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TRABAJO
BIBLIOGRÁFICO
DE BIOMECÁNICA
DE BALONCESTO
Abstract
Magnitudes and timings of kinematic variables have often been used to investigate
technique. Where large inter-participant differences exist, as in basketball, analysis of
intra-participant variability may provide an alternative indicator of good technique. The
aim of the present study was to investigate the joint kinematics and coordination-
variability between missed and successful (swishes) free throw attempts. Collegiate
level basketball players performed 20 free throws, during which ball release parameters
and player kinematics were recorded. For each participant, three misses and three
swishes were randomly selected and analyzed. Margins of error were calculated based
on the optimal-minimum-speed principle. Differences in outcome were distinguished by
ball release speeds statistically lower than the optimal speed (misses 70.12+0.10m _;
swishes 70.02+0.07m _; P50.05). No differences in wrist linear velocity were detected,
but as the elbow influences the wrist through velocity-dependent-torques, elbow–wrist
angle–angle coordination-variability was quantified using vector-coding and found to
increase in misses during the last 0.016s before ball release (P50.05). As the margin of
error on release parameters is small, the coordination-variability is small, but the
increased coordination-variability just before ball release for misses is proposed to arise
from players perceiving the technique to be inappropriate and trying to correct the shot.
The synergy or coupling relationship between the elbow and wrist angles to generate the
appropriate ball speed is proposed as the mechanism determining success of free-throw
shots in experienced players.
Magnitudes y tiempos de las variables cinemáticas han sido a menudo utilizados para
investigar la técnica. Cuando existen grandes diferencias inter-participantes, como en el
baloncesto, el análisis de la variabilidad intra-participante puede proveer como
alternativa un indicador de buena técnica. El propósito del presente estudio fue la
investigación de la unión de la cinemática y la variación de la coordinación entre tiros
libres anotados y fallados. Jugadores de balonesto de nivel de instituto lanzaron 20 tiros
libres, durante los cuales los parámetros del lanzamiento y la cinemática del jugador
fueron grabados. Para cada participante, tres tiros libres fallados y tres anotados fueron
seleccionados y analizados de forma aleatoria. El margen de error fue calculado en base
al principio de velocidad mínima óptima. Las diferencias en los resultados se distinguen
en que la velocidad del balón en el lanzamiento es estadísticamente inferior a la
velocidad óptima (fallados -0.12 ± 0.10 · s-1; anotados -0.02 ± 0.07 m · s-1; P< 0.05). No
fueron detectadas diferencias en la alineación de la muñeca, pero como el codo influye
en el pico de velocidad de la muñeca, la variación en la coordinación en el ángulo codo-
muñeca, fue cuantificada usando una codificación vectorial y encontrando un
incremento en los fallos durante los últimos 0.016s antes del lanzamiento del balón. (P<
0.05). Como el margen de error en los parámetros de lanzamiento es pequeño, la
variación en la coordinación es pequeña también, pero el incremento de la variabilidad
de la coordinación antes del lanzamiento en el fallo es una propuesta para plantear a los
jugadores que perciben su técnica como inapropiada que intenten corregir el tiro. La
sinergia o la relación entre la unión entre los ángulos de codo y muñeca para generar la
velocidad apropiada de lanzamiento es propuesta como el mecanismo que determina el
éxito en los lanzamientos de tiro libre en jugadores experimentados.
Palabras clave
Comentario crítico
Este estudio tiene un tema interesante de estudio, las variables biomecánicas que
influyen en el lanzamiento de tiro libre, como son los ángulos de codo, muñeca y la
variabilidad en la coordinación y en la adaptación del movimiento que realizan los
jugadores en la propia acción; con un análisis de movimiento en tres dimensiones
bastante espectacular y vistoso a la vez que efectivo. En los resultados de la
investigación aparecen tablas que explican de forma clara los resultados obtenidos,
además de una gráfica de líneas que expone perfectamente los ángulos de codo-muñeca
obtenidos después de los test. Por último exponer que los resultados obtenidos en el
estudio me parecen bastante interesantes, ya que a través de las variables obtenidas en el
mismo se puede ayudar a los jugadores experimentados de baloncesto a mejorar su
técnica de lanzamiento de tiro libre, y como consecuencia su efectividad y precisión en
los mismos en situaciones de juego real.
