ap REVIEWER

migRATION
MOVEMENT OF A PERSON FROM ONE COUNTRY OR LOCALITY TO ANOTHER FOR VALID
REASONS
LATIN WORD "MIGRATIONEM" = CHANGE OF ABODE

2 TYPES OF FILIPINO MIGRANTS

1. TEMPORARY MIGRANTS
WORK ABROAD; EXPECTED TO RETURN AT THE END OF THEIR CONTRACTS
2. UNDOCUMENTED LABOR MIGRANTS
IRREGULAR MIGRANTS/ TNT (TAGO NG TAGO)
WORK ABROAD WITHOUT REQUIRED PERMITS OR A VALID RESIDENCE

BRIEF HISTORY OF MIGRATION

MAIN CAUSE:
BETTER OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED IN FOREIGN LANDS
NOT A NEW PHENOMENON
INDISPENSABLE TO HUMAN HISTORIES
TRACED BACK TO THE TIME WHEN HUMANS FIRST VENTURED OUT TO AFRICA 60,000 YEARS
AGO
CAN BE VOLUNTARY OR FORCED, TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT, "REGULARLY" OR
"IRREGULARLY"

FACTS
AS OF 2015, THERE ARE A TOTAL OF 10.4 MILLION OFW
4.2 M = TEMPORARY MIGRANTS
4.9 M = PERMANENT (EMIGRANTS)
1.3 M = IRREGULAR/ UNDOCUMENTED
APRIL TO SEPTEMBER 2017 (6 MONTHS)
ESTIMATED 2.3 M FILIPINOS ABROAD
3,500 INDIVIDUALS LEAVE THE COUNTRY EVERYDAY
2017 = 258 M MIGRANTS COMPARED TO 2000 = 173 M MIGRANTS
68 M FORCIBLY DISPLACED PERSONS
25 M REFUGEES
3 M ASYLUM SEEKERS
40 M INTERNALLY DISPLACED
MOST MIGRANTS LIVE IN EUROPE (72M), ASIA (71 M), AND NORTH AMERICA (53 M)

CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS OF MIGRATION

CAUSES ECONOMIC REASONS
POLITICAL UNREST GREATER CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NATIONS
WARFARE NEW COMMUNICATION AND FASTER TECHNOLOGIES
PERSECUTION GOVERNMENT'S EFFORTS TO STRENGTHEN OVERSEAS
CLIMATE CHANGE EMPLOYMENT
 IMPLICATIONS
SOCIAL IMPACT
STRAIN ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND MARRIAGE (FAMILY)
UNDERGO THE PROCESS OF IMMERSION, LONELINESS, AND HOMESICKNESS (SELF)
POLITICAL IMPACT
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF FILIPINOS WORKING ABROAD
INTERNATIONAL AID FROM COUNTRIES W/ MANY FILIPINO MIGRANTS
ECONOMIC IMPACT
INCREASED EMPLOYMENT
HIGHER INCOME AND SAVINGS
INCREASE IN FOREIGN INVESTMENTS

ISSUES
EXISTENCE OF ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT AND PLACEMENT AGENCIES
"KABIT SYSTEM"
NON-LICENSED AGENCY PARTNERS UP WITH A LICENSED ONE AND PREYS ON AN
APPLICANT
FEELING OF LONELINESS AND "CULTURE SHOCK"
CRISES SUCH AS WAR
REPATRIATION EFFORTS BY THE GOVERNMENT SUFFERS FROM LACK OF FUNDING WHICH
DELAYS THE PROCESS OF TRANSPORTING FIL. MIGRANTS AND SECURING THEIR SAFETY
AVAILABILITY OF OPPORTUNITIES ONCE THEY RETURN TO THEIR COUNTRY

TERRITORAL AND BORDER CONFLICTS

THERE ARE MORE THAN 150 DISPUTES THAT INVOLVE TERRITORY ALL OVER THE WORLD
TERRITORY = GEOGRAPHIC AREA BELONGING TO OR UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF A
GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY
DISPUTE = ENGAGING IN ARGUMENT; FIGHT IN ORDER TO TAKE CONTROL
DIPLOMACY = MOST IDEAL APPROACH IN SOLVING TERRITORIAL DISPUTES
NATIONAL TERRITORY = COMPRISED OF THE ARCHIPELAGO OF THE COUNTRY
*SOVEREIGNTY OF NATIONAL TERRITORY IS IMPORTANT TO THE POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION OF
THE PHILIPPINES

