CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
3.1 MPU 6050:
MPU6050 is an integrated 6-axis Motion Tracking device that combines a 3-axis gyroscope,
3-axis accelerometer. It uses I2C to communicate with master
(In my case it is Arduino NANO). It contains 16-bits output channels. So we can get the
measurement as a 16 bit value.

FIG. 3.1 MPU6050

FIG. 3.2 MPU6050 Pin out

MPU6050 Pin Configuration:

Pin Pin Name Description

Number

1 Vcc Provides power for the module, can be +3V to +5V. Typically
+5V is used

2 Ground Connected to Ground of system

3 Serial Clock (SCL) Used for providing clock pulse for I2C Communication

4 Serial Data (SDA) Used for transferring Data through I2C communication

5 Auxiliary Serial Can be used to interface other I2C modules with MPU6050. It
Data (XDA) is optional

6 Auxiliary Serial Can be used to interface other I2C modules with MPU6050. It
Clock (XCL) is optional

7 AD0 If more than one MPU6050 is used a single MCU, then this
pin can be used to vary the address

8 Interrupt (INT) Interrupt pin to indicate that data is available for MCU to
read.

MPU6050 Features:
 MEMS 3-aixs accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope values combined
 Power Supply: 3-5V
 Communication : I2C protocol
 Built-in 16-bit ADC provides high accuracy
 Built-in DMP provides high computational power
 Can be used to interface with other IIC devices like magnetometer
 Configurable IIC Address
3.2 HT-12E ENCODER:

 12-bit Encoder IC to be used with HT-12D

 Encoded data has 4 Data bits and 8 Address bits (8+4=12-bits)
 Commonly used for RF and IR wireless transmission
 Wide supply voltage range from 2.4V to 12V, typically 5V is used
 Low stand by current of 0.1uA at Vcc=5V
 Available in 16-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP

FIG. 3.3 HT-12E Encoder IC

FIG. 3.4 HT-12E Encoder Pin out

 Pin Configuration:

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 to 8 A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6 & These are the 8-bit address bits, which is used to
A7 protect your data. We should set the bits in same
pattern on Encoder and Decoder IC to pair them.

9 Ground/Vss Connected to the Ground of circuit

10 to 13 AD0, AD1, AD2 & AD3 These four pins are used to send data, the data
encoded here will be decoded on HT12D IC
sharing the same address bits

14 Transmission Enable(TE) This pin has to be connected to Ground (0V) to

enable the Transmission.

15 and 16 Oscillator pins 1 & 2 The IC has a built in oscillator. This oscillator can
be used by connecting these two pins through a
1M Resistor

17 Output The Encoded 12 bit output data can be obtained

from this pin

16 Vcc/Vdd This pin powers the IC, typically +5V is used. Can
range from 2.4V to 12V
3.3 HT-12D DECODER:

 12-bit Decoder IC to be used with HT12E

 Decoded data has 4 Data bits and 8 Address bits (8+4=12-bits)
 Commonly used for RF and IR wireless transmission
 Operating Voltage 5V
 Low stand by current of 0.1uA at Vcc=5V
 Available in 16-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP

FIG. 3.5 HT-12D Decoder IC

FIG. 3.6 HT-12D Decoder Pin out

Pin Configuration:

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 to 8 A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6 & These are the 8-bit address bits, which is used
A7 to protect your data. We should set the bits in
same pattern on Encoder and Decoder IC to
pair them.

9 Ground/Vss Connected to the Ground of circuit

10 to 13 AD0, AD1, AD2 & AD3 These four pins are used to obtain the data bits
by decoding the data from HT12E IC

14 Input The Encoded 12 bit output data obtained from

HT12E has to be given here

15 and 16 Oscillator pins 1 & 2 The IC has a built in oscillator. This oscillator
can be used by connecting these two pins
through a 1M Resistor

17 Valid Transmission (VT) This pin will go high when a data is received.
It is not mandatory to use it.

16 Vcc/Vdd This pin powers the IC should use only 5V

3.4 433 MHz RF Transmitter Module:

FIG. 3.7 433MHz RF transmitter

Pin Configuration:

No: Pin Name Description

1 Vcc Power supply (+5V only)

2 Data Data to be transmitted is sent to this pin

3 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit

4 Antenna Solder wire/antenna to improve range (not mandatory)

Specifications:
 Wireless (RF) Simplex Transmitter and Receiver
 Transmitter Operating Voltage: +5V only
 Transmitter Operating current: 9mA to 40mA
 Operating frequency: 433 MHz
 Transmission Distance: 3 meters (without antenna) to 100 meters (maximum)
 Modulating Technique: ASK (Amplitude shift keying)
 Data Transmission speed: 10Kbps
 Circuit type: Saw resonator
 Low cost and small package
3.5 433 MHz RF Receiver Module:

FIG. 3.8 433MHz RF receiver

Pin Configuration:
No: Pin Name Description

1 Vcc Power supply (3V to 12V)

2 Data Data received can be obtained from this pin

3 Data It serves the same purpose (any one can be used)

4 Gnd Connected to the ground of the circuit

5 Antenna Solder wire/antenna to improve range (not mandatory)

Specifications:

 Wireless (RF) Simplex Transmitter and Receiver

 Receiver Operating Voltage: 3V to 12V
 Receiver Operating current: 5.5mA
 Operating frequency: 433 MHz
 Transmission Distance: 3 meters (without antenna) to 100 meters (maximum)
 Modulating Technique: ASK (Amplitude shift keying)
 Data Transmission speed: 10Kbps
 Circuit type: Saw resonator
 Low cost and small package
3.6 L293D Motor Driver IC :
 Can be used to run Two DC motors with the same IC.
 Speed and Direction control is possible
 Motor voltage Vcc2 (Vs): 4.5V to 36V
 Maximum Peak motor current: 1.2A
 Maximum Continuous Motor Current: 600mA
 Supply Voltage to Vcc1(vss): 4.5V to 7V
 Transition time: 300ns (at 5Vand 24V)
 Automatic Thermal shutdown is available
 Available in 16-pin DIP, TSSOP, SOIC packages

FIG. 3.9 L2938 Motor Driver IC

FIG. 3.10 L2938 Motor Driver

PIN configuration
Pin Configuration:

Pin Name Description

1 Enable 1,2 This pin enables the input pin Input 1(2) and Input 2(7)

2 Input 1 Directly controls the Output 1 pin. Controlled by digital

circuits

3 Output 1 Connected to one end of Motor 1

4 Ground Ground pins are connected to ground of circuit (0V)

5 Ground Ground pins are connected to ground of circuit (0V)

6 Output 2 Connected to another end of Motor 1

7 Input 2 Directly controls the Output 2 pin. Controlled by digital

circuits

8 Vcc2 (Vs) Connected to Voltage pin for running motors (4.5V to

36V)

9 Enable 3,4 This pin enables the input pin Input 3(10) and Input 4(15)

10 Input 3 Directly controls the Output 3 pin. Controlled by digital

circuits

11 Output 3 Connected to one end of Motor 2

12 Ground Ground pins are connected to ground of circuit (0V)

13 Ground Ground pins are connected to ground of circuit (0V)

14 Output 4 Connected to another end of Motor 2

15 Input 4 Directly controls the Output 4 pin. Controlled by digital

circuits

16 Vcc2 (Vss) Connected to +5V to enable IC function

3.7 ARDUINO NANO:

FIG. 3.8 Arduino Nano

FIG. 3.8 Arduino Nano PINOUT

Pin Configuration:

Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
external power source (6-12V).
5V: Regulated power supply used to power
microcontroller and other components on the board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board voltage
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA.
GND: Ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A7 Used to measure analog voltage in the range of 0-

5V

Input/Output Digital Pins D0 - D13 Can be used as input or output pins. 0V (low) and
Pins 5V (high)

Serial Rx, Tx Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.

SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 Used for SPI communication.

(MISO) and 13 (SCK)

Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

IIC A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA) Used for TWI communication.

AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

Technical Specifications:

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family

microcontroller

Operating Voltage 5V

Recommended Input Voltage 7-12V

for Vin pin

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA

DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (2 KB is used for Bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz

Communication IIC, SPI, USART