ARTÍCULO 2
Abstract
The present study analyzed the effect of increased distance on basketball jump shot
outcome and performance. Ten male expert basketball players were filmed and a
number of kinematic variables analyzed during jump shot that were performed from
three conditions to represent close, intermediate and far distances (2.8, 4.6, and 6.4m,
respectively). Shot accuracy decreased from 59% (close) to 37% (far), in function of the
task constraints (p < 0.05). Ball release height decreased (p < 0.05) from 2.46 m (close)
to 2.38m (intermediate) and to 2.33m (long). Release angle also decreased (p < 0.05)
when shot was performed from close (78.92°) in comparison to intermediate distances
(65.60°).While, ball release velocity increased (p < 0.05) from 4.39 m/s (close) to 5.75
m·s-1 (intermediate) to 6.89 m·s-1 (far). These changes in ball release height, angle and
velocity, related to movement performance adaptations were suggested as the main
factors that influence jump shot accuracy when distance is augmented.
Palabras clave
Abstract
The effects of differential instructional sets on motor skill acquisition were investigated
using performance outcome and kinematic measures. Participants were provided with a
single analogical instruction (analogy learning), a set of eight explicit (technical)
instructions (explicit learning), or were not instructed (control). During a learning
phase, participants (n¼9 for each condition) performed a modified basketball shooting
task over 3 days (160 trials per day). On the fourth day, participants performed a test
phase consisting of two 40-trial retention tests, separated by a 40-trial secondary task
transfer test, and completed a verbal protocol describing in detail the techniques that
they had used to perform the task. No performance differences were found during the
two retention tests, indicating similar amounts of learning for all groups. During the
transfer test, performance deteriorated for both the explicit and control conditions, but
not for the analogy condition. Participants in the analogy condition reported
significantly fewer technical rules. Although no group differences were reported for
kinematic variables, identification of movement components supported the claim that
explicit learners exert conscious control over their movements, whereas analogy
learners use a more implicit (unconscious or automatic) mode of movement control.
Palabras clave
Comentario crítico
Does the modification of ball mass influence the types of attempted and successful
shots in youth basketball?
José L. Arias
Abstract
Purpose. This study aimed at determining: (a) whether the effect of modifying ball
mass allowed youth basketball players to attempt a greater number of lay-ups and hook
shots during real games, and (b) whether the modification affected successful shots.
Methods. Fifty-four boys from six basketball teams, aged between 10-11 years,
participated in tbe study. The independent variable was ball mass and the dependent
variable was the attempted and successful type of shots (set and jump shot, lay-ups, and
hook shot). We established three situations in which four games were played with each
of the following balls: (a) a regulation ball, (b) a ball of smaller mass (440 g), and (c) a
ball of greater mass (540 g). Four observers were trained (intra- and inter-observer
reliability > 0.96). Four observers recorded the data utilizing a systematized register
from observation of the game videos. Results. A higher percentage of lay-ups were
attempted with the 440-g ball in comparison with the regulation ball {U = 227906, p =
0.01, ES = 0.152) and with the 540-g ball (U = 218614, p = 0.01, ES = 0.160). A higher
percentage of lay-ups were successful with the 440-g ball in comparison to the 540-g
ball (U = 223080, p = 0.02, ES = 0.210). Conclusions.Only attempted lay-ups
increased with the 440-g ball in comparison to the regulation hall, but the percentage of
the rest of kinds of attempted shots and successful shots were similar when comparing
the modified balls to the regulation ball.
Palabras clave
Niños, modificación de reglas, análisis del juego, deportes de equipo, enseñanza del
deporte
Comentario crítico
Abstract
Our study examined whether the introduction of a smaller and lighter basketball (no. 6)
affected the accuracy of female basketball players’ shots at the basket. The International
Basketball Federation (FIBA) introduced a size 6 ball in the 2004/2005 season to
improve the efficiency and accuracy of technical elements, primarily shots at the basket.
The sample for this study included 573 European female basketball players who were
members of national teams that had qualified for the senior women’s European
championships in 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007. A size 7 (larger and heavier) basketball
was used by 286 players in 1,870 matches, and a size 6 basketball was used by 287
players in 1,966 matches. The players were categorised into three playing positions:
guards, forwards and centres. The results revealed that statistically significant changes
by year occurred only in terms of the percentage of successful free throws. With the size
6 basketball, this percentage decreased. Statistically significant differences between the
playing positions were observed in terms of the percentage of field goals worth three
points (between guards and forwards) and two points (between guards and centres). The
results show that the introduction of the size 6 basketball did not lead to improvement in
shooting accuracy (the opposite was found for free throws), although the number of
three-point shots increased.
Palabras clave
Comentario crítico