CEMENT

amazing binding material

In ills

when

water Cohesive fadphff.es

properties
is added

1 JOSEPH ASPDIN invented

resembles

Portland Stone

the cement in 1824

in Dorset England
found

day shalestate
Watling

flimestone

chalk shells mail

marine blastfurnace slag

Calcareous Argillaceous

Materials
3 Laterals Eng
IRON OXIDE ALUMINA

LIME

1 SILICA v

DRYPTROCESS I

Grinded Gnonded

Mixed in

proportion

preheated at 808C
1500 1600 C

t

Burning at 1100C to 1500C
enamore

power
consumption
I

burning
and fuels

CLINKER 5mm to 25mm r

GRINDED

2 ht 3
1 to prevent flash
Gypsum pop

setting

stored in Silos

moved towards packing plant

50Kgs BAGS

Density 1440kg1ms

3 Is

S9 yd of 9 bag

00347mg

0 0347 m I bag

m 1 bag10.0347 28.8 bags 229 bags


ORDINARY PORTLANDLEMENT

strength on even unsoundness

59 64

SIMA

Strength on encers s
strength 9 setting

time 49

IRINA

quick setting fencers lowers the clinker

temp strength d

3 6

ITRONOXIDET

color hardness
strength

I 4

Hyd.rationofct.ME

leweatfoTl

BOGUE'S COMPOUND
T

heat of

Iridium 3Cao Sio s hydration

40 55 strength

early

Nkt 260.5902 GS

19 24 strength at later stage

ternate 3Cao Ako A

8 10 flash setting initial strength

Tet A mtE 4 Cao Asos Feds

13 17 GAF

flash setting

33 GRADE 33 Mpa

43 N mm2

43 GRADE

539 raise s mum

If

cement is enough or NOT

good

your

color

greenish
guy

smooth in hands

feel

should Monk slowly in water

should feel cool inside the BAG

should free from lumps

TYPES OF CEMENT

Cement

Io Rapid ug shuttering can be removed

d early

strength used in Roads Bridges

Strength RHC Pc lo 15 more

cost than Opc

of

2 Extra Rapid Hardening Cement RHC t Cacez

Calcium

chloride


face increases

quick setting property

suitable for using in cold weather conditions

20 minutes for mixing transporting placing

compacting

strength CERHC 1.25 RHC

of
Portland Cement
3 content is

quick Setting gypsum

reduced

Initial Final
Setting 5

mins Setting 30 minutes

time Time

Used in Marine Works Underground Water

Works

Portland
1 Cement lo 25

d Cartier

wide range how 15 35 To

of material can be
materials

of

low used

heat hydration is

of
low

initial strength is used in mass concreting



cat Cement heat

of hydration is low

A are reduced But GS is increased

Final strength OPC

mais concreting dams abutments etc

Formwork cannot be removed early

Sulphate Attacks
43 7 C

Coq

unwanted substance
T gypsum a 504

t
EHRINGITE

expand with time

SULPHATE

creates cracks in cement ATTACKS

G Sulphate Resisting Cement

GI is reduced

S C s are increased


used in marine works sewage

treatment works foundations basements where

the heels are infected with sulphur

7 Portland
Slag
Cement
Slag lime alumina silica

used between fan be replaced with

clay

25 65Yo Shale

low heat of hydration mais concreting

sulphate resisting material

tag

Blast
regular OPC

Can be used as a

Super Sulphated Cement So 85 Slag

to IS Ca504

A
X3s I 2 Portland Cement
low heat of hydration

mais concreting

resistance to sulphate attacks chemical

great attacks

9 High Alumina Cement resistance to sulphur



chemical attacks
Af
f

increases

Highly reactive compound

CHAGE 40MPa among GA g Cas

CHAC 50 MPa GS AF

black color

High early strength

High Alumina comes from BAUXITE

Total Alumina 32

Initial Finding Shows

getting 305 hours

Time Time

Formwork can be removed early

Cement
10 Acid Resisting

Quartz

Nass 6 t 8th of Sodium silicate

quartzite accelerates

on soluble glaes

Hardening material

binding

0.5 linseed oil or 2 cerussite

for water proofing

Cement
Ilo Air Entraining

ope
t
O l 03
air entraining
clinker

Sto admixtures

Initial Workability T
creates Bubbles

Setting 4

Bubbles stays in

time

11 Place

gsepegaton
Bleeding.mg

fjuEIIgO

12 Masonry Cement

faqtlandttqfgewttmgf.edu

workability 9 gypsum
I

IST T t air entraining admixtures

especially used

13 White Cement colored Cement

Iron Onide C 1 INazAlFT

responsible for To measure whiteners

COLOR

HARDNESS ISI Scale 70

STRENGTH Hunter's

Scale 90

Cement
14 Hydrophobic

OPC clinker t Ol o 4

water repelling

This cement is agents

different then

oelic acid

ogigteIea nstagitimiidaad

Film

T.ES

EMEU7

Test

Chemical Composition
1

Free Magnesia 4

Magnesia 4 6

Sulphur Sulphuric Anhydride X 2.5

Insoluble Residue

4 is

Loss on Ignition 4

