St.

Andrew’s College
Session:2015-2016
Department Of Physics
Project On

ACTIVE FILTER
Under the Guidance of - Submitted By
Mrs. Archana Srivastva Dvijesh Shankar Mishra
Department of Physics M.Sc. II (Sem. III)
 FILTER
“A filter is a device that passes electric
signals at certain frequencies or
frequency range while preventing the
passage to other.”

Filters may be classified in a numbers of

ways.
1:- Analog or Digital.
2:- Passive or Active.
3:- Audio (AF) or Radio frequency (RF).
 Passive Filter

An electric filter composed of Passive

elements such as resistors, inductors, or
capacitors without any active elements such
as transistor or amplifier.
 ACTIVE FILTER
Active Filter is a type of analog
electronic filters that uses active
components such as an amplifier.
Amplifier included in a filter design can
be used to improve the performance
and predictability of a filter, while
avoiding the for inductor (which are
typically expensive compared to other
components).
 Classification of Active filter
The analog filters can be
subdivided into four categories:

1:- Low pass filter

2:- High pass filter
3:- Band pass filter
4:- Band stop or Band reject filter
 • Low Pass Filters:
It pass all frequencies from dc up to the upper
cutoff frequency.
A
v(dB)

-3dB {

f
f
2

High Pass Filters:

Pass all frequencies that are above its lower
cutoff frequency. A
v(dB)

-3dB {

f
f
1
 • Band Pass Filters:
Pass only the frequencies that fall between its
values of the lower and upper cutoff frequencies
A
v(dB)

-3dB {

f
f f
1 2

• Band Stop (Notch) Filters:

Eliminate all signals within the stop band while passing all
frequencies outside this band.
A
v(dB)

-3dB {

f
f f
1 2
 First order Low-pass Butterworth Filter:

A First order low pass Butterworth filter that uses an

RC network for filtering. Note that op-amp is used in
the non-inverting configuration; hence it does not
load down the RC network. Resistors R1 and RF
determine the gain of the filter.
First-Order low pass, the voltage gain, and circuit
diagram
Second order Low-pass Butterworth Filter:-

A stop band response having a 40- db/decade roll off is

obtained with the second order. A first order low pass
filter can be converted into a second order type simply by
using an additional RC network, as shown in figure.
Second order filter are important because higher order
filter can be designed using them.
 First order High pass Butterworth filter

High pass filters are often formed simply by

interchanging frequency determining
resistors and capacitors in a low pass filters.
That is , a first order high pass filter is
formed from a first order low pass type by
interchanging components R and C.
Second order High pass Butterworth filter

As in the case of the first order filters, a

second order high pass filter can be formed from
a second order low pass filter. Simply by
interchanging the frequency deterring resistors
and capacitors. Figure shows the second high
pass filters.
The voltage gain magnitude equation of
the second order high pass filter is as follows:
 CONCLUSION
Amplifier included in a filter design can be used to
improve the performance and predictability of a filter,
while avoiding the for inductor (which are typically
expensive compared to other components). An amplifier
prevents the load impedance of the following stage from
the characteristics of the filter. An active filter can have
complex poles and zero without using a bulky or
expensive inductor. So at last we can say that the
bandwidth or pass band of the second-order filter is
greater than that of first order filter.
Hence the gain greater in first order filter because of
filtering of second order is two times. An ideal filter has
zero loss in its pass band and infinite loss in its stop band.
 APPLICATION

Active filters are most extensively used in

field of communication and signals
processing .they are employed in one form or
another in almost all sophisticated electronic
system.
Radio, television , telephone, radar, space
satellites and biomedical equipment are but
a few system of that employ active filters.
THANKING
YOU…