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Expansion Waves
(Prandtl-Meyer Flow)
Problem:
− given upstream conditions (1) and
turning angle ( )
− calculate downstream conditions (2)
Mach Relations
Approach
− begin with single Mach wave that expands supersonic flow
through an infinitesimal (differential) angle of magnitude d
− essentially using differential control volume
Mass/Momentum Conservation
− using same type of approach as
for oblique shocks (2 momentum
components: normal and tangent)
− yields Vt = constant across wave
Use Vt = constant
Vt , upstream Vt , downstream
V cos (V dV ) cos( d )
(V dV )(cos d cos sin d sin )
→1 →d
0
V cos V cos (cos ) dV (V sin ) d (sin ) dVd
dV dV 1
(tan )d d
V V M 2
1
dV
or d M2 1 (1)
V
M2
2
M 2 1 dM
2 1 d (4)
1 2 M
1 M1 1 M
2
M- Relation
Prandtl-Meyer 1 1
(M ) tan 1 ( M 2 1) tan 1 M 2 1 (6)
function 1 1
(Appendix E in John&Keith / Appendix C in Anderson)
Summary
Example (cont.)
Fan angle, :
− angle between first and last Mach
wave
− useful to determine when expansion
has ended in flow field for a given
distance away from wall