TEACHING NOTES

AREA UNDER CURVE (QUADRATURE)

(An Important application of definite integrals)
1ST LECTURE
1. INTRODUCTION : Titled as Quadrature / Reduce the differential equation to a
quadrature.
y x x
Example : Bring the equation y' = +    to quadrature. What must the function   
x  y  y
x
be so that y = is the general solution of the given equation.
ln | cx |
y dy du
[Sol. Let = u  y = ux  =u+x
x dx dx
du 1
 u+x = u +   
dx u
dx du
= 1 u  Note : Remember all standard curve
x
du
integrating, ln | x | =  1 u  ]

2. Area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the

ordinate at x = a and x = b is given by
b
A =  y dx
a
Where y = f (x) lies above the x-axis and b > a.

However if y = f (x) lies complete below the x-axis then

b
A=  y dx
a
In case curve crosses the x-axis at x = c then
c b
A=  y dx +  y dx
a c

EXAMPLES :
1
(i) y = ln x, x-axis and the two ordinate at x = and x = e.
e
e e
A=  ln x dx +  ln x dx
1e 1e

3. Sometimes integration w.r.t. y is very useful i.e. (horizontal strip):

Area bounded by the curve, y-axis and the two y
x=f(y)
abscissas at y = a & y = b is written as y=b
dy
b y=a

A =  x dy O x
a
Bansal Classes Page # 1
EXAMPLES :
(i) Let x = 2y – y2 and the y-axis
dx
= 2 – 2y  y = 1 ;
dy
2 2 2
x dy 2 y3  8 4
A=  =  (2 y  y ) dy = y2 –  = 4 – = Ans.
0 0
3
0
3 3
Note: This can also be done by taking vertical strip.
y2 – 2y + x = 0
2  4  4x
y=
2
y = 1 + 1 x (y2)
y = 1 – 1 x (y1)
1 1
A =  y dx =  2( 1  x ) dx
0 0
(ii) For b > a > 1, the area enclosed by the curve y = ln x, y axis and the straight lines
y = ln a and y = ln b is
(A*) b – a (B) b(ln b – 1) – a(ln a – 1)
(C) (ln a)(b – a) (D) (ln b)(ln a)
[Sol. y = ln x  x=e y

ln b ln b
y
A =  x dy = e dy
ln a ln a

= (eln b) – (eln a) = b – a Ans. ] [12th & 13th 07-01-2007]

(iii) Compute the area of the figure contained between the curve, xy2 = 8  4 x and its
asymptote.
y
8
[Sol. x = 4  y 2 (for x > 2, y is – ve which is not possible) dy

8 x
0
A=2  4  y2 dy (2,0)
0

2 ·8 1 y 
= 2 · tan 2  = 4  ]
0

4. Area enclosed between two curves :

(a) integrate w.r.t. x
x2
A=  [f ( x)  g(x )]dx
x1

(b) In case horizontal strip, we have

y2
A=  ( x 2  x1) dy
y1
y2
A=  [f ( y)  g( y)]dy
y1
Bansal Classes Page # 2
(i) Find the area enclosed between y = sin x ; y = cos x and
y-axis in the 1st quadrant
4
[Sol. A=  (cos x  sin x ) dx ]
0

 
(ii) Find the ratio in which the area enclosed by the curve y = cos x, x  0,  in the
 2
1st quadrant is divided by the curve y = sin x. [Ans. 2]

(iii) Curves y = sinx ; y cos x intersect each other at infinite number of points enclosing
regions of equal areas. Compute the area of one such equal region.
[Ans. 2 2 ; wrong answer 2 2  1 ; 2 ; 2]
5 4

(strip-1) A=  (sin x  cos x) dx

4

4

(strip-2) A=  (cos x  sin x ) dx

 3 4
x2
ASKING: 223/4 Find the area of the figure lying between the curve, y = x e  2 and its asymptote.
dy x2
[Sol. = e 2 (1  x2)
dx

x2
A = 2  x e 2 dx
0

A=2]
Practice Inverse Trigonometric Function:
(iv) y = sin–1x ; y = cos–1x and the x-axis
If vertical stripe is used
1 2 1
1 1
A=  sin x dx +  cos x dx
0 1 2

