 in percentage, got a rank of 3. Table 1.5 (a) got a
mean of 2.38 with a 5.95 in percentage, got a rank of 4. Table 1.4 (b) got a mean of
2.37 with a 5.93 in percentage, got a rank of 5.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, & RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions of the study and the
recommendations serves as the proof to this research. This study is about knowing the
causes of depression among the pupils of General Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School Palico IV, Imus City of Cavite.

5.2 SUMMARY

The main purpose of this study was to identify the causes of depression among the
pupils in GEANHS. There were three primary objective of this study:

1. To find out how depression affected students

2. To identify the impact of depression
3. To detect who is at risk of developing depression

The chosen respondents are the Grade 8 and 10 students of General Emilio
Aguinaldo National High School. The quantitative research method used the survey
questionnaires to gather data to be analyzed. Specifically this study sought to answer
the following questions:

1. How did you know you had depression?

2. What were the symptoms?
a. Physically
b. Emotionally
3. What causes depression?
c. Physically
 d. Mentally

5.3 FINDINGS

The major instrument used in this study was survey questionnaires in which
frequencies, percentage, ranking, and weighted mean were determined using statistical
treatment. Based on the results gathered, the following are herby presented:

1. It shows that the most respondents or students subjected to this study are 16
years old that constitute 20 persons or 50 in percentage. In addition, some of
them are 15 years old, compose of 7 persons or 17.5 in percentage. In addition,
some of them are 17 years old, compose of 5 persons or 12.5 in percentage. In
addition, some of them are 14 years old, compose of 3 persons or 7.5 in
percentage. In addition, some of them are 18 years old, compose of 2 persons or
5 in percentage. Lastly, some of them are 13, 19, and 20 years old. Compose of
1 person or 2.5 in percentage.
2. Majority of the respondents are female with 22 participants or 55 in percentage.
While 18 of them are male with 45 in percentage. My total respondent that
research that subjected were 40 persons only.
3. It shows the causes of depression among the pupils of GEANHS in Palico IV,
Imus, Cavite S.Y. 2018-2019. This table revealed that most of the primary
respondents are affected on having a depression. “Feeling bad about yourself ,
or that you are a failure or have yourself or your family down.” Statement got
weighted mean of 3.13 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 1.
“Little interest or pleasure in doing things.”. Statement got weighted mean of 2.88
with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 2. “Thoughts that you
would be better off dead.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.73 with a verbal
interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 3. “I could not get “going”.” Statement
got weighted mean of 2.53 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank
of 4. “Feeling life is not very much fun.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.45
with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 5. “Unmotivated.”
Statement got weighted mean of 2.33 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a
rank of 6. “I felt I could not shake off the blue even with the help from my family
 and friends.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.8 with a verbal interpretation of
rarely and a rank of 7. “Bothered by things that usually don’t bother you.”
Statement got weighted mean of 2.7 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a
rank of 8. “Not getting as much pleasure from fun things as usual.” Statement got
weighted mean of 2.7 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 9.
“Sensitive to smell/light/sound.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.2 with a
verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 10.It shows the causes of depression
among the pupils of GEANHS in Palico IV, Imus, Cavite S.Y. 2018-2019. This
table revealed that most of the primary respondents are affected on having a
symptoms (a). “Feeling tired or having little energy.” Statement got weighted
mean of 2.73 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 4. “Poor
appetite or overeating.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.78 with a verbal
interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 3. “Have to push to get things done.”
Statement got weighted mean of 3.08 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes
and a rank of 1. “Not feeling good when usually would feel good.” Statement got
weighted mean of 2.63 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 5.
“Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have notice.” Statement
got weighted mean of 2.98 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank
of 2. Symptoms (b) “I felt lonely.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.6 with a
verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 3.5. “I feel depressed.” Statement got
weighted mean of 1.13 with a verbal interpretation of never and a rank of 4.
“Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.78
with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 1. “Not being able to stop
or control worrying.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.6 with a verbal
interpretation of rarely and a rank of 3.5. “Low mood, sadness, feeling down,
depressed, just can’t be bothered.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.75 with a
verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 2.
4. It shows the causes of depression among the pupils of GEANHS in Palico IV,
Imus, Cavite S.Y. 2018-2019. This table revealed that most of the primary
respondents are affected on having a symptoms (a). “Have to push to get things
done”. Statement got weighted mean of 3.08 with a verbal interpretation of
 sometimes and a rank of 1. “Moving or speaking so slowly that other people
could have notice.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.98 with a verbal
interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 2. “Poor appetite or overeating.”
Statement got weighted mean of 2.78 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes
and a rank of 3. “Feeling tired or having little energy.” Statement got weighted
mean of 2.73 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 4. “Not
feeling good when usually would feel good.” Statement got weighted mean of
2.63 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 5. Symptoms (b)
“Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless..” Statement got weighted mean of 2.78
with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 1. “Low mood, sadness,
feeling down, depressed, just can’t be bothered.” Statement got weighted mean
of 2.75 with a verbal interpretation of sometimes and a rank of 2. “Not being able
to stop or control worrying.” and “I felt lonely.” statement got weighted mean of
2.6 with a verbal interpretation of rarely and a rank of 3.5. “Not being able to stop
or control worrying.” Statement got weighted mean of 2.6 with a verbal
interpretation of rarely and a rank of 3.5. “I feel depressed.” Statement got
weighted mean of 1.13 with a verbal interpretation of never and a rank of 4.

