Mathematics I - 01 - 2017 2018.ppt 1 PDF

Subject Code:SBAMM
Subject Name :Allied

Mathematics-I
Unit : I -V
Unit-I:
Algebra and Numerical Methods:
 Summation of Series
 Operators
 Difference tables
 Newton Raphson Method
 Newton’s forward and backward interpolation for equal intervals
 Lagrange’s interpolation formula
SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 2

1. ALGEBRA AND
NUMERICAL METHODS
Summation of Series:
1.1.Binomial series:
p  x  p p  q   x  p p  q  p  2q   x 
2 3
1  x  p q  1           
1!  q  2!  q  3! q
where -1<x<1.
Note:
(i) The factors of the numerators are in A.P
(ii) The factors of the numerators are 1,2,3,4…..
(iii) The power of x/q will be the no of terms in the numerator and
denominator.

Working rule to obtain the
sum of a binomial series:
1. The series should commence with 1 as the first term.
p x
 
2. The second term should be of the form 1!  
q
where in the power of (x/q) is 1.Z
3. In the succeeding terms, the powers of (x/q) should be 2,3,4,…
4. The coefficients should be such that the numerator and

denominator have same number of factors as the power of (x/q). If
the power is n, then
(i) the numerator of the coefficient is a product of n terms of an A.P
whose initial term is p and common difference is q and
(ii) the denominator is the product of the first integers 1,2,3,…n.
5. Find p , q , x and use (1-x)-p/q to get the sum.

Examples
1.1 Find the sum to infinity of the series

1 1 3 1 3 5
1      
3 3 6 3 6 9
4 4 12 4 12  20
  
18 18  27 18  27  36

1.2.Exponential Series
For all real values of x,
x x2 x3
e  1 
x
   (1)
1! 2! 3!
Replacing x into –x in (1), we get
x x x 2 x3
e  1      (2)
1! 2! 3!
Adding (1) & (2) and dividing by 2, and also subtracting (2) from (1) and
dividing by 2, we get
e x  e x x2 x4 x6
 1     3
2 2! 4! 6!
e x  ex x3 x5 x7
 x     4
2 3! 5! 7!

1.2.Exponential Series
Setting x=1 in (1),(2), (3), & (4) we get
   5
1 1 1 1
e  1   
1! 2! 3! 4!
   6 
1 1 1 1
e 1  1    
1! 2! 3! 4!
e  e 1
   7 
1 1 1
 1  
2 2! 4! 6!
e  e 1
   8
1 1 1 1
   
2 1! 3! 5! 7!

Working rule to obtain the sum
of the Exponential Series
Step 1: Consider the numerator and find its degree.
Step 2: Case 1:If the numerator is n (i.e., degree1) ,then rewrite n as the
sum of
(i) a constant term
(ii) a first degree term
Case 2: If the numerator is n2 (i.e., degree2) ,then rewrite n as the
sum of
(i) a constant term
(iii) a second degree term
Case 3: If the numerator is n3 (i.e., degree3) ,then rewrite n as the
sum of
(i) a constant term
(iii) a second degree term
(iv) a third degree term
So that the degree of the sum is also 3.
Step 3: Obtain the values of the constants either by setting particular
values for n or by equating the co-efficient.
Examples
1 2 3 4
   
3! 5! 7! 9!
22 32 42 52
   
1! 2! 3! 4!

1.3.Logarithmic Series
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
The infinite series x      is called the lograthmic
2 3 4 5
series.Its sum is log e 1  x  if the value of x is suchthat  1  x  1.
Some Important Results:

x 2 x3 x 4 x5
1. log 1  x   x     
2 3 4 5
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
2.  log 1  x   x     
2 3 4 5
1 1 x  x3 x5 x7 x9
3. log   x    
2  1 x  2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
4. log 2  1      
2 3 4 5
10
Working rule to obtain the sum
of the Logarithmic Series
Step1: Write the nth term of the series.
Step2: Apply partial fraction to split tn.
Step3: Obtain the values of the constants either by setting particular
values for n or by equating the co-efficient.
Step4:Setting n=1,2,3,4……. And adding all to find the sum.
Examples: 1 1 1
3.1 Show that      log 2
1.2 3.4 5.6
1 1 1
3.2 Show that      2  log 2
1.3 2.5 3.7

