DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

(Grade 12 HUMSS)

CHAPTER 1 Course Introduction (Applied Social Sciences)

1.1 Definition of social sciences
1.2 Definition of applied social sciences

Defining Social Sciences and the Applied Social Sciences

Pre Test
Anticipation Reaction Guide
Direction: Before the chapter study. Place a check mark (/) on the Before the Chapter Study column if
you agree with the statement and cross (X) if you do not agree.
After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study column if you agree
with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do not agree.

Before the Chapter Statements After the Chapter Study

Study
Social science is the study of
society and the manner in
which people behave and
affect the world.
Social sciences are only
applicable in the academe
and not in the workplace.
Applied social scientist use
and borrow different
concepts, theoretical
models, and theories from
social science and
disciplines.
Guidance counselling is a
profession that helps
address a person’s specific
projects, business
successes , general
conditions and transitions in
life , relationships , or
profession
Applied social sciences
provide good theoretical and
conceptual foundations for
social work practice.
Psychology studies how
human mind work in
consonance with the body to
produce thoughts that lead
to individual actions.

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 ACTIVITY 1: Data Retrieval Chart Completion
Direction: Complete the data retrieval chart. Classify the following disciplines and categorize them if
they belong to the Pure Social Sciences or to the Applied Social Sciences.

Compare and Contrast with Bubble Map

Disciplines to be categorized:

Economics
Counselling History
Geography Social Work
Psychology Anthropology
Sociology Political science
Demography Communication

Applied Social
Sciences

Pure Social
Sciences

Guide Questions:
1. What are the disciplines under applied social sciences?
2. What are the disciplines under pure social sciences?
3. How do they differ from one another?

Defining Social Sciences – is made of several disciplines and these include history, political science,
sociology, psychology, economics, geography, demography, anthropology and linguistics. As a body
of scientific knowledge, the social sciences provide diverse set of lens that help us understand and
explain the different facets of human society. The varieties of lens that social sciences study refer to
the different fields of the social sciences that investigate human society.

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Branches of the Social Sciences

 Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and
exchange of goods and services in society.
Economics has different subfields:
 Environmental economics- studies the allocation of natural resources
 Labor economics-focuses on the study of the decision- making and behaviors of
employees and the relationships between employers and their employees.
 Business economics- examines the behavior of companies and firms by
studying the factors that result in profit maximization, price setting, production
goals, and the role of incentives.
 Monetary economics- on the other hand, studies the nation’s production,
inflation, income, interest rates, and monetary policies.

 Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and
present time.
Anthropologist are trained in the different areas:
 Cultural anthropology studies the development of human culture based on
ethnologic, linguistic, social, and psychological data analysis. It explains how
people in other societies live and affects their environments to their respective
lives.
 Physical anthropology studies human biological nature, particularly its
beginning , evolution, and variation in prehistory
 Archeology studies human life in the past through the examination of things left
behind by the people.

 History is systematic study of human past events in order to understand the

meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause and effects of events in the
development of societies.
History has several subfields:
 Political history studies history of political institutions
 Economic history studies the development of economic institutions and other
economic factors.
 Social history studies the history of ordinary lives of people like women,
children, ethnic groups, and the different sectors of society from historical point of
view.
 Environmental history looks into the history of the interaction of humans with
the environment
 History of medicine and public health examines the history of public health
and human medicine
 Business history studies the history of the development of businesses,
companies, and industries
 Biographies studies the history of great persons in history
 Political Science primarily studies human behavior in relation to political systems,
governments, laws, and international relations.
Political has several fields of study:
 Domestic politics studies public opinion, elections, national and local
governments.
 Comparative politics studies politics within countries and analyzes the
similarities and differences between among countries
 International Relations focuses on the study of political relationship and
interaction between and among countries
 Public administration studies national and local governance and bureaucracy
 Public law examines legal systems, civil rights , and criminal justice
 Psychology studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to
produce thoughts that lead to individual actions.
Psychology subfields:
 Experimental psychology studies of humans and animals examines how and
why learning takes place
 Developmental psychology studies the ways people change and behave as
they go through their life
 Personality psychology studies human nature and differences among people

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  Environmental psychology studies the effects of surroundings on a person’s
attitude and behavior
 Sociology a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups
Sociology subfields:
 Applied sociology focus on the use and proper application of sociological
theories, methods and skills to examine data, solve problems and communicate
research to the public.
 Urban sociology studies societal life interactions in urban areas through the
application of sociological methods like statistical analysis and ethnographies
 Cultural sociology analyzes the development of social institutions, norms and
practices.
 Rural sociology studies the social life of people in rural areas
 Medical sociology examines the societal aspects of health and medicine of
people
 Sociology of education analyzes how social forces and institutions like politics,
economic systems, and culture affects school and educational systems.
 Political sociology examines how social structure affects and influences politics.
 Military sociology is a sociological study of the military organization, the
different civilian and military relationships, war experiences, and the use and
control of force
 Geography is the study of interaction between people and their environments.
Geography subfields:
 Physical geography studies the natural features of the earth , including land,
water , and atmosphere
 Human geography studies how people create cultures in their natural
environments.
 Demography according to the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
(2016) demography is the scientific study of human populations across time.
Major subfield:
 Population studies or social demography analyze demographic data to define,
explain, and foresee social phenomena. It also studies social – status
composition and population distribution.

