OFFSHORE WIND FARM PROJECT DESIGNED AND SIMULATED WITH PSS/E SIEMENS

INNOGRID ENGINEERING

ERSI AGO – Electrical Engineer

Contents
1. Introduction to PSSE................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Wind Farm Modeling.................................................................................................................................3
3. Wind Farm Elements................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1 Busbars................................................................................................................................................ 4
3.2 Step-Up Transformer.......................................................................................................................... 5
3.3 Wind Turbine Generator.....................................................................................................................6
3.4 Lines..................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.5 Grid Modelling.....................................................................................................................................8
4. Calculating Load Flow................................................................................................................................9
5. Load Flow Results....................................................................................................................................10
6. Dynamic Simulation................................................................................................................................ 12
6.1 Dynamic Simulation initialization.....................................................................................................15
6.2 Generator/Converter Model (WT4G)...........................................................................................16
6.3 Electrical Control Model (WT4E).................................................................................................. 17
7. Faults and Simulation Results.................................................................................................................22
8. Viewing the results..................................................................................................................................24
8.1 Fault Results...................................................................................................................................... 25
9. Exporting the results............................................................................................................................... 29
10. Data Analyzation................................................................................................................................... 32

1
1. Introduction to PSSE
Power System Simulation for Engineering (PSS/E) is composed of a comprehensive set of programs for
studies of power system transmission network and generation performance in both steady-state and
dynamic conditions. Currently two primary simulations are used, one for steady-state analysis and one
for dynamic simulations.
PSS/E can be utilized to facilitate calculations for a variety of analyses, including:

 Power flow and related network functions

 Optimal power flow
 Balanced and unbalanced faults
 Network equivalent construction
 Dynamic simulation

This paper focuses on PSS/E modeling of wind farms of Fully Rated Converters (FRC) type and their
impact on issues of power system operation. The software used for design and simulation is PSS/E
(Siemens).
The wind farm consists on 4 Wind Turbines of 6 MW with Fully Rated Converters each, one main power
transformer at the PCC (Point of Common Coupling Busbar) and a Generator Source which is used to
model the Infinite Grid.

Figure 1 Offshore Wind Farm Simple Scheme

2
2. Wind Farm Modeling

After running PSS/E we create a new project. In our case the project will contain the single line diagram
and the network case data. The figure below illustrates the steps of creating new project.

File/New/Network Case and Diagram

Figure 2 Creating Network Case and Diagram

Next we put the requirements Base MVA and Project Description in two Heading Lines

Figure 3 Building New Case

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3. Wind Farm Elements
3.1 Busbars
In the diagram page which is also called the single line page let’s begin placing wind farm elements from
the library toolbar located at the top of the window.

Figure 4 Elements Toolbar

After placing the busbar in the diagram

page, we get the dialog window for
parameters input like below:

1. Bus Number – for identifying bus

number in the case data
2. Bus Name – In our case WTG1_LV
3. Type Code – This is the bus when
the generator turbine will be
connected so it is called “Generator
Bus”
4. 4. Base kV – It is the base voltage of
the busbar where the turbine will
be connected. In our case it is
0.84 kV

The other parameters can be changed by

the user.

Let’s create another busbar which will be

used for power transmission between
turbines. In this case we choose the base
voltage 66 kV for step up transformer and
the busbar type as a Non-Generating
Busbar.

We get the view as below

Figure 5 Bus Data Records for Busbars

4
3.2 Step-Up Transformer
The user can choose the default PSS/E view for grid elements or may choose the ISO symbols in the
Diagram Menu. Diagram/ Display Iso Symbols

Figure 6 ISO Symbol Menu

From the element’s library toolbar choose 2- Winding Transformer and connect between two points of
two busbars. A dialogue window will appear which corresponds to the 2- Winding Transformer
parameters input.

The transformer parameter window consists

on Power Flow and Short Circuit parts. In our
case we input the following parameters:

1. Transformer Name: WF1-TR

2. Vector Group: YNd11
3. Winding 1 Nominal kV: 0.84
4. Winding 2 Nominal kV: 66
5. Specified X (pu): 0.8
6. Winding MVA: 6.8
7. Rate A (MVA): 6.8
Other parameters can be defined by the user
based on a Transformer Model with more
detailed parameters.

Figure 7 Two Winding Transformer Data Record

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3.3 Wind Turbine Generator
The wind turbine generator can be founded on the element’s toolbar library with “Generator” name.