4.Numerical Methods
Interpolation: Finding the value of y corresponding to some value of x
between a and a+nh is called as interpolation.
Finite Difference: The differences in y values are called as finite
differences.
Forward Differences: The differences between subsequent and present

values are called as forward differences.The operator is defined by

f x   f x  h  f x 
Backward Difference: The differences between present values and
previous values are called as Backward differences. The operator is
defined by

f x The
Shift Operator: 
 f shift  
x operator 
f x  h E is defined by the equation
E[f(a)]=f(a+h)

1.4.Numerical Methods
Newtons forward interpolation formula:
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
f a  nh  f a   nf a    f a    f (a)  
2! 3!
x  x0
where n 
h
h  width of the values of x.
Newtons Backward interpolation formula:

n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
f a  nh   f a   nf a    f a    f (a)  
2! 3!
xn  x
where n 
h
h  width of the values of x

Examples
4.1 Obtain the Newton's forward interpolating polynomial, for the

following tabular data and interpolate the value of the function at
x 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
y 1.121 1.123 1.1255 1.127 1.128 1.1285
4.2 Find f(0.15) using Newton backward difference table from the data
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
y 0.09983 0.19867 0.29552 0.38942 0.47943

1.4.Numerical Methods
Lagranges formula:
Example:
Using the following data,find by Lagranges method the value of f(x) at
x=10 x 9.3 9.6 10.2 10.4 10.8
f(x) 11.40 12.80 14.70 17.00 19.80

Unit-II
Matrices:
 Symmetric Matrix
 Skew Symmetric Matrix
 Hermitian Matrix
 Skew Hermitian Matrix
 Orthogonal Matrix
 Unitary Matrix
 Eigen values and Eigen Vectors
 Cayley Hamilton theorem and its verification

2.Matrices
MATRIX:
A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns.
The ORDER of a matrix is the number of the rows and columns.
The ENTRIES are the numbers in the matrix.

Example of a Matrix:
 6 2  1
 2 0 5 
 
2.Matrices

2.Matrices
Hermitian Matrix:
A Hermitian matrix can also be defined as a square matrix A in which
the transpose of the conjugate of A is equal to A i.e. where
Example:
Skew-Hermitian matrix: A square matrix such that
for all elements aij of the matrix.

Example:

2.Matrices
Orthogonal Matrix:
The matrix A is said to be orthogonal if
AA^T=A^TA=I
where I is the identity matrix of same order as A.
Example:
1 0
  (
0 1 1
Unitary Matrix: )
A square matrix is a unitary matrix if
where denotes the conjugate transpose and is the matrix inverse.

2.Matrices
2.1CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION OF A MATRIX:
1. Let A be a nxn matrix over a field F and I be the unit matrix of the
same order. Then determinant is called the
A  I
characteristic polynomial of the matrix A.
2. The equation is called the characteristic

equation of thedet
matrix I  0
A A.
3. The roots of this equation is called the characteristic roots of

the matrix A. characteristic roots are also called Eigen values.
2.2CHARACTERISTIC VECTOR OF A MATRIX:

Let A be a nxn matrix. Let X be any non zero column vector
i.e X=
 x1 
x 
 2
 . 
 
 xn 
2.Matrices
Then any solution of the equation AX=λX other than X=0 corresponding to
some particular value of λ is called a characteristic vector or Eigen vector
or Latent vector.
2.3Cayley – Hamilton theorem:

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristics equation.
i.e. if the characteristic polynomial is
   n  P1n 1  P2 n 2  ....  Pn 1  Pn
Then,   A  0 
An  P1 An 1  P2 An 2  ....  Pn1 A  Pn I  0

2.Matrices
1.Find all the characteristic roots and the associated characteristic
vectors of the matrix
2. Find the eigen values of

Unit-III
Theory of Equations:
 Polynomial equations with real coefficient

 Transformation of equations by increasing or decreasing roots
 Symmetric functions of roots
 Reciprocal equations
 Newton’s method to find a root approximately
 Simple Problems