If horizontal strip is used

4
A =  (cos y  sin y) dy
0

(v) Area enclosed by y = tan x ; y = cot x and

x-axis in 1st quadrant.
4 2
A=  tan x dx +  cot x dx [Ans. ln 2]
0 4

Same as above question

Compute the area enclosed between
y = tan–1x ; y = cot–1x and y-axis. [Ans. ln 2]

Bansal Classes Page # 3

 1
1 1
A =  (cot x  tan x ) dx
0
1
 1 
=    2 tan x  dx
0 2 
4 4
alternatively: A = 2  x dy = 2  tan y dy
0 0
(vi) y= sec–1x ;y= cosec–1x and line x – 1 = 0
2
1
A=  (cos ec x  sec 1 x ) dx
1
alternatively, if horizontal strip is used
4

A = 2  (sec y  1) dy [Ans. ln (3 + 2 2 ) – ]
0
2
(vii) Area enclosed by y = 9 – x2 and coordinates axes.
3
2
A =  (9  x ) dx [Ans. 18 sq. units]
0
Note that required area must have all the boundaries indicated in the problem.

(viii) Compute the larger area bounded by y = 4 + 3x – x2

and the coordinates axes
4
A =  y dx
0
(ix) Find area of triangle (Only CBSE) as shown in integration

(x) Area of the region bounded by the parabola

y2 = 4x and a normal drawn to it with gradient – 1. [Ans. 64 3 ]
dy 2 dy 2
Sol. = y  
dx dx x1 , y1 y1

y1
mn = – =–1
2
y1 = 2; x1 = 1
equation of normal
y – 2 = – 1(x – 2)
x + y = 3; solving it with y2 = 4x
2
2  y2 
hence, A =  x dy =  ( 3  y )   dy
6 
6  4 

Bansal Classes Page # 4

(xi) Fi nd the equati on of the tangent to the parabola x 2 = 4y with gradient unity. Also find
the area enclosed by the curve, the tangent line and
(i) the y-axis (ii) the x-axis
[Ans. x – y = 1; P (2, 1) ; (i) 2/3; (ii) 1/6]

(xii) Pair of tangents are drawn from the point (3, 0) on the parabola y = x2. Find the area
enclosed by these tangents and the parabola. [Ans. 18 sq. units]
[Sol. Line through (3, 0) [13th, 04-11-2007]
y – 0 = m(x – 3)
solving it with y = x2
mx – 3x = x2
x2 – mx + 3m = 0
m2 – 12m = 0  m = 0 or m = 12
equation of tangents is y = 12x – 36
6
required area =  x 2 dx – Area of  PAM
0

216 3 · 36
= –
3 2
= 72 – 54 = 18 sq. units Ans. ]

GENERAL PROBLEMS (Look at the Language)

(i) Find the area of the region in the 1st quadrant bounded on the left by the y-axis, below
x 2
by the line y= , above left by the curve y=1+ x and above right by the curve y=
4 x
[Ans. 11/3]
1
 x
[Sol. A1=   (1  x )  4  dx
0 
4
 2 x
A2 =     dx
1 x 4
A = A1 + A2 ]

(ii)230/4 Compute the area included between the straight lines, x  3y + 5 = 0; x + 2y + 5=0 and
the smaller area of the circle x2 + y2 = 25.

[Sol. A1 + A2 + . 25
4
5.3 5. 4 25 35 25
= + + = +
2 2 4 2 4
5
= (5  + 14) sq. Units ]
4

(iii)362/5 If the area enclosed by the curve y2 = 4x and 16y2 = 5(x – 1)3 can be expressed in
L M
the form where L and N are relatively prime and M is a prime, find the value of
N
(L + M + N). [Ans. 124]
[Sol. y2 = 4x ; 16y2 = 5(x – 1)3
solving, 64x = 5(x – 1)3  (x – 5)(5x2 + 10x + 1) = 0
x = 5 and y = 2 5
Bansal Classes Page # 5
 S  ve 
5 5
5  P  ve
hence A = 2  2 x dx   ( x  1) 3 2 dx 
 0 1
16  D  0 
which on evaluating gives,  both – ve roots
104 5
A== not possible
15
 L = 104; M = 5; N = 15
 L + M + N = 124 Ans. ]