We get the generator parameters window:

1. Pgen: 6 MW
2. Pmax: 6.009 MW
3. Pmin: 0 MW
4. Qgen: 0 MW
5. Qmax and Qmin for Type 4 Wind
Turbine type is calculated like below

S Sa  e tan acos ‫ ܨ‬
where PFref is Power Factor reference

Qmax: 2.906 MW

Qmin: 2.906 MW

6. Mbase: 6.667 MVA

7. Control Mode : For type 4 of WT we

choose “2- + , Q limits based on WPF”

8. Power Factor (WPF): 0.9

Short circuit parameters can be modelled

depending on the wind turbine model.
Figure 8 Wind Machine Data Record
After repeating the above steps for other 3
wind turbines we get the view as below:

Figure 9 Offshore Wind Farm

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3.4 Lines
To insert a transmission line and its parameters

The line will be connected between two busbars:

The Transmission Line/Branch Data

consists on Power Flow and Short
Circuit

1. Line Resistance R (pu): 0.01500

2. Line Reactance X (pu): 0.01
3. Length: 2
 Other parameters can be
specified by the users
depending on the Transmission
Line Model

Figure 10 Branch Data Record

 The next step is creating another busbar which will be called the “PCC” Busbar and the Main
Power Transformer: The parameters for each element are shown

Figure 12 Bus Data Record

The difference in the PCC busbar is the Type

Code of the busbar which is a slack bus referred
as “Swing Bus” in PSS/E

Figure 11 PCC Transformer Data Record

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3.5 Grid Modelling
In PSS/E the Grid is modelled by a Generating Source (Generator) which is configured as a Slack
Generating Source with no Turbine Data.

After Connecting the Generator in the PCC busbar, we get the parameter window as below:

All Power Input parameters are let default while

the parameters that should be changed are

1. Mbase Rating: 30 MW

2. Xsource: 0.001 This influence in the dynamic

modelling and gives the Generator Grid Source a
slack mode for calculating.

Figure 13 Grid Machine Data Record

The main Wind Farm scheme will have the view as below:

Figure 14 Offshore Wind Farm Complete View

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4. Calculating Load Flow
The load flow can be calculated by selecting the Power Flow Menu or directly from the Power Flow
toolbar:

Figure 15 Power Flow Menu

After choosing the Power Flow / Solve we get the command Window like below.

1. Solution Method: Full Newton-Raphson

2. Solution Options: Lock taps
3. Switched shunt adjustments: Enable All
4. Area Interchange control

✓ Flat Start

✓ Adjust DC taps

5. Var Limits: Apply immediately at 0 Iterations

Figure 16 Loadflow Solutions Menu

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5. Load Flow Results
After Clicking Solve button the Diagram shows the Powers and Voltages

Figure 17 Loadflow Results in Wind Farm SLD

We can get the load flow results from the Main Menu toolbar at

 Power Flow / Reports / Bus based Reports

 Or by clicking Ctrl + Shift + B
 Directly from the icon in the Reports Toolbar

Figure 18 Generating bus ba

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  After clicking “Go” button the full results are shown in the “Output Bar” window. The user can
copy and paste them in an excel sheet.

Figure 19 Output Bar Results View

Bus Base kV Volt KV Angle Gen MW Gen MVAr MW MVAr Amps

WTG1_LV 0.84 0.84 12.8 6 0 6 1.2 4212
WTG2_LV 0.84 0.9890 12.8 6 0 6 0 4170
WTG1_HV 66 0.9912 10.0 0 0 -6 -0.9 54
WTG2_HV 66 0.9902 10.0 0 0 12 -0.9 54
WTG3_LV 0.84 0.9871 12.7 6 0 6 0.6 4178
WTG3_HV 66 0.9883 9.9 0 0 18 0.3 53
WTG4_LV 0.84 0.9843 12.6 6 0 6 0.3 415390
WTG4_HV 66 0.9855 9.8 0 0 23.9 0 212
PCC 225 225 0 -23.9 0 -23.9 4.1 62
Table 1 Loadflow results

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6. Dynamic Simulation
The dynamics simulation in PSS/E Software is shown in the chart below. The dynamic simulation
functions are handled by activities DYRE, RSTR, STRT, RUN, and ALTR. These subroutines include logic to
accept constant and parameter values, solve the electric network for its bus voltages, implement the
numerical integration calculation, and display results.

