Chapter 11

Network Administration
Network Operating systems (NOS)
Network operating systems are specially designed for network properties. These
operating systems have extra application to support computer network. Linux and
novel are open source operating systems that are designed for network. In this
comparison Microsoft has also creates operating system for network. Microsoft
has designed two types of NOS. First is Server operating system and second is
Client or workstation operating system. The first NOS introduced in 1993 with
the name of Windows NT server and workstation. After this Server 2000 and
workstation, at the end Server 2003 and window XP were released. Server 2008
release with windows 7.

Roles of Server
Domain
An Internet domain is a site with a common general interest or purpose, often run
by a single firm or institution. The domain suffix gives a general idea of the site's
purpose: .com, for businesses, or .edu, for educational institutions. The following
table lists common Internet domains.

Domain-Name Server
A domain-name system/domain name service is a computer that matches IP
addresses with domain names. The domain name makes it possible for you to use
the easy-to-remember domain name www.pakistan.com without having to
memorize the string of numbers in the IP address. It is use in local area network
for network naming.
DNS binds all the computers on the network in a single name. It is work with
active directory.

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 Domain Description
.com Commercial organizations
.net Networks (the backbone of the Internet)
.edu Educational institutions
.org Nonprofit organizations
.gov US Government nonmilitary institutions

.mil US Government armed services

com.pk Two-letter country code.

Active Directory
Active Directory is Microsoft's trademarked directory service, an integral part of
the Windows 2003 architecture. Like other directory services, such as Novell
Directory Services (NDS), Active Directory is a centralized and standardized
system that automates network management of user data, security, and distributed
resources, and enables interoperation with other directories. Active Directory is
designed especially for distributed networking environments. Active Directory
includes enough information about users, groups, organizational units and other
kinds of management domains and administrative information about a network to
represent a complete digital model of the network.

DHCP
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an auto configuration
protocol used on IP networks. Computers that are connected to IP networks
must be configured before they can communicate with other computers on
the network. DHCP allows a computer to be configured automatically,
without the need of network administrator.
• Prevents IP address conflicts by preventing the use of previously assigned IP
addresses.
• Reduces the time spent configuring and reconfiguring computers by selecting
the DHCP server to supply a full range of additional configuration values when
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 assigning address leases.
• Prevents clients—such as users with mobile or portable computers who change
locations frequently—from missing updates by using the lease renewal process.
Printer Server
Printer server is role of a server 2008 in which server share their printer service to
all network computers or clients. The other benefits of this role in domain
network administrator can control or block printing services for typical users and
can fix the printing jobs for the user.

File Server
File server is a computer attached to a network that has the primary purpose of
providing a location for shared disk access, i.e. shared storage of computer files
(such as documents, sound files, photographs, movies, images, databases, etc.)
that can be accessed by the workstations that are attached to the computer
network.

Application server
The role of Application server is to share software’s on the network. The basic
purpose of this server is to reduce the cost of register software. In this role
software is installing on server computer and it can use all the network computer,
web server is also an example of file server.

Mail Server
The basic work of mail server is to send and receive e-mails on the network. It is a
combination of SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) and POP (post office
protocol).

Web Server
Web server is part of application server the basic role of this server is that to share
websites on the local and wide area network.

Media Streaming Server

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Media streaming server is done the sharing of multimedia service. It gives the
facility to use see videos, live T.V and listen music. It can share only its service
rather than downloads.

Proxy server
The basic purpose of Proxy server is to share internet on the network. The note
able point about the proxy server is that, it is not a part of 2003 server. It is
available in from of separate software. Microsoft provides this software with
name of “ISA server”. Third party proxy software is win-proxy, squid and
Wingate etc.
ISA server has four functions.

1- Internet Sharing
2- Web caching
3- Firewall
4- Web monitoring
Terminal server
It is use to access any computer of the network by the administrator. This Server
utility is used to configure client computers from server computer.

Network Protocols
A network protocol is a set of rules that govern the way computers communicate
over a network. In order for computers using different software to communicate,
they must follow the same set of networking rules and agreements, called
protocols. A protocol is like a language; unless both computers are speaking and
listening in the same language, no communication will take place.
Networking protocols are grouped according to their functions, such as sending
and receiving messages from the NIC, or talking to the computer hardware and
making it possible for applications to function in a network.

 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): A set of

standard protocols and services. It was developed by the Department of
Defense beginning in the early 1970s as part of an effort to link
government computers. This project led to the development of the

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 Internet. Because TCP/IP is the foundation of the Internet, as well as the
most widely used networking protocol, it is a good choice for networks.
 AppleTalk: A networking protocol utilized by Macintosh computers.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The file transfer protocol is special application used for uploading and
downloading file from internet. It is built-in in the windows operating system and
also available third party software like smart FTP, cute FTP.

