Pines CIty College

College of Pharmacy
PHBIO SCI 101 LAB
Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy LAB
Tuesday – 2;00 pm – 5:00 pm
Name: Roberto P. Fontalba Date: November 19, 2019
BSP-1
Activity # 11
Activity Title: Medicinal Plants
Tagalog Common Scientific Family Use/s
name Name Name Name
(English)
1 Abukado Avocado Persea Lauraceae Properties
(Engl.) americana Mill. - Digestive, emmenagogue, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, pectoral,
stomachic, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, antidiarrheal.
- Pulp considered to have aphrodisiac and emmenagogue properties.
- Seed considered insecticidal, fungicidal, anti-microbial, hypocholesterolemic

Parts used
Bark, fruit, leaves and seeds.
2 Abutra Yellow-fruit Arcangelisia Menispermac Properties
moonseed flava (L.) Merr. eae Considered antimalarial, germicidal, tonic, stomachic, febrifuge, emmenagogue,
(Engl.) abortive, antiperiodic, diaphoretic (much of these due to the berberine).

Parts used
Bark, roots, and stems.
3 Adelfa Rose bay Nerium Apocynaceae Properties
(Engl.) oleander Mill. - Leaves and flowers are considered cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and
expectorant.
- Whole plant believed to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial,
sedating, and anthelmintic effects.
- Reported biologic activities to include anti-inflammatory, sedative, anti-bacterial,
cardiac, anti-neoplastic and anthelmintic.

Parts used
Bark. flowers, leaves.
4 Akapulko Candle bush Senna alata (L.) Fabaceae Properties
(Engl.) Roxb. • Saponin acts as a laxative and expels intestinal parasites.
• Its fungicide property derives from chrysophanic acid.
• Plant considered alterative, astringent, abortifacient, aperient, expectorant,
purgative, sudorific, hydragogue, diuretic, vermifuge.

Parts utilized
Leaves, seeds, and flowers.
5 Alagaw Fragrant Premna Lamiaceae Properties
premna odorata Blanco - Sudorific, pectoral, carminative.
(Engl.) - Studies have suggested antimicrobial, antiviral, cardiotonic, anticoagulant,
hepatoprotective, antitubercular, antitumor, antimutagenic, anti-parasitic,
antioxidant properties.

Parts utilized
Leave, fruits, ss and flowering tops, fresh or dried.
6 Ambal Ambal Pycnarrhena Menispermac Properties
manillensis Vidal. eae - Root is tonic, cicatrizant, vulnerary, febrifuge and emmenagogue.
- Also considered abortifacient.
Parts used
Roots and stems.
7 Ampalaya BITTER Momordica Cucurbitaceae Properties
GOURD / charantia Linn. - Considered astringent, antidiabetic, abortifacient, antirheumatic, contraceptive,
BITTER galactagogue, parasiticide, anthelmintic, purgative, emetic, antipyretic, febrifuge,
MELON emmenagogue, cooling , tonic, vulnerary.
- Fruit considered tonic and stomachic.
- Studies have shown antidiabetic, adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, membrane
stabilizing, antioxidant, cholinomimetic, analgesic, antimicrobial,
gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-dengue, antifungal properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves, roots and fruits.
8 Anis FENNEL Foeniculum Umbelliferae / Properties
vulgare Mill. Apiaceae • Considered analgesic, anti-inflammatory, aromatic, emmenagogue, expectorant,
hallucinogenic, stomachic.
• Warming, carminative, stomachic, antispasmodic, antidepressant, a weak diuretic,
and a mild stimulant, galactagogue.
• Infused fruit considered carminative.
• Roots considered aperative and purgative.
• Shoots of young plants considered carminative and respiratory.
• Considered energizing, tranquilizing and anti-spasmodic.
• Studies have suggested antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
bronchodilatory, estrogenic, diuretic, emmenagogue, antithrombotic, hypotensive,
gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, memory enhancing, and antimutagenic
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 properties.
Parts used
Whole plant, roots, seeds, oil of seed.
9 Anonas CUSTARD Annona Anonaceae Properties
APPLE reticulata Linn. - The fresh leaves are anthelmintic internally and suppurant and insecticidal
externally.
- The bark is astringent and tonic.
- Studies have shown anthelmintic, anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective,
antibacterial, antiproliferative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal,
antihyperglycemic, CNS depressant, larvicidal properties.

Parts used
Leaves, fruit, leaves, bark.
10 Atsuwete Achiote Bixa orellana Bixaceae Medicinal Uses of Atsuete Pulp
 Atsuete pulp is used to prevent scars due to blisters.
 Atsuete pulp is used to stop bleeding.
 Pulvorized pulp is used to treat fever.
 Atsuete pulp is also used to treat constipation, dysentery and gonorrhoea.
11 Balanoy SWEET BASIL Ocimum Lamiaceae Properties
basilicum L. • Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, febrifuge, diuretic, demulcent,
mucilaginous, cooling.
• Leaves and flowers considered excitant, diuretic, and stimulant for weak
digestion.
• Seeds and flowers considered stimulant, diuretic and demulcent.
• Seeds are mucilaginous and cooling.
• Studies have shown sweet basil to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, cardiac stimulant, chemomodulatory, CNA
depressant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and larvicidal
activities.

Parts utilized
• Leaves, seeds.
• Mature fresh leaves are harvested 2 to 3 months after planting. Leaves are picked
leaving the branches on the plant to allow it to flower and produce seeds for the
next season.
• The leaves are air-dried until they crumble when crushed with the fingers. Store in
amber colored bottles in a cool, dry place.

Uses
Culinary / Edibility
- The leafy and flowering tops are used as condiment; eaten sparingly in salads.
- Seeds are sometimes eaten.
- In Kanawar, sometimes eaten mixed in ordinary bread.
- In Bengal, infused in water, used as a refreshing and cooling drink.
12 Balatong MONGO BEAN Vigna radiata (L.) Fabaceae Properties
R.Wilczek - Seeds are considered tonic and aperient.
- Studies suggest antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-irritant, hypotensive,
antiatherogenic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic properties.
13 Balatong Aso COFFEE Senna Fabaceae / Properties
SENNA occidentalis (L.) Leguminosae • Roots are very bitter.
Link • Considered anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimutagenic,
antiparasitic, antispasmodic, vasoconstrictor, antioxidant, laxative, insecticidal and
antidote.
• As domestic medicine, considered tonic, diuretic, stomachic, febrifuge.
• Seeds considered antiperiodic, analogous to quinine.
ª Studies have suggested hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial,
antimalarial, wound healing, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-
inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, larvicidal, antitrypanosomal, antihypertensive,
anthelmintic, antitussive, antioxidant properties.

Part utilized
Entire plant– roots, leaves and seeds.
14 Balbas Pusa CAT'S Orthosiphon Lamiaceae Properties
WHISKERS aristatus (Blume) - Considered anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, diuretic and
Miq. hypoglycemic.
- Studies have showed diuretic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, hypouricemic,
nephroprotective, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
hepatoprotective, antifungal, properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves.
15 Banaba QUEEN'S Lagerstroemia Lythraceae Properties
FLOWER speciosa (L.) - Before shedding, the leaves are bright orange or red during which time it is
Pers. thought to contain higher levels of corosolic acid.
- Old leaves and ripe fruit are considered to yield the greatest amount of an insulin-
like principle. Twenty grams of old leaves or fruit, dried from one to two weeks, in
the form of 100 cc of 20% decoction was found to have activity equivalent to 6 to
7.7 units of insulin.
- Mature leaves, young leaves and flowers have an activity that ranged from 4.4 to
5.4 units of insulin per 100 cc of 20% decoction, or equivalent to around 70% of the
activity of the leaves or fruit.

