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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CONTENT GUIDE

(Version 2.0)

Eugenio S. Guhao, Jr., DM

ABSTRACT

-Not more than 200 words; not indented; concise single paragraph; past tense; purpose;
hypothesis; method; key findings/conclusion; implications and contribution; no
recommendation.

-Keywords not more than 6 items; written in italics;

in this order: field, terms in the title, Philippines
(e.g. education, teaching practices, school climate, Philippines)

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale
1.1.1 First paragraph is the problem of the dependent variable and its importance.
1.1.2 Second paragraph is the importance of the independent variable. Connect IV to
DV.
1.1.3 Third paragraph- problem of dependent variable in the local setting where the
study will be conducted citing an authority.
1.1.4 Last paragraph- presentation of research gap and urgency of the study.
1.1.5 Use also inventory RRL aside from Resonation.
1.1.6 Example of research Gap and Urgency of the Study

The researcher has not come across of a study on TITLE in the local setting. It is in this
context that the researcher is interested to determine whether the IV causes/
influences/predicts/determines/affects the DV as this can raise awareness/concern to the
intended beneficiaries of this study and possibly develop intervention schemes/ action plans to
improve teaching-learning process/school administration, thus, the need to conduct this
study.

1.2 Research Objectives

1.2.1 The opening statement should introduce the main objective of the study by
stating the last specific objective.
1.2.2 Enumerate the specific numbered objectives.
1.2.3 The first numbered objective is to describe the level of the IV in terms of its
indicators.
1.2.4 The second objective is to describe/ determine the level of the DV in terms of its
indicators.
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1.2.5 The third objective is to determine the significant relationship between the IV and
DV.
1.2.6 The fourth objective is to determine which domain in the IV that significantly
influences or significant determinant of the DV.
1.2.7 The fifth objective (if applicable) is to develop an intervention program/ scheme
based from the findings of the study.

1.3 Research Hypothesis

1.3.1 The research hypothesis should start with….The following hypotheses
will be tested at 0.05 level of significance:
1. There is no significant relationship between IV and DV (From
Research Objective # 3)
2. There is no domain in the IV (From Research Objective #4) that
significantly influences the DV.

1.4 Review of Related Literature (RRL)

1.4.1 There are 3 parts of RRL, namely: the Independent Variable(IV), Dependent
Variable(DV), and Correlations between Measures.
1.4.2 First paragraph should start with the opening statement stating the parts of the
RRL. The indicators (in italics) of the independent and dependent variables
should be introduced here with sources.
1.4.3 All references should be within the last 5 years of publication when Resonation
RRL is used. However, if Inventory RRL is used, old references are acceptable
as long as one of the references is within the last 5 years of publication.
1.4.4 Correlation between Measures should cite references that connect the IV and
DV. Old studies are acceptable. First paragraph should start with your anchor
theory/ proposition.
1.4.5 All references cited in the Discussion (Chapter 4) are found in the RRL.
1.4.6 Reference citations should follow the Author-Year System. Websites should be
located in the list of references after Chapter 4. In case sources don’t have
authors, cite the title or the first 3 words of the title if the title is long otherwise cite
the title.
1.4.7 Last paragraph should be the synthesis of the RRL. Please refer to completed
theses.
1.5 Theoretical Framework
1.5.1 Present a theory or proposition that connects the IV and DV. References have no
restrictions on the year of publication.
1.5.2 There should be at least 3 support theories or propositions that further connect
the 2 variables.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

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1.6.1 First paragraph should introduce the indicators of the IV with source and define
briefly the indicators with reference to Figure 1. The defined indicators should be
in italics.
1.6.2 Second paragraph should introduce the indicators of the DV with source and
define briefly the indicators. The defined indicators should be in italics.
1.6.3 Figure 1 which is the Conceptual Framework of the Study should be in one page
that follows immediately after it is mentioned. The indicators are presented with
bullets and the one-headed arrow should point to the right if regression is used
and the boxes are labelled as IV and DV. Two-headed arrow for correlation and
the boxes designated as the first variable and the second variable.

1.7 Significance of the Study

1.7.1 One or two paragraphs
1.7.2 First paragraph presents the importance of your study with reference/ source.
1.7.3 This will be followed by mentioning the beneficiaries of the study. In other words
it identifies, in paragraph form, the people or offices that can utilize the findings of
the study from macro to micro level (i.e., DepEd Officials, school heads,
teachers, students, parents, community residents if applicable, and finally, future
researchers).