lime

O 66
Fide t Aluminatggia

lime Saturation Factor 1.02

Alumina

066

Normal ConsistencyTest performed on Vicat's

2

1 Apparatus

firmlyattached

wa P

ie es B f

Inger

Lim

O O n

Sfm 3009M

t t k O

Cement paste

O
I

300gm 25

cement water

wt of

AHHH by

cement
It.gs
is

23 26

from top

IMPORTANT THEORY


cement f water consistency d strength 9

solidformy

playoff

Setting of cement

Initial Final

Setting
Setting

Time Time

3g Initial Setting Time Test

time at which it
starts
losing its

beginning of solidification plasticity

It decides limit of handling

Gypsum increases the initial setting time

performed on Vicat's Apparatus at 90 humidity

Cement paste 300gm
t 085 P

cement water

Vicatis
C
mmx1mm

Mould
t

IAAF

mmss
mm

3 Final SettingTime

Time at which cementloses

all its PLASTICITY

when solidification is completed

Moulds can be removed

Shuttering can be raised

Now development mechanical strength starts

of

Saves time and speeds construction

up

Zoogm 085 P

Cement Paste t

Cement water

v cat's
Mould
Annular Collar needle

A 1mm X1mm
µ

ti osmm

Tmm

I
IST EST

hours

OPC I 3comin 1 410

HC l 9hour 10hours

1
HAC 5S Gchorus
1,3 3.5hrs

Test on
44 Compressive Strength performed

compression

testing machine

CEMENT
PASTE

Cement
Sand t 3

I part

3parts
35Mmm1mi
µ water bythe
D t D FIT wt mixtn
3

Ennore of

Sand of cement
Sand
averagearena

sausages

i
sgg
hah

t
y

O1 240

240g

24g

tom

Immerse in fresh water X

after 24 hours of dying

check strength at 3 days 7days 28 days

performed in 90 humidity at 2772 C

I I I I

OPC 3 days i 7 days 28 daysl

Mpa Mpa

GRADE Mpa 1 I

T I T

I 1 I

33 i 16 1
l 22 i 33 I
l

l l
I I

I 1 1

i 43

43 23 1 33 l

t l l

t I i t

53 l 27 l 37 l 53 il

l l l

l t t

Tensile Test
Hii

Strength

111111 1111 T
t

CEMENT PASTE

Champerty
aphday
25

water by wt

mixture

of of

cement sand

645mm

performed in 90 humidity at

27012 C

TOP side 6 specimens are tested and

view view

strength is considered

average

8 lo 15 of c

OPC 3 days 2hPa

for

7 days 2 s Mpa

Fineness Test Size particles d Fineness'T

of

Mthationt

ooooooo

tofydratiaged

particle small particles

large

Final strength remains same in both the cases

I un

label 2 2 6 24 an

9 an
IX IX G X 8 48 cm
zig

cubes

a Divide Hydrate

2cm

YffgA7mat Speific Surface fagna Yg

1 OPC 7 trillion particles 300 400 m

kg

A Blaine's Air Permeability Apparatus

fing S k II r timetaken

bybog to

mad point A from B

wastaffe defend

Perforated plate

a
T

storage

quo
stfotpcwaatfhB.lv

it

B tea Nurse's Air Permeability Apparatus

oh

constant

anygm q

2am I

f FT

nh

O 34 Soun
f
density
sample L thickness
of
0
porositysample
Sample
y

A
area sample
of
k

flowmeterconstant


c Wagner's turbidimeter Test

photoelectric

Dgd cell

kerosene

D Particle size distribution method

45M sieve Americanstandards

90 µ Steve Indian Standards

Sieve loogm Sample

µ is minutes

µYe

ppc 5

RHC 5

60 foundnesfest
ground cement no vol change

unsound cement

votchange

cracks distortion

EFfIiIifEI
feigning.gg


A Le Chatelier Method upmaffetfloogmentt 078 P

unsoundness mainlydue to FREE CIME

in water for
24hrs0
immerse

HH

measure

O a
place boilingwater
in for

3hrs4

again

measure the
expansion

MM

Difference bw the two

measurements is the
unsoundness

OPL RHC LHC ppc

10mm

UNSOUNDNESS
HAC SSC

5mm

B Autoclave Method

as
Imm

kept in moist atm for

as

24th

measure the length

CementAutoclave
2 Mmm is

LF of
premiere
maintained for 3hrs

UNSOUNDINESS dueIO.mg SuephaI

place the specimen in 90 C water

27C I 2 C in 15mins


maintain the temp for 15 more mins

measure the length again

b w the two measurements isthe unsoundness

difference

Ope SRC PPC RHC LHC Shag Cement 7 084

cement 9

Masonry

heat
HydrationTest of unhydrated cement
F Heat o

of is subtracted from the heat

Heat
of of hydrated cement

Gdftion apparatus EE
quoting

Canbeused

FFT

1
w
iµamhhTIE7 water
paste

kept in 3 glass vials

shrinkage

Cracks

For low

fat
heat of hydration of 7 days

66 call

gm

28 days 475 callgm

Calorimeter

8 Specific Gravity Test Sp Gr garment thffatI

cement

weightoflement

volumegjement

le Chateliers Flask

kerosene or naphtha
liquid
M

D CH

0 7313
my

in water

keep

bath and

maintain a constanttempo

qfMqq

water bath

Le-Chatelier’s Flask for Specific Gravity Test.