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 - Study of the wood yielded no insulin-like principle; the bark and roots yielded a
very small amount.
- Leaves are considered purgative, deobstructive, diuretic.
- Roots are considered astringent, stimulant, febrifuge.
- Bark considered stimulant and febrifuge.
- Studies have suggested antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antimicrobial,
hepatoprotective properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves, fruits, flowers and bark.
16 Banato KAMALA Mallotus Euphorbiacea Properties
philippensis (Lam e - According to Ayurveda, leaves are bitters, cooling and appetizer.
.) Muell.-Arg. - Fruit is anthelminthic, vulnerary, detergent, maturant, carminative.
- Studies have suggested antibacterial, anticancer, anthelmintic, antifertility, anti-
inflammatory, anti-cancer, antispasmodic, astringent, contraceptive, laxative,
immunomodulatory, vermifuge, and purgative and vulnerary properties.

Parts used
Leaves, bark and seeds.
17 Bani PONGAM OIL Pongamia Fabaceae Parts used
TREE pinnata (L.) Seeds, roots and bark.
Pierre - Seed has a bitter taste, probably from the resinous bitter principle.
Properties
- Seeds are febrifuge, tonic and antiseptic.
- Bark decoction give a blue-black color with iodine solution.
- Oil is used as antiseptic and stimulant, stomachic and chologogue. It is applied to
skin diseases, scabies, sores and herpes. For eczema, the oil is mixed with zinc
oxide.
- An embrocation of equal parts of oil and lemon juice applied in muscular and
articular rheumatism, psoriasis, porrigo capitis, and pityriasis.
- Oil also used in pityriasis versicolor and other fungal skin afflictions.
- Oil taken internally as stomachic and chologogue for dyspepsia and sluggish livers.
18 Batino DEVIL TREE Alstonia Apocynaceae Properties
macrophylla Wall - Considered febrifuge, tonic, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, vulnerary.
ich ex G. Don - Reported antipyretic, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory.

Parts used
Fresh leaves, bark.
19 Bawang GARLIC Allium sativum L. Liliaceae Properties
• Antibacterial, antihelminthic, antimycotic, antiviral, antispasmodic, diaphoretic,
expectorant, fibrinolytic, hypotensive, promoting leucocytosis, lipid lowering and
platelet aggregation inhibition.

Parts utilized
Bulbs: Features prominently as a condiment and flavor in Filipino cuisine.
Herbalists, with concerns that cooking diminishes medicinal potency, recommends
eating raw garlic cloves.

Uses
Edibility / Culinary
- Widely used by Filipinos for flavoring dishes.
20 Bayabas GUAVA Psidium Myrtaceae Uses
guajava Linn. Edibility / Nutrition
- Well known for its edible fruit.
- Fruit can be eaten raw or processed into beverages, ice cream, syrup, jellies and
jams.
- Ripe fruit is eaten as vegetable and used as seasoning for native dishes,
like sinigang, etc.
- Very high in vitamin C (80 mg in 100 gm of fruit) with large amounts of vitamin A.
Properties
- Bark and leaves are astringent and vulnerary.
- Studies have suggested antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antihypertensive,
antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic, antitumor, trypanocidal, antiproliferative,
antispasmodic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, anti-solar,
gastroprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, hematopoietic, anti-plaque,
nephroprotective, immunomodulatory properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves, bark, fruit, flowers, roots.
21 Bunga ARECA NUT Areca catechu L. Arecaceae Parts used
PALM Kernel

Uses
Edibility
· Cabbage (ubod) is edible, raw as salad or cooked.
· The fruit is the main ingredient of betel quid.
22 Dalandan SOUR Citrus x Rutaceae Properties
ORANGE aurantium L • Aperitif, aromatic, stomachic, tonic, astringent, mildly carminative, cholagogue,
antibacterial, antiemetic, antifungal, antispasmodic, antitussive, diaphoretic,
digestive, emmenagogue, stimulant, vermifuge.
• Dried rind is considered aromatic, stomachic, tonic, astringent, and mildly
carminative.
• Citrus flavonoids have potential antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-
inflammatory activity, and cholesterol lowering potential.

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 Parts used
Flowers, fruit and rind.
23 Dalanghita TANGERINE Citrus Rutaceae Properties
ORANGE reticulata Blanco - Rind preparation tastes bitter, with mild nature.
- The fibers of the rind tastes bitter-sweet, neutral natured.

Parts used and preparation

· Fruit, rind and seeds.
· Rind preparation: gather the rind of any ripe citrus fruit and sun-dry, either whole
or cut into thin slices.
· Seed preparation: place the seed in a container, add an amount of water equal to
one fiftieth of the total weight of the seeds, store for a short time and put into a dry
kettle. Heat with a weak fire until the materials turn light yellow and smell fragrant.
Sun-dry the material. Crush before using.
24 Damong MAIDEN Artemisia Compositae Properties
Maria WORT, vulgaris Linn. - Fragrant but bitter to taste.
CHINESE - Emmenagogue, vulnerary.
HONEYSUCKL - Plant considered a valuable stomachic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, deobstruent,
E, antispasmodic, tonic.
WORMWOOD - Leaves and flowering tops considered tonic, stimulant, antispasmodic and
emmenagogue.
- In China, considered hemostatic, antiseptic, carminative.

Parts utilized
Leaves and flowers.
25 Darak Rice bran Properties
(Engl.) - Rice bran oil is low in saturated fat. 100 kg of paddy rice will yield about 5 to 10 kg
of bran.
- Rancidity of rice bran has hampered complete exploitation of potential use and
application for cholesterol reduction, combating cancer, alleviating menopausal and
postmenopausal symptoms

Uses
Edibility
· Used as food supplement or additive.
· Rice bran yields an edible oil.
26 Dayap LIME Citrus Rutaceae Properties
aurantifolia (Chri - Juice is regarded as antiseptic, tonic, antiscorbutic, astringent, diuretic.
stm.) Swingle - Root bark is febrifuge.

Parts utilized
Fruit, roots, bark, rind.

Uses
Edibility / Nutritional
- Makes a pleasant ade.
- Used as substitute for true lemon.
- Good source of vitamin C.
- In Malaya, the young dayap is preserved in syrup.
- Malays salt the fruit or preserve it in vinegar for use as pickle.
27 Dilaw LONG Curcuma Zingiberaceae Part utilized
TURMERIC longa Linn. · Rhizome, leaves.
· Collect the whole year round.
· Rinse, removes roots, section into pieces, steam and sun-dry.

