Unit 9- The Chemical Bond

Time Frame 5 weeks

Competencies
C1. Understand how atoms combine.
C2. Demonstrate understanding of chemical bonds and how they relate to the properties
and uses of compounds.

BONDS, ELECTRONEGATIVITY, AND POSITIONS OF ELEMENTS IN THE

PERIODIC TABLE

Time Frame 3 sessions

I. Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, the students must be able to:
1. Use the periodic table in locating the metal and the non-metal elements and use
this knowledge to predict the type of chemical bond formed between their atom;
and
2. Predict the type of chemical bond formed based on the electronegativity values of
the elements.

The electronegativity value can be deduced either

a. Quantitatively (given) or
b. Qualitatively (based on the position of the element in the periodic table)

II. Subject Matter

A. Topic: Bonds, Electronegativity, And Positions Of Elements In The Periodic
Table

B. References
1.Department of Education, Culture and Sports. (1991). Science and Technology
III. Quezon City: Book Media Press, pp. 273.
2.Brown, Theodore l., LeMay, H. Eugene Jr., and Bursten, Bruse E., Chemistry
the Central Science, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 227-229.
3.UP ISMED SMEMDP. (2000). Sourcebook on Practical Work for Teacher
Trainer, High School Chemistry. Vol. 2. Quezon City: Author. Pp. 80-90.
4.Le May, E., Beall, H., Robblee, K. M. & Brown. D. C. (1996).Chemical
Connections to Our Changing World, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 251-253.
5.Magno, M. C., Tan, M. C. & Punzalan, A. E. (2000). Chemistry Science and
Technology for a Better Life. 3rd ed. Metro Manila: Diwa Learning Systems,
Inc.

C. Materials
Periodic Table
III. Learning Tasks
A. Recall and Motivation
1.In the previous lessons, you have learned the properties of eleemnts based on
the periodic table.
2. Today, you will use that knowledge in predicting the type of bond formed
between two elements.
3. Specially, you will relate the following to the type of bond formed
between two elements:
a. The position of the elements in the periodic table and
b. Their electronegativity value.

B. Lesson Proper
1. Activity:
a. Locate in the periodic table the position of the alkali and alkaline earth
metals. [ Group 1(1-A) –alkali metals; Group 2 (2A) –alkanine earth
metals]
b. What is the number of valence electrons of the alkali and alkaline earth
metals? [Group 1(1-A) –alkali is one; Group 2 (2A) –alkanine is two]
c. Locate in the periodic table the position of the non-metals like the
halogens. [ Group 16 (V1-A) for the oxygen group; Group 17 (VII-A)
for the halogens.]
d. What is the number of valence electrons of Group 16 (VI- A) and
Group 17 (VII-A)? [6 for Group 16 (VI- A) and 7 for Group 17 (VII-
A)]
e. The most stable elements are the noble or inert gases. Where is it
located in the periodic table? [Group 18 (0)]
f. How many valence electrons do the inert gases have (with the
exception of helium gas)? (eight valence electrons)

2. Discussion / Concept Formation

a. What generalization can you give regarding the group number of the
element and the periodic table and the number of valence electrons?
b. What is the Octet Rule?
(The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in
order to acquire a full set of valence electrons. Most atoms have 8
valence electrons or an octet as a full set.)
c. Whys is it?
(To be stable, most atoms would want to acquire the full set of 8
valence electrons, either by gaining, losing or sharing electrons with
other atoms.
d. Which groups of elements tend to lose electrons to acquire an octet?
[Groups 1(1A), 2 (IIA), 3 (III A)]
e. Which group of elements tend to gain electrons acquire an octet?
[Groups V-A, VI-A, VII-A or the non-metals]
f. What kind of chemical bond will form between a metal and non-
metal? (Ionic bond)
 g. What kind of chemical bond will form between non-metals?
(Covalent bond)

3. Agreement:
Give the following assignment. Discuss it in the next session.
Determine the 1) position (group) of the atom in the Periodic Table, 2) kind of
atom (metal or non-metal) and 3) kind of bond that will form between the
following atoms:
a. Potassium and Chlorine
b. Lead & oxygen
c. Magnesium & sulphur
d. Nitrogen & hydrogen
e. Hydrogen & oxygen

YOU MAY END SESSION 1 AT THIS POINT.