Data Assimilation

Initialization

Solution of Network
for Machine Currents,
Bus Voltages

Data Assimilation

Data Changes and

Input Signals

Calculation of Rate of
Change of All State
Variables

Numerical Integration

Figure 20 Dynamic Simulation Flow Chart

 The first step for performing a dynamic simulation is equivalenting and solving the grid circuit.
To do this under the Power Flow choose Power Flow/Convert Load and Generator. This option
converts all the loads and generators in the grid into equivalent known schemes.

The steps below show the procedure followed for converting load and generators

Note: After converting the load and generators we cannot perform any load flow so it is recommended
to save the network cases before converting process.

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 1. Convert Generators – All generators in the
grid will be converted using ZCORCE model or by
using fault analysis X’’. In our case we choose
the “Use ZSORCE” option,

2. If the grid or scheme contains loads the users

should check “Convert/Reconstruct Loads”
option.

Figure 21 Converting / Reconstructing Loads and Generators

 The next step is Ordering Network for Matrix Operations.

The optimal ordering activity ORDR determines an ordering of the network buses such that sparsity
is maintained as the Jacobian matrix is triangularized in activities FNSL, NSOL, FDNS, INLF, and
ACCC, or the system admittance matrix is decomposed into its triangular factors in activities FACT
and BKDY and the linearized network analysis activities DCLF, DFAX, DCCC, OTDF, TLTG, SPIL,
and POLY. The network bus ordering generally takes place in the background. In the case, however,
where the user is specifically setting up conditions for the switching analysis, it is necessary to convert
generators and order the network as separate activities.
The network ordering can be performed under:

Power Flow/Solution/Order Network for Matrix Operations (ORDR)

Figure 22 Ordering Network

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  To finish the Matrix Operations, we need to Factorize Admittance Matrix because Each line and
transformer may be represented by a per-unit equivalent circuit, with per-unit parameters

being calculated from spacing, length, and nameplate data with respect to a common system
MVA base.

 The Factorization can be performed under

Power Flow/Solution/ Factorize Admittance Matrix (FACT)

 The last step to be performed is: “Solution for switching studies”

The triangularized Y matrix network solution activity TYSL is designed for those situations where
the internal flux linkages of generators are assumed to remain unchanged as a load or fault is
switched onto the system, as a line is opened or closed, or as a load is removed. It determines the
instantaneous change in network voltages as the switching operation takes place. This activity is
used for balanced short circuit, motor starting, voltage dip, and initial load rejection overvoltage
studies; this class of studies is called switching studies.

 It can be performed under:

Power Flow/Solution/ Solution for switching studies

Figure 23 Solution for Switching Studies

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6.1 Dynamic Simulation initialization
The first step consists on Dynamic Modelling of Grid Elements. To initiate a Dynamic Sheet in the Tree
view under the “Dynamics Tree View” we can choose an element to be modelled and in the right page it
will be created a new case tab called “Dynamics Data”. The figure below illustrates the steps.

3
2

Figure 24 Dynamics Tree View and Dynamics Data

In the menu on the right now let’s begin to model the Network Elements for Dynamics Simulation. In our
case the model of the Turbine Used is Wind Turbine Type 4. It contains the WT4G1 Generator model and
WT4E1 Electrical Model.

The WT4 PSS®E wind turbine dynamic stability model was developed to simulate performance of a wind
turbine employing a generator connected to the grid via the power converter.

In the figures below is represented the Wind Turbine Model scheme including Wind Turbine Electrical
diagram and parameter variables.

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6.2 Generator/Converter Model (WT4G)
This model (WT4G) is an equivalent of the generator and the field converter and provides the interface
between the WTG and the network. Unlike a conventional generator model, it contains no mechanical
state variables. The model calculates the current injection to the grid based on filtered active and
reactive power commands from the electrical control module. Both components of the injected current
are processed under the high/low voltage conditions by means of a special logic.