Uses
Culinary / Nutritional
• Condiment, ingredient of curry powder, and coloring for food.
• In dried or powdered form, used like ginger.
• Good source of phosphorus and iron, a fair source of calcium.
• Rhizomes commonly sold in Manila markets. dried
• In Java, flour is made from the plant is the same way as cassava and arrowroot,
used for all kinds of dainties.
28 Dita WHITE Alstonia Apocynaceae Properties
CHEESE scholaris (Linn.) • Reported as antimicrobial, antiamoebic, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive,
WOOD R. Br. antimalarial, febrifuge, stimulant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-
cancer, antiasthmatic, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-
diabetic, cardiotonic.
• Bitter bark and latex considered tonic and antiseptic.
• Ditamine or ditanin considered to possess antiperiodic properties equal to the
best sulphate of quinine without the latter's disagreeable side effects.

Parts used
Bark, leaves.
29 Duhat BLACK PLUM Syzygium Myrtaceae Properties
cumini (L.) Skeels - Considered astringent, carminative, stomachic, diuretic, anti-diabetic, anti-
diarrheal.
- Studies have shown anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, radioprotective,
gastroprotective, antioxidant, CNS depressant, anti-allergic, anti-cancer,
antibacterial, cardioprotective properties.

Parts used

4
 Fruit and bark.

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition
- One of the most popular fruits in the Philippines.
- Ripe fruit is eaten outright.
- Juice can be made into wine; used in the manufacture of red wine, "tinto dulce."
- Fruit is a good source of calcium and a fair source of iron.
- In Malaya, vinegar is made from the juice of the unripe fruit.
30 Eucalyptus SILVER Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Properties
(Varieties) DOLLAR TREE cinerea Muell. ex - Astringent and antiseptic.
spiral Benth - Studies have suggested repellent, fumigant, insecticidal, antimicrobial, larvicidal,
pediculicidal properties.

Parts used
Leaves.
31 Gatas Gatas ASTHMA Euphorbia Euphorbiacea Properties
WEED, SNAKE hirta Linn. e - Considered anti-asthmatic, antibacterial, antidote, antifertility, antifungal,
WEED antimalarial, anti-spasmodic, anthelmintic, antidysenteric, diuretic, expectorant,
pectoral, hemostatic, sedative, soporific.
- Studies have suggested antibacterial, antidiabetic, hypolipidmic, anti-
inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, diuretic, anthelmintic, antiallergic, antihypertensive,
antidiarrheal, galactogenic, anxiolytic, sedative, antitumor, molluscicidal,
antimalarial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidengue, antiviral, platelet
increasing, antiarthritic, cardioprotective, antipsoriasis, wound healing properties.

Parts used
Entire plant, latex, leaves, roots.
32 Golasiman COMMON Portulaca Portulacaceae Parts utilized
PURSLANE oleracea (Linn.) · Whole plant.
· Harvest when the vegetative parts are well-developed.
· Cut off the roots, steam, sun-dry.
· May also be used fresh.
Properties
- Considered antihemorrhagic, antipyretic, diuretic, vulnerary, antiscorbutic,
refrigerant, tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic.
- Leaves are succulent and acid.
- Studies have shown anti-ulcer, anti-tumor, wound healing, analgesic, anti-
inflammatory, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, antitussive, bronchodilatory, antifungal,
renoprotective, hepatoprotective, antifertiliy, antioxidant properties.
33 Gogo ST. THOMAS Entada Fabaceae / Properties
BEAN phaseoloides (Lin Leguminosae - Slightly bitter-acrid tasting, mildly cooling natured.
n.) Merr. - Antirheumatic, relieves gastrointestinal disorders, aids circulation.
- Juice from the bark reportedly irritating to the eyes, causing conjunctivitis.
- Note: The infusion of the cortex (bark) of the gogo vines in water contains saponin
which has an emetic effect and also a strongly stimulant effect. Accidental contact
with the eye may cause conjunctivitis.

Parts utilized
- Bark, seeds and vines.
- Vines and seeds. The vines may be collected during any time of the year, rinse,
section into slices, steam, and sundry.
- The seeds may be collected from January to April. Remove seed coat, roast in a
frying pan, sun-dry and pulverize.
- Cultivation: Use seeds and layering for propagation.
34 Gulaman AGAR-AGAR / Gracilaria Gracilariaceae Properties
CEYLON MOSS compressa - Pectoral and antidysenteric, emollient, demulcent and alterative.

Parts used and collection

- Entire plant.
- Two ways of collecting the alga: (1) by diving and (2) by picking them from shallow
water at low tide.

Uses
Edibility
- Members of the genus are highly prized as foodstuff or for the agar content.
- One of the most common edible algae.
- Food: Blanch the entire plant and eat as salad. In Japanese cuisine, called ogonori
or ogo.
- As decoction or jelly, used as a light and readily digestible for invalids and children.
35 Gumamela CHINA ROSE Hibiscus rosa- Malvaceae Parts utilized
sinensis Linn. · Flowers, roots, and leaves.
· Harvest the roots and leaves anytime of the year.
· Wash, cut into slices, and sun-dry. The flowers should be collected from May to
August, sun-dry.

Uses
Edibility / Culinary
- A tasty tea is brewed from its petal.
- Young leaves used as spinach substitute.
- Flowers are edible, raw or cooked.
36 Ikmo BETEL PEPPER Piper betle Piperaceae Properties
- Pungent tasting and warming.

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 - Leaves considered antitussive, carminative, astringent (juice of leaves with oil),
stimulant, expectorant, antiseptic, sialagogue, stomachic, febrifuge and aphrodisiac.
- Chavicol considered an antiseptic, twice as strong and isometric with eugenol.
- Characteristic odor of leaves and oil is due to chavicol.
- Betel oil is a light-yellow to dark-brown liquid, often aromatic, somewhat
creosote-like in odor, with a sharp burning taste.
- As a masticatory, leaves described as warm, aromatic and bitter.
- Studies have shown an antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective,
anti-platelet aggregating, anti-leishmanial, pro-apoptotic, antidiabetic,
anthelmintic, anticancer, antigenotoxic, neuroprotective, antihistaminic,
insecticidal, antihyperglycemic, neuroprotedtive properties.

Parts utilized
Vines, leaves, roots, fruits.
37 Ipil Ipil LEAD TREE Leucaena Mimosaceae Properties
leucocephala (La • One of the fastest growing leguminous trees.
m.) de Wit • Acrid, sweet, bitter, mildly toxic.
• Extract of seed has been reported to possess chemopreventive, anti-proliferative,
antihelmintic, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties.
Parts utilized
Dried seeds, root, bark
38 Kabling PATCHOULI Pogostemon Labiatae / Properties
cablin Blanco Lamiaceae - Antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic, carminative, insecticidal, stimulant, and
emmenagogue.
- The oil may have antibactericidal activity and pogostone may have antibacterial
and antifungal activities.
- Components eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde have insecticidal
activity.
- Studies have shown antioxidant, mosquito repellent, anti-inflammatory,
antimutagenic, analgesic, anti-platelet aggregation properties.

Parts used
Leaves, flowering spikes, roots.
39 Kabuyaw KAFIR LIME Citrus hystrix DC. Rutaceae Parts used
Leaves, rind, fruits.

Uses
Edibility / Culinary
- Fruit flesh is astringently sour; juice used for seasoning and makes a good drink.
- Rind is squeezed to extract oil
- Rind is often mixed with gogo to impart a sweet smell.
- Leaves used to season food.
- Leaves used in preparation of Thai and Malay dishes.
40 Kadyeput CAJEPUT OIL Melaleuca Myrtaceae Uses
TREE quinquenervia (C Edibility
av.) S. T. Blake - In New Caledonia, tea is made from the leaves.
- Cajeput oil used in small amounts as flavoring in food and beverages.
Properties
- Oil considered anesthetic, carminative, antispasmodic, sudorific, stimulant,
rubefacient.
- Studies have shown antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, antimalarial
properties.