WEST PHILIPPINE SEA

CHINA IS CLAIMING THE SEA AS THEIRS
WEST PHIL. SEA SHOULD BE SEEN AS SEPARATE FROM SOUTH CHINA SEA WHEN
PERTAINING TO THE TERRITORIAL SEA, EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ), AND
EXTENDED CONTINENTAL SHELF
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS)
ISLANDS UNDER THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE COUNTRY ARE ENTITLED TO A 200-
NAUTICAL MILE EEZ
3 MARITIME CHARACTERISTICS
ISLANDS UNDER THE SOVEREIGNTY ARE ENTITLED WITH A 12-NAUTICAL MILE
TERRITORIAL SEA AND 200-NAUTICAL MILE EEZ
MARITIME FEATURES SEEN DURING HIGH TIDE ARE ENTITLED WITH A 12-NAUTICAL
MILE TERRITORIAL SEA BUT NOT EEZ
LOW-TIDE ELEVATIONS ARE NOT ENTITLED TO ANYTHING
9-DASH LINE OF CHINA AFFECTS THE EEZ OF THE PHILIPPINES
EVENTUALLY BECOMES 10 (JUNE 7, 2013)
DUE TO THE CONFLICT, PHILIPPINES FILED A CASE IN THE PERMANENT COURT OF
ARBITRATION IN HAGUE, NETHERLANDS
 CHINA'S AGGRESSION AND THE PCA
CONFRONTATION TOOK PLACE IN 2011
FILIPINO FISHERMEN WEW FIRED AFTER BEING WARNED TO LEAVE QUIRINO REEF
LED PHILIPPINES TO SEND BARKO NG REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS (BRP) GREGORIO DEL
PILAR, THE BIGGEST WARSHIP OF THE COUNTRY, PROMPTING CHINA TO SEND A
SURVEILANCE VESSEL, LEADING TO A STAND OFF
FISHING WAS BANNED THE FF. MONTH
CHINA BLOCKED THE ENTRY TO SCARBOROUGH/PANATAG SHOAL AND BUILT A MILITARY
GARRISON
PH FILED A PCA
MILITARY ACTIVITIES LED PH TO SEND BRP SIERRA MADRE (THE PERMANENT SHIP
GUARDING THE COUNTRY'S SOVEREIGNTY
PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORG. W. 121 MEMBER STATES
FINAL DECISION: RIGHTS & FREEDOM OF THE PHILIPPINES MUST BE RESPECTED

6 OF THE WORLD'S MOST WORRISOME DISPUTED TERRITORIES

1. CRIMEA
UKRAINE VS RUSSIA
BELONGS TO UKRAINE SINCE 1954
INHABITED BY ETHNIC RUSSIANS; OCCUPIED BY RUSSIAN MILITARY FORCES
2. EAST CHINA SEA
JAPAN VS CHINA
JAPAN CLAIMED THE 8 INHABITED ISLANDS IN 1895; CHINA CLAIMS THE ISLANDS
BELONGED TO THEM EARLIER
3. JAMMU & KASHMIR
INDIA VS PAKISTAN
HEAVILY-MILITARIZED AREA HAS BEEN IN A LONG-STANDING CONFLICT; INTENSIFIED BY
MILITARY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
4. GOLAN HEIGHTS, GAZA STRIP, & WEST BANK
ISRAEL VS JORDAN (PALESTINE) VS SYRIA
SMALL TERRITORIAL CONFLICTS WITH HIGH MEDIA EXPOSURE
OVERSHADOWED BY SYRIA'S CIVIL WAR
5. WESTERN SAHARA
MOROCCO VS SAHRAWIS
MOROCCO BUILT A WALL AROUND THE SAHARA TO PUSH INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OUT OF
THE AREA
6. TRANDSNIESTRIA
MOLDOVA VS RUSSIA VS UKRAINE VS TRANDSNIESTRIA
LOCAL LEADERS DESIRED TO BE ANNEXED BY RUSSIA, ADDING TO THE TENSION
BETWEEN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE

HOW TO SETTLE DISPUTES:

