Nama :

Qonita Rahma ( P1337437117127 )

Kelas : 1C RMIK

Temperature

is termed afebrile. When temperatue exceeds 37.5°C

Several factors can cause changes in one or more of the vital signs: environmental factors like
humidity, infection and temperature, also social factors like lifestyle, caffeine, tobacco, and
psychological factors like anxiety, anger, and stress, and other physical factors such as age and
gender.

Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can alter heart rate. Acid rain and
industrialized areas are often associated with a high occurrence of respiratory conditions, such as
infections and chronic lung diseases. Primary prevention is a major role of occupational (industrial)
health nurses. A health screening examination relies heavily on vital sign measurements.

Social factors, such as lifestyle , cigarette smoking, cause chronic changes in the lungs as manifested
by impaired ventilation. Stimulants such as caffeinated beverages and tobacco elevate heart rate.

Emotional or physical stress can elevate body temperature. When stress stimulates the sympathetic
nervous system, circulating levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine increase. As a result, the
metabolic rate increases, which, in turn, increases heat production. Stressed or anxious clients may
have an elevated temperature with no underlying pathology. Stress or strong emotions can change a
person’s respiratory pattern because such conditions stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
Stressors, including pain, anxiety, anger, infection, and fever, increase the rate and depth of
respirations.

Physical factors such as age and gender also can affect a patient’s vital signs. Women usually
experience greater temperature fluctuations than men because of hormonal changes. Temperature
variations occur during the menstrual cycle mainly in response to the progesterone level. As the
progesterone level increase during ovulation, temperature gradually rises. During menopause, the
instability of the vasomotor controls may cause periods (30 seconds to 5 minutes) of intense body heat
and sweating. Males in general have higher blood pressure than do females of the same age.

Normal growth from infancy to adulthood results in an increase lung capacity. As lung capacity
increases, lower respiratory rates are sufficient to exchange air. As the adult ages, lung elasticity
decreases. With this decrease in elasticity, respiratory rate increases to allow for adequate air
exchange. Blood pressure gradually increases throughout childhood and correlates with height,
weight, and age. These normal changes make it difficult to identify abnormal blood pressure levels for
children at various development stages.