3.Theory of Equations
Polynomial equations with real coefficients:
Consider the polynomial equation a0 xn +a1 xn -1 +a2 xn
-2 +……a = 0…..(1) where a
n 0 ,a1, a2, a3,…. an are real coefficients. Its
degree is n and so it has n roots.If α1, α2, α3,… αn are the roots, We have
a0 xn +a1 xn -1 +a2 xn -2 +…… an = a0 (x- α1)(x- α2)(x- α3)(x- α4)….(x- αn)

= a0 {x –(α1+ α2 + α3 +….. αn)x
n n -1 +….
+(-1)n (α1 α2 α3…. α3)}

= a0 {xn -s1 xn -1 +s2 xn -2 - … +(-1)n sn }
……………..(2)
Where
• s1 =sum of the roots= α1+ α2 + α3 +….. αn
• s2=sum of the products of the roots taken 2 at a time

• s3 = sum of the products of the roots taken

3 at a time
• sn= Product of all the n roots

= α1 α2 α3…. α3
Comparing the coefficients of xn -1, xn -2 , ….x

And the constant terms in(2)
a 1 = -a 0 s 1
a2 = a0 s 2
a 3 = -a 0 s 3
an = (-1)n a0 sn

3.1.FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS:
• Every polynomial of nth degree has atleast n roots.
• In an equation with real coefficients, the imaginary roots occur in pairs.
• In an equation with irrational coefficients, the irrational roots occur in
pairs.
Examples:
3.1.1 Find the roots of the equation 2x3-7x2+7x-2=0 whose roots are in G.P
3.1.2 Find the roots of the equation x3-13x2+15x+189=0 when one of the
roots exceed another by 2.
For solution click the below link

https://youtu.be/9UqEHyGsJcs

3.2 Symmetric Equations:
• Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0,
(a ≠ 0), then the expressions of the form α + β, αβ, α^2 + β^2, α^2 -
β^2, 1/α^2 + 1/β^2 etc. are known as functions of the roots α and β.
• If the expression doesn’t change on interchanging α and β, then it is

known as symmetric.
• In other words, an expression in α and β which remains same when

α and β are interchanged, is called symmetric function in α and β.
• To evaluate of a symmetric function of the roots of a quadratic

equation in terms of its coefficients; we always express it in terms of
α + β and αβ.

With the above information, the values of other functions of α and β can be
determined:
(i) α^2 + β^2 = (α + β)^2 - 2αβ
(ii) (α - β)^2 = (α + β)^2 - 4αβ
(iii) α^2 - β^2 = (α + β)(α - β) = (α + β) √{(α + β)^2 - 4αβ}
(iv) α^3 + β^3 = (α + β)^3 - 3αβ(α + β)
(v) α^3 - β^3 = (α - β)(α^2 + αβ + β^2)
(vi) α^4 + β^4 = (α^2 + β^2)^2 - 2α^2β^2
(vii) α^4 - β^4 = (α + β)(α - β)(α^2 + β^2) = (α + β)(α - β)[(α + β)^2 - 2αβ]

Example 3.2.1:
If α and β are the roots of the quadratic ax^2 + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0),

determine the values of the following expressions in terms of a, b and c.
(i) 1/α + 1/β
(ii) 1/α^2 + 1/β^2
Symmetric function of roots

https://youtu.be/gGBGWiOVANY

3.2.Reciprocal Equation:
• An equation which is such that the reciprocal of every root of it is also a root
of it is called a reciprocal equation.
• i.e. . , if f x = , has a root α, then /α is also a root of f x = if it is

reciprocal.
Nature of the roots of the reciprocal equation:
Degree of f(x) Sign of a0 and an Factor of f(x)

Odd Opposite X-1 (root=1)
Odd Same X+1(root=-1)
Even Opposite X2-1(roots=1,-1)
Even Same No roots

Working rule to solve a reciprocal equation f(x)=0:
Step1: Check whether the degree is odd or even.
Step2:Find the factor as suggested in the table and pull it out and rewrite
the equation in the form (factor found )x g(x)=0. Then g(x) is a polynomial
of even degree say 2m.
Step3:Divide g(x) by xm and write it in the form
 1   1 
p0  x m  m   p1  x m1  m1  1
 x   x 
1
Step4: Denote x  t
x
1
x2  2  t 2  2
x
Step5:Rewrite equation (1) in t and solve for t .Suppose t=t1,t2
1
Step6: solve, x   t1 etc.,
x

