Population 3

biology
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
5-3 Human Population Growth Historical Overview
How has the size of the human population

changed over time?
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Historical Overview
Like the populations of many other living

organisms, the size of the human population
tends to increase with time.
For most of human existence, the population

grew slowly.
Limiting factors kept population sizes low.
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About 500 years ago, the human population began

growing more rapidly.
Life was made easier and safer by advances in
agriculture and industry.
Death rates were dramatically reduced due to
improved sanitation, medicine, and healthcare,
while birthrates remained high.
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With these advances, the human population

experienced exponential growth.
Human Population Growth
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5-3 Human Population Growth Patterns of Population Growth
Patterns of Population Growth

The scientiﬁc study of human populations is called
demography.
Demography examines the characteristics of
human populations and attempts to explain how
those populations will change over time.
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Why do population growth rates differ in

countries throughout the world?
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Birthrates, death rates, and the age

structure of a population help predict why
some countries have high growth rates
while other countries grow more slowly.
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The Demographic Transition
Over the past century, population growth in the

United States, Japan, and much of Europe has
slowed dramatically.
According to demographers, these countries have
completed the demographic transition, a dramatic
change in birth and death rates.
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The demographic transition has three stages.

In stage 1, there are high death rates and high
birthrates.
In stage 2, the death rate drops, while the birthrate
remains high. The population increases rapidly.
In stage 3, the birthrate decreases, causing
population growth to slow.
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The
demographic
transition is
complete when
the birthrate
falls to meet the
death rate, and
population
growth stops.
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Age Structure
Population growth depends, in part, on how many

people of different ages make up a given
population.
Demographers can predict future growth using
models called age-structure diagrams.
Age-structure diagrams show the population of a
country broken down by gender and age group.
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U.S. Population
In the United 80+ Males Females
States, there are
nearly equal
60–64
numbers of people
in each age group.
Age (years)
40–44
This age structure
diagram predicts a
slow but steady 20–24
growth rate for the

near future. 0–4
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
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Rwandan Population
In Rwanda, there are
many more young 80+ Males Females
children than
60–64
teenagers, and
many more
Age (years)
teenagers than
adults. 40–44
This age structure

diagram predicts a 20–24
population that will
double in about 30
years. 0–4
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Percentage of Population 15 of 24
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5-3 Human Population Growth Future Population Growth
Future Population Growth

To predict human population growth,
demographers must consider the age structure of
each country, as well as the prevalence of life-
threatening diseases.
If growing countries move toward the demographic
transition, growth rate may level off or decrease.
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Ecologists suggest that if growth does not slow

down, there could be serious damage to the
environment and global economy.
Economists assert that science, technology, and
changes in society may control the negative impact
of population growth.
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5-3
Continue to: Click to Launch:

- or -
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5-3
The size of the human population began to

increase exponentially after the
a. bubonic plague.
b. development of plowing and irrigation.
c. Industrial Revolution.
d. development of the ﬁrst cities.
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5-3
Which of the following is NOT a potential

limiting factor of human population growth?
a. famine
b. medicine
c. war
d. disease
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After the demographic transition is complete, a
population
a. grows rapidly.
b. grows slowly.
c. begins a period of rapid decline.
d. stays about the same size as time passes.
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5-3
An age-structure diagram shows a breakdown of

a population by
a. location and age group.
b. age group and gender.
c. birthrate and death rate.
d. age group and emigration rate.
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5-3
Since the mid-1960s, the average annual growth

rate of the human population has
a. remained about the same.
b. failed to show a consistent pattern.
c. increased.
d. decreased.
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END OF SECTION

Population 3

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Population 3

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biology

How has the size of the human population

Like the populations of many other living

For most of human existence, the population

About 500 years ago, the human population began

With these advances, the human population

Patterns of Population Growth

Why do population growth rates differ in

Birthrates, death rates, and the age

The Demographic Transition

Over the past century, population growth in the

The demographic transition has three stages.

Population growth depends, in part, on how many

growth rate for the

This age structure

Future Population Growth

Ecologists suggest that if growth does not slow

Continue to: Click to Launch:

The size of the human population began to

Which of the following is NOT a potential

An age-structure diagram shows a breakdown of

Since the mid-1960s, the average annual growth

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