Defining the Applied Social Sciences-branch of study that applies the different
concepts, theoretical models, and theories of the social science disciplines to help
understand society and the different problems and issues. The applied social sciences is
utilized to provide alternative solutions to the diverse problem of the society.

Three main career tracks for applied social scientist:

 Counseling is one of the fields of applied social sciences as an application of the
social sciences, counseling provides guidance, help, and support to individuals who
are distraught by a diverse set of problems in their lives.
 Counseling can be done by the following:
Guidance counselor and life coaching are applications of the social sciences
and these professions, expert help are given to individuals who needed guidance
or advice pertaining to their business successes, general conditions and personal
life transitions, relationships and career.
Life coach analyzes the present condition of the client, discovers different
obstacles or challenges that a client faces, and provides a certain course of
action to make the client’s life better.
Career counseling is needed by people who are in the process of entering the
job market, searching for possible career change, or those wanting career
advancements.
Personal growth counseling concentrates on the evaluation of different aspects
of a client’s life.
 Social work practitioners help individuals, families, and groups, communities to
improve their individual and collective well-being.
 Communication Studies- Applied social science provide adequate training for
careers in the field of journalism and mass communication because of
multidisciplinary knowledge and skills that graduates learn from social sciences.

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 ACTIVITY # 2: Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer

Social Science Applied Social

Science

How are they alike?

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How are they different?

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Guide Questions:
1. What is the connection between social sciences and the applied social sciences?
2. How do they differ from one another?
3. What is the difference between counseling and social work?
4. Why do we consider journalism and communication studies as fields of the applied social
sciences?

ACTIVITY # 3: Take It from the Expert

To be able to appreciate better the counseling profession, the class will be divided into six groups.
Each group is required to interview a counselor from any of the counselor’s work settings: school,
mental hospital, private agencies, community, and government. You interview must focus on:
1. Institutional Profile:
The Work Setting (institution or agency where the counselor works) its context,
history, the different cases/ problems it handles , the program implements, and the
different approaches and interventions it applies; the problems that the institution
face and the victories and successes of the institution.
2. The counselor
The Counselor as a Professional – Questions may include: When did you start
working as a counselor in the institution? What programs do you handle? What are
responsibilities? What skills, values must a counselor possess? How do you see
yourself as a counselor? What do you enjoy doing? What do you avoid doing?
What challenges do you encounter as a counselor? What helps you in your work?
What education and training do you need to enhance your work? What other
message do you want to convey?

Results and analysis of data from your interview must be written in a report.
Formulate your own title – a title which will embrace the data collected. The ethics

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 forms (letter of permission, consent from the institution and the counselor) will be
submitted together with the report.
References:
Repko, Allen F. (2008). Interdiciplinary Research: Process and Theory.
London, Los Angeles , New Delhi , Singapore: Sage.

Gouldner, Alvin W. ( 1989 ) “ Explorations in Applied Social Science”,

Sociological Practice: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 5.Available at :
http//digitalcommons.wayne.edu/socprac/vol7/iss1/5.

CHAPTER 2 Discipline of Counseling

1.1 Counseling
1.1.1 Definitions
1.1.2 Goals
1.1.3 Scope
1.1.4 Core Values

The Discipline of Counseling

Pre Test
Anticipation Reaction Guide
Direction: The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of understanding
about counseling. You are required to agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Before
the chapter study. Place a check mark (/) on the Before the Chapter Study column if you agree with
the statement and cross (X) if you do not agree.
After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study column if you agree
with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do not agree

Before the Study Statements After the Chapter Study

Counseling as an art is the

subjective dimension of
counseling. It acclaims a
flexible and creative process
whereby the counselor
modifies the approach to
meet the developing needs of
clients.
Remedial goals refer to
assisting a client to overcome
and treat an undesirable
development.
Counseling happens when a
person who is distressed
asks and permits another
person to enter into a
particular kind of connection
with him or her.
A licensed professional
scholar may render to
individuals , groups,
organizations , or the general
public counseling services
involving the application of
clinical counseling principles,
methods, or procedures to
assist individuals in achieving
more effective personal,
social, educational, or career

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 development and adjustment.
The way we perceive or view
things, people, events and
our environment, is
influenced by our values.
Counselors treat with
confidence personal
information about clients,
whether obtained directly or
indirectly by inference.
In view of the theory of
utilitarianism in relation to
beneficence, the application
of utilitarianism would be to
apply an ethical decision in
the light of costs and benefits
for each participant.
Marriage and family
counseling refers to the
efforts to establish an
encouraging relationship with
a couple or family and
appreciate the complications
in the family system.
A counselor’s primary
responsibility is to respect the
dignity and to promote the
welfare of clients.
Counselors accept
employment only for
positions which they are
qualified by education,
training, supervised
experience, state and
national professional
credentials, and appropriate
professional experience.

ACTIVITY # 1: KWL Chart

Topic: The Discipline of Counseling

What I Know What I Want to Know What I Learned
About Counseling About Counseling About Counseling

Guide Questions:
1. What are your ideas about counseling?
2. Did you experience counseling? Why?