Figure 25 WT4G Generator Model

Wind Turbine Type 4 Data

Input data for WT4G
CONs Default Value Description
J 0.02 TIQCmd, Converter time constant for IQcmd
J+1 0.02 TIPCmd, Converter time constant for IPcmd
J+2 0.40 VLVPL1, LVPL voltage 1 (Low voltage power logic)
J+3 0.90 VLVPL2, LVPL voltage 2
J+4 1.11 GLVPL, LVPL gain
J+5 1.20 VHVRCR, HVRCR voltage (High voltage reactive current limiter)
J+6 2.00 CURHVRCR, HVRCR current (Max. reactive current at VHVRCR)
J+7 2.00 RIp_LVPL, Rate of LVACR active current change
J+8 0.02 T_LVPL, Voltage sensor for LVACR time constant

STATEs Description
K Converter lag for Ipcmd
K+1 Converter lag for Eqcmd
K+2 Voltage sensor for LVACR
VARs Description
L Previous Vterm magnitude
L+1 VAACC, previous Vterm angle
L+2 deltaQ, overvoltage correction factor
Table 2 Wind Turbine Generator Data 1 & 2

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6.3 Electrical Control Model (WT4E)
This model (WT4E) is an equivalent of the controller for the power converter.

Figure 26 WT4G Electrical Data Parameters

Electrical Control Model Type 4 (WT4E) Data

Input data for WT4E
CONs Default Value Description
J 0.15 Tfv, Filter time constant in voltage regulator (sec)
J+1 18.0 KPV, Proportional gain in Voltage regulator(pu)
J+2 5.00 KIV, Integrator gain in Voltage regulator (pu)
J+3 0.05 Kpp, Proportional gain in Active Power regulator(pu)
J+4 0.10 KIP, Integrator gain in Active Power regulator (pu)
J+5 0.00 Kf, Rate feedback gain (pu)
J+6 0.08 Tf, Rate feedback time constant (sec.)
J+7 0.47 QMX, Max limit in Voltage regulator (pu)
J+8 -0.47 QMN, Min limit in Voltage regulator (pu)
J+9 1.10 IPmax, Max active current limit
J+10 0.00 TRV, Voltage sensor time constant
J+11 0.5 dPMX, Max limit in power PI controller (pu)
J+12 -0.5 dPMN, Min limit in power PI controller (pu)
J+13 0.05 T_Power, Power filter time constant
J+14 0.10 KQI, MVAR/Voltage gain
J+15 0.90 VMINCL, Min. voltage limit
J+16 1.10 VMAXCL, Max. voltage limit
J+17 120.0 KVI, Voltage/MVAR Gain
J+18 0.05 Tv, Lag time constant in WindVar controller
J+19 0.05 Tp, Pelec filter in fast PF controller
J+20 1.70 ImaxTD, Converter current limit
J+21 1.11 Iphl, Hard active current limit
J+22 1.11 Iqhl, Hard reactive current limit
Table 3 WT4E Electrical Parameters for Dynamics Simulations _1

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STATEs Description
K Filter in voltage regulator
K+1 Integrator in voltage regulator
K+2 Integrator in active power regulator
K+3 Active power regulator feedback
K+4 Voltage sensor
K+5 Power filter
K+6 MVAR/Vref integrator
K+7 Verror/Internal machine voltage integrator
K+8 Lag of the WindVar controller
K+9 Input filter of Pelec for PF fast controller
VARs Description
L Remote bus ref voltage
L+1 Q reference if PFAFLG=0 & VARFLG=0
L+2 PFangle reference if PFAFLG=1
L+3 Power reference
ICONs Description
M Remote bus # for voltage control; 0 for local voltage control
PFAFLG:
M+1 0. if PF fast control disabled
1. if PF fast control enabled
VARFLG:
0. if Qord is not provided by WindVar
M+2 1. if Qord is provided by WindVar

if VARFLG=PFAFLG=0 then Qord is provided as a Qref=const

PQFLAG, P/Q priority flag:
M+3 0. Q priority
1. P priority
Table 4 WT4E Electrical Parameters for Dynamics Simulations_2

To input those parameters the users should click on both generator dynamics data and electrical data
like in the figure below:

Figure 27 Editing Model Parameters

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Next element to be modelled is the Grid (Generator Source). Note that the infinite bus is represented in
practice by a GENCLS-model generator with its inertia set to infinity. Although PSS/E contains no true
infinite bus model (as in, a bus that is defined to always maintain the same voltage magnitude and
angle), the infinitely heavy GENCLS generator approximates it adequately. The GENCLS model is
intended to be used primarily as an effective short circuit current source in setting up approximate
equivalents of segments of large interconnected power systems that are far removed from the area of
specific interest. The type for modelling is “GENCLS” like in the figure below:

Figure 29 Editing Generator Source_GRID_GENCLS

 Select GENCLS with H=0 to make the

generator infinitely heavy in the dynamics
(infinite inertia and constant frequency)

Figure 28 GENCLS Parameters

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  Next step consists on configuring Dynamics Simulation Parameters. This can be done under:

Dynamics / Solution Parameters

Figure 30 Dynamics Solution Parameters

1. Iterations – Maximum number of iterations to be used

2. Acceleration – Acceleration default step
3. DELT – Simulation integration time. In our case we choose 0.001 referred to 1 kHz

 After choosing the Solution Parameters let’s define Channels Outputs. This can be performed
under:

Dynamics/Channel Setup Wizard

The user can choose variables to output

based on element types:

1. Machine
2. Wind Machine
3. Bus
4. Branch

Figure 31 Channel Setup Wizard

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After determining the output channels, we should initialize the simulation after creating a result/output
file. To do this under
Dynamics/Simulation/Perform Simulation
STR/RUN we get the figure below:

1. Run to: Determines the Simulation time.

In our case for initializing conditions the
time is recommended to set to 0 or below 0
1
2. Print every: The print step simulation

3. Write every: Number of simulations

writes

4. Plot every: Number of plotting

reference

2 After clicking initialize in the output

window the results should indicate a
successful calculation of initial
conditions.

Figure 33 Initial Conditions Check

Figure 32 Performing Dynamic Simulation Steps

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7. Faults and Simulation Results.
After clicking run, the simulation is performed and the output channel file is written. Before viewing the
output, results file lets perform a fault simulation.

Different faults can be founded on “Disturbance” section at the Top Menu Toolbar

Figure 34 Disturbance Menu

The first fault will be a Bus Fault at PCC Busbar. After selecting the Bus Fault option, we get the
command window like in the image below: The user can choose the bus where the fault will be applied
and can change the fault parameters, respectively the Fault Resistance R and the Fault Reactance X.

3 4

Figure 35 Applying Bus Fault Steps 22

After selecting the PCC Busbar, return to the “Perform Dynamic Simulation” command window and
apply the fault duration. The fault duration will be added to the actual time of simulation in a form of:

ʹa ܶ ൅ܶ
The fault time applied in our case is 0.15 sec so the total time will be 0.5 + 0.15 = 0.65 sec

1 2

Figure 36 Applying Fault Duration Time

To remove the fault, get back into disturbances under “Clear Fault” option. A new window will appear:

Figure 37 Clearing fault disturbance

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Before viewing the results in the Perform Dynamic Simulation time we should extend the simulation
time in order to get the grid behavior after fault clearance. The time will be added in a form of:

aa ʹܶ

8. Viewing the results

To view the results, we should open the Results file created in the Initializing Conditions step. The
command to be performed is: File/Open/Results.out

A new tab will appear in the right panel name “Results.out” respectively with the output file created. To
view the graphs Drag & Drop any parameter desired in the right panel .

Drag & Drop

Figure 38 Plot Tree View / Drag & Drop for Graphs

24
 Figure 39 Inserting graphs

8.1 Fault Results

In the images below are represented parameters output for the fault.

1. Voltage at PCC (p.u)

25
 Figure 40 Graph 1 PCC Voltage (p.u)

2. Active and Reactive Power at PCC Busbar

26
 Figure 41 Active & Reactive Powers - PCC Busbar

3. Turbine Voltage at LV Busbars

27
 Figure 42 ETRM Turbine Voltage at LV Busbars

4. Active & Reactive Powers - Turbines HV Busbar

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 Figure 43 Active & Reactive Powers - Turbines HV Busbar

9. Exporting the results

Last section to be discussed is exporting the plot results.

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In the graph that we want to export the results lets open the Editor menu by right clicking in the graph.
A new window will appear. Also, in the “Editing” menu we can modify the graphs export or print them.

Under the Editing/Export/Data , check Excel. In the Right side of the panel we can choose what to
include in the export file for example: Point Indexes, Point Labels, Headers or Point Colors.

After selecting “Excel” option and clicking Save a command window for creating and saving Excel results
file will appear.

1 3

Figure 44 Exporting Data

 Below is represented the Voltage at PCC Busbar and the Active & Reactive Powers graphs
generated from excel result file:

30
 Figure 45 Voltage Graph generated from Excel

Figure 46 Active & Reactive Powers at HV Busbars graph generated from Excel

31
10. Data Analyzation
We can “manipulate” the data exported to excel to generate other graphs. In the chart below is
represented the current in the PCC busbar by using the Voltage and Active and Reactive Power data
obtained from the charts.

a
ae

Figure 47 Current Graph Generated from Excel Data

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