Parts used
Oil, bark, leaves.
41 Kakaw CACAO / Theobroma Sterculiaceae Properties
CHOCOLATE cacao L. / Malvaceae - Considered emmenagogue and ecbolic.
TREE - Emollient, diuretic, aphrodisiac, nutritive.
- Studies have suggested anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-ulcer, anti-
thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, immune modulating, anti-microbial, vasodilatory
and analgesic properties.
- Theobromine resembles caffeine in action, with less powerful effects on the
central nervous system.
- Rich source of polyphenols, reportedly with higher antioxidant activity than teas
and red wines.
- Oil of Theobroma or cacao butter is a yellowish white solid, with odor resembling
that of cocoa, tasting bland and agreeable. (18)
- The feel good sensation with chocolate is attributed to the chemical
phenylethylamine which might be partly responsible for the release and
potentiation of brain dopamine. Higher concentrations of PEA are found in some
cocoa beans and high quality cocoa powder.

Parts utilized
Seed, roots, oil, bark, flower, fruit pulp, leaves.
42 Kakawati ST. VINCENT'S Gliricidia Fabaceae Properties
PLUM sepium (Jacq.) • Tannins are considered potentially antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antimutagenic,
Steud. antioxidant, bactericidal, hepatoprotective, pesticidal and viricidal.
• Studies have suggested antimicrobial, anti-scabies, nematicidal, insecticidal,
antiviral, acaricidal properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves, bark, roots.
43 Kalamansi CALAMONDIN Citrus x Rutaceae Properties

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 microcarpa Bung - Aromatic, antiseptic, antiphlogistic, carminative, deodorant, refrigerant.
e - Studies have suggested antimicrobial, antianxiety, antidepressant,
hepatoprotective, expectorant, antioxidant properties.

Parts used
Fruit, leaves, roots.
44 Kalantas PHILIPPINE Toona Meliaceae Properties
CEDAR calantas Merr. & - Considered astringent, antiseptic and antispasmodic.
Rolfe. - Heartwood is reddish brown, while the narrow sapwood is pale red in color.

Parts used
Bark, flowers.
45 Kalatsutsi TEMPLE Plumeria Apocynaceae Parts utilized
FLOWER, acuminata W. T. Bark, leaves and flowers.
FRANGIPANI Ait. Properties
- Sweet tasting and neither warming nor cooling in effect, aromatic.
- Seeds considered hemostatic.
- Considered antiinflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge,
purgative, rubefacient.
46 Kalumpang WILD Sterculia Malvaceae Properties
ALMOND foetida L. - Considered aperient, diuretic, and insect repellent.
- Bark and leaves considered aperient, diaphoretic, and diuretic.
- Kernels are flavored like cacao, but are not bitter, and used to adulterate cacao.
- Oil is bland, sweet, and yellow, with a high melting point.
- Oil is reported to resemble olive oil in its physiological properties, non-toxic, non-
irritating, and administered to dogs acts like a mild laxative.

Parts used
Leaves, fruit, seed, bark.
47 Kama- TINKLING BELL Physalis Solanaceae Properties
Kamatisan GRASS minima Linn. - Bitter tasting, cooling in effect.
- Fruit is alterative, diuretic, aperient.
- Plant is considered appetizer, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, diuretic,
laxative, expectorant, purgative, and tonic.

Parts utilized
Roots, leaves, fruits.
48 Kamatsili SWEET Pithecellobium Leguminosae Properties
TAMARIND dulce (Roxb.) - Considered abortifacient, anodyne, astringent, larvicidal, antibacterial, anti-
Benth. inflammatory, febrifuge, antidiabetic.
- Bark and leaves considered astringent.
- Leaves considered astringent, emollient, antidiabetic, and abortifacient.
- Roots reported to be estrogenic.

Parts used
Bark, leaves.

Uses
Edibility
Pulp around the seed is edible.
49 Kanya Pistula PUDDING PIPE Cassia Fabaceae Parts used
TREE fistula Linn. Leaves, roots, fruit, pods.

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition
- Flowers consumed by Santal people of India. (35) In Mizoram, flowers are fired
and eaten as vegetable. In Assam the tender buds and boiled and eaten as
vegetable. (62)
- Edible fruit tissue reported to be rich in potassium, calcium, iron and manganese,
(Barthakur et al. 1995)
50 Kasuy CASHEW Anacardium Anacardiacea Parts used
occidentale Linn. e Bark, leaves, oil, and ripe fruit.

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition
- Ripe fleshy portion of fruit may be eaten; sweet, although sometimes acrid and
irritating to the throat and tongue. Often eaten with salt. Wine is made from it.
- The kernel has an excellent flavor when roasted, makes an savory candy nut and a
popular snack food.
- Young leaves eaten as vegetable, a fair source of calcium and iron.
51 Katakataka MIRACLE Bryophyllum Crassulaceae Properties
PLANT pinnatum (Lam.) • Leaves considered astringent, antiseptic, hemostatic, refrigerant, emollient,
Oken counterirritant, mucilaginous, vulnerary, depurative, anti-inflammatory,
disinfectant, and tonic.
• Pharmacologic studies have showed pharmacologic properties:
immunomodulatory, CNS depressant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic,
antianaphylactic, antileishmanial, anti-tumorous, antiulcer, antibacterial,
antifungal, antiviral, febrifuge, gastroprotective, immunosuppressive, insecticidal,
sedative, muscle relaxant.

Parts utilized
Entire plant. May be collected year round; preferably used fresh.

7
52 Kayumanis Clausena Rutaceae Properties
anisum- - Leaves when crushed are aromatic.
olens (Blanco) - Alcoholic extracts have a strong anise-like odor.
Merr. - Oil extracted from the leaves is inactive, with a faint odor of anise or anethol.
- Study suggests hepatoprotective and antimicrobial properties.

Parts used
Roots, leaves and fruits.

Uses
Culinary and nutrition
- Leaves used in preparing local dishes and beverages.
- Essential oil from the leaves considered a potential substitute of anise oil for the
making of "anisado," a local alcoholic beverage.
53 Kintsay CELERY Apium Umbelliferae Parts used
graveolens L. Entire plant, roots, leaves, seeds.

Uses
Culinary / Nutritional
- Petioles and leaves are used for seasoning local dishes,
especially pansit, chop suey, bachoi, etc.
- Excellent source of calcium and iron; contains vitamins A, B, and C.
- Seeds are rich in iron and vitamins, including A, B and C.
- Celery juice before meals as appetite suppressant; after meals as a digestive.
54 Lagundi FIVE-LEAF Vitex Verbenaceae Uses
CHASTE TREE negundo Linn. Edibility
- Seeds used as condiment as pepper substitute.
- Leaves and roots used in making tea.
Parts utilized
- Leaves, bark, roots and seeds.
- Leaves may be harvested three months after establishment.
55 Laniting Kibatalia Apocynacea Properties
Gubat macgregorii (Elm - Bark and leaves may have progesterone like effects.
er) Woodson
Parts used
Bark, roots, leaves.
56 Lantana STINK GRASS Lantana camara Verbenaceae Properties
· Root: sweet and bitter tasting, refrigerant, antifebrile.
· Leaves: aromatic, minty tasting, cooling natured, antiphlogistic, anti-dermatoses.
· Flowers: sweet tasting, mildly cooling, hemostatic.
· Lantinine considered antipyretic and a good substitute for quinine.
· Alkaloid fraction believed to lower blood pressure, increase respiratory rate, and
inhibit uterine motility in rats.
· Plant considered antiseptic, antispasmodic, vulnerary, diaphoretic and
carminative.
· Phytochemical analysis detected common secondary metabolites–alkaloids,
phenolics, terpenoids and other minor compounds such as phytosterols, saponins,
tannins, phycobatannin and steroids (no steroids in the yellow and lavender leaf
extracts).

