Abstract

This Project examines matrices and three of its applications. Matrix theories
were used to solve economic problems, which involves methods at which
goods can be produced efficiently. To encode and also to decode very
sensitive information. This project work also goes further to apply matrices
to solve a 3 x 3 linear system of equations using matrix multiplication
method.
 INDEX

SI. No. Title of the Work Page No.

1 Introduction (Matrix)
2 Definition (Matrix)
3 Characteristics of Matrix
4 Properties of Matrix (Addition & Multiplication)
5 Procedure of finding inverse of a matrix
6 The concept of matrix
7 Real Life Problems
8 Solving by matrix
9 Analysis and Interpretation
10 Conclusion
11 References
Introduction
Matrices are incredibly useful things that crop up in many different applied areas. For now,
we'll probably only do some elementary manipulations with matrices, and then we'll move on
to the next topic. But we should not be surprised to encounter matrices again in physics or
engineering. (The plural "matrices" is pronounced as "MAY-truh-seez".)
Matrices were initially based on systems of linear equations.
Given the following system of equations, we can write the associated augmented matrix.
2x + 3y – z = 6
–x – y – z = 9
x + y + 6z = 0
Let us write down the coefficients and the answer values, including all "minus" signs. If there
is "no" coefficient, then the coefficient is "1".
2 3 -1 6
-1 -1 -1 9
1 1 6 0
That is, given a system of (linear) equations, we can relate to it the matrix (the grid of numbers
inside the brackets) which contains only the coefficients of the linear system. This is called "an
augmented matrix": the grid containing the coefficients from the left-hand side of each equation
has been "augmented" with the answers from the right-hand side of each equation.
The entries of (that is, the values in) the matrix correspond to the x-, y- and z-values in the
original system, as long as the original system is arranged properly in the first place.
Sometimes, we'll need to rearrange terms or insert zeroes as place-holders in your matrix.
Definition
A matrix may be defined as an orderly arrangement of some number or symbols in certain rows
and columns enclosed by some brackets, subscribe by the magnitude of its order and
denominated by some capital letter. In other words, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
arranged in rows and columns enclosed by a pair of brackets and subject to certain rules of
presentation.
The following are the specimens of a matrix:
1 2 3 15 18 x y z
(1) 4 5 6 (2) B = 20 15 (3) C = p q r
7 8 9 3x3 30 40 3x2 a b c 2x3

Each number in a matrix is an element. One element is distinguished from another by its
position, that is to say, the row and column to which it belongs.
The number of rows and columns of a matrix is called the dimension of a matrix. Thus, a matrix
is of dimension: 2x4, 3x2, 2x5, ... If the matrix has the same number of rows and columns, is
said to be of order: 2, 3, ...
The set of matrices of m rows and n columns is denoted by Amxn or (aij), and any element within
the matrix is in row i in column j, for aij.
Two matrices are equal when they have the same dimension and equal elements which occupy
the same place in both.
Features/Characteristics
The peculiarities or characteristics or features of a matrix organization are: -

1. Hybrid Structure: Matrix organization is a hybrid structure. This is so, because it is a

combination of two or more organization structures. It combines functional
organization with a project organization. Therefore, it has the merits and demerits of
both these organization structures.
2. Functional Manager: The Functional Manager has authority over the technical
(functional) aspects of the project.
The responsibilities of functional manager are: -
i. He decides how to do the work.
ii. He distributes the project work among his subordinates.
iii. He looks after the operational aspects.
3. Project Manager: The Project manager has authority over the administrative aspects
of the project. He has full authority over the financial and physical resources which he
can use for completing the project.

The responsibilities of project manager are: -

i. He decides what to do.

ii. He is responsible for scheduling the project work.
iii. His co-ordinates the activities of the different functional members.
iv. He evaluates the project performance.
4. Problem of Unity of Command: In a matrix organization, there is a problem of the
unity of command. This is so, because the subordinates receive orders from two bosses
viz., the Project Manager and the Functional Manager. This will result in confusion,
disorder, indiscipline, inefficiency, etc. All this will reduce the productivity and
profitability of the project.
5. Specialization: In a Matrix organization, there is a specialization. The project manager
concentrates on the administrative aspects of the project while the functional manager
concentrates on the technical aspects of the project.
6. Suitability: Matrix organization is suitable for multi-project organizations. It is mainly
used by large construction companies that construct huge residential and commercial
projects in different places at the same time. Each project is looked after (handled) by
a project manager. He is supported by many functional managers and employees of the
company.
Properties of addition matrix

We will discuss about the properties of addition of matrices.

1. Commutative Law of Addition of Matrix: Matrix addition is commutative. This

says that, if A and B are matrices of the same order such that A + B is defined then A
+ B = B + A.
2. Associative Law of Addition of Matrix: Matrix addition is associative. This says
that, if A, B and C are Three matrices of the same order such that the matrices B + C,
A + (B + C), A + B, (A + B) + C are defined then A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
3. Existence of Additive Identity of Matrix: Let A be the matrix then,
A + O = A = O + A. Therefore, ‘O’ is the null matrix of same order as the matrix A
4. Existence of Additive Inverse of Matrix: Let A be the matrix then,
A + (- A) = O = (- A) + A.

Properties of multiplication matrix

We will discuss about the properties of multiplication of matrices.