5.4 CONCLUSION

The aim of this research was to determine the percentage of grade 8 and 10
students with or without depression. The foregoing chapters examined the causes of
depression among the pupils of GEANHS. The researchers used a checklist type. Every
respondent is instructed to respond to each item with one of five possible answer coded
1-5, with 5 representing the highest that stands for always and 1 being the lowest, that
stands for never. A review of the literature was presented corresponding to the research
topic on the causes of depression. An interpretation of the findings obtained was
provided, along with why the findings were relevant to the research with comparisons to
other research carried out to date.
5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following recommendations

are suggested:

To the students, this will help them understand and learn more about the causes of
depression.

To parents, this will help them guide their children against depression and to
understand what is depression.

To the teachers, this study will help them to advice their students to take care of
their health.

To help the future researchers to their future studies especially in thesis topics,
essays, and assignments and to help them expand their ideas about this topic.

5.6 REFERENCES

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35019/9/10_chapter1.pdf

https://psychcentral.com/disorders/depression/introduction-to-depression/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735814000026

https://psychcentral.com/disorders/depression/depression-causes/

https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ps.2009.60.9.125712

https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/research_ready/quantresearch/appr
oaches

http://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2553/1580/6/278492_ch3.pdf

http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beattie.html

https://www.slideshare.net/LJLV/chapter-5-bibliography

https://www.slideshare.net/DayanaVillanueva4/thesis-chapter-1-to-5
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

TABLE 1.1: Age Profile of the Students (solutions)

13 years old

1÷40=0.025x100=2.5%

14 years old

3÷40=0.075x100=7.5%

15 years old

7÷40=0.175x100=17.5%

16 years old

20÷40=0.5x100=50%

17 years old

5÷40=0.125x100=12.5%

18 years old

2÷40=0.05x100=5%

19 years old

1÷40=0.025x100=2.5%

20 years old

1÷40=0.025x100=2.5%
APPENDIX 2

TABLE 1.2: Gender of the Students (solutions)

Female

22÷40=0.55x100=55%

Male

18÷40=0.45X100=45%

APPENDIX 3

Table 1.3 How did you know you had depression?

Tally (weighted mean solutions)

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#1 8 7 12 8 5
8x1=8 7x2=14 12x3=36 8x4=32 5x5=25

8+14+36+32+25=115÷40=2.88

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#2 8 12 13 5 2
8x1=8 12x2=24 13x3=39 4x5=20 2x5=10

8+24+39+20+10=101÷40=2.53

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#3 8 3 15 4 10
8x1=8 2x3=6 15x3=45 4x4=16 10x5=50

8+6+45+16+50=125÷40=3.1

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#4 8 8 12 8 4
8x1=8 8x2=16 12x3=36 8x4=32 4x5=20
8+16+36++32+20=112÷40=2.8

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#5 15 12 6 4 3
15x1=15 12x2=24 6x3=18 4x4=16 3x5=15

15+24+18+16+15=88÷40=2.2

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#6 10 13 12 4 1
10x1=10 13x2=26 12x3=36 4x4=16 1x5=5

10+26+36+16+5=93÷40=2.33

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#7 11 10 12 2 5
11x1=11 10x2=20 12x3=36 4x2=8 5x5=25

11+20+36+8+25=100÷40=2.5

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#8 8 10 13 4 5
8x1=8 10x2=20 13x3=39 4x4=16 5x5=25

8+20+39+16+25=108÷40=2.7

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#9 12 10 9 6 3
12x1=12 10x2=20 9x3=27 6x4=24 3x5=15

12+20+27+24+15=98÷40=2.45

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#10 14 4 8 7 7
14x1=14 4x2=8 8x3=24 7x4=28 7x5=35
14+8+24+28+35=109÷40=2.73