Parts utilized
· Leaves, bark, roots, flowering tops.
· May be collected throughout the year.
· Sun-dry.

Uses
Edibility
· Fruit is eaten in Malay and Sierra Leone.
· Fruit used as flavoring.
· In some parts of India, leaves used as tea substitute.
57 Lanting PLANTAIN, Plantago Plantaginacea Properties
WAY BREAD, major Linn. e - Slightly sweet, cooling.
RIBWORT - Considered antidote, antipyretic, astringent, diuretic, laxative, lymph deobstruent,
ophthalmic, stomachic, vermifuge.
- Leaves considered emollient.
- Leaves reported as saline, bitter, and acid; the root saline and sweetish to taste.
- Seeds considered pectoral, demulcent, antidysenteric, mucilaginous, diuretic and
antirheumatic.

Parts utilized
Seeds, roots, leaves.

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition
- Edible: Leaves, roots, seeds.
- Young leaves, raw in salad or cooked as pot herb.
- Rich in vitamin B1 and riboflavin.
58 Linga SESAME Sesamum Pedaliaceae Parts used
indicum · Seeds, leaves.
· Collect seeds as soon as the fruits ripen, harvest the above ground portion, sun-
dry and collect the seeds, dry again.
Uses
Edibility / Culinary

8
 · Whole seeds used by bakers in making cakes and sweetmeats.
· Used for cooking; for margarine; also used to adulterate olive oil.
59 Luya GINGER Zingiber Zingiberaceae Properties
officinale Roscoe • Extracts and active constituents have shown potent antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, antimutagenic, antimicrobial and possible anticancer activities.
• Considered adaptogenic, anodyne, anthelmintic, antiallergenic, antibacterial,
anticoagulant, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antifungal, antithrombotic,
antitumor, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, carminative, diuretic, rubefacient, anti-platelet
aggregation, hypolipidemic, thermoregulatory.
• Pungency is attributed to the pungent principle, zingerone and shogaol, while the
aroma is imparted by the volatile oil.
• Considered stomachic, carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, sialagogue, and
digestive.

Parts utilized
Tops, leaves and edible roots.
60 Luya Luyahan ZEDOARY Curcuma Zingiberaceae Properties
ROOT zedoaria (Christ - Pungent tasting, warming and slightly aromatic.
m.) Roscoe - Traditionally considered analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, diuretic,
antiallergic, antiulcer, and antiasthmatic.
- Improves Ch'i and blood circulation, anticontusion, and improves menstrual flow.
- Rhizomes are considered cooling, diuretic, stomachic, emmenagogue, digestive,
improves appetite.
- Volatile oil is a viscid liquid of a greenish color, with a smell of ginger oil mixed
with camphor. The presence of cineol imparts the scent that suggests camphor and
sesquiterpene.
Parts used and preparation
· Part utilized: rhizome.
· Collect rhizome during August to October.
· Rinse, remove roots, cut into sections and sun-dry.
61 Mais CORN Zea mays Graminaceae Properties
- Considered anodyne, antilithic, antiseptic, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic,
hypoglycemic, hypotensive, lithotriptic, tonic, vasodilator.
- Studies suggest hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticataract,
nephroprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, aphrodisiac,
antidepressant properties.

Parts used
Hairs and cobs.
62 Makabuhay HEAVENLY Tinospora Menispermac Properties
ELIXIR crispa (L.) Hook.f. eae - Considered febrifuge, vulnerary, tonic, antimalarial, parasiticide, and insecticidal.
& Thomson - Studies suggest cardiotonic, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antidiabetic,
antiproliferative, hypolipidemic, antimalarial, antinociceptive properties.

Parts utilized
Stems and leaves.
63 Makahiya BASHFUL Mimosa Mimosoideae Properties
MIMOSA pudica Linn. / Mimosaceae - Considered expectorant, anti asthmatic. analgesic, antispasmodic, alterant,
sedative and antidepressant.
- Roots are bitter, astringent, acrid, alexipharmic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac,
constipating, cooling, diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, resolvent, vulnerary.
- Leaves are bitter, sudorific, tonic.
- Emetic effect attributed to mimosine.
- Studies have suggested antibacterial, antivenom, antifertility, antidepressant,
anticonvulsant, and aphrodisiac, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic,
hypoglycemic, antinociceptive, nerve regenerative, antimenorrhagic, adaptogenic
properties.
Parts utilized
Whole plant, leaves, roots.
64 Malunggay MIRACLE TREE Moringa Moringaceae Parts utilized
oleifera Lam. Flowers, leaves, young pods
Properties
• Root has the taste of horseradish.
• Considered galactagogue, rubefacient, antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant,
purgative, antibiotic, antifungal.
• Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor activities on mice studies.
• Antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-ulcer.
• Estrogenic, antiprogestational, hypoglycemic, antihyperthyroidism,
hypocholesterolemic, antihyperthyroid, antispasmodic.
• Considered abortifacient and emmenagogue.
• Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood pressure, relieving headaches and
migraines, reducing inflammatory and arthritic pains, anti-ulcer, anti-tumor.
Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood pressure, relieving headaches and
migraines, reducing inflammatory and arthritic pains.
• Studies have suggested antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiasthma,
antiurolithiatic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, chemomodulatory, antiulcer,
anthelmintic, antifungal, water-purifying, analgesic, antiatherogenic, hypolipidemic,
cardioprotective, blood pressure lowering properties.
65 Mamalis CHEESEWOOD Pittosporum Pittosporacea Properties
pentandrum (Bla e • Antibacterial, antipyretic.
nco) Merr.
Parts used
Leaves, bark, fruit juice.

9
66 Mangga MANGO Mangifera Anacardiacea Properties
indica Linn. e • Root, diuretic; bark, astringent; seeds, astringent and vermifuge; leaves, pectoral.
• Considered antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, stomachic,
vermifuge, cardiotonic and laxative.
• Seed kernel considered antibacterial, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, antiviral against
uropathogens.
• Ripe fruit considered invigorating, refreshing, fattening, slightly laxative, and
diuretic.
• Rind, fiber, and unripe fruit considered astringent and acid. The pickled unripe
fruit is considered stomachic and appetizing.
• Studies have suggested antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypolgycemic,
immunostimulatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antiasthmatic, antihyperlipidemic,
anti-gouty arthritis, antiulcerogenic, wound healing, antihelmintc, anxiolytic,
renomodulatory properties.

