Mobility Prediction and Routing in Ad-hoc Network

Prof. Uma Nagaraj.

HOD Computer Department,
MAE, Alandi, Pune
Email – Umanagarajcomp.maepune.ac.in

Amit Bharane.
Pune-411015, Maharashtra, India.
Email –amit.bharane2008@gmail.com

Ankit Naidu.

Bhushan Chaudhari.
Email-

Department of Computer Engineering, University of Pune, Maharashtra, India

amit.bharane2008@gmail.com., btchaudhari@gmail.com

Abstract
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile
ad hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for the
intelligent transportation system (ITS). The design of routing
protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for
support the smart ITS. The key difference of VANET and
MANET is the special mobility pattern and rapidly
changeable topology. It is not effectively applied the existing
routing protocols of MANETs into VANETs. In this paper,
we tries to overcome such problems to effective and
efficient routing protocols with the low communication
delay, the low communication overhead, and the low time
complexity. The challenges and perspectives of routing
protocols for VANETs are finally discussed.
Key words: Intelligent Transportation System (ITS),
Mobile ad-hoc Network (MANET), Vehicular Ad-hoc
Network (VANET), Mobility Patterns.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED
PROJECT
The main Objective is to develop an
algorithm to perform Mobility Prediction and enhance
data transfer between nodes in VANET networks
using efficient Routing Technique.
 Mobility Prediction helps us to predict
whether a node will be present for data
transfer in the upcoming hops. It helps us to
recognize link time and the safety of the link.
It helps us make decisions concerning routing
and enables us to maximize the efficiency of
the network
 Routing Algorithms help us to choose the
best routing technique and maximize the
working of the network. We can choose
between Multicast, Geocast or Unicast
Routing