BILATERAL DIALOGUE BETWEEN DISPUTING COUNTRIES
MULTILATERAL TALKS AMONG DISPUTING COUNTRIES
LEGAL ACTION (EX. UN ARBITRATION)
ACTS OF TERRORISM
TERRORISM = PLANNED ACTION INTENDED TO CAUSE DEATH OR SERIOUS HARM TO
CIVILIANS WITH THE PURPOSE OF ACHIEVING POLITICAL CHANGE
CAUSES:
DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS
DEMAND FOR CHANGE
1. BALI BOMBINGS
DEADLIEST ACTS OF TERRORISM IN THE HISTORY OF INDONESIA
OCTOBER 12, 2002
TOURIST DISTRICT OF KUTA; LOCAL NIGHTCLUBS
202 DEATHS, INCLUDING 38 LOCALS
MEMBERS OF JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH (TERRORIST ISLAMIC GROUP)
BOMBS IN BACKPACKS OF SUICED BOMBERS; CAR BOMB; BOMBING OF THE US EMBASSY
IN DENPASAR
2. MADRID TRAIN BOMBINGS
"11-M"
MOST TRAGIC ATTACK IN EUROPE
MARCH 11, 2004
SERIES FO SYNCHRONIZED BOMBINGS ON THE CERCANIA COMMUTER TRAIN IN MADRID
BELIEVED TO BE HEADED BY AL-QAEDA INSPIRED TERRORIST GROUP
EXPLOSIONS WERE 3 DAYS SHORT OF THE SPAIN ELECTIONS; NEARLY 200 DEATHS
3. SUPER FERRY 14 BOMBING
WORLD'S DEADLIEST ATTACK AT SEA
FEB 27, 2004
SINKING OF THE FERRY, 90 MINUTES AFTER IT SAILED FROM MANILA ON ITS WAY TO
CAGAYAN DE ORO
DEATH OF 116 PEOPLE
TV SET WITH 4KG OF TNT WAS THE CAUSE OF THE EXPLOSION
MANY CLAIMED THE TRAGEDY, BUT ABU SAYYAF WAS THE TRUE CAUSE
4. MUMBAI TRAIN BOMBINGS
JULY 11, 2006
SERIOS OF 7 BOMB BLASTS
209 DEATHS AND 714 WOUNDED
BOMBS WERE INSIDE PRESSURE COOKERS PLACED IN FIRST CLASS COMPARTMENTS
DURING AFTERNOON RUSH HOUR
CARRIED OUT BY LSHKAR-E-TALBA AND THE STUDENTS ISLAMIC MOVEMENT OF INDIA
(SIMI)
IN REATALIATION TO THE PERCEIVED OPPRESSION OF THE MUSLIM MINORITIES IN
GUJARAT AND KASHMIR
5. BAGHDAD BOMBINGS
5 CAR BOMBS
APRIL 18, 2007
TARGETED CIVILIANS IN SHIA; NEARLY 200 CASUALTIES
AFTER IRAQI PRIME MINISTER NOURI AL-MALIKI ANNOUNCED THAT IRAQI FORCES WOULD
ASSUME CONTROL OF THE COUNTRY'S SECURITY
 6. 9/11
SEPT. 11, 2001
SUCCESSION OF 4 COORDINATED ASSAULTS LAUNCHED BY AL-QAEDA
NYC & WASHINGTON DC
4 PLANES HIJACKED BY 19 MEN AND 2 PLANES COLLIDED INTO THE NORTH AND SOUTH
TOWERS OF NYC WTC; COLLAPSED W/IN 2 HOURS OF DESTRUCTION
3RD PLANE TARGETED THE PENTAGON IN VIRGINIA
4TH PLANE AIMED AT THE CAPITOL IN DC BUT CRASH IN PENNSYLVANIA
DEATH OF 3,000 PEOPLE

political dynasty
SUCCESSION OF POLITICAL LEADERS COMING FROM THE SAME FAMILY OR CLAN
REFERS TO POWERFUL CLANS THAT HAVE ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED PREDOMINANCE
IN THE POLITICAL AFFAIRS OF A GIVEN TERRITORY
MEMBERS OF POLITICAL DYNASTIES ARE SAID TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THEIR POWER,
WEALTH, AND RESOURCES
ATTEMPTS TO STOP THEM:
NGOs HAVE BEEN FORMED
HOUSE BILLS HAVE BEEN FILED IN ORDER TO REVIEW THE PROVISION IN THE 1987
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION REGARDING THE MATTER AND GIVE TEETH TO ARTICLE 2
SECTION 26
BASED ON A STUDY BY THE ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, PHILIPPINE POLITICS IS
DOMINATED BY 178 POLITICAL DYNASTIES