APPENDIX 4

Table 1.4 What were the symptoms? (a)

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#1 8 10 11 7 4
8x1=8 10x2=20 11x3=33 7x4=28 4x5=20

8+20+33+28+20=109÷40=2.73

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#2 7 11 11 6 5
7x1=7 11x2=22 11x3=33 6x4=24 5x5=25

7+22+33+24+25=111÷40=2.78

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#3 5 12 14 7 2
5x1=5 12x2=24 14x3=42 7x4=28 2x5=10

5+24+42+28+10=123÷40=3.08

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#4 7 11 14 6 2
7x1=7 11x2=22 14x3=42 6x4=24 2x5=10

7+22+42+24+10=105÷40=2.63

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#5 8 8 8 9 7
8x1=8 8x2=16 8x3=24 9x4=36 7x5=35

8+16+24+36+35=119÷40=2.98
APPENDIX 5

Table 1.4 What were the symptoms? (b)

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#6 8 10 11 7 4
8x1=8 10x2=20 11x3=33 7x4=28 4x5=20

8+20+33+28+20=104÷40=2.6

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#7 17 7 12 2 2
17x1=17 7x2=14 12x3=36 2x4=8 2x5=10

17+14+36+8+10=85÷40=1.13

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#8 7 11 11 6 5
7x1=7 11x2=22 11x3=33 6x4=24 5x5=25

7+22+33+24+25=111÷40=2.78

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#9 10 9 11 7 3
10x1=10 9x2=18 11x3=33 7x4=28 3x5=15

10+18+33+28+15=104÷40=2.6

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#10 10 8 10 6 6
10x1=7 8x2=16 10x3=30 6x4=24 6x5=30

7+16+30+24+30=110÷40=2.75
APPENDIX 6

Table 1.5 What causes depression? (a)

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#1 10 9 12 7 2
10x1=10 9x2=18 12x3=36 7x4=28 2x5=10

10+18+36+28+10=102÷40=2.55

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#2 8 12 17 2 1
8x1=8 12x2=24 17x3=51 2x4=8 1x5=5

8+24+51+8+5=96÷40=2.4

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#3 8 11 16 3 2
8x1=8 11x2=22 16x3=48 3x4=12 2x5=10

8+22+48+12+10=100÷40=2.5

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#4 9 11 9 8 2
9x1=9 11x2=22 9x3=27 8x4=32 2x5=10

9+22+27+32+10=100÷40=2.5

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#5 9 5 11 8 7
9x1=9 5x2=10 11x3=33 8x4=32 7x5=35

9+10+33+32+35=119÷40=2.98
APPENDIX 7

Table 1.5 What causes depression? (b)

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#6 10 15 9 3 3
10x1=10 15x2=30 9x3=27 3x4=12 3x5=15

10+30+27+12+15=94÷40=2.35

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#7 8 12 17 2 1
8x1=8 12x2=24 17x3=51 2x4=8 1x5=5

8+24+51+8+5=96÷40=2.4

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#8 8 11 16 3 2
8x1=8 11x2=22 16x3=48 3x4=12 2x5=10

8+22+48+12+10=100÷40=2.5

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#9 9 11 9 8 3
9x1=9 11x2=22 9x3=27 8x4=32 3x5=15

9+22+27+32+15=105÷40=2.63

Question Number 1 2 3 4 5
#10 9 5 11 8 7
9x1=9 5x2=10 11x3=33 8x4=32 7x5=35

9+10+33+32+35=119÷40=2.98
APPENDIX 8

Table 1.6 Overall Mean and Percentage

Table 1.3: How did you know you had depression?

Mean:

2.2+2.5+2.7+2.8+2.33+2.45+2.53+2.73+2.88+3.13= 26.25÷10= 2.63

Median:

2.33+2.45= 4.78÷2= 2.39

Mode:

None

Table 1.4 What were the symptoms? (a)

Mean:

2.63+2.73+2.78+2.98+3.08= 14.12÷5= 2.82

Median:

2.78

Mode:

None

Table 1.4 What were the symptoms? (b)

Mean:

1.13+2.6+2.6+2.75+2.78= 11.86÷5= 2.37

Median:

2.6
Mode:

2.6

Table 1.5 What causes depression? (a)

Mean:

2.2+2.3+2.39+2.45+2.55= 11.89÷5= 2.38

Median:

2.39

Mode:

None

Table 1.5 What causes depression? (b)

2.4+2.5+2.5+2.35+2.98= 12.73÷5= 2.55

Median:

2.5

Mode:

2.5