1. Associative Law of Multiplication of Matrix: Matrix multiplication is associative. [

A · (B · C) = (A · B) · C]
2. Not Commutative Law of Multiplication of Matrix: Matrix multiplication is not
commutative. [A · B ≠ B · A]
3. Multiplicative Identity: Where I is the identity matrix with the same order as matrix
A. [A · I = A]
4. Distributive Law of Multiplication of Matrix: Matrix multiplication is distributive.
[A · (B + C) = A · B + A · C]
Procedure of finding inverse of a matrix

Inverse operations are commonly used in algebra to simplify what otherwise might be difficult.
For example, if a problem requires you to divide by a fraction, you can more easily multiply
by its reciprocal. This is an inverse operation. Similarly, since there is no division operator for
matrices, you need to multiply by the inverse matrix. Calculating the inverse of a 3x3 matrix
by hand is a tedious job, but worth reviewing. You can also find the inverse using an advanced
graphing calculator.

Creating the Adjoint Matrix to Find the Inverse Matrix

The following steps are to be taken up in turn of determining the inverse of a matrix.

a) Evaluate the determinant of the matrix.

Steps to find determinant of the matrix:
i. Write your respective square let be (3x3) matrix.
ii. Choose a single row or column.
iii. Cross out the row and column of your first element.
iv. Find the determinant of the 2 x 2 matrix.
v. Multiply the answer by your chosen element.
vi. Determine the sign of your answer.
vii. Repeat this process for the second element in your reference row or column.
viii. Repeat with the third element.
ix. Add your three results together.
b) Transpose the original matrix.
c) Find the determinant of each of the 2x2 minor matrices.
d) Create the matrix of cofactors.
e) Divide the adjoint of the matrix by its determinant and get the quotient as the
inverse of the said matrix. Symbolically, the inverse of a matrix is given by
THE CONCEPT OF MATRIX

Rectangular arrangement of numbers or alphabets in rows and columns enclosed by a

square bracket or a common bracket is called matrix. The numbers (parameters and variables)
are called elements of the matrix. The numbers in a horizontal line are called rows while the
numbers in a vertical line are called columns. The number of rows (m) may not be equal to the
number of columns (n). the number of rows and the number of columns defines the dimension
or order of matrix. So, if there are m rows and n columns, the order if the matrix will be m×n.
it may be worthwhile to mention here that a matrix is simply an arrangement of numbers and
has no numerical value.

Given below are some examples of matrices.


1
  1 4 5 
 2 5 5 3   
(i) A=   (ii) B= 
9 2
(iii) C=  2 3 2 
 1 3 6
1 5

2 2 4

 4 
7 3 
 4

It is a convention to denote matrices by capital letters such as A, B, C….X, Y, Z and

the elements are denoted small letters such as a, b, c, ….x, y, z. the general form of a matrix is

 a11 a12 a13 

 a11 a12   
A=    a21 a22 a23 
 21 22   a
a a
a33 
 31 a32
Details of the problem

Company’s Name: L.G. Electronics Ltd.

Company’s Background.

L.G. Electronics Ltd. Is multinational company producing various products such as washing
machines LED’s and other electronic equipment.

The problem related to the investment needed per month for producing three sizes of LED e.g.
60cms, 80cms, and 100cms.

Statement of Problem

Cost of manufacturing three types of LED’s for next month is given as following.

Model Labour (Hours) Material (Units) Contract Work

(Units)
60 cms 6 10 5
80 cms 8 20 20
100 cms 10 30 35

Cost: Labour Rs.500 per hour.

Material Rs.200 per unit.

Contract Rs.400 per unit.

Company wants to produce 3000 units of 60 cms, 2000 units of 80 cms and 1000 units of 100
cms sizes. Company wants to find investment size.
Steps for Solving the Problems

Tool: Matrix Multiplication Method.

Let A represent the Labour hours, material used and contract work; Then

Labour (Hours) Material (Units) Contract Work (Units)

A= LED 60 cms 6 10 5

LED 80 cms 8 20 20

LED 100 cms 10 30 35

Let Matrix C Present the Costs

500 Labour cost per hour.

C= 200 Material cost per unit.

400 Contract cost per unit.

Solving by matrix

Solution:

Cost of each size of LED will be calculated as given below:

6 10 5 500

AC = 8 20 20 x 200

10 30 35 400

6x500+10x200+5x400

= 8x500+20x200+20x400

10x500+30x200+35x400

7,000 Cost per 60 cms LED

= 16,000 Cost per 80 cms LED

25,000 Cost per 100 cms LED

Company wants to produce 3,000, 2,000 and 1,000 units of 60, 80, and 100 cms respectively.

60 cms 80 cms 100 cms

S= 3,000 2,000 1,000

.
. . Total Cost of investment will be.

7,000

AC x S = 16,000 x 3,000 2,000 1,000

25,000

Total Investment = 2,10,00,000 + 3,20,00,000 + 2,50,00,000

= 7,80,00,000 = Rs.7.80 Crs.

Analysis and Interpretation

From above it is clear that cost of production of 60 cms size LED is Rs.7,000, 80 cms is
Rs.16,000 and 100 cms is Rs.25,000.

Total Investment for the month is Rs.7.80 crs.

Conclusion

From the above discussion it can be concluded that;

I. Matrix is nothing but the arrangement of the numbers and alphabets in rows and
columns. The number of rows may or may not be equal to number of columns.
II. (a) Two matrices can be added or subtracted provided both are of the same order.
(b) Addition of matrices is both commutative and associative.
(c) two matrices can be multiplied if the number of columns in the first matrix is
equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
(d) Multiplication of matrices is associative but not always commutative.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

WWW.Google.com

www.wikipedia of matrices.com

Business mathematics text book

Text book of application of matrix

https://www.wikihow.com

www.LGElectronics.com