Add 64 gm cement and measure the change in voto

of

Sanae 3150191ms 3

ffwaf.at o

CONCRETE

cement lineaggagates hey water

rarely

sand

retained

Pffsqug
t

47SmmSItVET

amorous

Q How much Aggregates

and binding

timagguegateahy g

clean finish on the concrete

cementconcrete block surface

foment Fine Aggregates t water MORTAR

immuring plasteringwork


Properties Materials required to make concrete

of

CEMENT depends on type of work

AGGREGATES
COARSE FINE
used as a
f
Her materials
volume

occupy 70 80 of

iE

strength should be atleast egad to

that of concrete

wearing Unaining

surface concrete

abrasion 50

value 30

texture better bond

rough surface

gives

rounded aggregates are highly workable



Flaky aggregates produce max voids

Angular shape is best

sq should lie b w 2.6 207

d
If sp h d Density
Mft voids 9

porous will absorb more water

Aggregates

cement

Durability t Strength d

alkali content in cement should be lers the O 6

computed as Nao

WATER a encers water creates empty voids after

hydration process

water should be present

enough amount of for

cement absorption aggregates and

hydration
of of

other chemical reactions

water is best construction work

drinking for

impurities in water is mainly expressed in setting

time of portland cement

Cement t Cement
Luffa

Purweater

Snelling

so wins

This

is mostly acceptable

7 day 28 both specimens

day strength
of
either cube should not 10
by

cylinder differ

upper limiters

aimag
 LOWER
limit

zinc manganese
tin copper lead strength d

Sodium phosphate borate iodate strength 6

Call setting 9 hardening T

Carbonates
of Na K setting99 strength Iv

Alkalis Acids Unsuitable

for making concrete

SUGAR o OS by wt of water is harmless

by wt

0.15 cement

of

time 9 early strength t

setting
2ffleymgy 9

02 by wt of cement

rapid setting 9 28 day strength I

Use

of ground water is mostly fine but still

should be done

testing

then
If sea water is used

strength I lo
20
settingtime 4

NaCl

Never be used in reinforced concrete

BULKINIOTSAND

The increase in volume

offine aggregates

of a given mass

bythe

caused
water is known as BULKING

presence
of
drawback and
It is gives misleading results

For eg lets make a concrete 1 2 A

of

1 cement 2 finery 4 bag

SIND

volume
Byweight By

cement 100cm cement

1 kg

Sand 200cm Sand

2kg Coarse

Coarse
Agg Too un3

4kg Agg

WEIGH BATCHING VOLUME BATCHING

f
t

coarse

4times

quality control Agg

Wooden box for gauging

SAND
Reason

of Bulkingof

For

water forms a
film over
sand'y

fine agg particles

sand
Less

particles

Force tension exerts

of surface Box
and pushes them

apart

Ultimately increasing the VOLUME

More water breaks the film and Bulking decreases



i f O
425mm O075mm
i

ti d 2mm

O 425 mm
i

ii t

ifi 4.75mm

2mm
A

Effect of moisture content on bulking

of sand.

Important Point

Bulking of sand reaches max btw

4 o moisture content

Bulking varies from 15 30

Why Volume Batching

It is mainly used for small works

Correction SAND

of Bulking of
If 10 Bulking is present

For eg

a time volume Box
100
Measuring box.

measurement of

Now measure 10 more volume

for correction

I xio

T.am

ni4

original volume

1200

Actual volume I
of

SAND

Measuring cylinder

wet concrete GREEN CONCRETE fitfeatmtedto environment

after setting

SET HARDENED CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE

Based on Cementing Materials

a lime Concrete

b Concrete

Gypsum

c Cement Concrete

d Mud concrete

Bulk tides
2

On the Basis of Density massofpar

vol particles

of

500 kg1ms entra light wt concrete

wt concrete

500 1800kgIm light

1800 2500 kg1h3 dense concrete

Super heavy wt concrete

kgIm

2500

3 in situ concrete

Place a

of casting

b pre cast concrete

4 Grade of Concrete MS MIO M 20 etc



M 10 means M mix

to charateristic strength at 28days

in N mm2 or Mpa

M 20cg
go NImm

5 Strength of T

concrete

On the Basis Prescriptive Specifications

f

of

GRADES
egwaf.o9qtig0eXagg
4

4 8

no

mmsy.GL

MIO l 3 6

CONCRETE mis 1 2 4

M 20

M 25 I go.is 3

M 60


T A drawback

l ts
Support MY

L
1 2 I 3 5
20N m
at 28 days

7 On the basis performance Specification

of
M
Go Nlmm at 28 days f IE e T
based on strength w o ratio compaction factor

stump etc

For grades M30 and Above