Contents

1) Introduction.

2) Equipment details.

4) Single line layout of the substation.

5) Earthing mat.

6) Lighting arrester.

7) Isolators.

8) SF6 circuit breaker.

9) Transformer.

10) CTR fire protection system.

11) Auxiliary transformer.

12) Control room.

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 Introduction

Substation

The substation consists of the following essential equipments:

● Incoming lines
● Outgoing lines
● Control room (control and protection panels)
● Transformers (main power transformer and auxiliary transformer)
● Circuit breaker, isolators, relay and metering panels
● CT’s, PT’s, power cables and control cables
● Station service equipment such as lighting arresters, auxiliary battery supply
● Compressed air system
● Station earthing system
● Communication equipment such as carrier equipment telephone system etc

Classification of types of substation depends on various factors in which the major factor is

Based on voltage level:

A substation is named in accordance with its higher voltage level.

Example: a 33/11 KV A.C substation higher voltage level of 33 KV. Standard Indian voltages

Refer to normal power frequency phase to phase A.C voltages.

Types of substation for voltages more than KV and above

Conventional outdoor:

Substations (open terminal air insulated type) in which busbars and live parts can be seen
with the naked eye.

𝑆𝐹6 Gas insulated metal enclosed substation:

Substation in which various equipments are with alluminium enclosures filled with 𝑆𝐹6 gas for
internal insulation, such substations can be generally indoor.

Electrical substation has several indoor and outdoor equipment Each equipment has a certain
functional requirements. The choice of the equipment depends on technical considerations,
rated voltage, rated MVA and the type of substation.

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Various Equipment Details:

Equipment Function Remarks

Bus bars Various incoming and ● Flexible ACSR or all
outgoing circuits are alluminium stranded bus bars
connected to bus bars. They supported from the two ends by
receive power from incoming strain insulators.
circuits and deliver power to
the outgoing circuits.
Surge arrestor Surge arrestors discharge ● Connected generally between
(lightning arrestor) the over voltage surges to phase conductors and ground
earth and protect the ● Located as the first equipment
equipment insulation from as seen from the incoming over
switching surges and head line and also near
lightning surges. (The word transformer terminals phase to
surge refers to impulse in ground.
transmission and
distribution.)
Isolators To provide isolation from the ● Located at each side of circuit
(disconnecting switches) live parts for the purpose of breaker.
maintenance. ● Does not have any rating for
current breaking or current
making.

Earth switch Discharge the voltage on the ● Mounted on the frame of the
circuit to earth for safety. isolators.
● Located generally for each
incomer and each bus section.

Current transformer Stepping down the current ● Protective CT

measurement ,protection ● Measuring CT
and control. ● Location decided by protective
zone measurement
requirements.

Voltage transformer Types

Stepping down voltage for
measurements, protection ● Electro magnetic
and control. ● Capacitive VT (CVT)
● Location on feeder side of
circuit breaker.

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OBSERVATION OF PART OF SUBSTATION

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 Single line diagram of 33/ 11 KV substation :

Earthing Mat

The earth mat is designed after the procurement of land area. The land is excavated by 1m
deep. After the excavation the galvanized iron rods are laid in latitudinaly and longitudinally.
In this sub-station the earthing mat design is done by KPTCL using software. During
construction of the earth-mat charcoal and sand with water is added to lower the resistivity of
soil. The dimension of GI material is 25X2 mm and 150X6 mm. The main criterion to design
the earth-mat is to find soil resistivity. The soil resistivity varies widely and depends on the
nature of soil. The main purpose of designing earthing system is to protect both human and
electrical system from electric hazards. Humans are very vulnerable to the effects of electric
currents. Even a current of 0.1 A is lethal at power frequency. The purpose of earthing is to
provide:-

● To provide low impedance path to current.

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 ● To ensure living beings in the vicinity of sub-station are not expose to unsafe
potentials.
● To retain system voltages at reasonable limits.
● To provide an alternating path for induced currents there by minimize electric
noise.

Lightening Arrester

The lightening or surge arresters (L.A) used in the sub-station is rod gap type. These are used
for the protection of power system equipments.
The surge arrester used here is of 25 KV. The
XLPE cable coming from Subramanyapura sub-
station terminates here through L&T-type
clamps. The surge arresters are mounted on the
platform which is earthed by GI strip and through
the earthed electrode it is connected to earthing-
mat.