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Counseling – For Nystul (2003) defined it as basically an art and a science wherein you endeavor to
weigh the objective and subjective facets of the counseling process.
- As an art is the subjective dimension of counseling. It upholds a flexible and
creative process whereby the counselor modifies the approach to meet the
developing needs of the clients.
- As a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling
process.
- In practical terms, counseling happens when a person who is distressed asks for
help and permit another person to enter into a kind of connection with him/her. It is
indicative with formal of someone in search of counseling requests for time and
attention from person who will listen, who will allow him/her to speak and who will
not condemn and criticize him/her.
- Informal helping- is a kin with formal helping in some ways such as presence of
good listening skills, empathy, and caring capacity.
- Based on Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling is the
profession that implicates the application of “ an integrated approach to the
development of a well-functioning individual “ through the provision of support that
aids an individual to use his/her potential to the fullest in accord with his/her interest
, needs and abilities. (University of Queensland, 2015).
- At the American Counseling Association (ACA) Conference in Pittsburgh in
March 2010, the representatives come to an agreement on a mutual definition of
counseling. They agreed that counseling is a professional relationship that
empowers diverse individuals, families and group to accomplish mental health,
wellness, education, and career goals (Kaplan, Tarvydas, and Gladding, 2014).

ACTIVITY # 2: I Need Help, Where Will I Go?

Instruction:
If something is bothering about life matters: academics, relationships, family, identity, and financial
concerns, with whom do you share your problem? Will you pursue formal help or a non-formal help?
Why or why not? Explain your answer.
1. Write your answer on the box.

Open Notes

Name: ____________________________________________________________

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Goals of Counseling – the key component of individual, group, organizational and community
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success
-Detailed and expansive counseling goals have been identified by Gibson and Mitchell (2003), which
are as follows:
1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and development
including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.

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2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.
3. Enhancement Goals- enhance special skills and abilities.
4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development
5. Exploratory Goals- examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals- helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is
fine
7. Cognitive Goals-involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health
9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control,
and developing positive self – concept.
The presented list of counseling goals, some of which are enhancement of the above goals.

Goal Description

Insight Understanding of the origins and development of

emotional difficulties , leading to an increased
capacity to take rational control over feelings and
actions

Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain

meaningful and satisfying relationships with other
people : for example , within the family or
workplace

Self- awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings

that had been blocked off or denied, or
developing a more accurate sense of how self is
perceived by others.

Self- acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward

self, marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of
experience that had been the subject of self-
criticism and rejection

Self – actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or

achieving an integration of previously conflicting
parts of self.

Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of

spiritual awakening

Problem- Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that the

client had not been able to resolve alone.
Acquiring a general competence in problem –
solving

Psychological education Enabling the client to acquire ideas and

techniques with which to understand and control
behavior

Acquisition of Social Skills Learning and mastering social and interpersonal

skills such as maintenance of eye contact , turn
taking in conversations, assertive, or anger
control

Cognitive change The modification or replacement of irrational

beliefs or mal adaptive thought patterns
associated with self- destructive behavior

Behavior change The modification or replacement of maladaptive

or self- destructive patterns of behavior.
Systematic change Introducing change into the way in that social

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 systems operate

Empowerment Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge

that will enable to client to take control of his or
her own life
Restitution Helping the client to make amends for previous
destructive behavior
Generality Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to
care for others and pass on knowledge and to
contribute to the collective good through political
engagement

ACTIVITY # 3: In What Way Will Counseling Empower Me?

Instruction:
1. In our discussion on counseling goals, John McLeod contends that: “counseling aims to
empower the client by helping him/her make critical decisions in life, develop ability to cope,
enhance effectiveness, and improve quality of life”.
2. What do you think about this statement? Do you accept or support it? How will it empower
you? Explain your answer.
3. Write your answer in the box.

Open Notes

Name:_________________________________________________________________________
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Scope of Counseling
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The wide ranges of human problems create a widened scope and field of counseling.
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Broadly, the scope of counseling includes individual counseling, marital and premarital
counseling, family counseling, and community counseling. A more focused subject matter
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related to scope of counseling is the 4757-15 Scope of Practice foe Licensed Professional
Counselors. It contains the rights and responsibilities of licensed counselors including the
following:
Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations
1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the general public
compromising of: application of clinical counseling principles, methods, or procedures
to assist individuals in realizing effective personal, social, educational, or career
development and adjustment.
2. “apply clinical counseling principles, methods , and procedures “, means an approach
to counseling that emphasizes the counselor’s role in systematically assisting clients
through all of the following: assessing and analyzing emotional conditions , exploring
possible solutions, and developing and providing treatment plan for mental and
emotional adjustment or development. It may include counseling, appraisal,
consulting, supervision, administration, and referral.
3. Engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders when under
the supervision of a professional clinical counselor, psychologist, psychiatrists,
independent marriage and family therapist, or independent social worker.
4. Provide training supervision for students and registered counselor trainees when
services are within their scope of practice, which does not include supervision of the
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diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders.
Core Values- is a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on other
organizational components, more specifically, to its members. It serves as standards that
shape the members behavior in their interaction with their clients and other people.
According to Mcleod (2003) ,the founders of humanistic psychology, including Maslows and
Rogers ,highlighted the importance of values.
Ethical Principles of counseling which are follows:

Ethical Principles These are the ideas that underpin both personal
and professional codes.
1. Autonomy of individuals
 Is based on the right to freedom of
action and freedom of choice in so far
as the pursuit of these freedom does
not interfere with the freedom of
others ; counseling cannot happen
unless the client has made a free
choice to participate

2. Principle of Non maleficence

 This refers to instruction to all helpers
or healers that they must ,above all,
do no harm;
 Beneficence refers to the order to
promote human welfare

3. Principle of Justice
 Concerned with the fair distribution of
resources and services , unless there
is some acceptable reason for
treating them differently
 For counseling , the principle has
particular relevance to the question
access

General Moral Theories  The BACP Ethical Framework for Good

Practice , drawing on virtues perspective
also identified a set of personal qualities that
all practitioners should possess: empathy,
sincerity, integrity, resilience, respect,
humility, competence, fairness, wisdom and
courage

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 ACTIVITY # 4: Which Counseling Principle I Agree Most?
Instruction:
1. Among those four ethical principle that we discuss in class, namely , principle of
autonomy of individuals, principles of non-maleficence, principle of justice, and
principle of fidelity, which will you choose to present? Why this principle? What aspect
of the principle influences you? Please explain.
2. Write your answers on the box.

