ABSTRACT

This experiment examined the principle of torsion test through measurement of

the applied torque and the angle of twist of a dumbell specimen ability . The test was
to determine the torsion properties subjected to pure torque and identify types of
fracture surface under pure torque . The torsion test experiment is performed on a mild
steel rod using a manual torsion test machine . The rod is fixed at one end to the machine
where the torque is measured, while theother end is connected to a chuck that is rotated
by a hand-operated crank. A large analog dialgauge, and the torque sensor digital signal
that is read by software, indicates the torque (in-lb)applied to the rod as the rod is
twisted by the hand crank. The rotational encoder is attached tothe rod by screws and
its digital output to software gives the relative angle of twist developed inthe rod as the
torque is applied. The torque-twist data is used to compute the shear strain and theshear
stress on the rod. From the shear stress-shear strain relational curve, the shear modulus
ofelasticity (rigidity) can be calculated, as well as the proportionality limit and the yield
limit foreach applied torque. From the experiment the date are taken and calculations
and graphs are constructed. Using the formulas we can say that the torque is increasing
faster than the other variables which would cause it to slowly get smaller.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF TABLE .................................................................................................................................. 3

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 3

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 5

THEORY ............................................................................................................................................... 6

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................... 9

RESULT .............................................................................................................................................. 10

DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 11

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 15

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 19

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................... 20

OVERALL IMPRESSION ................................................................................................................ 22

PRESENTATION OF TABLE .......................................................................................................... 23

TEAM WORK .................................................................................................................................... 24

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LIST OF TABLE

Material Length ( mm ) Diameter ( mm )

Mild Steel 85.6 6

LIST OF FIGURES

Standard Operating Procedure ( SOP )

Torsion Test Machine

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 Mild Steel Specimen ( initial state )

Torque Meter

Vernier Caliper

Mild Steel Specimen ( final state )

( Final State)

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INTRODUCTION

In many areas of engineering applications, materials are sometimes subjected to torsion

in services, for example, drive shafts, axles and twisted drills. Moreover, structural applications
such as bridges, springs, car bodies, airplane fuselages and boat hulls are randomly subjected
to torsion. The materials used in this case should require not only adequate strength but also be
able to withstand torque in operation.

A torsion test can be conducted on most materials to determine the torsional properties
of the material. These properties are modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength,
ultimate shear strength, and modulus of rupture in shear and ductility.

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THEORY

Torsion is basically the stress due to torque. Many structures experience torque (eg.
Torque wrench ,car shaft, etc) and therefore it is important to quantify the stress caused by
torque to help us design safe structures. In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object
due to an applied torque, therefore is expressed in N·m or ft·lbf. In sections perpendicular to
the torque axis, the resultant shear stress in this section is perpendicular to the radius.

Torsion test.

Assumptions theory of pure torsion

The theory of Torsion is based on the following Assumptions :

1. The material in the shaft is uniform throughout

2. The twist along the shaft is uniform
3. The shaft is of uniform circular cross section throughout
4. Cross-section of the shaft, which are plane before twist remain plane after twist.

For solid shafts of uniform circular cross-section or hollow circular shafts with constant wall
thickness, the torsion is:

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Where :

 is the maximum shear stress at the outer surface.

 JT is the torsion constant for the section. It is identical to the second moment of area
Jzz for concentric tube only. For other shapes J must be determined by other means.
For solid shafts the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin walled tubes of arbitrary
shape the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant. For
thick walled tubes of arbitrary shape there is no simple solution, and finite element
analysis (FEA) may be the best method.
 r is the distance between the rotational axis and the furthest point in the section (at the
outer surface).
 ℓ is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
 θ is the angle of twist in radians.
 G is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given
in gigapascals (GPa), lbf/in2 (psi), or lbf/ft2.
 The product JT G is called the torsional rigidity wT.

R.S. Khurmi & J.K. Gupta (2005) stated as in our case one end of a shaft is fixed and other is
subjected to external torque. As said earlier that stresses produce by the torque will be zero at
central axis and maximum at the outer surface. The maximum value of this torsional stress can
find out by the following formula

τ/r= T/J

In above equation τ is the torsional stresses produce in the shaft, r is the radius of the shaft, T
is the torque applied at the end of the shaft and J is the second polar moment of inertia of the
shaft. Second polar moment of inertia of the shaft can be finding out by following formula
where D is diameter of the shaft.