Wireless networks allow a more flexible

model of communication than traditional networks
since the user is not limited to a fixed physical
location. Unlike cellular wireless networks, an ad hoc
wireless network does not have any fixed
communication infrastructure. The routes are subject
to frequent disconnections. In such an environment, it
is important to minimize disruptions caused by the
changing topology for critical application such as
voice and video. This presents a difficult challenge for
routing protocols, since rapid reconstruction of routes
is crucial in the presence of topology changes. By
exploiting non-random behaviors for the mobility
patterns that mobile user’s exhibit, we can predict the
future state of network topology and perform route
reconstruction proactively in a timely manner.
Moreover, by using the predicted information on the
III. SCOPE OF PROJECT
As VANETs are distributed, self
organizing communication networks built up from
moving vehicles, and are thus characterized by very
high speeds and limited degrees of freedom in nodes
movement patterns. Such particular features often
make standard networking protocols inefficient or
unusable in VANETs. In the standard approach, data
traffic is altered by mobility. Yet in VANETs,
mobility may also be influenced by data traffic. There
is therefore a specific bidirectional relationship
between mobility and wireless communication in
VANETs. When considering the huge impact that the
deployment of VANET technologies could have on
the automotive market, the growing effort in the
development of communication protocols and mobility
network topology, we can eliminate transmissions of
control packets otherwise needed to reconstruct the
route and thus reduce overhead. In this paper, we
propose various schemes to improve routing protocol
performances by using mobility prediction.
IV. VANET
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs)
represent a rapidly emerging, particularly challenging
class of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs).
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network is to provide
communication among nearby vehicles and between
vehicles and nearby fixed equipment i.e. roadside
equipment. The main goal of VANET is providing
safety and comfort for passengers. Each vehicle
equipped with VANET device will be a node in the
Ad-hoc network and can receive & relay other
messages through the wireless network. Collision
warning, Road signal arms and in place traffic view
will give the driver essential tool to decide the best
path along the way. VANET integrates multiple Ad-
Hoc networking technologies such as Wi-Fi IEEE
802.11 b/g, WiMAX 802.16, Bluetooth, IRA, ZigBee
for easy accurate effective and simple communication
between vehicles on dynamic mobility. VANET helps
in defining safety measures in vehicles, streaming
communication between vehicles, infotainment and
telematics
Fig.1 VANET Structure
models specific to vehicular networks is easily
understandable.
V. MOBILITY PREDICTION
Mobility prediction of a node is the
estimation of their Future locations. The definition of
“location” depends on the kind of wireless network.
In infrastructure networks, location
means the access point to which the mobile terminal is
connected. Many location prediction methods are
proposed. The main advantage of location prediction
is to allocate, in advance, the convenient next access
point before the mobile terminal leaves its current one,
in order to reduce the interruption time in
communication between terminal mobiles. A simple
MOBILITY PREDICTION can be illustrated given
below;
Fig. 2 Simple Mobility Scenario in Ad- hoc network
Fig. 2 represent an Ad Hoc network with four nodes
which are A, B, C and D. A is stable, C moves slowly
towards A and B moves rapidly away from A and D.
A has data packets to send to D. It finds that to reach
D, packets can pass either through B, or through C. If
A chooses B as intermediate node, then the
communication will not last long time since the link
(A, B) will be rapidly broken, due to the mobility of B.
But if A, takes into account the mobility of B and C, it
will choose C as intermediate node because the
expiration time of the link (A,C) is superior to that of
(A, B), since C have chance to remain in A
transmission range, more than B. The fact that A
chooses C as next hop to reach D contributes to the
selection of the path which has the greatest expiration
time or the most stable path
According to this example we can predict the next
location of the vehicle by selecting the most stable
path can avoid future link failure, which improves
routing.
 VI. ROUTING TECHNIQUES FOR MOBILITY
PREDICTION
In VANET Routing Protocols are
classified into five categories, they’re;
1. Broadcast Routing
2. Geocast Routing
3. Cluster Based Routing
4. Topology Based Routing
5. Position Based Routing
A. Broadcast Routing –
Broadcast routing is frequently used in
VANET for sharing, traffic, weather and emergency,
road conditions among vehicles and delivering
advertisements and announcements. Broadcasting is
used when message needs to b disseminated to the
vehicle beyond the transmission range i.e. multi hops
are used. Broadcast sends a packet to all nodes in the
network, typically using flooding. This ensures the
delivery of the packet but bandwidth is wasted and
nodes receive duplicates. In VANET, it performs
better for a small number of nodes. The various
Broadcast routing protocols are BROADCOMM,
UMB, V-TRADE
B. Geocast Routing –
Geocast routing is basically a location
based multicast routing. Its objective is to deliver the
packet from source node to all other nodes within a
specified geographical region (Zone of Relevance
ZOR). In Geocast routing vehicles outside the ZOR
are not alerted to avoid unnecessary hasty reaction.
Geocast is considered as a multicast service within a
specific geographic region. It normally defines a
forwarding zone where it directs the flooding of
packets in order to reduce message overhead and
network congestion caused by simply flooding packets
everywhere. In the destination zone, unicast routing
can be used to forward the packet. One pitfall of
Geocast is network partitioning and also unfavorable
neighbors which may hinder the proper forwarding of
messages. The various Geocast routing protocols are
IVG, DG-CASTOR etc.
C. Cluster Based Routing –
In the Cluster Based Routing Protocols.
Virtual Infrastructure is created through clustering of
nodes in order to provide scalability. Each cluster can
have a cluster head, which is responsible for secure
communication between inter-cluster and intra cluster
coordination in the network. Recovery strategy is used
to recover from unfavorable situations.
beneficial since no global route from source node to
D. Topology Based Routing—
These routing protocols use links
information that exist in the network to perform packet
forwarding. They are further divided into Proactive
and Reactive.
1. Proactive routing protocols—
The proactive routing means that the
routing information like next forwarding hope is
maintained in the background irrespective of
communication requests. The packets are constantly
broadcast and flooded among nodes to maintain the
path, and then a table is constructed within a node
which indicates next hop node towards a destination.
1.i. Fisheye state routing (FSR)—
FSR is similar to LSR, in FSR node
maintains a topology table (TT) based upon the latest
information received from neighboring and
periodically exchange it with local neighbors. For
large networks to reduce the size of message the FSR
uses the different exchange period for different entries
in routing tables. Routing table entries for a given
destination are updated preferably with the neighbors
having low frequency, as the distance to destination
increases. The problem with the FSR routing is that