5. Standard areas to be remembered for the purpose of screening :

(1) y2 = 4ax ; x2 = 4by

a>0;b>0
k
 x 2 
A =   2 a x  4b  dx
0 
16ab
A=
3
Example: y= x ;x= y
1 1
a= ;b=
4 4
16
A=
3
(2) 2
y = 4ax and y = mx
c
 2 a x  mx dx 
0
8a 2
A=
3m3
Example : x2 = y ; y = | x | (fig-1)
y2 = x ; x = | y | (fig-2)
c
2
 
A = 2  x  x dx (fig-1)
0
(3) Area enclosed by y2 = 4ax and its double ordinate at x = a
(chord perpendicular to the axis of symmetry)
a

2·  2 ax dx 
0
This simplifies to
2
Area of AOB = (area  ABCD)
3
Objective : y = 2x – x2 , y + 3 = 0 ; solving then x = – 1 or 3
Area ( ABCD) = 4 × 4 = 16
2 32
required area  × 16 =
3 3
Bansal Classes Page # 6
 3
2
Aliter : By integration A =  [ (2x  x )  (3) ] dx
1
2 2
x y
(4) Whole area of ellipse 2
 1
a b2
a 2 
 b 1  x  dx
A = 4  = a b
0 a 2 
SHIFTING OF ORIGIN :
Since area remains invariant even if the coordinates axes are shifted, hence shifting of
origin in many cases proves to be very convenient in computing the areas.
EXAMPLES:
(i)(a) Area enclosed between the parabolas y2 – 2y + 4x + 5 = 0 and x2 + 2x – y + 2 = 0.
(b) Area enclosed between the ellipse 9x2 + 4y2 – 36x + 8y + 4 = 0 and the line
3
3x + 2y – 10 = 0 in the first quadrant. [Ans. (a) 4/3, (b)  3]
2
[Hint:
(i)(a) (y – 1)2 = – 4(x + 1) ; (x + 1)2 = y – 1
Y2 = – 4X X2 = Y ]
(ii) Find the area enclosed by the parabola (y – 2)2 = x – 1 and the tangent to it at (2, 3) & x-axis.
[Ans. 9]
[Sol. Put x – 1 = X and y– 2 = Y
Hence the parabola becomes Y2 = X
also x = 2  X = 1
and y = 3  Y = 1
also x-axis means y = 0
 Y=–2
1
Tangent : YY1 = 2· (X + X1)
4
2YY1 = X + X1 (X1 = 1; Y = 1)
1
2
i.e. 2Y = X + 1; HenceA =  [Y  ( 2Y  1)] dY ]
2
(iii) Area enclosed between the smaller arc of the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0 and the
parabola y = – x2 + 2x + 1 – 2 3
[Sol. Circle : (x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16 ....(1)
2
Parabola : y = – [x – 2x – 1 + 2 3 ]
= – [(x – 1)2 – 2 + 2 3 ]
y + 2 = (4 – 2 3 ) – (x – 1)2 ....(2)
Let x – 1 = X and y + 2 = Y
Hence Circle : X2 + Y2 = 16 ;
Parabola : Y = 4 – 2 3 – X2
Solving the circle and parabola
X = 2 or – 2
and Y = – 2 3 ; Y = 1 + 2 3 (rejected)
2
 2
2 
 A = 2   (4  2 3  x )   16  x  ;   a 2  x 2 dx 
x 2
2
a2
a  x 2  sin 1
2
x
a
]
0
Bansal Classes Page # 7
Where the curve sketching is very significant : ln x
(i) Area enclosed between the curves y = ex · ln x and y = [T/S]
ex
ln x
Sol. Solving ex · ln x =
ex
2 2
ln x (e x – 1) = 0
1
x = 1 or x =
e
where x = 1 ; y 1 = 0 ; y2 = 0
1
x=; y1 = – 1 ; y2 – 1
e
Also examine the increasing and decreasing behaviour of the curve
1
 ln x 
A=    ex ln x  dx
1 e ex 
(ii)(a) Area enclosed by the curve (y – sin–1x)2 = x – x2. [Ans. /4] [T/S]
[Sol. (a) y – sin–1x = ± x (1  x )
y = sin–1x + x (1  x ) or y = sin–1x – x (1  x )
1
2
A = 2  x  x dx ]
0
(ii)(b) Area of the closed figure bounded by the curves
3 4  3ln 3
y = 2 – | 2 – x | and y = [Ans. ]
|x| 2
3
2  (2  x ) if x  2  if x  6
[Sol.(b) y=  x ; y = x ]
3
2  (2  x ) if x  2  if x  0
4  x  x
(c) Find the whole area enclosed by the curve a2y2 = x3(2a – x) [Ans. a2]
(d) Area bounded by the curve
y2(2a – x) = x3 and its asymptote (a > 0). [Ans. 3a2]