1.8 Definition of Terms

1.8.1 Define only the key terms in your title usually the variables starting with the IV
then DV.
1.8.2 In defining the variables, use their indicators. The definition should start this way:
“As used in this study, it refers to……”

Chapter 2

METHOD

(All parts should be presented in paragraph form)

2.1 Research Design:
2.1.1 Quantitative non-experimental research design using correlational
techniques
2.1.2 Little discussion with reference.
2.2 Research Locale
2.2.1 What is the location of your study?
2.2.2 Describe briefly the location of your study with reference to Figures 2.
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2.2.3 Figure 2 is the map of Mindanao or Philippines highlighting the

province/ city/ town where the study is to be conducted mentioning
the provinces/ municipalities that serve as the boundaries and the
municipalities that the province is composed of using inset map within
Figure 2.
2.2.4 Finally, state when will/ was the study (be) conducted (months and
school year).
2.3 Population and Sample
2.3.1 Describe the respondents of the study. Are the respondents also the
subjects of the study? If not, who are your respondents and who are
they going to evaluate? Justify why you selected those respondents, if
necessary. Are you going to use the population as your respondents
or will you do random sampling using Slovin’s formula to determine
the number of samples required? Support your presentation by using:
2.3.2 Distribution of Respondents (No horizontal and vertical lines)
Name of School Population Percentage Sample
Distribution Respondents
% =no. of %n of School A
School A Population of population in the
School A school divide by
total number of
population
multiply by 100
School B

Total population Total number of

samples, n

2.3.3 Number of samples, n =N divide by 1+N(e2) where: n is the total

number of samples; N is the total population; e=0.05 and e 2
=0.052=0.0025.
2.3.4 Delete Column 4 if no sampling is used (This means that the
respondents of the study are all members of the population).
2.4 Research Instrument
2.4.1 First paragraph is the description of the instrument to be used to
measure the level of the IV. This includes how many parts the
questionnaire has and from whom it is adapted. Mention also that the
original questionnaire will be modified to contextualize the school
setting and question items will be simplified or translated to the
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vernacular for the understanding of the respondents. This will be

followed by the Range of Means to be used for the IV.
2.4.2 Second paragraph is the description of the instrument to be used for
the DV- follow the flow of discussion same as the IV. This will also be
followed by the Range of Means to be used for the DV.
2.4.3 In the last paragraph, mention that the instruments will be subjected
for dry run in order to determine the Cronbach Alpha values before
content validation by experts with an external validator. State also the
overall validation rating.
2.4.4 Range of Means should follow this interval:
4.20- 5.00 Very High (VH)
3.40- 4.19 High (H)
2.60- 3.39 Moderate (M)
1.80- 2.59 Low (L)
1.00- 1.79 Very Low (VL)
2.5 Data Collection
2.5.1 This part presents how the study was done from asking permission to
conduct the study to the tabulation of the data in paragraph form.
2.5.2 All problems/ experiences encountered during the conduct of the
study and how they were addressed should be narrated here.

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS

3.1 Level of IV and DV Presentation of Results (Tables 1 and 2)

3.1.1 Presentation of results should start with the overall findings! This is
followed by the enumeration of indicators’ mean scores from highest to
lowest then followed by presentation of the results of all indicators
starting with the indicator with the highest mean down to the lowest
mean with reference to their respective appended Tables, e.g., Tables
1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.! Same procedure should also be followed in the
dependent variable (DV)!
3.1.2 When mentioning the indicator or variable, they should be written in
italics and the first letters should be capitalized).
3.1.3 Be reminded that when you state any indicator from the independent
and dependent variable, they should be written in italics and the first
letters should be in capital letters!
3.2 Presentation of Results on Correlations between Measures
3.2.1 Again, presentation of Table 3 results should start with the overall r
value with p value, then followed by the presentation of the results
when each indicator of the Independent Variable (IV) is correlated with
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the overall Dependent Variable (DV) and finally, the presentation of

results when each indicator of the Independent Variable is individually
correlated with each indicator of the Dependent Variable.
3.2.2 Please take note: Accept H0, if p≥0.05, otherwise reject H0, if p˂0.05.In
other words, when p value is less than 0.05, then, there is a significant
relationship between IV and DV, therefore, reject the Null Hypothesis.
However, if p≥0.05, then accept H0, which means that there is no
significant relationship between IV and DV.
3.2.3 P value of 0.000 in Tables 3 and 4 should be written in the
presentation of results as p<0.01, however, if p values are not equal to
0.000, their actual values from Tables 3 and 4 should be reflected in
the presentation.
3.3 Presentation of Regression Results (Table 4)
3.3.1 Table 4 results should be presented this way: First, present the value
of F with p value and decide whether there is an overall significant
influence of the IV on DV. Mention the F value and the corresponding p
value.
3.3.2 If p value is less than 0.05, then there is an overall significant influence
of the IV to the DV, therefore reject H0. If p is greater than 0.05, then
there no significant influence of the IV to the DV. Therefore, accept H0.
3.3.3 Then explain the R2 value in this manner “. . . the R2 value of ___ implies that
(Convert R2 to %) % of the variance of the DV can be explained by the IV and the
remaining __ (100-R2)% is attributed by other factors)”.
3.3.4 Finally, present the T values of each of the indicator of the IV with their
corresponding p values. Check which of the indicators of the IV give
significant influence to the DV.
3.3.5 Decide which domain that best influenced the DV by checking which
indicator among those with p˂0.05 has the highest Standardized Beta
value.