FACTS ON political dynasty

BASED ON 2019 OFFICIAL ELECTION RESULTS, THERE ARE AT LEAST 163 POLITICAL FAMILIES
IN CONGRESS, 14 OF 24 SENATORS BELONG TO A POWERFUL CLAN; IN THE HOUSE, 162 OF
300 REPRESENTATIVES BELONG TO A POWERFUL CLAN
AT THE LOCAL LEVEL, 60 OF 81 GOVERNORS ARE FROM POLITICAL FAMILIES

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 2 SECTION 26 SAYS THAT THE STATE SHALL GURANTEE
EQUAL ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITIES FOR PUBLIC SERVICE AND PROHIBIT POLITICAL
DYNASTIES
CURRENTLY, THERE IS NO EXISTING LAW THAT PROHIBITS THE EXISTENCE OF POLITICAL
DYNASTIES
IN THE PRE-HISPANIC PERIOD, DATU SERVED AS THE HEAD OF A BARANGAY OR BALANGAY;
HIS POSITION WILL BE PASSED ONTO HIS SON
QUALITIES NEEDED:
PHYSICAL STRENGTH
WISDOM
WEALTH
DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD, A GOBERNADORCILLO CALLED "PUEBLO" WAS ELECTED
THE POSITION WAS ONLY AVAILABLE TO THE POOL OF PRINCIPALIA (ELITE) LIMITED THE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR OTHER POSSIBLE LEADERS
DURING AMERICAN COLONIZATION, PRESIDENT WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT MADE ELECTIONS
OPEN ONLY TO PROPERTIED FILIPINOS
AFTER AMERICAN PERIOD, PHILIPPINES CONTINUED TO BE DOMINATED BY THE WEALTHY
CLASS AND CLANS
PROFILE OF POLITICAL DYNASTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
TRADITIONAL KINSHIP NETWORK
POLITICS IS SEEN AS AN ENTERPRISE
LOYALTY REINFORCES DYNASTY BUILDING
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STATES THAT OF THE 98 MILLION FILIPINOS IN 2010,
ONLY 178 FAMILIES CONTROL POLITICAL POWER
MORE THAN 50% OF THE 15TH CONGRESS HAD RELATIVES WHO WERE MEMBERS OF THE
12TH TO 14TH CONGRESS
POLITICAL MACHINERIES
DYNASTIES PREVAIL BECAUSE THEY HAVE THE SUSTAINED CAPACITY AND RESOURCES
TO HOLD THE LOYALTY OF THE PEOPLE
BEING WEALTHY ENOUGH TO MOBILIZE PEOPLE TO WORK FOR ONE'S ADVANTAGE
EXISTING POLITICAL DYNASTIES HAVE THE POWER TO CONTROL THE ECONOMY
NETWORKING LIKE POSTERS, FLYERS, JINGLES, AND CAMPAIGN COMMERCIALS ARE ALSO
PART AND PARCEL OF THE POLITICAL MACHINERY
NETWORKING WITH POWERFUL FAMILIES SERVE AS BLOODLINE FOR POLITICAL
DYNASTIES
WEAK POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM
MEMBERSHIP IN A POLITICAL PARTY DOES NOT GURANTEE SUPPORT AND NETWORK
SYSTEM, BUT THE SUPPORT WOULD LAST ONLY AS LONG AS THE POLITICIAN IS A PARTY
MEMBER
PURPOSE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
RECRUIT MEMBERS TO COMPLETE THE LINE-UP
IDENTIFY CANDIDATES
DIRECT AND COORDINATE POLICIES IN THE CONGRESS
DELIVER ACCOUNTABILITY TO THE ELECTORATE
MOBILIZE VOTERS TO EXERCISE THEIR RIGHT TO VOTE
CONTEST ELECTION RESULTS
ENCOURAGE THE MAINTENANCE OF LOYALTY AND MEMBERSHIP
ABUSE OF FILIPINO VOTERS
SOME FILIPINOS VOTE FOR THE CANDIDATE WHO WAS ABLE TO HELP THEM ON A
PERSONAL LEVEL