Examples:
3.2.1 Solve the reciprocal equation 6 x6  25x5  31x 4  31x 2  25x  6  0

https://youtu.be/gou3PwjoE24
3.2.2 Solve the reciprocal equation 6 x5  41x 4  97 x3  97 x 2  41x  6  0

https://youtu.be/0HwGGTdrBzg

3.3Transformation of an equation by diminishing or increasing its
roots by a constant:
If x is a root of the given equation and y, the root diminished by
h,then x=y+h.
Thus replacing x by y+h in the given equation, we get an equation in y with
the diminished roots.
Working rule for short-cut method to obtain equation of diminished
roots:
Step1: Divide the given equation by its root by usual synthetic division
method .
Step2: Again divide the quotient by the same root and repeat the same
process till we get the quotient as single number.
Step3: The equation whose roots are the diminished ones is ,
(nth quotient) xn+(nth remainder) xn+(n-1th remainder) xn-1+……+(1
remainder) =0

Examples:
3.3.1 Find the equation whose roots are the roots of the equation x4
+x3-3x2-x+2=0 diminished by 3.

https://youtu.be/xFH0mIwxhMI
3.3.2 Show that the equation x4-10x3-23x2-6x+15=0 can be transformed

into reciprocal equation by diminishing by 2 .Hence solve the equation.

https://youtu.be/xFH0mIwxhMI

3.4Newton Raphson Method:
Procedure:
Step1 : Let the given polynomial be f(x)=0. Select the numbers a and b
such that f(a) and f(b) are of opposite signs. Then the root of f(x)=0 lies in
the interval (a,b).
Step2: Determine |f(a)| and |f(b)| and if |f(a)|<|f(b)| then take the initial
approximation as x0=b.
Step3: A better approximation of the root is obtained from the formula
f x0 
x1  x0  '
f x0 
x1 is a better approximation to x0
Step 4: Continue this process until the best required approximation is
obtained.

Examples:
3.4.1 Solve the equation x2-5=0 by Newton’s method

https://youtu.be/Wm4FxqzquzM
3.4.1 Solve the equation x2-2x-2=0 by Newton’s method

https://youtu.be/oE98W4A7Zio

Unit-IV
Trigonometry:
 Expansion of sinn and cosn in a series power of sin and cos

.    
 Expansion of sin^n ,cos^n ,tan^n in a series of sines cosine and
tangents of multiple 
of  

 Expansion sin ,cos and tan in a series powers of
   
 Hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions
 Logarithms of complex numbers

4.Trigonometry
Expansions of cosnΘ and sinnΘ:
To obtain the expansion of cosnΘ.
Step
. 1: Use cosnΘ + i sinnΘ= (cosΘ+isinΘ)n .
Step 2: Expand RHS as a binomial series.
Step 3: Equate the real parts.
To obtain the expansion of SinnΘ.
Step 4: Equate the imaginary parts.

4.Trigonometry
Express cos6Θ as a polynomial in cosΘ (ii) sinΘ
Solution:
(i) We know that
cos6Θ + isin6Θ = ( cosΘ + isinΘ)6 = ( c + is)6 say.
6
. Now cos6Θ = Re (c + is)
= Re(c6+6c5is+15c4i2s2+20c3i3s3+15c2i4s4+6ci5s5+i6s6)
= c6 - 15c4s2 + 15 c2s4 - s6
= c6 -15c4(1 – c2) + 15c2(1 – c2)2 -(1 – c2)3
= c6 -15c +15c6+15c2(1 – 2c2 + c4) – (1–3c2+3c4–c6)
= c6(1 + 15 + 15 + 1) +c4( - 15 - 30 – 3)+c2(15 + 3) – 1
= 32 cos6 Θ – 48 cos4 Θ + 18 cos2 Θ – 1.

4.Trigonometry
(ii)Next, using cos2 Θ = 1 – sin2 Θ
i.e.,
. c2 = 1 – s2 in (1),
Cos6Θ=(1–s2)3–15(1–s2)2s2+15(1–s2)s4–s6–15(1– 2s2+s4)s2+15(1 – s2)s4–s6
= 1 + s2( -3 -15) + s4(3 + 30 +15) + s6( -1 -15 -15 -1)
= 1 -18 sin2Θ + 48 sin4Θ – 32 sin6Θ .