x3
y=
2a  x

[Hint: {figure (ii)(d)} ]

(e) Area of the loop ay2 = x2(a – x) (a > 0)

Bansal Classes Page # 8

DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS : 4
(i) Find the value of c for which the area of the figure bounded by the curves y = 2 ;
x
9 1 49
x = 1 and y = c is equal to  . [Ans. c = ; c = ]
4 4 4
1
 4 
[Sol. A =   c  2  dx = 9
2 c x  4
1
4 9
cx   =
x 2
4
c

9
(c + 4) – 2 c  2 c =   4
3 3
c– 4 c +4= ;  c2 =  2
or –
2
1 49
 c= or ]
4 4
(ii) Find the area of the figure bounded by the parabola y = ax2 + 12x – 14 and the straight
line y = 9x – 32 if the tangent drawn to the parabola at the point x = 3 is known to make
an angle  – tan–16 with the x-axis.
[Hint: y = ax2 + 12x – 14
dy dy
= 2ax + 12 ;  6a  12
dx dx x  3
hence tan( – tan–16) = 6a + 12
– 6 = 6a + 12  a=–3
2
hence y = – 3x + 12x – 14 (note that D < 0  y < 0,  x  R)
point of intersection of the line with parabola are x = – 2 or 3
3
2
HenceA =  [3x  12x  14]  (9x  32)] dx ]
2
(iii) Find the value of 'a' (a > 2) for which the reciprocal of the area enclosed between
1 1
y =  2 ; y = ; x = 2 and x = a is 'a' itself and for what values of b  (1, 2), the
x 4(x  1)
1
area of the figure bounded by the lines x = b, b  (1, 2) and x = 2 is 1 – .
b
[T/S, Q.7, Ex-2]
[Sol. x2 = 4 (x – 1)
(x – 2)2 = 0  curves touch other at x = 2
a
 1 1  1
   4( x  1)  x 2  dx =
a
2 
a= e2 +1 Ans.
1 2 1 1 
Also 1 – =    2  dx  b = 1 + e–2 ]
b b  4( x  1) x 

Bansal Classes Page # 9

(iv) For what value of 'a' is the area of the figure bounded by the lines,
1 1 4
y = , y = 2 x1 , x = 2 & x = a equal to ln ? [T/S, Q.9, Ex-2]
x 5
1
[Sol. y = 2x – 1 ; y= ; solving these two (note that a > 2 or 1/2 < a < 1)
x
we get, x = 1
a
1 1  4
Hence A =     dx = ln
2  x 2x  1  5
a
 1  4
ln x  2 ln (2 x  1) = ln 5
2
a
 x2  16  a2 
 l n
2 x  1
 = ln  l n    ln 4  ln 16
  2 5  
 2a  1  3 5
2 2
a 64 a 64
ln  ln    15a2 – 128a + 64 = 0
2a  1 15 2a  1 15
8
a=8 ; a= (rejected)]
15
(v) Consider the two curves C1: y = 1 + cos x & C2: y = 1 + cos(x ) for (0, /2);
x  [0, ]. Find the value of , for which the area of the figure bounded by the curves
C1, C2 & x = 0 is same as that of the figure bounded by C2 , y = 1 & x =  . For this
value of , find the ratio in which the line y = 1 divides the area of the figure by the
curves C1, C2 & x = .
[Sol. 1 + cos x = 1 + cos(x – )