TYPES OF DYNASTIES
THIN DYNASTY
INTERGENERATIONAL IN NATURE
2 MEMBERS OF A POLITICAL CLAN HOLD CERTAIN POSITIONS IN SUCCESSION
FAT DYNASTY
AKA HORIZONTAL EXPANSION DYNASTY
CLAN HOLDS SEVERAL POSITIONS (IN THE LOCAL LEVEL)
SIMULTANEOUS CONTROL OF POLITICAL POSITIONS
COMMON IN THE COUNTRY

IS POLITICAL DYNASTY GOOD OR BAD?

GOOD
LONG-TERM BASED PROJECTS CAN BE CONTINUED
BAD
HINDER OTHER QUALIFIED CANDIDATES FROM RUNNING
UNEQUAL ACCESS TO PUBLIC OFFICE
GOVERNMENT RESOURCES AND POWER ARE BEING USED TO THEIR OWN ADVANTAGE
BRINGS CONFLICT OF INTEREST
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS BRIBERY
FILIPINO VALUES MAY BE CONSIDERED AS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR
MISMATCH BETWEEN LEGAL AND CULTURAL NORMS
"PAKIKISAMA" AND "PAKIKIPAGKAPWA-TAO"
"HIYA" AND "UTANG NA LOOB"
BRIBERY = THE ACT OF GIVING MONEY OR GOODS TO INFLUENCE A CERTAIN ACTION OR
DECISION IN FAVOR OF THE ONE GIVING
MOST COMMON FORM OF CORRUPTION
TYPES:
INFLUENCE PEDDLING
OFFERING OR RECEIVING IMPROPER GIFTS
BRIBERY TO AVOID TAX LIABILITY
BRIBERY IN SUPPORT OF FRAUD
BRIBERY TO AVOID CRIMINAL LIABILITY
BRIBERY IN SUPPORT OF UNFAIR COMPETITION
EMBEZZLEMENT, THEFT, AND FRAUD
ABUSE OF DISCRETION
FAVORITISM, NEPOTISM, AND CLIENTELISM
IMPROPER POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
CORRUPTION = USE OF PUBLIC OFFICE FOR SELF-INTEREST; BETRAYAL OF PUBLIC TRUST
FOR PRIVATE GAIN; AN ANOMALY
TYPES:
GRAND - FORM OF CORRUPTION WHEREIN THE MORAL VALUES OF THE PEOPLE
INVOLVED BECOME DISTORTED
PETTY - INVOLVES THE EXCHANGE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF MONEY OR MINOR FAVORS
SETTINGS OF CORRUPTION:
PUBLIC-SECTOR - CORRUPTION INVOLVES THE GOVERNMENT
PRIVATE-SECTOR - PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS, BUSINESSES, AND NGOs ARE
INVOLVED
BUREAUCRATIC - PEOPLE FROM THE LOWEST RANK TO THE HIGHEST POSITION ARE
INVOLVED
POLITICAL - PEOPLE INVOLVED ARE HIGHER ELECTED OFFICIALS
WORSENED BY BUREAUCRACY

EFFECTS OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

FINANCIAL STABILITY, INVESTMENT, HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, AND PRODUCTIVITY
MAY SUFFER
CONFIDENCE OF THE CITIZENS ON THE GOVERNMENT MAY SUFFER
BUDGET FOR SOCIAL SERVICES ARE AFFECTED
VALUE AND MORAL SYSTEMS OF CITIZENS ARE BEING ERODED
WIDENS THE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR
MAKES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL AMNESIA

HISTORICAL AMNESIA
FORGETTING OF HISTORY
POLITICAL AMNESIA
DECLINING THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

HARD FACTS DURING MARTIAL LAW

50,000 PEOPLE WERE ARRESTED IN THE FIRST 3 YEARS OF MARTIAL LAW
THERE WERE 3,257 MURDERS
THERE WERE 35,000 TORTURE CASES
THERE WERE 70,000 INCARCERATIONS