4.Trigonometry
Expansions of cosnΘ and sinnΘ:
Method:
Let x = cos Θ + isin Θ.
Then we have
x = cos Θ + isin Θ xn = cos nΘ + isin nΘ

1= cos Θ – isin Θ 1 = cos nΘ - isin nΘ
X Xn
By addition and subtraction we get
2 cos Θ = x + 1/x Xn + 1/xn = 2 cos nΘ
2i sin Θ = x – 1/x Xn - 1/xn = 2i sin nΘ

4.Trigonometry
Example 1:
Show that
1. 25 cos6Θ = cos 6Θ + 6 cos 4Θ + 15 cos 2Θ + 10
.
2. 26cos7Θ = cos 7Θ + 7 cos 5Θ + 21 cos 3Θ + 35 cosΘ
Solution :
let x  cos   i sin  . Then
1 n 1
2 cos   x  , x  n  2 cos n .
x x
6

 2 cos  
6  1
x 
 x
15 6 1
 x 6  6 x 4  15 x 2  20   
x2 x4 x6
4.Trigonometry
 1   1   1 
  x 6  6   6  x 4  4   15  x 2  2   20
 x   x   x 
 2 cos 6   6 2 cos 4   15 2 cos 2   20
.
Dividing both sides by 2, we get the result as stated .
7
 1 
(ii ) 2 cos     x 
7

 x 
35 21 7 1
 x  7 x  21x  35 x 
7 5 3
 3 5  7
x x x x
 7 1   5 1   3 1   1
  x  7   7 x  5   21 x  3   35 x  
 x   x   x   x
 2 cos 7   72 cos 5   212 cos 3   352 cos  
Dividing both sides by 2, we get the result as stated
4.Trigonometry
Series for sinΘ,cos Θ,tanΘ:
x3 x5 x7
sin x  x     ....
. 3! 5! 7!
2 4 6
x x x
cos x  1    .
2! 4! 6!
1 3 2
tan x  x  x  x 5  ....
3 15

4.Trigonometry
Example 1:
sin  2165
If  ,show that Θ is equal to 3 1’ nearly.
 2166
.
Solution:
2165 1 and hence is nearly 1. So Θ is small.
 1
2166 2166
Hence neglecting powers higher than 3,
3

sin  3!  1  1  2  1  1 .

  6 2166
6 1
 2  or  radian  31
2166 9

4.Trigonometry
Hyperbolic Functions:
e x  e x
1. cosh x 
. 2
e x  ex
2. sinh x 
2
e x  ex
3. tanh x  x
e  ex

4.Trigonometry
Relations between circular and hyperbolic functions:
1.cos ix= coshx
2.sin ix = i sinhx
.
3. tanix = i tanhx
4.secix = sechx
5.cosec ix= -i cosechx
6.Cotix = -i cothx

4.Trigonometry
Formulae in hyperbolic functions:
1. cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
2. sec h 2 x  1  tanh 2 x
.
3.  cos ech 2 x  1  coth 2 x
4. cosh 2 x  2 cosh 2 x  1
 1  2 sinh 2 x
 cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x
5. sinh 2 x  2 sinh x cosh x

4.Trigonometry
6. sinh (   )  sinh  cosh   cosh  sinh 
7. sinh(   )  sinh  cosh   cosh  sinh 
.
8. cosh(   )  cosh  cosh   sinh  sinh 
9. cosh(   )  cosh  cosh   sinh  sinh 

2 t anh 
10. sinh 2 
1  t anh 2 
1  t anh 2 
11. cosh 2 
1  t anh 2 
2 t anh 
12. t anh 2 
1  t anh 2 

4.Trigonometry
Real and imaginary parts:
Hyperbolic functions:
. Function Real part Imaginary part
Sinh (Θ+iΦ) Sinh Θ cosΦ coshΘ sinΦ
Sinh (Θ+iΦ) cosh Θ cosΦ sinhΘ sinΦ

sinh 2 sin 2
Tanh (Θ+iΦ)
cosh 2  cos 2 coh 2  cos 2

4.Trigonometry
Example- 1:
Prove the following
(i) cosh2x + sinh2x = cosh 2x
.
(ii) cosh2x = 1
2
cosh 2 x  1
(iii)
2 tanh x
tanh 2 x 
Solution: 1  tanh 2
x
(i) We know that cos2x-sin2x= cos 2x
Replacing x by ix, we get
(cos ix)2- (sin ix)2 = cos 2ix
i.e., (cos hx)2- (isin hx)2 = cosh 2x
cosh2x-sinh2x= cosh 2x

