CHAPTER SUMMARY: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

LESSON 1 GLYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis is the first pathway used in cellular respiration to breakdown glucose, in order to
extract energy. It was probably on of the earliest metabolic pathways to evolve and is used by nearly all
of the organisms on Earth. Glycolysis consists of two parts: the first part prepares the six-carbon ring of
glucose for cleavage into two-carbon sugars. ATP is invested in the process during this half to energize
the separation. The second half of glycolysis extracts ATP and high energy electrons form hydrogen
atoms attached to NAD+. Two ATP molecules are invested in the first half and four ATP molecules are
formed by the substrate phosphorylation during the second half. This produces a net gain of two ATP
and two NADH molecules for the cell.

LESSON 2 KREBS CYCLE

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transformed into an acetyl group attached to a carrier molecule
of coenzyme A. the resulting acetyl CoA can enter several pathways, but most often, the acetyl group is
delivered to the citric acid cycle for further catabolism. During the conversion of pyruvate into the acetyl
group, a molecule of carbon dioxide and two high-energy electrons are removed. The carbon dioxide
accounts for two (conversion of 2two pyruvate molecules) of the six carbons of the original glucose
molecule. The electrons are picked up by NAD+, and the NADH carries the electrons to a later pathway
for ATP production. At this point, the glucose molecule that originally entered cellular respiration has
been completely oxidized. Chemical potential energy stored within the glucose molecule has been
transferred to electron carriers or has been used to synthesize a few ATPs.

The citric acid cycle is a series of redox and decarboxylation reactions that remove high-energy electrons
and carbon dioxide. The electrons temporarily stored in the molecules of NADH and FADH2 are used to
generate ATP in a subsequent pathway. One molecule of either GTP (guanine triphosphate) or ATP is
produced by substrate-level phosphorylation on each turn of the cycle.

LESSON 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

The electron transport chain is the portion of aerobic respiration that uses free oxygen as the final
electron acceptor of the electrons removed from the intermediate compounds in cellular respiration for
glucose catabolism. The electron transport chain is composed of four large, multiprotein complexes
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and two small diffusible electron carriers shuttling
electrons between them. The electrons are passed through a series of redox reactions, with a small
amount of free energy used at three points to transport hydrogen ions across a membrane. The process
contributes to the gradient used in chemiosmosis. The electrons passing through the electron transport
chain gradually lose energy. High-energy electrons donated to the chain by either NADH or FADH2
complete the chain as low-energy electrons reduce oxygen molecules and form water. The end products
of the electron transport chain are water and ATP. A number of intermediate compounds of the citric
acid cycle can be diverted into anabolism of the other biochemical molecules, such as nonessential
amino acid, sugars, and lipids. These same molecules can serve as energy sources for the glucose
pathways.

LESSON 4 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

If NADH cannot be oxidized through aerobic respiration, another electron acceptor is used. Most
organisms will use some from of fermentation to accomplish the regeneration of NAD+, ensuring
continuation of glycolysis. The regeneration of NAD+ in fermentation is not accompanied by ATP
production; therefore, the potential of NADH to produce ATP using an electron transport chain is not
utilized.
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Cellular Respiration

NAME: ___________________________________________________ SCORE: ____________________

YEAR & SECTION: _________________________________________ DATE: _____________________

Directions: Complete the paragraphs by filling the blanks with the correct answer. Choose your answers
from the thought cloud below.

ATP synthase Coenzyme A Coenzyme Q

pyruvate cytochrome C cytosol
NAD+ mitochondrial matrix intermembrane space
oxygen glycolysis decarboxylation
anaerobic citrate Krebs cycle
lactic acid ethanol carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration is an energy harvesting process that transfers the chemical energy from
glucose to ATP. Glucose is processed by the cell into pyruvate via (1) ___________________. This
process begins with energy-requiring steps that consume ATP, while the next half generate energy and
usable electros. Glucose is ultimately broken down into two molecules of (2) ________________, with a
net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
The pyruvate moves to the next step where it is decarboxylated and becomes bound to
(3) _______________, forming Acetyl CoA. This is processed via the (4) __________________ where the
acetyl initially reacts/condenses with oxaloacetate, forming (5) __________________________. Several
rounds of oxidation and (6) ________________________ to remove 2 molecules of CO2, the
oxaloacetate is regenerated. One round of the Krebs cycle produces 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 equivalent,
plus GTP or an ATP molecule. The Krebs cycle takes place in the (7) ___________________________.
The electron transport chain utilizes the electrons in the NADH and FADH2 to power proton
pumps. The electron transport chain is composed of four complexes. Complexes I and II acquire
electrons from NADH and FADH2 respectively, and transfer the electrons to (8) ____________________.
Complex III transfers electrons from coenzyme Q to (9) ______________________. Complex IV transfers
electrons from cytochrome C to (10) __________________, forming water. All except Complex II pump
protons to the (11) ___________________________. This accumulation of protons drives the protein
(12) _______________________, which creates ATP to ADP and phosphate using the potential energy of
H+ diffusion.
All this is possible with the use of oxygen as the final electron acceptor. If oxygen is scarce such
as in (13) ___________________ conditions, the (14) _____________________ must be regenerated to
continue glycolysis. The pyruvate is reduced to (15) __________________________ via this method in
humans. In yeast, this results in the production of (16) _________________________.
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
GLYCOLYSIS
NAME: ___________________________________________________ SCORE: ____________________
YEAR & SECTION: _________________________________________ DATE: _____________________
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
KREBS CYCLE

NAME: ___________________________________________________ SCORE: ____________________

YEAR & SECTION: _________________________________________ DATE: _____________________

DIRECTIONS:
Complete the Krebs Cycle diagram by supplying the missing substrate. Write your answers in the boxes.

Write the total number of final products of the Krebs cycle if 5 molecules of glucose were processed
from glycolysis.
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How many turns of the cycle will 1 molecule of glucose have to go through?
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

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 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

NAME: ___________________________________________________ SCORE: ____________________

YEAR & SECTION: _________________________________________ DATE: _____________________

DIRECTIONS: Complete the diagram below.

With the aid of the diagram you have labeled, briefly describe what happens during the oxidative
phosphorylation phase of cellular respiration.
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