with the increase in network size the routing table also
increases. As the mobility increases route to remote
destination become less accurate. If the target node
lies out of scope of source node then route discovery
fails.
1. ii. Temporally Ordered Routing (TOR) –
TOR belongs to the family of link
reversal routing in which directed a cyclic graph is
built which directs the intermediate neighbor instead
of sending to farthest node, but this method introduces
long delays due to greater no. of hop counts. Due to
rapid movement of vehicles, routing loops are
introduced which causes dissemination of messages to
long path.
GPSR uses static street map and
location information about each node, since GPSR
does not consider vehicle density of streets so it is not
an efficient method for VANET.
E. Position Based Routing—
Position based routing consists of class
of routing algorithm. They share the property of using
geographic positioning information in order to select
the next forwarding hops. The packet is send without
any map knowledge to the one hop neighbor which is
closest to destination. Position based routing is
In this way we can also able to find the different
destination node need to be created and maintained.
Position based routing is broadly divided in two types:
Position based greedy V2V protocols, Delay Tolerant
Protocols.
VII. ANALYSIS OF DATA
The functionality available to the Vehicle is ,
1. Collect geographical information.
2. Check for nearest hop or Road Side Unit.
3. Accept incoming request and transmit requested
information.
The functionality available to the Satellite
1. Get the incoming Request
2. Checks for the region of the request
3. Transmit the requested information to the receiver
The functionality available to the Road Side Units are
1. Receive the information transmitted by the nearby
vehicle.
2. Checks for receiver to verify that he’s in range.
3. If it’s in range then transmit the information.
VII. PRODUCT PERSPECTIVE
The Mobility prediction allows estimating
the stability of paths in a mobile wireless Ad Hoc
networks. Identifying stable paths helps to improve
routing by reducing the overhead and the number of
connection interruptions. In this we introduce a neural
network based method for mobility prediction in Ad
Hoc networks. This method consists of a multi-layer
and recurrent neural network using back propagation
through time algorithm for training.
The Mobility prediction can implement by
using various routing algorithms like Geocast,
Broadcast, and Cluster based Routing techniques.
Such a system should be able to satisfy users, who
want to get Highways information only by requesting
to the road side units.
VIII. OVERVIEW
In the Mobility Prediction is the way of
finding the current and future position of the vehicle.
This is possible by getting the information from the
Road Side Units established for this special purpose
only. Also the prediction of the vehicle is done by
implementing different algorithms like Geocast,
Broadcast and Cluster Based Routing algorithms.
can’t be get affected by him.
geographical places for the newcomers, current
situation of the traffic which helps for the medical
emergencies. This in this way the Mobility Prediction
is important now days.
A.FUTURE SCOPE
VANET is a promising wireless
communication technology for improving highway
safety and information services. However, the
performance of VANETs depends heavily on the
mobility model, routing protocol, vehicular density,
driving environment and many other factors.
In this paper we surveyed the different
frameworks available for VANET, five types of
Routing Techniques and survey the importance of
Mobility Prediction in VANET. In future we plan to
investigate the performance of the prediction
technique for different classes of users.
B.APPLICATIONS
The different applications for VANET
can be as;
B.i. finding destination:--
In a situation, where driver does not
know anything about the city, driver may get confused
in such situation to find the way. VANET gives
roadside detail such as Cinema Hall, Petrol pump,
Historical Monument, Libraries, Grounds etc. & this
information helps to finding the destination easily.
This information may show by video streaming
application of VANET.
B.ii. Road accidents minimized:--
VANET is mainly designed for
managing traffic & minimizing accidental situations.
VANET helps driver in accidental situations by
alerting also it gives information about accident to the
ambulance as well as police quickly. Also it gives
some alternative routes to avoid traffic jam.
B.iii. Police works more efficiently:--
Using VANET police easily chase the
suspected car on road by knowing the traffic position,
shortcuts.etc
B.iv. Improving Driving:--
The improving in driving is possible
because learner can notify others that he’s the new
driver and he’s keeping car speed low so that others
B.v. Public Service:--
This is done by informing emergency
vehicle to know others.
IX. CONCLUSION
VANET is a promising wireless
communication technology for improving highway
safety and information services. However, the
performance of VANETs depends heavily on the
mobility model, routing protocol, vehicular density,
driving environment and many other factors.
In this paper we survey the different
frameworks available for VANET, five types of
Routing Techniques and survey the importance of
Mobility Prediction in VANET. In future we plan to
investigate the performance of the prediction
technique for different classes of users.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
During the course of this Preliminary
Project report we found that it is not only sharpened
our logical skills but also taught us value of joint
efforts and hard work. On the successful completion of
our report work, we take this Opportunity to thank
every person associated with it. It gives us great
pleasure to present this project on:
“MOBILITY PREDICTION AND
ROUTING IN Ad-hoc NETWORK ”.
We are extremely grateful for necessary
information, support and the guidance provided by:
Prof. Uma Nagaraj
Whose help and guidance has been
valuable to our project. Last but not the least we would
like to mention that everyone in the college campus
forever helped us.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY
MAGAZINE | JUNE 2007, “Routing in Vehicular Ad
Hoc Networks: A Survey”, Fan Li and Yu Wang,
University of North Carolina at Charlotte; 1556-
6072/07/2007 IEEE.
[2] “A comparative study of Routing Protocols in
VANET”, Sandhaya Kohli1, Bandanjot Kaur2, Sabina
Bindra2; 1Dept. of CSE, RIMT-IMT, 2Dept. of CSE,
RIMT-IET.
[3] JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS,
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 1, APRIL 2010, “Mobility
Prediction in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks using Neural
Networks”, Heni KAANICHE and Farouk KAMOUN
[4] “Mobility Prediction and Routing in Ad Hoc
Wireless Networks”, William Su, Sung- Ju Lee, and
Mario Gerla, Wireless Adaptive Mobility Laboratory,
Computer Science Department, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1596.
[5] “MOBILITY PREDICTION IN WIRELESS
NETWORKS”, William Su, Sung-Ju Lee, Mario
Gerla, Computer Science Department, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1596; 0-7803-
6521-6/2000 IEEE
[6] IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS &
TUTORIALS, VOL. 11, NO. 4, FOURTH QUARTER
2009 19, “Mobility Models for Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks: A Survey and Taxonomy”, Fethi Filali, and
Christian Bonnet.
[7] “AN ACTIVITY BASED MOBILITY
PREDICTION STRATEGY FOR NEXT
GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS”,
M.S.Sricharan, V.Vaidehi and P.P.Arun, Department
of Information Technology, Department of Electronics
Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna
University, Chennai- 600044, India; 2006 IEEE.