4. Activity: Discuss the Agreement given the previous day.

5. Activity: Electronegativity review

Find the electronegativity values of the element s in the periodic table.
Option: the teacher may opt not to show a Periodic Table with
electronegative values. Review this by just show the general trend of
increasing electronegativity from left to right across the period and its
decreasing trend from top to bottom of the periodic table.

6. Discussion/Concept Formation
a. What is electronegativity? Can an element’s electronegativity reflect the
ability of its atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond?
b. What is the most electronegative element? The least electronegative?
(Fluorine has an electronegativity value of 4; it is the most electronegative
element. The least electronegative elements are in the lower left cornerof
the periodic table.)
c. Using the electronegativity values can you predict if the bond formed is
ionic or covalent? (Yes, if the electronegativity difference between two
combining atoms is 2 or higher, the type of bond is ionic. Below an
electronegativity difference of 2, it is a covalent bond.)

YOU MAY END SESSION 1 AT THIS POINT.

C. Generalization
1. Grouping elements into A and B families is the old system but is still popular
in Unite States. The new system adopted by IUPAC number the families
sequentially using Arabic Numbers (1 to 18) from left to right of the periodic
table.
2. The metals are located on the left hand side of the periodic table. The most
metallic elements belong to groups 1(1A), 2 (IIA), & 3(IIIA). All transition
elements (B families) are metallic. Some metals are found at the bottom of
Groups 13-16(IIIA-VIA).
3. The non-metals are found on the right hand side of the periodic table. Most of
them belong to Group 15(VA), 16 (VI A) & 17 (VII A). An exception is
hydrogen which is found in group 1 (1A).
4. The group number (old system)n of the main group elements (A families) is
equal to the number of valence electrons. Using the IUPAC numbering
system, it is group number minus 10 for elements from Group 13-18. For
groups 1and 2, it is simply the group number.
5. The combination of metal and non-metal atoms results in an ionic bond.
6. In an ionic bonding, a metal loses its valence electron(s) and produces a
positively charged ion called cation. A non-metal accepts electrons and
becomes a negatively charged ion called anion.
7. Bothe the metal atom losing electron(s) and a non-metal atom accepting
electron(S) will attain a full set (8) of electrons in the outermost energy level.
They attain electron configuration of an inert gas. Hence, they become
isoelectronic with the inert gas. Isoelectronic atoms have the same electron
configuration.
8. The combination of non-metal atoms results in a covalent bond.
9. The octet rule applies as well to covalent bond formation.
a. Consider the covalent bond in a molecule of fluorine (F2). Each F atom
has 7 valence electrons as in the Lewis dot symbol representation below:
F F

(NOTE: Draw six more electron dots for each F atom)

b. Each F atom needs 1 electron to be octet.

c. If they share one electron each they will acquire an octet, resulting in a
covalent bond.

F:F
(NOTE: Draw six more electron dots for each F atom)

d. Electronegativity values can be used to predict if the type of bond formed

is ionic or covalent.
Electronegativity Difference Between Chemical Bond
Bonding Atoms
1.9 and Below Covalent
2.0 and above ionic
D. Application/ Valuing
In the absence of information about two elements and with only the periodic table
as a guide, one can readily predict the nature of chemical bond existing in a
compound of the two elements. Knowledge of the nature of chemical bond
present is useful for someone who wants to make a generalization about some
properties like melting point, boiling point, hardness, etc. of some compounds.

E. Evaluation
State whether the bonds in the following substances are ionic or covalent.
1. MgCl2 (ionic)
2. KCl (ionic)
3. CO (covalent)
4. CS2 (covalent)
5. H2S (covalent)
6. LiH (ionic)
7. PbBr2 (ionic)
8. SO2 (covalent)
9. I2 (covalent)