Chapter 4

DISCUSSION

Note: The difference between the presentation of RRL and Discussion (Chapter 4) is
that in the RRL, sources / references should be placed after the sentence or paragraph
while in the discussion, sources should be placed at the beginning of the sentence or
paragraph, ie. “ …the study is in consonance/ parallel/ congruence/ similar to the study
of (reference)….”

4.1 Discussion for Table 1 and2 :

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4.1.1 First paragraph should discuss the results from Table 1 using the indicators as
the point of discussion with references.
4.1.2 Discussion of Tables 1 and 2 should start with the overall findings with
eference!
4.1.3 This is followed by the discussions of all indicators starting with the indicator
with the highest down to the lowest mean!
4.1.4 Discussion of each indicator should revolve around the corresponding
Appended Table without mentioning the numerical values only the Descriptive
Eqruivalent (i.e., high, very high, etc.)
4.1.5 Select from the Appended Tables one or two items that best describe the
indicator and use this for the discussion with reference/ support from the RRL.
4.1.6 What your support/ references says must be similar to items mentioned in the
appended table.
4.1.7 Only 3 or 4 supports/ references are needed for the discussion of each
indicator.
4.1.8 The references/ Sources cited here should be the references cited in the
corresponding RRL.
4.1.9 Use inventory RRL extensively.

4.2 Correlation Discussion (Table 3) :

4.2.1 Discussion of Table 3 should start by going back to your Anchor Theory/
Proposition and determine whether the findings of your study confirmed or
contradicted the Anchor theory you presented in Chapter 1 (Theoretical
Framework).
4.2.2 This is followed by the presentation of your references mentioned in your
Correlations between Measures in the RRL (Chapter 1) whether your study
confirms or contradicts the individual studies you presented in your RRL
including the support theories/ propositions in the Theoretical and conceptual
Framework.

4.3 Regression Discussion (Table 4):

4.3.1 Discuss the results of Table 4 and cite sources/ references that connect
individually the indicators of the independent variable (IV) which were
considered as predictors/ determinants/ influencers of the dependent variable
(DV).
4.3.2 For the indicators/ domains of the IV that did not have influence on the DV,
look for previous studies/sources for possible connections or contradictions.

4.4 CONCLUSION
4.4.1 Conclusion should also follow the descriptive equivalents of the findings based
on the research objectives.
4.4.2 Follow the sequence of presentation based on the Objectives of the Study
(Chapter 1).
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4.4.3 Last sentence/ paragraph should be the presentation whether your anchor
theory/ proposition confirms/ affirms or contradicts the findings of your study.
4.4.4 Conclusion should be in paragraph form.

4.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
4.5.1 Recommendations should be based on the conclusion or results of the study
example, “. . . the high level of avoidance (Indicator) suggests that . . . . “
4.5.2 Don’t be prescriptive! Avoid using the terms, “must”, and “should”!

5. REFERENCES

5.1 Use APA Format

5.2 Alphabetical order
5.3 Sample Referencing

5.3.1 Sample of article from online journal

Bieg, S., Backes, S., & Mittag, W. (2011). The role of intrinsic motivation for
teaching teachers’ care and autonomy support in students’ self-determined
motivation. Journal of Educational Research Online, 1, 122-140.

5.3.2 Sample of article referencing from journal

Mata, L. (2015). Problematic Aspects in Forming Pedagogical Competences for Pre-

service Language Teachers. Anthropologist, 20(1-2), 330-339.

5.3.3 Sample of book referencing:

Gibson, P. (2005). Hildhood development in the 21st century. New York: Richmond
Press

6. TECHNICAL

6.1 No big vacant space within the chapter

6.2 Wiki and blogs not acceptable references, hence not included

6.3 No artistic fonts for preliminary pages.

6.4 No year for cited author.

6.5 No web sites/search engines in the text; only in the reference section.
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6.6 Citing key words of article title if no author and only year of retrieval if no
date.

6.7 No contractions (e.g. won’t, didn’t, etc.).

6.8 Margin: 1.2” left, 1” right, 1.2” top, 1.0” bottom.

6.9 Page # upper right hand.

6.10 Avoid one sentence paragraph and one whole page paragraph.

6.11 Numbers below 10 – in words; Numbers 10 and above – in figures.

6.12 Avoid numbered enumeration in literature review. Must be in ¶ form.

6.13 Tenses:
Chapter 1 – present tense
Chapter 2 – past tense
Chapter 3 – past tense but present tense for inference
statements and statement on general knowledge
Chapter 4 – present tense but past tense for statements referring to
results and literature review.