Parts used
Leaves, kernel, bark and fruit.
67 Mansanilya WINTER Chrysanthemum Compositae Parts utilized
ASTER; indicum · Flowering heads.
GROUND · Entire plant also used.
APPLE
Uses
Culinary / Edibility
· Seeds, flowers, leaves are edible.
· Dried flowers used in making clear yellow tea with a delicate floral aroma.
Properties
- Considered antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic,
bactericidal, febrifuge, vulnerary, depurative and tonic.
- Glycoside chrysanthemin considered antibacterial.
- Studies have shown antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory,
anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-dermatitis, antioxidant,
acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties.
68 Manunggal BITTER WOOD Quassia Simaroubacea Properties
indica Gaertn. e - Bark is toxic with a bitter principle, as do the seeds.
- Bitterness attributed to flavanoids like quassinoids.
- Bark and wood considered febrifuge, tonic, stomachic and emmenagogue.
- Roots and fruits considered stomachic.
- Studies suggest antitumor, antifeedant, antiviral, anthelmintic, antioxidant,
antimicrobial properties.
- Leaves reported termiticidal.

Parts used
Seeds, bark, and wood.
69 Mayana PAINTED Plectranthus Lamiaceae Properties
NETTLE scutellarioides (L. - Carminative, vulnerary.
) R. Br - Studies suggest antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antimalarial,
phytoremediative analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties.

Parts used
Leaves, seeds, bark.
70 Moras VETIVER Chrysopogon Gramineae Properties
zizanioides ( L.) - Root reported as cooling, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue,
Roberty refrigerant, tonic, stomachic.
- Studies suggest antimicrobial, repellent, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-
spasmodic and hypoglycemic properties.

Parts used
Roots, essential oil, leaves.

Uses
Culinary
- Oil sometimes used to flavor sherbets.
71 Niyog COCONUT Cocos Arecaceae Properties
nucifera Linn. - Considered antitumor, antidotal, antiseptic, aperient, aphrodisiac, astringent,
bactericidal, depurative, diuretic, pediculicide, refrigerant, stomachic, styptic,
suppurative, vermifuge.
- Roots considered antiscorbutic, astringent, and diuretic.
- Fresh coconut water considered astringent and possibly vermifuge. Also
considered demulcent, and aperient in large doses.
- Endosperm cocomilk is considered refrigerant, nutrient, aperient, diuretic and
anthelmintic.

Parts used
Roots, bark, "bloom" of the leaf, the cabbage, flowers, and the fruit (husk, shell,
water, endosperm, oil.)
72 Niyog PALM-LIKE FIG Ficus Moraceae Properties
Niyogan pseudopalma Bla - Studies have suggest antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative, hypoglycemic
nco properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition

10
 - Young shoots are edible.
- In the Bicol area, leaves are cooked in gata (coconut milk). Cooked on top of
steaming rice, then garnished with calamansi (Ini-ensalada). Cooked as side dish
(bini-berdura) or as egg dish (tinorta).
- Study has shown leaves lubi-lubi leaves as potential flavoring in the preparation of
enriched lubi-lubi noodles. (see study below).
73 Oregano Origanum Mints Oregano is a Mediterranean herb that is used for cooking and medicinal purposes,
vulgare ranging from treating infections to repelling insects. Active ingredients
in oregano could one day help treat osteoporosis, cancer, and diabetes. Use it to
flavor sauces, make herby bread rolls, and in marinades for meat
74 Pakuan WATERMELO Citrullus Cucurbitaceae Properties
N lanatus (Thunb.) - Seeds considered cooling, demulcent, diuretic, vermifuge, nutritive, pectoral and
Matsum. & Nakai pectic.
- The crude extract of seeds believed to have a lowering blood pressure effect.
- Studies have shown antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antihypertensive,
mosquitocidal, repellent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, radioprotective, anti-ulcer,
laxative properties.

Parts utilized
Seeds, fruit, roots.

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition
- Widely eaten in the Philippines.
Not high in nutritive value; only a fair source of calcium and iron.
- Seeds are oily; sometimes used as substitute for peanuts.
- African cuisine used the entire fruit: Seeds are eaten as snacks, added to dishes,
ground in flour; rind can be stir-fried, stewed, candied, pickled, or grilled; flesh
eaten or juiced or fermented into alcohol.
75 Palo Maria SWEET- Calophyllum Clusiaceae Properties
SCENTED inophyllum - Considered anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-platelet
CALOPHYLLU aggregation, diuretic.
M - Oil is considered vulnerary, cicatrizing, rubefacient and irritant.
- Resin considered sudorific.
- Fruit infusion is considered pectoral.
- Bark is considered astringent, emetic, purgative, demulcent.
- Milky juice is irritant and blinding to the eye.

Parts used
Kernels, bark, resin, oil, leaves.
Uses
Edibility
- Pulp of immature fruit reportedly edible; caution is advised because of toxic
compounds that might be present in mature fruits.
- Seed oil edible after being refined.
76 Pandan SCREW PINE Pandanus Pandanaceae Properties
tectorius Parkins - The prop roots possess diuretic properties.
on ex Du Roi - Oil and attar considered stimulant and antispasmodic.
- Considered emmenagogue.
- Fruits of wild forms contain calcium oxalate crystals which may cause mouth
irritation.

Parts utilized
Leaves and roots.

Uses
Edibility / Culinary
- An aromatic leaf used to perfume rice dishes.
- Ripe fruits of wild forms can be consumed after cooking and straining of the
pericarp of the fruits.
77 Pandan Pandanus Pandanaceae Properties
Luzon luzonensis Merr. Roots are stomachic and diuretic.

Parts used
Anthers, seeds, roots and oil.

Uses
Folkloric
- Decoction of tips of fresh or dried prop roots used as diuretic.
- Pounded prop roots, mixed with leaves of Mentha arvensis in water, the
expressed liquid used as stomachic.
78 Pandan DWARF Pandanus Pandanaceae Properties
Mabango SCREW-PINE odorous Ridley - Oil is considered a stimulant, antispasmodic and antiseptic.
- Roots are diuretic, tonic and depurative.
- Considered cardiotonic, cephalic and aphrodisiac.

Parts used
Leaves, anthers, tops, seeds.

Uses
Culinary
- In the Philippines, leaves are popularly used in the cooking of rice, imparting a

11
 pleasant fragrance and flavor.
- Leaves are also used to flavor ice cream and sherbets.
- In Malaysia, used for coloring and flavoring; also as appetizer.
79 Papaya MELON TREE Carica Caricaceae Properties
papaya Linn. - Considered anti-rheumatic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic.
- Seeds are considered anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, analgesic, stomachic and
antifungal.
- Leaves are used as tonic, stomachic and analgesic.
- Roots considered analgesic, abortifacient.
- Latex considered styptic and vermifuge.
- Studies have shown hypotensive, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anti-
sickling, anti-inflammatory, anti-dengue, wound healing, anti-cancer, anthelmintic,
immunomodulatory, antidiarrheal properties.

Parts used
Leaves, fruit and latex of trunk.