x=–x  x=
2
 2 
now  cos x  cos( x   ) dx =–  cos( x  ) dx
0 

2


2
or sin x  sin(x  ) 0
= sin( x  )  2


     
sin 2  sin  2    [0  sin()] = sin 2   sin    
    

2sin – sin  = 1 – sin  ,
2
 
hence 2sin = 1   = ]
2 3
(vi) Area under the inverse graph of function
(a) Let f (x) = x3 + 3x + 2 and g (x) is the inverse of it.
Find the area bounded by g (x), the x-axis and the
ordinate at x = – 2 and x = 6. 9
[Ans. ]
2
[Sol. Note that f is monotonic increasing
The required area will be equal to area enclosed
by y = f (x), the y-axis between the abscissa at
y = – 2 and y = 6
1 0
Hence A =  6  f ( x) dx +  f (x )  (2) dx
0 1
Bansal Classes Page # 10
 1 0
3 3 9
=  (4  x  x ) dx +  (x  3x  4) dx = Ans. ]
0 1 2
(b) Find the area bounded by the curve g (x), the x-axis and the ordinate at x = – 1 and
x = 4 where g (x) is the inverse of the function
x3 x 2 13x 16
f (x) = + + +1 [Ans. ]
24 8 12 3
[Sol. f (x) is always monotonic with
f (0) = 1 ; f (2) = 4 and f (–2) = – 1
2 0
A=  4  f ( x ) dx   f (x )  1 dx ]
0 2

(c) f (x ) = x 3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1 and g (x) is the inverse of it. Then compute the area bounded
by g (x), x-axis and the ordinate at x = – 3 and x = 6.

VARIABLE AREA GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE :

(1) An important concept :
If y = f (x) is a monotonic function in (a, b) then the area bounded by the ordinates at
ab
x = a, x = b, y = f (x) and y = f (c), [where c  (a, b)] is minimum when c = .
2
c b
Proof: A =  f (c)  f ( x )  dx   f ( x )  f (c)  dx
a c
c b
= f (c) (c – a) –  f (x ) dx +  f ( x )dx – f (c) (b – c)
a c
b c
= {(c – a) – (b – c)} f (c) +  f (x ) dx –  f (x ) dx
c a
b c
A = [2c – (a + b)] f (c) +  f ( x )dx –  f (x ) dx
c a
differentiate w.r.t. c
dA
= [2c – (a + b)] f ' (c) + 2 f (c) + 0 – f (c) – (f (c) – 0)
dc
dA
for maxima and minima =0
dc
f ' (c) [2c – (a + b) ] = 0 (as f ' (c)  0)
ab
hence c =
2
ab dA a  b dA
also c < , <0 and c> , >0
2 dc 2 dc
ab
Hence A is minimum when c = ]
2

Bansal Classes Page # 11

EXAMPLES :
x3
(i) If the area bounded by f (x) =  x 2  a and the
3
straight lines x = 0 ; x = 2 and the x-axis is minimum
2
then find the value of 'a'. [Ans. ] [T/S, Ex.2, Q.13]
3

[Sol. f ' (x) = x2 – 2x = x (x – 2) = 0

(note that f (x) is monotonic in (0, 2))

Hence for the minimum and f (x) must

02
cross the x-axis are =1
2
1 2
hence f (1) = –1+a=0  a= ]
3 3
(ii) Find the value of the parameter 'a' for which the area of the figure bounded by the
abscissa axis, the graph of the function y = x3 + 3x2 + x + a, and the straight lines,
which are parallel to the axis of ordinates and cut the abscissa axis at the point of
extremum of the function, is the least. [Ans. a = – 1]
3 2
[Sol. f (x) = x + 3x + x + a
6
f ' (x) = 3x2 + 6x + 1 = 0  x=–1±
3

