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F1 t when 1 0
1
F1 c when 1 0
F2t when 2 0
2
F2c when 2 0
For 6 0
1 x Cos 2 2 x Sin 2 T
6
Sin 2 Cos 2
F 1t F 2t F6
F xt F xt Fxt
Sin Cos
Cos 2 Sin 2
F1 c F2c F6
F xc F xc Fxc
Cos 2 Sin Cos
Sin 2
Maximum stress failure criterion
Failure will occur when any one of the stress
components in the principal material axes
(1, 2, 12) exceeds the corresponding yield
strength in tension/ compression in that direction.
1T * ( 1 0 )
1
1 ( 1 0 )
C*
Formally, failure occurs if:
2T * ( 2 0 )
2
2 ( 2 0 )
C*
12 12*
Maximum stress failure criterion
All stresses are independent. If the lamina
experiences biaxial stresses, the failure
envelope is a rectangle –
The existence of stresses in one direction
doesn’t make the lamina weaker when
stresses are added in the other...
Maximum stress failure envelope
2
2T*
1
1T*
1C*
2C*
Orientation dependence of strength
The maximum stress criterion can be used to
show how apparent strength and failure mode
depend on orientation:
1 x cos 2
2 x sin 2
12 x sin cos
2
1
x
12
Orientation dependence of strength
At failure, the applied stress (x) must be
large enough for one of the principal
stresses (1, 2 or 12) to have reached
its failure value.
Observed failure will occur when the
minimum such stress is applied:
1* cos2
*
x min 2 sin
* 2
*
12 sin cos
Orientation dependence of strength
1000
long tension
750 in-plane shear
trans tension
500
250
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
reinforcement angle 2* sin2
Daniel & Ishai (1994)
Maximum stress failure criterion
1
Maximum strain failure envelope
Maximum strain failure envelope
In the positive quadrant, the maximum
stress criterion is more conservative than
maximum strain.
max strain
2
The longitudinal tensile
stress 1 produces a
compressive strain 2.
This allows a higher value max stress
of 2 before the failure
strain is reached. 1
Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 12
* * * 1
1 1
* 2
2 12
Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion
• A single calculation is required to determine
failure.
• The appropriate failure stress is used, depending
on whether is +ve or -ve.
• The mode of failure is not given (although inspect
the size of each term).
• A stress reserve factor (R) can be calculated by
setting
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 12 1
* * * 2
1 1
* 2
2 12 R
Orientation dependence of strength
1 x cos2 2
2 x sin
2 1 x
1200
apparent strength (MPa)
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
angle (o )
Tsai-Hill Failure Envelope
• For all ‘quadratic’ failure criteria, the
biaxial envelope is elliptical.
• The size of the ellipse depends on the
value of the shear stress:
2
1
12 = 0
12 > 0
Comparison of failure theories
• Different theories are reasonably close
under positive stresses.
• Big differences occur when
compressive stresses are present.
A conservative
approach is to
consider all
available
theories:
Maximum Strain Energy Theory/ Distortion Energy Theory
The total energy absorbed by a body may be divided into two parts, one part
associated with the change in volume (change in size) and the other
associated with the distortion (change in shape) of the body. This theory
assumes that yielding begins when the distortion energy equals the distortion
energy at yield in uniaxial tension. This theory usually fits (but not always) the
experimental data better than the other theories. It is expressed
mathematically as follows:
σx2 – σxσy + σy2 + 3τxy2 = σys2
x xy y
2
3xy
2 2
‐ + + =1
ys 2
ys 2
ys 2
ys 2
where X = Longitudinal Tensile Strength
X' = Longitudinal Compressive Strength
Y = Transverse Tensile Strength
Y' = Transverse Compressive Strength
S = Shear Strength associated with x,y coordinate system
Yield will occur when the left hand side of Equation (3) reaches a value of 1. For
simplicity, we can write Equation (3) as follows:
Fxx σx2 + 2Fxy σx σy + Fyy σy2 + Fss σs2 + Fx σx + Fy σy = 1
Where
We can also write Equation (4) in terms of Strain as follows:
Gxx εx2 + 2Gxy εx εy + Gyy εy2 + Gss εs2 + Gx εx + Gy εy = 1
where
Gxx = Fxx Qxx2 + 2Fxy Qxx Qxy + Fyy Qxy2
Gyy = Fxx Qxy2 + 2Fxy Qxy Qyy + Fyy Qyy2
Gxy = Fxx Qxx Qxy + Fxy [Qxx Qyy + Qxy2] + Fyy Qxy Qyy
Gss = Fss Qss2
Gx = Fx Qxx + Fy Qxy
Gy = Fx Qxy + Fy Qyy
B. Strength Ratio
The strength ratio for a lamina is defined as the ratio of the allowable strain to
actual strain or allowable stress to actual stress:
When the left hand sides of Equation (4) and (6) are less than 1, the stresses
and strains are defined as actual stresses and strains. When the left hand
sides are equal to 1, the stresses and strains are defined as allowable values.