4.Trigonometry
ii  we knowthat cos 2 x  1
2
cos 2 x  1
 cos ix 2  1 2 cos 2ix  1
  
cosh 2 x  1 cosh 2 x  1
2
.
iii  tan 2 x  2 tan x
1  tan 2 x
2 tan ix
 tan 2ix 
1  tan 2 ix
i 2 tanh x
 i tanh 2 x 

1  i tanh x 2
2 tanh x
tanh 2 x 
1  tanh 2 x
4.Trigonometry
Logarithms of Complex numbers:
Logarithms of Complex number is defined as

1
 
log e (a  ib )  log a  b  i tan
2
2 2 1 b
a
 1
  
 Re al part of log e a 2  b 2  log a 2  b 2
2
b
and imaginary part  tan 1
a
This is the principle value.On adding 2n with this we get the
general value.

Unit-V
.Differential calculus:
 Successive Differentiation-nth derivatives
 Leibnitz Theorem and applications
 Jacobians
 Curvature and Radius of curvature in cartesian co-ordinates
 Maxima and minima of two variables
 Lagrange's Multiplier –Simple problems

5.Differential calculus
5.1Successive Differentiation:
Notations: Higher Derivatives of y = f(x)
dy d2y d3y dny

(i) y1  , y2  2
, y3  3
 yn 
dx dx dx dx n
(ii) D y, D2y, D3y,………………….………, nth order derivative : Dn y
(iii) y', y'', y''',………………...………..., nth order derivative : y(n)
Examples: x2  x2

5.1.1 Find the nth derivative of y= x  1  log  
 x  1 

5.2.Leibnitz’s Theorem
Leibnitz’s theorem is useful in the calculation of nth derivatives of
the product of two functions.
Statement of the theorem:

If u and v are functions of x, then
D n u  v   D nu  v  nC1 D n1u  Dv  nC2 D n2u  D 2v    u  D n v
Examples:
5.2.1 If y =
 
(i ) 1  x 2 ny2  xy1  m 2 y
(ii ) 1  x y2
n2  
 n(2n  1) xy n 1  n 2  m 2 yn  0

5.3 Radius of Curvature:Let P be any point on the curve C. Draw
the tangent at P to the circle. The circle having the same curvature
as the curve at P touching the curve at P, is called the circle of
curvature. It is also called the osculating circle. The centre of the
circle of the curvature is called the centre of curvature. The radius
of the circle of curvature is called the radius of curvature and is
denoted by ‘ρ’.
Radius of Curvature in Cartesian Form :
Radius of curvature, ρ = 1  y 1
2
3
2
y2
dy d2y
where y1  & y2 
dx dx 2

Examples:
5.3.1 Find the radius of curvature for the cubic at the point x = 2 ?
Y=5x3−x+1
5.3.2 Find the radius of curvature for the cubic at the point x = 1 ?
y = 2x3 − x + 3
5.3.3 Find the radius of curvature for the function y=a log sec (x/a).
For solution click the below link.
https://youtu.be/8YGH3RJmwfg

5.4 Jacobians :
Jacobian of two variables:
Jacobian of two variables (x,y) is given by
x x
  x, y 
 u v
 u , v  y y
u v
Jacobian of three variables:
Jacobian of three variables (x,y,z) is given by
x x x
u v w
  x, y, z  y y y

 u , v, w u v w
z z z
u v w

Properties of Jacobians:
Chain Rule:
If u and v are functions of x and y are fuctions of r and s ,then
u, v  u, v  x, y 

 
r , s  x, y  r , s 
Reciprocal Rule:
If u and v are functions of x and y are fuctions of r and s ,then
u, v  x, y 
 1
x, y  u, v 

Examples:
5.4.1 Find the Jacobian of the functions x=u2-v2 and y= u2+v2

https://youtu.be/jSjFKcOZY3s
5.4.2 Find the Jacobian of the functions x=u/v, y=v/w and z=w/u.

https://youtu.be/TutB0iJ2SEI

5.5 Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables:
Maxima and Minima Test:
1.Find the stationary points where f x  f y  0
2.Calculate f xx , f yy and f xy
(i ) If f xx  0 and f xx f yy   f xy   0 at (a, b)  Maximum.