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
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ACTIVITY # 5: Take It from the Expert! (Presentation)

To be able to appreciate better the counseling profession, the class will be divided into six groups.
Each group is required to interview a counselor from any of the counselor’s work settings: school,
mental hospital, private agencies, community, and government. You interview must focus on:
1. Institutional Profile:
The Work Setting (institution or agency where the counselor works) its context, history, the different
cases/ problems it handles , the program implements, and the different approaches and interventions
it applies; the problems that the institution face and the victories and successes of the institution.
2. The counselor
The Counselor as a Professional – Questions may include: When did you start working as a
counselor in the institution? What programs do you handle? What are responsibilities? What skills,
values must a counselor possess? How do you see yourself as a counselor? What do you enjoy
doing? What do you avoid doing? What challenges do you encounter as a counselor? What helps you
in your work? What education and training do you need to enhance your work? What other message
do you want to convey?

Results and analysis of data from your interview must be written in a report. Formulate your own title –
a title which will embrace the data collected. The ethics forms (letter of permission, consent from the
institution and the counselor) will be submitted together with the report.

Guide Questions:
1. Based on your activity did you see the roles, values and principles of counseling? What
are those? Explain.
2. For you is it counseling is a big responsibility? Why?

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 CHAPTER 2: Discipline of Counseling

Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

Recall
Instruction:
1. You recall as many roles and functions of counselors that you are aware off.
2. Write your answers on the notes box below.
3. Choose one role/function and identify the competencies required of role / function.

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
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Roles and Functions of Counselors

According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003) a helping profession is composed of members “who are
especially trained and licensed to perform a unique and service for fellow human beings”.

Roles / Functions Description

Individual Assessment Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential

of every client ; promotes the client’s self-
understanding and assisting counselors to
understand the client better

Individual Counseling Considers as the core activity through which other

activities become meaningful. It is a client –
centered process that demand confidentiality.
Relationship is established between counselor
and client.

Group Counseling and Guidance Groups are means of providing organized and
planned assistance to individuals for an array of
needs. Counselor provides assistance through
group counseling and group guidance.

Career Assistance Counselors are called on to provide career

planning and adjustment assistance to clients.

Placements and Follow -Up A service of school counseling programs with

emphasis on educational placements in course

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 and programs.

Referral It is the practice of helping the clients find needed

expert assistance that the referring counselor
cannot provide.
Consultation It is the process of helping a client through a third
party or helping system improve its service to its
clientele.

Research It is necessary to advance the profession of

counseling; it can provide empirically based data
relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing
effective counseling.

Evaluation and Accountability Evaluation is a means of assessing the

effectiveness of counselor’s activities.
Accountability is an outgrowth of demand that
schools and other tax-supported institutions be
held accountable for their actions.

Prevention This includes promotion of mental health through

primary prevention using a social – psychological
perspective.

Competencies of Counselors
Seven distinct competence areas of counselors. There might be other areas but we will focus on the
input of McLeod (2003).
1. Interpersonal Skills –counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate ;
empathize ; be present ; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive to voice quality , responsive to
expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language .
2. Personal beliefs and Attitude- counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential of
change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive to values held by client and self.
3. Conceptual ability – counselors have the ability to understand and assess client’s problem; to
anticipate future problems; make sense of immediate process in terms of wider conceptual scheme to
remember information about the client.
4. Personal Soundness – counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling
relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in relation to the
clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social prejudice,
ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.
5. Mastery of Techniques – counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific
interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the rationale behind
techniques, possession of wide repertoire of intervention
6. Ability to understand and work within social system – this would be compromise of awareness of
family and work relationships of client the impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use support
networks and supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity , sexual orientation, or
age group.
7. Openness to learning and inquiry – counselors must have the capacity to be curious about client’s
backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge

Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors

1. Marriage and Family Counseling – refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship
with couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system.
2. Child and Adolescent Counseling – is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession.
The counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping skills through

