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Subsea Production Riser

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A subsea production riser consists of conductor pipes connected to offshore

production platforms (/wiki/Oil_platform) or FPSO
(/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_of oading) and the owlines
(/wiki/Flowline)/manifolds (/wiki/Subsea_manifold)/wellheads
(/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)) on the seabed (/wiki/Subsea). It is also the primary
devices of the oating production system to convey uids to and from vessels. It is
one of the most complex aspects of a deepwater production system.

There are essentially two types of subsea (/wiki/Subsea) risers: rigid risers and
exible risers. A hybrid riser is achieved through a combination of these two types of
risers.

Contents
(/wiki/File:Risers_on_various_production_production_hosts.jpg)
1 Riser types Illustration of risers on various offshore production hosts.
2 Steel catenary riser
3 Top tensioned riser
4 Flexible riser

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5 Hybrid riser
6 See also
7 References

Riser types
There are mainly four types of risers:

Steel catenary riser (/wiki/Steel_catenary_riser) (SCR)

Top tensioned riser (TTR)
Flexible riser
Hybrid riser

Steel catenary riser

A Steel catenary riser (/wiki/Steel_catenary_riser) (SCR) is a common method of
attaching an offshore pipeline to a deepwater oating oil production platform. The
pipeline is extended into a exible pipeline up to a catenary (/wi/index.php?
title=Catenary&action=edit&redlink=1) on the production platform, a free-hanging
riser with no intermediate buoys or oating devices.[1] [2]. Relative rotational
movements between risers and platform can use a ex joint, stress joint, and pull
tube to offset the movement.
They were rst used by Shell on the Auger tension leg platform in 1994 which was
moored in 2860ft of water.[3]. Two 12-in lines were used for oil and gas export.
Recently they have been used in large numbers as production risers in Bonga FPSO.
The SCR is a cost-effective alternative for oil/gas export and water injection lines in
deepwater elds where the large diameter exible risers present technical and
economical challenges. The SCR is self-compensated for the heave movement(the
riser is lifted off or lowered to the seabed). It needs a ball joint to allow rotation of the
risers induced by waves, currents, and vessel motion at the upper end connection.
The SCR is sensitive to waves and current due to the normally low level of effective
tension on the riser. The fatigue damage induced by vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs)
can be fatal to the riser. Use of VIV suppression devices such as helical stakes and (/wiki/File:Steel_catenary_riser.PNG)
fairing can help reduce the vibration to a reasonable level. Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) diagram.

Top tensioned riser

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Top tensioned risers(TTRs) connect the sub-sea well bore to the oating production
vessel, enabling the installation of Christmas trees on the dry oating deck. TTR
pipes are normally in contact with high-pressure production uids and are subjected
to dynamic loads. They rely on a top tensioner (/wiki/Riser_tensioner) in excess of
their apparent weigiht for stability. The hydro-pneumatic tensioners allow the riser to
move axially or stroke relative to the platform. These risers typically appear in a
group arranged in a rectangular or circular fashion and are commonly used on a
tension leg platform (/wi/index.php?
title=Tension_leg_platform&action=edit&redlink=1) (TLP) or spar dry tree production
platforms.
Depending on the workover requirements, Top Tensioned Risers can be single or dual
cased. The risers are installed directly from the drilling derrick on the platform by
making up a series of riser joints equipped with threaded connectors. The
connectors are available in the following con gurations:
Weld on (forged connectors to be welded on plain end pipe)
Threaded and coupled (fatigue-enhanced premium connections)
Integral premium connections.

Flexible riser
Flexible risers are multiple-layer composite pipes formed by an inner exible metal
structure surrounded by polymer layers and spiral wound steel ligaments, also known
as armor wires. Flexible risers have been a successful solution for deep and shallow
water riser and owline systems worldwide. Flexible risers are the result of an
extraordinary development program that was based on exible pipes, which were
found out to be suitable for offshore application.

Hybrid riser
(/wiki/File:Top_tensioned_riser.jpg)
Hybrid riser's principle feature is that it accommodates relative motion between a Top Tensioned Riser (TTR) diagram.
oating structure and a rigid metal riser, by connecting them with exible jumbers.

See also
Drilling riser (/wiki/Drilling_riser)

References
1. ↑ "Steel Catenary Risers" (http://www.tenaris.com/en/Products/OffshoreLinePipe/Risers/SteelCatenaryRisers.aspx). Tenaris.

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(/wiki/File:Flexible_riser.jpg)
Flexible riser.

http://www.tenaris.com/en/Products/OffshoreLinePipe/Risers/SteelCatenaryRisers.aspx
(http://www.tenaris.com/en/Products/OffshoreLinePipe/Risers/SteelCatenaryRisers.aspx).
2. ↑ "Steel Catenary Risers" (http://www.2hoffshore.com/services/riser-engineering/steel-catenary-risers). 2H Offshore.
http://www.2hoffshore.com/services/riser-engineering/steel-catenary-risers (http://www.2hoffshore.com/services/riser-engineering/steel-
catenary-risers).
3. ↑ Script error

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