Uses
Edibility / Nutritional
- Fruit is a popular Filipino breakfast item. Lemon juice is often squeezed over the
flesh.
- Makes an excellent ingredient for fruit salad.
- Used in making jams.
- Green fruit used in making achara (pickles).
- The unripe fruit is essential ingredient for tinola, a popular native soup.
- Source of calcium, iron; good source of vitamins A and B; excellent source of
vitamin C.
- Young leaves of papaya are sometimes steamed and eaten like spinach.
- Seeds are edible, sharp and spicy.
- Fruit used as ingredient in making salsa, jams, muffins, and dips.
80 Pili Galip nut Canarium Burseraceae Properties
(Engl.) ovatum Engl. - When raw, rhe kernel resembles roasted pumpkin seed; when roasted, the mild
nutty flavor and tender, crispy texture are superior to the almond. (13)
- The kernel from some trees may be bitter, fibrous, or have a turpentine odor. (13)
- Its resistance to strong winds provides windbreak for other crops.
- Studies have suggested antimutagenic, melanogenesis inhibiting, skin whitening,
anticancer, antioxidant properties.

Parts used
- Seed kernel.
- Oleoresin (mixture of oil and resin).
81 Piyagaw PUZZLENUT Xylocarpus Meliaceae Properties
TREE granatum J.Koen - Bitter, astringent, anti-diarrhetic.
ig - Bark and root considered astringent.
- Studies have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimalarial,
antidiarrheal, antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, tyrosinase inhibitory,
antifilarial, antitumor, neuroprotective properties.
Parts used
Fruits, bark, leaves, seeds.
82 Romero ROSEMARY Rosmarinus Lamiaceae Parts used
officinalis Leaves
Uses
Culinary
As condiment in flavoring and preserving meat.
Properties
- Antispasmodic, abortifacient, emmenagogue, stimulant, bitter tonic, astringent,
carminative, diaphoretic, aromatic, nervine, stomachic, febrifuge.
- Bitter and astringent leaves considered diuretic, dissolvent, and aperient.
- Oil is carminative and stimulant.
- Studies have suggested antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
antinociceptive, antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, radioprotective, anti-androgenic,
antianxiety, antidermatophytic, hypolipidemic, renoprotective, anti-implantation,
hepatoprotective, memory improvement properties.
83 Sabila ALOE Aloe vera (L.) Asphodeloide Properties
Burm.f. ae • Aromatic, astringent, aperient, purgative, emmenagogue, emollient, cholagogue,
laxative, stomachic, tonic, vulnerary.
• Considered antitoxic, anticancer, antimutagenic.
Parts utilized
Leaves, pulp, and sap.
Dried juice from leaves.
Harvest mature leaves and rinse with water; remove spines prior to use.
84 Sabi INDIAN CRESS Rorippa Brassicaceae Properties
indica (L.) Hiern - Considered diuretic, stimulant, antiscorbutic, depurative, expectorant,
hypoglycemic, cancer preventive, odontalgic, purgative and stimulant.

Parts used
Seeds, various plant parts.

Uses
Edibility
- Tender young leaves and stems eaten raw or cooked as vegetable.
85 Salong PHILIPPINE Agathis Pinaceae Properties
AGATHIS philippinensis Wa - Manila copal varnishes are durable, but do not strongly adhere to the surface, and

12
 rb. lacking brilliance. They are often used for interior work and enamels.
Parts used
Resin, wood.
86 Sambong BLUMEA Blumea Compositae Properties
CAMPHOR balsamifera (Linn - Considered anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, antigastralgic, antispasmodic, astringent,
.) DC. carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, stomachic, and vulnerary.

Parts utilized
- Leaves (fresh or dried) and young roots before flowering.
- Mature, healthy, fully expanded leaves are harvested while senescent leaves are
discarded. Air-dry until they crumble when crushed with the fingers. Store in amber
colored bottles in a cool, dry place.

Uses
Edibility
- Leaves used a flavoring ingredient.
87 Sampaguita JASMINE Jasminum Oleaceae Properties
sambac Linn. · Considered an aphrodisiac, anti-depressant, antiseptic, cicatrisant, expectorant,
anti-spasmodic, galactagogue, sedative, parturient, and uterine tonic.
· Leaves and flowers, antipyretic and decongestant; roots, analgesic.
· Flowers considered lactifuge.
· Flower extract considered deodorant.
· Roots considered purgative, expectorant, anthelmintic.

Parts used
Flowers, roots and leaves.
Collect buds and newly opened flowers, sun-dry after harvest.

Uses
Edibility
- Flowers used to make jasmine tea.
- In China, flowers n are used for giving aroma to tea.
88 Sampalok TAMARIND Tamarindus Fabaceae Properties
indica Linn. - Propagation by seed, soaked in water for 8 to 9 days before transplanting.
- Flowering from April to October.
- Astringent, tonic, digestive, antiasthmatic, febrifuge, carminative, antiscorbutic,
antibilious.
- Bark is considered astringent and tonic.
- Pulp considered refrigerant and laxative.
- Seed and testa are astringent.

Parts used
· Leaves, fruits, flowers, and bark.
89 Sampasampa SEED-UNDER- Phyllanthus Euphorbiacea Properties
lukan LEAF niruri Linn. e - Astringent, cholagogue, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, stomachic, laxative,
obstruent.
- Considered antiviral, antilithiatic, anthelmintic.
- Bark is considered purgative.
- In Ayurvedic medicine, considered hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial,
analgesic, antispasmodic, and antidiabetic.
- Studies have showed anti-hepatotoxic, antilithic, anti-hypertensive, anti-HIV and
anti-hepatitis B properties. (28)
- Medicinal properties of Phyllanthus urinaria are the same as those of Phyllanthus
niruri. (Q)

Parts used
Whole plant, root, fruit, leaves.
90 Sibuyas TRUE ONION Allium cepa L. Liliaceae Properties
- Carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, rubefacient,
stimulant.
- Juice is disinfectant, rejuvinative, antispasmodic.
- Oil is considered stimulant, diuretic, and expectorant; bulb is emmenagogue,
externally stimulant and rubefacient.

Parts used
Bulb.

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition
- Onions are used as both food and condiment.
- Peeled and eaten raw, powdered, juiced, infused or decocted as tea.
91 Siling Labuyo CHILE PEPPER Capsicum Solanaceae Parts used
/ CAYENNE frutescens Leaves and mature fruit.
Properties
Stimulant, digestive, rubefacient, stomachic, sialagogue, alterative, antispasmodic,
febrifuge, depurative.
92 Sinaw Sinaw SHINY BUSH Peperomia Piperaceae Properties
pellucida (L.) • Considered anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, refrigerant, analgesic, antifungal,
Kunth anticancer.
• Studies have shown analgesic, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant, antioxidant,
antihyperuricemic, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, antibacterial, antiarthritic,
anticancer, antiedematogenic, anti-amoebic, gastroprotective, and hemostatic

13
 properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves and stems.

Uses
Edibility
- Leaves and stems may be eaten as vegetable.
- In salads, the fresh plant has the crispness of carrot sticks and celery.
93 Suha POMELO Citrus Rutaceae Parts used
maxima (Burm.) Leaves, flowers, fruit, rind.
Merr.
Uses
Edibility / Nutritional
- Food: Fresh fruit and preserved rind.
- Fresh fruit is a good source of vitamin B, iron and calcium.
94 Sulasi HOLY BASIL Ocimum Lamiaceae Properties
tenuiflorum Linn. - Considered to possess antifertility, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal,
antimicrobial, galactagogue, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antiemetic,
antispasmodic, analgesic actions.
- Leaves are expectorant and stomachic.
- Studies have shown antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-
tussive, anti-cataract, anti-inflammatory, radioprotective, antianxiety, CNS
depressant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anticancer, antifertility, wound
healing, anticancer, abortifacient, antitubercular, nootropic, wound healing,
anthelmintic, immunomodulatory, anticonvulsive properties.