Since εx = Rε and σa = Rσ, we write Equations (4) and (6) as follows:
Fxx σxa2 + 2Fxy σxa σya + Fyy σya2 + Fss σsa2 + Fx σxa + Fy σya = 1
or Fxx σx2 R2 + 2Fxy σxR σyR + Fyy σy2R2 + Fss σs2R2 + Fx σxR + Fy σyR = 1
or [Fxx σx2 + 2Fxy σx σy + Fyy σy2 + Fss σs2]R2 + [Fx σx + Fy σy ]R = 1 (10)
and [Gxx εx2 + 2Gxy εx εy + Gyy εy2 + Gss εs2]R2 + [Gx εx + Gy εy]R = 1 (11)
C. Laminate Strength
The strength of laminate is determined by examining the strength ratios of
each ply. The ply with the lowest strength ratio will fail first and it is assumed
to fail when it reaches a value of 1. The state of stress resultant when this ply
failure occurs is called the first‐ply‐failure state. The plies with higher strength
ratios will fail later, when the externally applied load is increased. This
successive ply failure progresses until the last ply or ultimate failure occurs.
To determine the allowable stress resultants, proceed as follows:
Allow the stress resultants to increase until the strength ratio for one of the
plies is reduced to 1. This ply is assumed to fail. Eliminate the failed ply by
reducing its elastic constants to small values, but allowing it to remain in the
laminate in its original position. Allow the stress resultants to increase further
until the strength ratio of another ply is reduced to 1, then eliminate it the
same way. Repeat this process until ultimate failure occurs.
We solve either Equation (10) or (11) for the two roots of R. one root is the
Strength Ratio corresponding to a particular set of stresses, while the other
root corresponds to the same set of stresses but reversed in sign.
• Example Problem
A laminate of [0/45/–45/90]s is subjected to the stress resultants shown. The
0° and 90° plies are Glass/Epoxy 1002 and the 45° and –45° plies are
Graphite/Epoxy T300/5208. The thickness per ply is 0.000125m. Determine
the strength ratio of the 45° lamina.
N1 = 100x106(8)(0.000125) = 100,000 N/m
N2 = 0
N6 = 40x106(8)(0.000125) = 40,000 N/m
From Section III‐D, Figure 1b, we see how to obtain σx, σy, σs, from N1, N2, N6.
Then from Figure 2, Section VIII‐B, we see how to obtain R:
From Equation 8, Section III‐A, we have
From equation (4), Section II‐C, we have
From Equations (5), Section VIII‐B, we have
Fxx = 0.444x10–18 Fyy = 0.444x10–18
Fxy = 0.444x10–18 Fss = 0.444x10–18
Fx = 0.444x10–18 Fy = 0.444x10–18
From Equation 10, Section VIII‐B, we have
[0.444(288.7)2x10–6 + 2(–3.36)(288.7)(4.68)x10–6 + 101.6(4.68)2 x10–6 + 216.2
(–39.84) 2 x 106 ] R2 + [0 (288.7) x 10–3 + 20.93 (4.68) x10–3] R–1 = 0
0.3733R2 + 0.0980 R –1 = 0
R = 1.51, –1.77
If we reverse the stress resultants, we obtain R = 1.77, –1.51. The answer to
our problem is R = 1.51.
GLOBAL/ LOCAL ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR
39
Structural Design and Analysis
Structural Design and Analysis
Problem (Chapter VIII)
1. A laminate consists of Graphite/Epoxy, T300/5208, layers as follows:
[0, 45, –45, 90]s. The applied stress resultants are M1 = 25 in‐lb/in, M2 = 0, M6
= 0, N1 = 1500 lb/in, N2 = 0, N6 = 0. Strength ratios for the upper and lower
surfaces of each lamina are shown in the figure.
Verify the value of R = 0.610 for the upper surface of layer number 7. What
does this value imply? Based on the values of the strength ratios for this
laminate, what action(s) would you suggest?