What is an IP Address?
“Introduction to TCP/IP,” we mentioned that each system attached to an IP-based
network must be assigned a unique 32-bit IP address value. The administrator
assigns the IP address to computer. IP addresses are neither built into the
operation system, nor are they part or the network adapter interface. Configured
by the administrator, the IP address provides the logical identification number of a
computer connected to an IP-based network. For exp.192.168.0.1

Class A: 1.0.0.1 Class B: 128.1.0.1 Class C: 192.0.1.1

What is subnet mask?

Subnet mask is use with IP address as a sub network address. If an organization
have a big local Area network and it need to be same class of IP address on the all
servers of the network then all servers should use different subnet masks. For
example:

Server A: IP. 192.168.0.1 Subnet mask. 255.255.255.0

Server B: IP. 192.168.0.1 Subnet mask. 255.255.255.1

IP version 6
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the Internet
Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and
location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.

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IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In really
simple terms, it means that the Internet is expanding its address directory. Right
now, there are 4.3 billion IP (internet protocol) addresses on the Internet, meaning
that there’s a unique address for 4.3 billion devices to connect to the Web. With
the launch of IPv6, which assigns addresses in a new way, that number can grow
to 340 trillion, trillion. In future IPv6 will replace the IPv4.

Static and Dynamic IP address

Static IP address adds or fixed by the user and it cannot be changed automatically.
Dynamic IP address assign to the device or computer by the DHCP server.
Dynamic IP address can be changed automatically on every restart of device or
computer.

Adding Static IP (windows7) address Step by Step

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Step# 01

If you need to add fix to static IP address to computer right click on the
Network Icon then Click on Properties in appeared menu.

Step# 02

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 Click on Change adapter settings to open the network adapter properties or click on
Local Area Connection in this page.

Step# 03
In this window you can see all network connection including wireless and Bluetooth.
So select the required connection and take its properties.

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Step# 04
From properties window double click on Internet Protocol Version 4 or take its
properties.

Internet Protocol Version 6 is latest 64 bit Transmission protocol. Some old operating
systems are not support it.

Step# 05

Click on Use the following IP address to Enable IP address Boxes.

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Enter required IP address with Subnet mask. This option can also enable the DNS
server IP address Boxes.

Ipconfig Utility.
ipconfig is a command line utility available on all versions of Microsoft Windows
starting with Windows NT. ipconfig is designed to be run from the Windows
command prompt. This utility allows you to get the IP address information of a
Windows computer.
C:\ ipconfig

C:\ ipconfig/all (for more detail)

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Ping Utility.
Ping (Packet Inter Net Groper) is a computer network administration utility used
to test connectivity of other computers by name or IP address. Ping operates by
sending an echo request packets to the target computer and waiting for response.
In the process it measures the time from transmission to reception (round-trip
time) and records any packet loss. The results of the test are printed in form of a
statistical summary of the response packets received, including the minimum,
maximum, and the mean round-trip times. (on command prompt type ping space
destination computer’s IP address or name)
C:\ping 192.168.2.1 C:\ping 192.168.2.1 –t for continuous pinging

Configure of server 2008 R2 Set by Step.

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 First phase (Domain Configuration)
This wizard of domain configuration will configure DNS, Active Directory,
DHCP.

Before confutation of server 2008 R2 for Domain network you must considered
these.

1. You should install 64bit

version of server 2008
Sp2 or R2 if you want to
install TMG proxy
server.
2. Minimum partition size
required 30GB and
partitions should be
formatted on NTFS
format.
3. Computer (Server) name
should be added in the
computer Properties.
4. Network Card should be
installed and connected
with the Hub switch.
5. Internet services must be stop; weather it will run from USB or LAN card.
6. If you have Second LAN Card in the system it should be disabled.
7. IP address should be added in LAN card TCP/IP. If you do not done this it
take 192.168.1.1 automatically.
8. Done all configurations Before Configuring or login the Workstation.

Step# 01

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For domain network configuration click Start then click Administrative Tools
and then click server Manager.

Step# 02
In server manager window click the Roles and then click Add Roles.

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Step# 03
In the Add Roles wizard window, you need to select first Active Directory
Domain Services. After this a window appears for installation Net Framework,
in this window click Add Required Feature.

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Step# 04
After the installation of Net Framework, Active Directory Domain Services
will selected then click next.

Step# 05
Click Install for selected Items.

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Step# 06
After successful installation click Close button.

Step# 07
Roles window will again appear. In this windows click on Active Directory
Domain Services.

Step# 08
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In this window click dcpromo.exe for domain installation.

Step# 09
Select Create a new domain in a forest and click Next.
Step# 10
Add the domain name and click next.

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Step# 11
Select Windows server 2008 R2 and click Next.

Step# 12
Select I will assign static IP.
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Step# 13
Leave this as default and click Next.

Step# 14

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Add the Domain Administrator Password with mix capital, alphabetic and
numeric (complex password).

Step# 15
After the installation of Active Directory and DNS you must restart the computer.

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