1  6  6 

hence f (x) cuts the x axis at 2   1      1  
 3   3  = – 1
f (–1) = – 1 + 3 – 1 + a = 0
a=–1 ]
(iii) If the area bounded by y = x2 + 2x – 3 and the line y = kx + 1 is least. Find k and also
the least area. [T/S, Q.12, Ex-2] 32
[Ans. k = 2, Amin = ]
3
[Sol. x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation
x2 + 2x – 3 = kx + 1
x2 + (2 – k) x – 4 = 0
x1  x 2  k  2


x1x 2  4 
x2
2
A=  [(kx  1)  ( x  2x  3)] dx
x1

x
 x 2 x3  2  x 22  x12 1 3 
= 

( k  2 )
2

3
 4 x  =
 x 
( k  2)
2 3
 
 x 2  x13  4( x 2  x1 ) 
1 

Bansal Classes Page # 12

  (k  2)2 1 
= (x2 – x1)  2 
 ( x 2  x1 )2  x1x 2  4
3

 

 (k  2)2 1 
= ( x 2  x1)  4x1x 22  
 (k  2) 2  4  4 
 2 3 

(k  2) 2  16  1 2 16  [( k  2) 2  16]3 2
=  6 ( k  2)  =
6 3  6
32
 A is minimum if k = 2. Hence Amin = ]
3
(iv) For w hat value of k i s the area of the f i gure bounded by the curves y = x 2 – 3 and

20 5
y = kx  + 2 is the least. Determine the least area. [Ans. k = 0, A = ]
3
a4
(v)356/5 Let a > 1. find the area of the part surrounded by the curve y = (0  x  1),
(a 2  x 2 )3
x-axis, y-axis and the line x = 1. Find also the minimum area for a > 1.
a2
[Ans. A = 2 , Amin = 2 when a = 2 ]
a 1
a4
[Sol. Given y = . Curve lies completely above the x-axis.
(a 2  x 2 )3
1
dx
A = a4  (a 2  x 2 )3
0

put x = a sin t  dx = a(cos t) dt

sin 1 (1 a ) sin 1 (1 a )
a4 a cos t dt 2 sin 1 (1 a )  1  1   a2
A= 3
a  cos 3 t
= a2  sec t dt = a 2 · tan t 0
= a2 tan  sin  a   =
   a2 1
0 0

a2
now A =
a2 1
differentiating w.r.t. a
2a
a 2  1 · 2a  a 2 · 2 3
dA
= 2 a 2  1 = 2a (a  1)  a = 0  a= 2
da (a 2  1) (a 2  1)3 2

Amin = 2 Ans. ]

AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION :

Average value of the function in y = f (x)
w.r.t. x over an interval a  x  b is defined as
b
1
yav =  f ( x ) dx
ba a
AND

Bansal Classes Page # 13

 Note :
(1) Average value can be + ve, – ve or zero.
(2) If the function is defined in (0, ) then
1b
yav = Lim  f ( x ) dx provided the limit exists.
b  b0

Root mean square value (RMS) is defined as

1
 1 b 2
  f 2 ( x ) dx 
 b  a a 
EXAMPLES :
cos2 x   1
(i) Compute the average value of f (x) = 0,
2 2 in 
 2 
[Ans.
6
]
sin x  4 cos x
2
1
2
cos2 x 2 sec 2 x
yav =  dx =  dx
 sin 2 x  4 cos2 x  0 (4  tan 2 x )(1  tan 2 x )
0 0
2

2 dt 2  (4  t 2 )  (1  t 2 ) dt
=  2 2 = 3  2 2
0 ( 4  t )(1  t ) 0 (4  t )(1  t )

x2 y2
(ii) Find the average length of all vertical chords of the hyperbola   1 over the
a2 b2
interval a  x  2a.
 x2  2 b 2
[Sol. y2 =  2  1b  y= x  a2
a  a
2a
1 1 b 2
yav.. =  x  a 2 dx
2 2a  a a a

2a
2b
2a
2b  x 2 a2  
yav. = 
2 2
x  a dx = 2  x  a  ln  x  x 2  a 2  
2
]
a2 a a  2 2   
a

