Areas of Tension and Compression Reinforceme
from : σ`sc = 1.5m σ`cbc.(x-d`)/x
fromgiven allowable stresses in materials, depth
of critical neutral axis, lever arm constant, coeff
icient of moment of resistance can be obtained.
given
Assume some concrete cover to compression of
Steel.
Moment of resistance M1 of the balanced sectio
n can be computed as M1 =Q.b.d2
Balance of moment M2= M – M1..Tension steel
Ast1-= M1 / σst.j.d, Ast2 = M-M1/ σst.(d-d`)
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2. Compression steel is determined
Asc = (M-M1). 1/1.5m-1 . x/(x-d`).1/ σcbc(d-d`)
Moment of Resistance steps to be followed
Determine actual position of the neutral axis
Xa by taking moments of concrete and equival
ent steel areas about neutral axis.For the given
grade of concrete and the types of steel, permi
ssible stresses can be known,then obtain the
position of the critical neutral axis xc.By comp
aring depth of actual neutral axis with the criti
al N.A.,determine whether concrete can be fo
und out by taking moments about tensile steel.
if xa is greater than xc,the concrete reaches max
allowable stress σcbc first and the moment of
resistance can be found out by taking moment
about tensile steel.M=b.x. σcbc/ 2 .(d- x/3)+(1.5
m-1)Asc. σcbc..(x-d)/x.(d-d`).If xa is less than xc
steel reaches maximum stress σst earlier.Momet
of resistance can be obtained by takingmoment
M = b.x/2. σst/m .x/d-x .(d- x/3)+(1.5m-1).Asc.
σst/m .x/(d-x) .(x-d`)/x .(d-d`) .
To check for stresses steps to be followed
Determine position of neutral axis by equating
areas of concrete and equivalent areas of steel
about N.A.
Taking moments of compressive forces about
tensile steel and equating to external bending
moment BM.M= (1.5m-1)Asc .(x-d`)/x . σ`cbc.
(d-d`)-b.x. σ`cbc/2 .(d- x/3).From this equatn
value of σ`cbc stress in top fibre of concrete can
be found.
Stresses in tensile shall be: m.σ `cbc .(d-x)/x
Stresses in compression steel can be
To determine Moment of resistance
of given section(sng).Procedure is
Find the depth of critical neutral axis n
by the formula: mσcbc/σst = nc/(d-nc).
Find the depth of actual neutral axis na
by the formula: bna2/2 =mAst(d-na).
Compare na and nc.
Then the given section will be balancd
section and moment of resistance can
be found by Mr = bna . σcbc/2 .(d -na/3)
If na <nc then the section will be under
reinforced section,Mr = Ast σst (d -na/3).
If na > nc then section will be over reinfo
rced section.Mr = bna σcbc/2=(d -na/3).
To determine the actual stresses develp
in steel and concrete under given load
procedure is given as :
Find the depth of actual neutral axis na
by bna2/2 = mAst(d-na).Find bending M
from loading if not given.
Find stress in steel by Ast σst(d -na /3)=
BM.Find stress in concrete by bna,σcbc/2
(d -na/3)=BM.
Procedure to design section for given
loading:Find design constants for a
balanced section.
k=mσcbc/mσcbc+σst, j=1 -k/3, R=1/2 σcbc
jk Assume suitable value of b and d
b=d/2 to 2/3 d. Equate Mr =M or Rbd2 = M
Find area of tensile steel by
Ast = M/σstjd
One way slab design procedure:
Assume some suitable thickness of slab
Compute max BM and SF,for simply
supported slabs loaded with udl the BM
is M = wl2/8 and for cantilever slabs BM
M=wl2/2.Obtain effective depth by
d =√(M/bQ).Overall depth shall be
Df = d+25mm(clear cover)+half the dia
of bar
This overall depth should be in close torsion,torsion reinforcemet shall be
approximately to assumed depth for provided as:Transverse Reinforcement for
assessment of self weight,otherwise modify torsion shall be rectangular closed stirrups
the size and repeat steps 1 to 4.Calculate placed perpendicular to the axis of the
main reinforcement on tension side by the member.The spacing should not exceed the
relation Ast = M/σst .d area should be equal or least x1,(x1+y1)/4 and 300mm,where x1 and y1
more than that of required.In one way are respectively the short and the long
slabs,provide distribution steel as 0.15% of dimensions of the stirrup.
gross cross sectional area of concrete in case
of MS bars and 0.12% of gross cross
sectional area of concrete in case of twisted
deformed bars.Check the slab for
shear,mostly slabs are safe in shear.Check
for deflection as in case of beams.
Design considerations for torsion steps:
Critical Section: sections located less than a
distance d from the face of the support may
be designed for the same torsion as
computed for a fictious shear which is a
function of actual shear and torsion.
Equivalent Shear: Ve = V+1.6T/b where
V=shear, T=torsional moment, b=breadth of
beam,in case of flanged beams b=bw.The
Equivalent Nominal Shear Stress in this
case will be :τve=Ve/bd for beams of uniform
depth.τve= Ve± M/d.tanβ/(bd) for beams of
varying depths.The values of Tve should not
exceed the values of Tc,max as given in table.
For flanged beams i.e. T and L
beams,substitute bw for b in the above
expressions.If the Equivalent nominal shear
stress τve does not exceed τc given in table of
permissible shear stress in
concrete,minimum shear reinforcement
shall be provided as given by this condition:
when τv is less than τc then ASV /bsv ≥
0.4/0.87fy. If rve exceed τc then both
transverse and longitudinal reinforcement
shall be provided in accordance with next
para.Reinforcement in members subjected
to torsion.Longitudinal Reinforcement is
given by Me1 = M+M1 where M is bending
moment at the cross section and Mt =
T(1+D/b) /1.7,where T is torsional
moment and D is overall depth of the beam.
If Mt > M then longitudinal reinforcement
shall be provided on the flexural
compression face such that the beam can
also withstand an equivalent moment Me2 =
Mt –M.Transverse Reinforcement: two
legged closed hoops enclosing the corner
longtitudinal bars shall have an area of cross
section Asv given by Asc = T.sv/b1d1σsv +
v.sv/2.5d1σsv .But the total reinforcement
should not be less than (τsv – τc)bsv/σsv .
Distribution of Torsion Reinforcement
:when a member is designed for