Parts utilized
Rhizomes, leaves, seeds, roots.
95 Suob Kabayo BUSH MINT Hyptis Lamiaceae Properties
suaveolens Poir. • Bitter, minty and aromatic.
• Leaves considered stimulant, carminative, sudorific, galactagogue.
• Considered analgesic, decongestant, emmenagogue, antipyretic, stimulates blood
circulation.
* Studies have shown antimicrobial, acaricidal, larvicidal, antinociceptive, anti-
inflammatory, antifungal, wound healing, antidiabetic, mosquito repellent,
antidiarrheal, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective properties.

Parts utilized
- Whole plant.
- Collect from April to June.
- Wash, cut in pieces and compress. Dry under the sun.
96 Tagulaway CEBU BALSAM Parameria Apocynaceae Properties
laevigata (A. - Cicatrizant.
Juss.) Moldenke - Studies have suggested antithrombotic, antiatherosclerotic, anticancer,
embryoprotective, antiteratogenic, analgesic properties.

Parts utilized
Bark, twigs, leaves.
97 Takip Kuhol PENNYWORT Centella Umbelliferae Properties
H / GOTU asiatica (L.) Urb. • Leaves are considered tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, and stimulant.
KOLA • Plant has blood pressure-lowering effect.
• Rich in Vitamin B.
• Studies have suggested anxiolytic, bactericidal, wound healing, antioxidant,
immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, larvicidal, antidiabetic, antimicrobial
properties.

Parts utilized
· Leaves, seeds, roots, sap.
98 Talum punay THORN APPLE Datura Solanaceae Properties
metel Linn. - Bitter tasting.
- Considered anesthetic, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, hallucinogenic,
hypnotic.
- Leaves and seeds considered abortifacient.
- Plant as a whole has narcotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic properties analogous
to those of belladonna.
- Dried seeds are considered a more powerful soporific than the leaves.
- Plant has long bee noted for it intoxicating and narcotic properties. An overdose
causes a violent narcotic poisoning.
- Studies have suggested antiasthmatic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antibacterial,
antifungal, spasmogenic, anti-inflammatory, antigout, insecticidal, antifertility
properties.
Parts utilized
Leaves, seeds and flowers.
Collect newly opened flowers and sun-dry.
99 Tanglad LEMON Cymbopogon Gramineae Properties
GRASS citratus (DC.) - The oils are reddish-yellow with an intense odor and taste of lemons.
Stapf - Carminative, tonic, stimulant, diuretic, purgative, sudorific.
- Leaves considered antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and sedative.
- Possess pharmacologic activities: antimalarial, antimutagenicity,
antimycobacterial, antioxidants, hypoglycemic and neurobehavioral.
- Studies have shown antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial,

14
 neurobehavioral, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, repellent, insecticidal,
analgesic, gastroprotective, antileishmanial, hypotensive, diuretic, antimalarial
properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves, roots, whole plant.
101 Tangan CASTOR OIL Ricinus Euphorbiacea Properties
Tangan PLANT communis Linn. e - Roots plain-tasting, neutral-natured; leaves and stems sweet-pungent tasting,
neutral natured, slightly toxic.
- Seeds are exceedingly pungent in taste, warming-natured, purgative, anti-
rheumatic, soothes and regulates the gastrointestinal tract.
- Considered antidote, antiphlogistic, anti-rheumatic.
- Studies have suggested anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-fertility, anti-implantation,
anti-diabetic, anti-protozoal, antinociceptive, CNS-stimulant, anti-ulcer,
immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, lipolytic, wound healing, analgesic,
estrogenic properties.
Parts utilized
· Roots, leaves, seeds.
· The leaves and seeds, externally; the oil, both internal and external.
· Collected year-round, but seeds are best collected from May to August.
102 Tsampakang JOY Magnolia Magnoliaceae Properties
Pula PERFRUME champaca (L.) - The bark is bitter, tonic, astringent, antiperiodic and alterative.
TREE Baill. ex Pierre - Root is purgative and the root-bark, emmenagogue, purgative and demulcent.
- The flowers are stimulant, tonic, carminative, demulcent and diuretic.
- Studies have suggested antitumor, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antifungal,
antihyperglycemic, diuretic, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant,
cardioprotective properties.

Parts used
Leaves, root, root-bark, flowers, fruit and oil.
103 Tsampakang WHITE Michelia Magnoliceae Constituents
Puti CHAMPAKA alba DC. - Volatile oil, 0.0125% - linalool, methyl eugenol, methy ethyl-- acetic ester, acetic
acid.
- Study isolated ten compounds from the leaves: (-)-N-formylanonaine, (-)-
oliveroline, (+)-nornuciferine, lysicamine, (+)-cyperone, (+)-epi-yangambin,
ficaprenol-10, pheophytin a, aristophyll C and michephyll A.

Parts used
Flowers
104 Tuba CROTON OIL Croton Euphorbiacea Properties
PLANT tiglium Linn. e - Oil is yellow, orange, or brown, according to age.
- Pungent and burning taste, warming, antipyretic.
- Nauseating odor.
- Toxic in excessive internal use.
- Roots, bark, leaves, and seeds possess drastic purgative properties.
- Croton oil is considered rubefacient and counterirritant.
- Croton oil's property as external vesicant and internal purgative is attributed to
the presence of croton oleic acid.
- Differentiation between croton poisoning from ptomaine poisoning: In croton
poisoning, pain is felt at the back of the throat, sometime after the poison has been
swallowed. Pain is also felt at the anus. Also, croton poisoning is immediately
relieved by doses of bismuth, not so with ptomaine poisoning.

Parts utilized
· Roots, seeds, fresh leaves.
105 Tubang PURGING NUT Jatropha Iridaceae Properties
Bakod TREE, BIG- curcas Linn. - Bitter-tart tasting, cooling natured, antipyretic, antispasmodic, anti-vomiting,
PURGE NUT haemostatic, styptic, suppurative.
- Toxic; observe caution with internal use.
- Roots are emetic and purgative.
- Oil of the seed is a drastic purgative.
- Studies have shown anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, wound healing, antioxidant,
pesticidal, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, anti-viral, hepatoprotective, smooth muscle
relaxant properties.

Parts utilized
· Fresh leaves.
· Collected the year round.
106 Sinsaw Velvet leaf Cissampelos Menispermac Properties
Sinsawan (Engl.) pareira Linn. eae - Roots considered diuretic, emmenagogue, emetic, febrifugal, lithotriptic, pectoral
and purgative.
- Leaves are considered cooling, stomachic.
- Tetrandrine considered analgesic, anti-inflammatory and febrifuge.
- Berberine considered antifungal, hypotensive and antimicrobial.
- Studies have shown antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antifertility, antidiarrheal,
anticancer, chemopreventive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, diuretic,
anti-trypanosomal, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antiviral
properties.
Parts used
Whole vine, leaves, roots, seeds, bark.

Instructor: Prof. Michelle T. Onoza RPh. MSPharm. Score:_______________________________

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