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promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual intelligence, and
other qualities that promote optional development.
3. Group Counseling – is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. Group counseling as a
practice can be located in most counseling programs and became the essential part of counselor’s
system. Group counseling offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from observing other
group members ; can functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to discover that you others have
similar concerns ; members are encouraged to offer help to others ;opportunities to enhance
interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate created similar as the client’s family origin.
4. Career Counseling –is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids
individual on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach includes
integrating theory and practice. Adopted Savickas ( 1996 )as cited Nystul ( 20003 ) adopted the model
of Wagner ( 1971) on structural analysis of personality to the realm of vocational psychology. The
model consist of vocational career services, occupational placement , vocational guidance , career
counseling , career education , career therapy, and position coaching.
5. School Counseling- refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family
and peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and considers
diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation, counseling’s
exceptional students and with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy,
divorced or single parents, dropping out of school.
6. Mental Health Counseling - is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental
disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Mental
health counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems. The job requires
patience, humility, kindness and compassion.
Rights and Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Counselors ( MIDTERM)
Code of ethics help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities in
the counseling profession. The rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of the counselors are based
on the counselors associations of Code of Conduct.
The code of ethics of the counselors is divided into seven sections, namely , (a) counseling
relationship, (b) confidentiality (c) professional responsibility (d) relationships with other professionals
, (e) evaluation, assessment, and interpretation, (f) teaching ,training and supervision (g) research and
publication.( Gladding , 2000 ). We shall only presenting in details three of the seven areas, namely,
counseling relationships, confidentiality, and professional responsibility. The following three tables
below provide a sample code of ethics of the American Counseling Association.

Areas Description

The Counseling Relationships

1. Client welfare Counselor’s primary responsibility is to
respect the dignity and promote the
welfare of clients. They are also
expected to encourage client’s growth.
Counselors and clients are expected to
work together in crafting individual
counseling plans consistent with the
client’s circumstances.

2. Respecting Diversity Counselors do not engage in

discrimination based on age, color,
culture, disability, ethnic group, gender,
race, religion, sexual orientation,
marital status and socio economic
status. Counselors shall respect
differences and understand the diverse
cultural backgrounds of their clients.

3. Client Rights Counselors shall disclose the purposes,

goals, techniques, procedures,
limitations, potential risks, benefits of

15

4. Clients Served by others
5. Personal Needs and values
6. Dual Relationships
7. Sexual Intimacies with Clients
8. Multiple Clients
9. Group Work
10. Fees
Source: Gladding, 2000
Areas
the services to be performed and other
pertinent information to the client
throughout the counseling process.
Counselors offer clients the freedom to
choose whether to enter into a
counseling relationship and determine
which professional will provide
counseling, except when the client is
unable to give consent.
In cases where the client is receiving
services from another mental health
professional, with clients consent,
inform the professional person already
involved to develop an agreement.
Maintain the clients and avoid actions
that seek to meet their personal needs
at the expense of the clients.
Counselors shall be aware of their
values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior
and how these apply in a diverse
society and avoid imposing their values
on clients.
Counselors are aware of their influential
position over their clients avoid the
exploiting the trust and dependency of
the clients. Counselors should not
accept as superiors or subordinates
clients’.
Counselors should not have any type of
sexual intimacies with clients and do
not counsel persons with whom they
have sexual relationship. Counselors
should not also engage with sexual
intimacies with their former clients
within a minimum of two years.
In cases where counselors agree to
provide counseling services to two or
more persons who have a relationship,
counselors clarify at the outset which
person or persons are clients and the
nature of relationship they will have
with each other involved person.
Counselors screen prospective group
counseling / therapy participants to
determine those with compatible needs.
In group setting, counselors take
reasonable precautions to protect
clients from physical or psychological
trauma.
Prior to entering the counseling
relationship, the counselors clearly
explain the clients all financial
arrangements related to professional
fees.
16
Confidentiality
1.Right to Privacy
2. Group and Families
3. Minor Incompetent client
4. Records
5. Research and Training
 Counselors respect a client’s right to privacy
and avoid illegal and unwarranted
disclosures of unwarranted information.
 The right to privacy may be waived by the
clients or their legally recognized
representative.
 The general requirement that the
counselors keep the information confidential
does not apply when disclosure is required
to prevent clear and imminent danger to the
client or others or when legal requirements
demand that confidential information is be
revealed.
 Counselors who received information
confirming that a client has a disease known
to be communicable and fatal is justified in
disclosing information to an identifiable third
party, who by his/her relationship with the
client is at high risk of contracting the
disease.
 When court orders the counselors to
release confidential information without
client’s permit, counselors request to the
court that the disclosure should not be
required due to potential harm to client or
counseling relationship.
 In group work, counselors clearly define
confidentiality and parameters for the
specific group being entered, explain its
importance, and discuss difficulties related
to confidentiality involved in group work.
 In family counseling, information about one
family cannot be disclosed to another
member without permission.
 When counseling clients who are minors or
individuals who are unable to give voluntary,
informed consent, parents or guardians may
be included in the counseling process as
appropriate.
 Counselors maintain necessary records for
rendering professional services to their
clients and as required by laws, regulations,
or agency or institution procedures.
 Counselors are responsible for securing
safety and confidentiality of any counseling
record they create, maintain, transfer, or
destroy whether the records are written,
taped, computerized, or stored in any other
medium.
 Counselors recognized that counseling
records are kept for the benefits of the
clients therefore provide access to record
and copies of record when requested by
competent clients unless it contains
information that may be misleading or
detrimental to the clients.
 Counselors obtain written permission from
clients to disclose or transfer records to
legitimate third parties unless exception to
confidentiality exists.
 Use of data derived from counseling
relationships for purposes of training
,research , or publication is confined to
content that is disguised to ensure the
anonymity of the individuals involved.
Identification of the client involved is
17
 permissible only when the client has
reviewed the material and has agreed to its
presentation or publication.
6. Consultation  Information obtained in consulting
relationship is discussed for professional
purposes only with persons clearly
concerned with the case. Before sharing
information, counselors make efforts to
ensure that there defined policies that
effectively protect the confidentiality of
information with other agencies serving the
counselors clients.

