Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Summary
Writing a report can seem daunting at first, but with a solid understanding of the fundamental structure and style
used in constructing clear and concise reports, it can be achieved. The standard report format is as follows: Title,
Summary, Introduction, Body, Conclusions, Recommendations, Appendix, References and Table of Contents. We
will first look at how to prepare a report before the writing begins.
Learning objectives
Before writing a report you should first identify some key factors, which will help you plan your approach and write
with clarity. The first question you should ask yourself is, “what is the purpose of the report?”
Purpose
It is beneficial to establish the purpose of your report before you start writing, so that you can think clearly on
the subject, and produce a report styled to fit the needs of your purpose. Recognize what your report is for,
(informing, instructing, guiding) and focus your writing on explaining the details. If for example, you want to
write an instructional report for a team of colleagues, you know that you must focus your writing on providing
clear concise instructions, which will allow your reader to comprehend the processes that you are describing.
Audience
audience will help you determine how long your report should be, how it should be presented, and what level of
terminology you should use to best attract and maintain the interest of your reader. If for example, you are writing a
report to inform policy makers, you would want to focus on presenting your evidence clearly and concisely.
Exercise one
Malaria Prevention
You are a Health worker at the Ministry Of Health and have been asked to write a report on Malaria. You have
access to the figures on Malaria incidents in the Country over the last five years, as well as access to the latest info
The sentence
Now that we know how to identify our audience and define a purpose, we will look at how to write clearly and
succinctly. Understanding how to structure a sentence is essential to conveying meaning clearly. Following are a
Keep it short and to the point. Many people have trouble with run-on sentences, creating ambiguity by
attaching many ideas together with large combinations of commas, semicolons and dashes. Complete one
Words for words sake. Avoid extraneous words, and parentheses that do not add to your point.
Don’t leave it hanging. Sentence fragments can be just as confusing as run-on sentences. Make sure that
you have completed your sentence and that it makes sense, before closing it out.
For a comprehensive explanation of the inner workings of sentences and grammar, you can visit the links below.
We will now look over some common errors that can convolute sentences and obscure meaning.
Sentence Fragment
“Mark has finished his work on time. Since he started planning ahead.”
The second sentence is a fragment here, because it does not contain enough information to complete a thought.
Most sentence fragments are phrases that belong to the previous thought. To correct the problem in this instance,
Correct
“Mark has finished his work on time since he started planning ahead.”
Run-on sentence
A run-on sentence occurs when you have two complete sentences that are not separated by correct punctuation. In
this case we can correct it with a comma and a linking word, or by using a period.
Correct
Exercise 2
In our survey we contacted 212 members of government 110 members of government responded.
Michael loves to write reports he is talented at it and his wife’s name is Shelly.
“Tell them what you’re going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them.”
The diagram below is an excellent example on how to write clearly and logically. We will now look at each part of
this “map” and then see how the pieces come together.
Introduction
Introductory paragraph
The introduction should explain the general ideas to come, as well as your thesis statement, which tells the reader
what to expect from the rest of the report. The rest of the report should gather evidence and organize a case
Topic sentences
A topic sentence is like a mini introduction to the body of your paragraph. Your topic sentence should explain what
the body of the paragraph will cover, (just like your introduction explains what to expect in the report). It is a good
idea to “map” out your report, by first writing topic sentences for each of the different paragraphs or sections of your
report.
2. Body
Support sentences
Support sentences are the body of paragraphs. This is the section of your report that serves to provide evidence
and examples that reinforce your thesis statement. Support sentences are also used to clearly explain and
3. Conclusion
Concluding sentences
The concluding sentence is used to reiterate the main points developed by the support sentences, and signal the
end of a paragraph. They are also useful for adding emphasis to certain key points, through repetition.
We will now look at how to create the different parts of a report outside of the general writing, which are: Title,
Title
The title is your first contact with the reader, and should inform them succinctly about what they are about to read.
Summary
The purpose of a summary is to provide an overview of the report. It is not necessary to give detailed information in
the summary, but rather to provide an indication of the type of information that the report contains. Average
summaries are between 100-150 words, and are generally written after the report has been completed, so that you
Recommendations
Recommendations are not an essential part of a report; however, if you are including one, it should follow from your
Appendix
An appendix contains materials that are peripheral, but relevant to your report.
For example you may wish to include a glossary of terms in your appendix if you are writing a technical report for
those who are not experts on the subject. You may also include copies of research tools such as questionnaires
and manuals, as well as tables and diagrams that you feel would disrupt the flow of your report by breaking it up. If
your appendix does contain tables, diagrams etc., make sure to label them properly, so that the can easily be found
when referenced.
References
If you have consulted or quoted any media sources, (print or otherwise) to help you compile your report, they must
be acknowledged here, as well as in the text. Citing your resources not only avoids running into plagiarism issues,
but strengthens your work by backing up your report with evidence from the work of others. If you are quoting
directly from someone else, the quote must be followed by the author’s surname and date of publication in round
brackets, e.g. Calvino (1983). A standard bibliography is an alphabetized list ordered by Author’s surnames. For a
book you must include: the author’s surname and full name, or initials; the full title of the book; the edition (if other
than the first); the place of publication; the publisher, and the date of publication, e.g. Calvino, Italo. Palomar.
A table of contents is a page containing numbers that correspond to different parts of your report, allowing readers
to jump between sections quickly. Number and title the different portions of your report, (such as “1.2 Medical
advancements in treating Malaria” “1.3 Government funding for treating Malaria” “2.1 References” etc.) and then
create a corresponding list of contents that lists the page number as well as the reference number, which should be
sequential, starting from the summary. A good starting point for mapping out your table of contents is to do it
Below is an example of a “mapped” checklist that puts all of the steps we have learned together followed by a table
of contents. It is a good guidance tool to use when preparing to write a report. The “mapped” checklist is modeled
1. Who is it for?
2. What is it about?
3. Title
4. Summary
This report attempts to examine the benefits and drawbacks between different methods of combating malaria
in Southern Africa, including rate of success, time, cost, and other socio-economic factors.
5. Introduction
6. Topic sentences
1. Insecticide treated nets have been proven to protect people from malaria, by both preventing physical
2. Community based work projects to reduce mosquito breeding grounds have been successful.
3. Indoor residual spraying remains one of the most widely used methods of vector control.
4. All of the discussed methods for the prevention of malaria work to some
5. What is the most successful and cost effective way to combat malaria, and how can we implement these
measures?
6. With community work and adequate resources, malaria could be greatly reduced over the next decade.
7. Conclusion
Having examined the different malaria prevention methods, and weighing their pros and cons, there are many
possible solutions.
8. Recommendations
9. Appendix
10. References
Contents Page no
Summary……………………………………………………………………………….2
Contents………………………………………………………………………………..3
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….4
2. Prevention methods………………………………………………………………….5
2.1 Insecticide treated nets……….........................................................................5
4. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………..9
5. Recommendaions…………………………………………………………………10
6. Appendix………………………………………………………………………….10
7. References………………………………………………………………………...11
Exercise 3
Bringing it all together
Now that you have an understanding of the content and structure of a report, it is time to put that knowledge to use.
1. Using one of the reports that we read last session, map out the topic sentences, then construct a
table of contents.
Tips for writing a report
Start writing
Sleep on it
Be engaging