J= (π ×D^4)/32

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This first equation can be rewritten in the form of angular displacement, modulus of rigidity
and length of shaft and follow.

τ/r= Gθ/l

In above equation G is the modulus of rigidity, l is the length if the shaft and θ is the angular
displacement as a result of applied torque. First and third equation can be combined to an
equation through which we can find the modulus of rigidity of any material under observation.

G= T/θ×l/J

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Set up all the apparatus of the experiment.

2. Measured and recorded the dumbbell specimen dimension.
3. Marked a straight line along the specimen with the help of permanent marker or liquid
paper.
4. Turned on the switch of the torque meter.
5. Located and fixed one end of specimen on input and other end on torque shaft and apply
small preload.
6. Set up the alignment of the meter reader.
7. Set torque meter to zero.
8. To reset the torque meter, press and hold the ‘downward’ button and press ‘P’ button.
9. Start the round 1 process and twist the specimen with angle 90° degree. After that,
turned the knob until the meter showed zero to make the twist process happened, then
record the torque meter reading.
10. Repeat the step no. 9 by continue twisting the specimen by adding 90° angle until 360°
degree for round 1.
11. After finished the round 1, continue the round 2 by twisting the specimen 180° degree.
After that, turned the knob until the meter showed zero to make the twist process
happened, then record the torque meter reading.
12. Repeat the step no. 11 by continue twisting the specimen by adding 180° angle until
720° degree for round 2.
13. For round 3, twist the specimen with angle 360° degree. After that, turned the knob
until the meter showed zero to make the twist process happened, then record the torque
meter reading.
14. For round 4, twist the specimen with angle 360° degree until failure of specimen, , then
record the torque meter reading.

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RESULT

Scale reading ( ͦ )
Torque Angle ( rad) Load Torque ( Nm )
Degree ( ͦ ) Radian (rad)

90 1.571 0.0029 0.35

180 3.142 0.0084 1.00
270 4.712 0.0193 2.30
360 6.283 0.0336 4.00
180 3.142 0.0719 8.55
360 6.283 0.1114 13.25
180 3.142 0.1413 16.80
360 6.283 0.1577 18.75
360 6.283 0.1720 20.45
360 6.283 0.1750 20.80
360 6.283 0.1771 21.05
360 6.283 0.1771 21.05
360 6.283 0.1767 21.00
360 6.283 0.1779 21.15
360 6.283 0.1779 21.15
360 6.283 0.1762 20.95
360 6.283 0.1758 20.90
360 6.283 0.1758 20.90
360 6.283 0.1745 20.75
360 6.283 0.1741 20.70
360 6.283 0.1737 20.65
360 6.283 0.1733 20.60
360 6.283 0.1729 20.55
360 6.283 0.1678 19.95

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DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

 http://www.engineeringcorecourses.com/solidmechanics1/C3-torsion/C3.1-
torsion-formula/theory/
 http://sounak4u.weebly.com/torsion.html
 https://www.coursehero.com/file/9661082/Torsion-Test/

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APPENDICES

Shear Modulus of Elasticity

Tangent or secant modulus of elasticity of a material subjected to shear loading. Alternate
terms are modulus of rigidity and modulus of elasticity in shear. Also, shear modulus of
elasticity usually is equal to Torsional Modulus of Elasticity.

Torsional Modulus of Elasticity

Modulus of Elasticity of material subjected to twist loading. It is approximately equal to
shear modulus and also is called modulus of rigidity.

Torsional Strength
Measure of the ability of a material to withstand a twisting load. It is the Ultimate strength
of a material subjected to torsional loading, and is the maximum torsional stress that a
material sustains before rupture. Alternate terms are modulus of rupture and shear strength.

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OVERALL IMPRESSION

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PRESENTATION OF TABLE

Load Torque against Torque Angle

24

20
Load Torque (Nm)

16

12

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Torque Angle (rad)

Figure 1

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TEAM WORK

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