Source: Gladding, 2000

Areas Description

Professional Responsibility

1. Standards Knowledge  Counselors have a responsibility to read,

understand, and follow the Code of Ethics
and Standards of Practice
2. Professional Competence  Counselors practice only within the
boundaries of their competence based on
their education, training, supervised
experience, state and national professional
credentials and appropriate professional
experience. Counselors will demonstrate a
commitment to gain knowledge, personal
awareness, sensitivity, and skills pertinent
to working with diverse client population.
 Counselors practice specialty areas new
with to them only after appropriate
education, training, and supervised
experience. While developing skills in new
specialty area, counselors take step to
ensure the competence of their work and to
protect other from possible harm.
 Counselors accept employment only for
positions which they are qualified by
education, training, supervise experience,
state and national professional credentials,
and appropriate professional experience.
 Counselors continually monitor their
effectiveness as professionals and take
steps to improve their skills and knowledge.
 Counselors refrain from offering or
accepting professional services when their
physical, mental, or emotional problems are
like to harm clients or others.

ACTIVITY # 1: Count Me In, Count me Out: Will I Give up My Job or Not?

Instruction:
1. In the area of counseling relationships of the Code of Conduct, it states that “Counselors
should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom
they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies with their
former clients within a minimum of two years.”
2. What if you are counselor and you have fallen in love with your client and the client has also
fallen in love with you. Since, it is unethical to pursue the relationship; you will quit your job. Your job is
also important to you. Now, what will be your decision?

18
 3. The class will be divided into two. The first group will choose,” quit the job.” The second group
will choose, stay on the job”. Why? Which is more ethical? Why is it more ethical? Support your
answer .Explain your answer in form of debate.

ACTIVITY # 2: Will I report My Client or Not

Instruction:
1. In the area of confidentiality of the Code of Ethics, there is a portion on client’s right to privacy. What
if the counselor, in his/her conversation with the client, found out that the client accidentally killed a
person, will you report the client to police or not? Explain your answer.
2. The class will be divided into two. The first group will choose the position of disclosing the
information to the right authorities. The other group will take the position of not disclosing the
information to the authorities. What is your position? Why?
3. Share your answer through the debate.
4. Will I report? Or will not report?

Superior - 4 Proficient - 3 Poor - 2 Unsatisfactory - 1 Score

Used many facts Used some facts Used few facts Did not present facts to
to support all arguments. to support all to support arguments. support arguments.
arguments.

All arguments were logical and Most arguments were Some arguments Few arguments were
convincing logical and convincing were logical and logical and convincing
convincing

Communicated clearly and Communicated clearly; Seldom Failed to communicate

confidently; maintained eye frequent eye contact; communicated clearly; clearly; no eye contact;
contact; excellent voice good voice and delivery poor eye contact; poor monotone delivery.
inflection and delivery rate. rate. voice and delivery
rate.

Addressed all opponent Addressed most of Addressed some of Did not address opponent’s
arguments with counter- opponent’s arguments opponent’s arguments arguments.
evidence. with counter-evidence. with counter-evidence.

Total Score:

Chapter 2 Discipline of Counseling

Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

ACTIVITY # 1: Modified KUD Chart

Topic: Clientele and Audiences in Counseling
Know Understand Do

19
 KNOW includes the key counselling and audiences
UNDERSTAND the significance of counselling
DO include what counsellors do in their real-world wok environments

Counseling and Its Clientele and Audience

The clientele and audiences of the counseling profession come from different settings.
Counselors deal with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues.
- People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health
but to our mental health as well. It cannot be denied that the drug addiction create
more social problems and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more
youth victims cry for help and seek for counselors’ attention.
- People who use Tobacco – slowly our population recognizes the bad effects of
tobacco to our health. However, many people still use and continue use tobacco
even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who
desire to quit tobacco were added to the list of the counselor’s audiences.
- People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a disease alcoholics find it
difficult to stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a professional as it
requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally important paradigm is to look
at alcoholism as a weakness of self – control and self –discipline .therefore this
requires intervention other than treatment.
- Women – most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and
child care. In this case, women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates
this situation is the women’s perception about themselves and the society’s
expectations. Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate their own
values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and to utilize these to develop their full
potential. ( Gibson and Mitchel ,2003 )
- Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be instituted.
This is a challenge to the counseling profession. other issues that require attention
of counseling include loss of a partner ,decline of mental capacity and mobility,
increased loneliness ,decline in financial security etc.
- People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been
labeled as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are
seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and
low self-esteem. Counseling’s approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the
intricacies of the disease. Counselors may also help in assisting and educating the
victims’ support system.
- Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence
characterized by spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often associated with
poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also become
rampant and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The counselors are
increasingly utilized to help the victims.
- Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of harassment,
violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the
society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and prejudgment.
Counseling will focus on self-awareness, self- acceptance and understanding.
-

ACTIVITY # 2: Analyzing the Context of counseling Clients

Instruction:
1. Choose one among the identified counseling clientele. Choose a particular problem that this type of
clients ( i.e., youth suffering from depression ) face.
2. Read related cases about this type of clients.

20
3. Write paper: profile of this type of clients, discuss and analyze their situation, and the difficulties
and challenges they face.

Watch a video clip about RESPECTING OTHERS

Guide Questions;
1. What is the message of the video clip?
2. How do we relate our topic to this video clip?
3. As a counselor how is it important to respect others?

COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTINGS

ACTIVITY # 1: Locating the Counselors
Instruction:

1. Imagine that you are an agent.

2. Your role is to locate the work settings of the counselors.
3. Map out and draw their work setting.

Use the notes box below for your drawing.

Notes Box

Guide Questions:
1. How can you describe the work setting of a counselor?
2. What would be the surroundings of the counselor work place?
3. What would be your expectations about the work setting of a counselor?

Counseling and Its Work settings

21
 - Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell
(2003), counselors are recognized especially in the preventive interventions and
developmental stage. There are elementary school counselors, junior high school
counselors, secondary school counselors, counselors in vocational schools,
counselors in higher education, and counselors in community and junior colleges.
The counseling service in the schools is usually located under the student affairs
program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs.
- Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in community,
agency, and other non-school professional situations. Counselors can be found in
community and mental health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies,
correctional settings, and marriage and family practice. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003
)
- Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do full
time work as private practitioners or engage in part – time private practice while
employed by community agencies. This is feasible if the counselors expertise and
specialization matches or relevant to an adequate client population in the
geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Government - counselors are also present in various agencies
of government or institutions supported by the government that are into social
welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public
schools, public social welfare agencies such as that for the youth, children, and the
aging.

ACTIVITY # 2: Where are the counselors?

Instruction:
1. Your task is to locate the counselors in Manila through internet.
2. Which work setting can you find many of the counselors? What could be the reason why many of
the counselors in that particular setting ? Please explain.
3. Write your answer in the box below

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS

Pretest
Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.

A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to
have a thorough appreciation of the client’s

22
 condition.

Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the
client – counselor relationship.

The essential goal in counseling to witness a

Formulation of Counseling Goals
client progress on his/her own without the
assistance of the counselor.

Research and Evaluation This stage can be undertaken at any point in

counseling stage.

Termination and Follow –up

Intervention and Problem solving
The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the
counselor has to provide a mapping of the
different approaches offered , (b) describe the
role of the counselor and client for each
procedure ,(c) identify possible risks and benefits
that may come and (d) estimate the time and cost
of each procedure.

This is the heart of the counseling process

because it provides the force and foundation for
the counseling to succeed.

There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building, assessment and
diagnosis, formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination and
follow –up, and research and evaluation.
1. Stage One: Relationship Building
 This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for
the counselling to succeed.
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
 helping clients understand themselves,
 helping client focus and
 Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.

2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis

 One of the most crucial stages.

23
  This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s
condition.
 It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.
3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.
 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship.
 Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
 The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.
4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
 Guidelines:
 A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered.
 B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
 C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
 D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

 Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up
 The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the
assistance of the counselor.
 There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan:
 1. Discussion of the end of counselling
 2. Review of the course of counselling
 3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
 4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.
 Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.

ACTIVITY # 1: Role playing: What if I am the Counselor?

3 2 1

Creativity The role play is The role play is somewhat The role play shows
And presentation Creative and effectively creative and effective little creativity or
written and is presented and/or the presentation is effectiveness and/or is
well. adequate. not well presented.

24
Diction The role play having the The role play having the The role having the
appropriate connections appropriate identified inappropriate
between identified problems problems and the concepts connection between
and the concepts studied in studied in class but problems identified and
class somewhat unclear the concepts studied in
class

Visual aids The role play makes The role play The role play
(props) good use of visual aids includes visual aids does not include any
or props. or props, but they do visual aids or props
not significantly
contribute to the
commercial and/or
they are not well done.
Within time The role play is The role play l is The role play is
frame (7minutes ) presented within the time presented slightly outside Presented significantly
frame. the time frame. outside the time frame.

Group Work The group functioned The group functioned
exceptionally well. All pretty well. Most
members listened to, members listened to,
shared with and shared with and
supported the efforts of supported the efforts of
others. The group (all others. The group (all
members) was almost members) was almost
always on task! always on task!
The group
functioned fairly well
but was dominated
by one or two
members. The group
(all members) was
almost always on
task!

Instruction:
1. We already discussed the six stages of the counseling processes, namely, relationship building,
assessment and diagnosis, formulation of counseling goals, intervention and problem solving,
termination and follow –up and research and evaluation. To determine your appreciation of the
counseling processes, you are required to perform a role play depicting the different stages of the
counseling processes.
2. Class will be divided into 5 groups. Each group will identify a typical youth counseling case, i.e.,
victim of bullying, difficulty)
3. Divide the tasks (counselor, client, friends of the client, family of the client, etc.) among your group
members. Present at least 5-8 minutes.
4. Develop the plot and story line and present it in class.

Assessment
Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.

A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to
have a thorough appreciation of the client’s
condition.

Assessment and Diagnosis

It shall serve as the parameter of work and the
client – counselor relationship.

Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a

client progress on his/her own without the
assistance of the counselor.

Research and Evaluation This stage can be undertaken at any point in

counseling stage.

Termination and Follow –up

The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the

25

Intervention and Problem solving
counselor has to provide a mapping of the
different approaches offered , (b) describe the
role of the counselor and client for each
procedure ,(c) identify possible risks and benefits
that may come and (d) estimate the time and cost
of each procedure.

This is the heart of the counseling process

because it provides the force and foundation for
the counseling to succeed.

Counseling and Its Methods

Methods in Counseling
 1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler,
and Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools for the reason that they primed the
underpinning of clinical practice.
 a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counselling and
psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind. Its
objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in
the internal forces such as unconscious processes .It focuses on personal adjustment through
reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious
aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal
forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her
personality.

 Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society.
 The following techniques may be used:
1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his
mind in order to release suppressed emotions.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.
3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure for patients to
become aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.
4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their inner conflicts which
can be reflected in resistance, transference, and other processes.

 b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
psychological functioning.
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and
think in certain ways.
 Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:
1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle
3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying behavior change.
 Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy.
First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
-Use of listening skills
-Winning respect and offering hope
-Encouragement
 Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
-Lifestyle Analysis

26
 -Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis
 Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
-Insight Process
 Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION
-Spitting in the Client’s Soup
- The push-button techniques
-Catching oneself
-Acting as-if
-Task setting and commitment
 c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy.
Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological functioning”
The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utilize
the result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.
 2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of
clients to effect change.
The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls
a. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling
It has been described as the “if-then” approach.
 The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
1. Counselor Congruence
2. Empathic Understanding
3. Unconditional Positive Regard
 b. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy
It focuses on the here and now.
It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the
inside what the therapist observes from the outside.
The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self,
and self-acceptance.
 Gestalt’s technique include the following:
ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- take personal responsibility by saying “I or me “instead of “us or us”
NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to get in touch with himself/herself.
THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps client work through conflicting parts of personality.
 3.COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best appreciated
in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk.
REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.
 REBT TECHNIQUES:
COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on “defeating cognitions”.
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full array of behavioural methods such as assertiveness
training, relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and homework assignments.
 b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
 TECHNIQUES:
DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what if”.
REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.
 DECENTERING- This will help the client apprehend that they are not the “center of attention”.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad selection of methods to assist clients
obtaining ‘essential skills, relaxing preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared,
preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared situations”.
 c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people.
It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”.
The fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the
capacity for intimacy.”
 TECHNIQUES:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to be conscious of their “three ego”.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to “learn to communicate with complementary
transactions.”
SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type of life script the client has developed and how it can be re-
written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how the games
interfere with interpersonal functioning.”

27
 ACTIVITY 1: Let Us Apply Gestalt’s Technique
Instruction:
1. Let us do an exercise applying Gestalt’s techniques: assuming responsibility, and “now I am
aware “.
2. For every technique, before completing every sentence, try to close your eyes, listen to your
thoughts, and be silent.
3. Use the box below for the exercise.
Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________

Assuming Responsibility
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
2.
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
3.__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.

I am aware
1. Now I am aware
___________________________________________________________________________
________________
2. Now I am aware
___________________________________________________________________________
________________
3. Now I am aware
___________________________________________________________________________
________________

Reflection Question
What did you feel?
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________

What were your realizations?

28
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________

A Comparative Summary of Counseling Theories and Methods (Knowledge)

Assessment Rubric

Category 4 3 2 1

Coverage of Captures all Captures important Captures Captures

the topic important information about information about information about
information about the issue which will the issue which will the issue which will
the issue which will provide the provide the provide the
provide the audience basic audience little audience poor
audience full understanding on understanding on understanding on
understanding on the issue the issue the issue
the issue

Accuracy of All supportive facts Almost all Most supportive Most supportive
the fact are accurate supportive facts facts are accurate. facts are
are accurate. inaccurate.

Sequencing of Information is Most information is Some information Poor organization

Information organized in a organized in a is organized in a of information.
clear and logical clear and logical logical way.
way. way.

Analysis and Provides a Provides a Provides a Poor analysis

evaluation discerning and thorough analysis thorough analysis
thorough problem of some of the of some of the
analysis of all the problems identified problems identified
problems analysis
of all the problems
presented

Relevance With appropriate With appropriate With inappropriate No connection at

/Connection to connections identified problems connection all
lesson between identified and concepts between problems
problems and the studied in class but identified and the
concepts studied in somewhat unclear concepts studied in
class class

Writing Shows clarity , Shows clarity of Unclear writing ; Very poor writing
mechanics conciseness and ideas ; Some poor grammar ,
correctness ; grammar or and organization
writing is free of spelling errors,
grammar and lacks organization
spelling errors

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 ACTIVITY # 2

Instruction: Please fill out the required information in the table below.

Theories Founder / Methods Contribution to Strengths Weaknesses

Theorist the field

Freud’s
Psychoanalytic
Theory

Adlerian
Counseling

Rogers Person
– Centered
Counseling
Perls Gestalt
Theory

Beck’s Cognitive
Theory

Ellis Rational
Emotive
Therapy

Berne
Transaction
Analysis

References:
Gibson , Robert L. and Mitchell ,Marriane H. Introduction to Counseling and guidance. (Sixth
edition). NJ: Merill Prentice Hall, 2003.
Gladding, Samuel T. Counseling: A Comprehensive Profession. ( Fourth Edition) .NJ and Ohio
: Merill Prentice Hall,2000.
Kaplan, David M., Tarvydas, Vilia M. and Gladding, Samuel T. “20/20: A Vision for the Future
of the Counseling: The New Consensus Definition of Counseling.” Journal of Counseling and
Development. Volume 92, 2014.
Mcleod, John. An introduction to Counseling. (Third Edition). Buckingham and Philadelphia:
Open University Press ,2003.
Nystul , Michael. Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective.( Second Edition
). USA: Allyn and Bacon, 2003.
Santrock, John W. Psychology. ( Seventh Edition) .USA: Mc Graw Hill,2003

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