(iii) Find the average value of y2 w.r.t. x for the curve ay = b a 2 x 2 between x = 0 &
x = a. Also find the average value of y w.r.t. x2 for 0  x  a.
b2 2b 2 2b
[Sol. Let f (x) = y2 = 2
(a 2  x 2 ) . [Ans. (i) a = , (ii) b = ]
a 3 3

b2 a
2 2 2b 2
Now f ( x ) av   (a  x ) dx 
a 2 (a  0) 0 3
Again yav w.r.t. x2 is
a2 a2 a2 2
1 b b
f ( x ) av  2
 y d( x )  
2 2
a  x dx  2
 a 2  t dt = 2b ]
(a 2  0 ) 0 a 2a 0 a3 0 3
Bansal Classes Page # 14
DETERMINATION OF FUNCTION:
dAax
The area function A ax satisfies the differential equation = f (x) with initial condition
dx
A aa = 0 i.e. derivative of the area function is the function itself.
Note :
If F (x) is any integral of f (x) then ,
A ax =  f (x) dx = [ F (x) + c ] Aaa = 0 = F (a) + c  c =  F (a)

hence A ax = F (x)  F (a). Finally by taking x = b we get , A ab = F (b)  F (a).

EXAMPLES :
(i) The area from 0 to x under a certain graph is given to be A = 1  3x  1 , x  0 ;
(a) Find the average rate of change of A w.r.t. x as x increases from 1 to 8.
(b) Find the instantaneous rate of change of A w.r.t. x at x = 5.
(c) Find the ordinate (height) y of the graph as a function of x.
(d) Find the average value of the ordinate (height) y, w.r.t. x as x increases from 1 to 8
3 3 3 3
[ Ans: (a) (b) (c) y = (d) ]
7 8 2 1  3x 7
[Sol.
A (8)  A(1) 3
(a) A (1) = 1 A (8) = 4; = Ans.
8 1 7
dA 1· 3 3
(b)  = Ans.
dx x 5 2 1  3x 8
3
(c) y= Ans.
2 1  3x

1 8 3 18 3 3
(d)  dx =  dx = Ans. ]
(8  1) 1 2 1  3x 7 1 2 1  3x 7
(ii) Let C1 & C2 be the graphs of the functions y = x2 & y = 2x,
0  x  1 respectively. Let C3 be the graph of a function
y = f (x), 0  x  1, f(0) = 0. For a point P on C1, let the
lines through P, parallel to the axes, meet C2 & C3 at Q & R
respectively (see figure). If for every position of P (on C1),
the areas of the shaded regions OPQ & ORP are equal,
determine the function f(x). [JEE '98, 8]
[Ans. f(x) = x3  x2]
h2 h
 x 
 y 2
[Sol.   y   dy =  f ( x ) dx
0  2 0
differentiate both sides w.r.t. h
 2
 h  h  2h = h2 – f (h)
 2 


Bansal Classes Page # 15

  h2 
f (h) = h2 –  h   2h = h2 – h(2h – h2) = h2 – 2h2 + h3
 2 
f (h) = h3 – h2
f (x) = x3 – x2
= x2(x – 1) ]

AREA ENCLOSED IN CASE ONE CURVE ARE EXPRESSED IN POLAR FORM

r = a(1 + cos) (Cardioid)
1 2 2 a 2 2 
A =  r d =  4 cos4 d
20 2 0 2


put =t
2
 2
2 4 3a
A = a  4 cos t dt = 8 × ]
0 16
AREA IN RESPECT OF CURVE REPRESENTED PARAMETRICALLY :
Find the area enclosed by the curves x = a sin3t and y = acos3t
2 2 2
Sol. x3  y3  a3

a 2
A = 4  y dx ; A = 4a2  3 cos3 t sin 2 t cos t dt
0 0

2
1· 3·1  12a 2 3a 2
A= 12a2  sin 2 t cos 4 t dt = (12a2) ·
0
6 · 4 · 2 · 2 = 32 = 8 ]

Bansal Classes Page # 16