2
(ii ) If f xx  0 and f xx f yy   f xy   0 at (a, b)  Miniimum.

2
(iii ) If f xx f yy   f xy   0 at (a, b)  Saddle Po int .

2
(iv ) If f xx f yy   f xy   0 at (a, b)  Test is inconclusi ve.

2

Examples:
5.5.1 Find the local maxima and minima for the function x3-12xy+8y3=0

https://youtu.be/odkaPgWPQGo
5.5.2 Find the local maxima and minima for the function f(x,y)=2x2+3y2-
12x-6y+9

https://youtu.be/xl-4T8ak8Eg

5.6 Constrained maxima and minima:
Suppose we require to find the maximum and minimum values of f(x,y,z)
where x,y,z are subject to a constraint equation g(x,y,z)=0
we define a function U9x,y,z)=f(x,y,z)+  g(x,y,z)
Where,  is called Lagrange's multiplier which is independent of
x,y,z.
The necessary conditions for a maximum and minimum are

u
0
x
u
0
y
u
0
z
Examples:
5.6.1 Find the extreme value of the function subject to the constraints
f(x,y,z)=xyz , x2+y2+z2=3

https://youtu.be/YQH40HgxnKg
5.6.2 The temperature at a point (x,y) on a metal plate in the XY-plane is

given by T(x,y)=6xy. Use the method of Lagrange to determine the
maximum temperature on the circle x2+y2=8.

https://youtu.be/5w-b1yU9hy4

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Subject Code:SBAMM

Subject Name :Allied

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 2

(ii) The factors of the numerators are 1,2,3,4…..

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 3

3. In the succeeding terms, the powers of (x/q) should be 2,3,4,…

4. The coefficients should be such that the numerator and

5. Find p , q , x and use (1-x)-p/q to get the sum.

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 4

1.1 Find the sum to infinity of the series

1.2 Find the sum to infinity of the series

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 5

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 6

Setting x=1 in (1),(2), (3), & (4) we get

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 7

2.2 Find the sum to infinity of the series

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 9

series.Its sum is log e 1  x  if the value of x is suchthat  1  x  1.

Some Important Results:

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 11

Forward Differences: The differences between subsequent and present

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 12

Newtons Backward interpolation formula:

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 13

4.1 Obtain the Newton's forward interpolating polynomial, for the

y 1.121 1.123 1.1255 1.127 1.128 1.1285

y 0.09983 0.19867 0.29552 0.38942 0.47943

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 14

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 15

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 16

The ORDER of a matrix is the number of the rows and columns.

The ENTRIES are the numbers in the matrix.

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 18

Skew-Hermitian matrix: A square matrix such that

for all elements aij of the matrix.

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 19

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 20

2. The equation is called the characteristic

3. The roots of this equation is called the characteristic roots of

2.2CHARACTERISTIC VECTOR OF A MATRIX:

2.3Cayley – Hamilton theorem:

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 22

2. Find the eigen values of

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 23

 Polynomial equations with real coefficient

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 24

a0 xn +a1 xn -1 +a2 xn -2 +…… an = a0 (x- α1)(x- α2)(x- α3)(x- α4)….(x- αn)

+(-1)n (α1 α2 α3…. α3)}

• s2=sum of the products of the roots taken 2 at a time

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 25

• s3 = sum of the products of the roots taken

• sn= Product of all the n roots

Comparing the coefficients of xn -1, xn -2 , ….x

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 26

For solution click the below link

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 27

• If the expression doesn’t change on interchanging α and β, then it is

• In other words, an expression in α and β which remains same when

• To evaluate of a symmetric function of the roots of a quadratic

SBAMM - Allied Maths-I 28

(i) α^2 + β^2 = (α + β)^2 - 2αβ

(ii) (α - β)^2 = (α + β)^2 - 4αβ

(iii) α^2 - β^2 = (α + β)(α - β) = (α + β) √{(α + β)^2 - 4αβ}