The XLPE cables terminating on these arresters

are earthed by another single core cable on to the
GI strip. The conductor used from LA’s to line bus
is ACSR wolf conductor. The working

Formula to find the rating of surge arrestor is:-

Rating : (33÷√3 = 19 KV)

Isolators

The isolator is 33 KV incoming line Gang Operating Switch (GOS). The main purpose of the
isolator is to carry out maintenance work after line clearance. The isolators are mounted on
the lattice structures and are earthed by GI strips to earth electrode which in turn is connected
to earthing mat. The first line isolators are always provided with the earth or grounding switch.
This grounding switch is provided to carry out maintenance work. Whenever there is any work
required to carry out in the system we put operate the earth switch so that the whole system
will be at ground potential. This earth switch is provided in both of the sub-stations i.e
padmanabah and Subramanyapura. In some isolators there is mechanical interlocking
provided so that the earth switch cannot be operated when the system is in line. If this is done
than the whole system will be at high risk and havoc is created. There are two types of isolator:-

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 ● Single Break Isolator:

This isolator is used where the line current is less than 200 A.

● Double Break Isolator:

This isolator is used when the line current is more than 200 A. The isolators are always
designed on fault current.

SF6 Circuit Breaker

The KV SF6 circuit breaker comes after the isolator. In this breaker SF6 (Sulphur
Hexafluoride) gas is used. In this breaker the arc quenching is done by SF6 gas whereas the
air is used for tripping and spring loading purpose. SF6 gas is considered to be very good arc
quenching property. The pressure maintained in SF6 cylinder is 6 kg/cm2 and in air cylinder is
15 kg/cm2. There is one compressor installed inside the breaker cabin whenever the pressure
of air drops below 15 kg/cm2 it starts automatically. There are two types of SF6 breaker:-

● Single break
This is used for 33 and above. In this the female contact is fixed and male contact is movable
and is non-electric conductor.
● Double break
This is used for 220 KV and above. In this the live part is kept at ground potential.

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 The tripping time in this breaker is 10-20 ms and charging time is 100 ms. The top most
part used for connection and central portion hold conductor called interrupter. The
pressure inside interrupter is around 6kg/cm2.There are two DC coils present one is for
tripping and other is for back protection (in case the first one fails to operate). One of the
several advantages of using SF6 is that the loss of gas is very minimum and it can go upto
2 years without stopping.

Some of the safety features of this breaker are as follows:-

a) DC failure safety (breaker trips itself whenever dc fails and fails to obey any command.
b) Air pressure below 12 kg/cm2 cylinder automatically starts.
c) Interrupter is designed at 6 kg/cm2.
d) Tripping and charging is done by quick action spring.

Transformer

There are two one of 16\20MVA and another of 31.5 MVA Dyn11 vector group 66/11kv class
transformers. Feeding supply through double circuit of ring main

Observation

Transformer rating 16/20 MVA (66/11 KV)

19/31.5 MVA(66/11 KV)
Vector group DYn11
16 MVA – ONAN TYPE
Cooling system 20 MVA – ONAF TYPE

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 Bushing Oil impregnated condenser bushing (66 KV)
Cooling fans 4 nos
2 nos
Conservator tank For active part
For OLTC
On load tap changer MR type
33 rev = 1 tap
Breather Silica gel breather

Protection of Transformer

The type of a protective gear for a Transformer depends upon several factors such as:

● Type of Transformer
● Size of Transformer
One of the Common Protection is Buchholz Protection

Buchholz Protection

Buchholz Relay is installed between the Transformer and the Conservator tank and is used to
give warning in case of less severe internal faults in oil immersed Transformer and to
disconnect the Transformer from the main supply in case of severe Internal faults. It is
practically used on all oil immersed Transformer having rating more than 750kva.It is used in
conjunction with some form of electrically operated protective gears because it provides
protection against Transformer Internal faults and does not respond to external bushing or
cable connection faults.

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CTR Fire Protection system

Transformer is also protected from fire during any abnormal fault condition. Well adequate
clearance is maintained between the two transformers in the substation.

Main equipment used for this is the water emulsified fire extinguisher which takes care of the
abnormal conditions. During these fault conditions CTR has equipment which does not allow
the oil passage from the top portion of the conservator tank when it senses any abnormal
temperature difference.

Various monitoring conditions employed in CTR fire protection scheme

● Differential relay trip

● Pressure relief valve trip
● Buchholz Protection
● Fire detector trip
● Transformer trip
● Line fault differential trip
● Line fault PRV
● Lamp test

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Auxiliary transformer

Back up transformer is also maintained in the substation through which supply is fed to the
control panel equipments and for lighting purpose.

Specifications of the auxiliary transformer: 410/55-0-55 V/ 500 VA

Control room

Monitoring of the entire substation can made from the control room. In this all the preliminary
actions for the improvement or for any fault clearing conditions can be monitored.

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Conclusion :

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