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NPC is a rare malignancy worldwide, but endemic
BIOMARKERS IN in few areas
NASOPHARYNGEAL
CARCINOMA
Dewi Kartikawati Paramita
Nasopharyngeal Workshop
Singapore, 25 Januari 2019
Globocan, 2008
Etiology of NPC Type of NPC biomarkers
• EBV is necessary cause of
undifferentiated type • EBV markers The use of biomarker :
• Diagnosis
• Host markers
• EBV itself is not sufficient to
cause this malignancy • Prognosis
• Underlying mechanism is • Monitoring therapy
still unclear
• Targeted therapy : immuno‐ or
• Environment and genetic
also the risk factors gene‐therapy
Potential markers/biomarkers
for NPC
EBV markers
RT‐PCR, Immunohisto Serology
PCR, DISH RISH chemistry T cell reactivity
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workshop Biomarkers in NPC
25 – 26 January 2019 Dr Dewi Paramita
EBV DNA in NP brush and plasma
Stevens et al., 2006 – EBV in nasopharynx
Stevens et al., 2005 – EBV in blood
EBV DNA
• By a 213‐bp EBNA1‐based real‐time LightCycler PCR
• Can EBV DNA in NP brushing or blood differentiate NPC from healthy
controls?
EBV DNA load in nasopharynx Chan et al., 2017
EBV DNA load in blood
Stevens et al., 2006 Stevens et al., 2005
• 100% NP brushing samples from The 99‐bp LC‐based PCR
NPC patients (N= 85) were positive assay significantly quantifies to investigate whether EBV DNA in plasma samples would be useful to screen
for EBV DNA extremely high viral a higher EBV DNA load than for early nasopharyngeal carcinoma in asymptomatic persons
DNA loads the 213‐bp LC‐based PCR
• Low EBV DNA load found in NP assay (Wilcoxon’s test, P
brushing of control 0.0001)
Lam et al., 2018
N at elrollment ; 20,174
NPC screening using
IgA‐EBV and EBV
DNA
Hutajulu et al., in prep
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workshop Biomarkers in NPC
25 – 26 January 2019 Dr Dewi Paramita
EBV Serology
IFA – gold standard immunoblotting
• Simpler and cheaper
Replaced by ELISA
• Better standardised
EBV SEROLOGY • Option for automation
• Suitable for mass
IgG and/or IgA – EBV in serum/plasma Immunochromatogra
screening test
Ji et al., 2007
Detection of IgA‐VCA using IFA
Ji et al., 2007 • Raised to or sustained EBV antibody above cutoff in serum is the risk
3093 38955 42048
factor of NPC 39 1 40
Aim : to investigate the relationship between serologic changes and disease • The mean of window period is 37 +/‐ 28 months
progression in high‐incidence area Southern China 34 34
• The cumulative NPC incidence of seropositive group was 5.8 times higher
than the entire study population and seronegative group was 0.5 times
Methods:
lower
• 15 years cohort study
• Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) using VCA expressing cells to detect IgA
antibody 5.81 0.62 1.00
IgA‐[VCA + EBNA1] IgA‐[VCA + EBNA1]
Fachiroh et al., 2006 Hutajulu et al., 2012
• Combined EBNA1 + VCAp18 IgA ELISA provides better • EBV infection and family history are significant risk factor associated with
discrimination of NPC and controls compared to single antigen IgA undifferentiated NPC
ELISA
• Aberrant IgA‐EBV in healthy individual can be as a predictive of NPC
• Sensitivity and specificity 90%
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workshop Biomarkers in NPC
25 – 26 January 2019 Dr Dewi Paramita
• EBV infection and family history are significant risk factor associated with
undifferentiated NPC
• Aberrant IgA‐EBV in healthy individual can be as a predictive of NPC
• elevated EBV IgA seroreactivity among first‐degree relatives of sporadic
nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases candidates for further NPC risk
screening
Yu et al., 2018 Yu et al., 2018
• A 6 years cohort study
• to evaluate the long‐term diagnostic performance of a new NPC screening
• 401 high risk and 724 medium risk of 16,712 need to be followed up
scheme (probability of NPC units [logit P], PROB≥0.65), and compare to
other EBV seromarkers (VCA/Ig A, EBNA1/IgA, VCA/IgA and EBNA1/IgA, • 53% compliance (after 6 years) 47 NPC patients were diagnosed
and VCA/IgA or EBNA1/IgA) • 44 patients from high and medium risk group
• 3 patients from low risk group
• Based on VCA/IgA and EBNA1/IgA prediction formula
• high‐risk (PROB≥0.98), medium‐risk (0.98>PROB≥0.65), and low‐risk (PROB <0.65) The use of combined test of EBV antibodies by ELISA is recommended to
identify NPC patients promising as a screening tools
Sensitivity/specifity ≈ 90%
Still 10% of healthy EBV
carrier (+)
Fachiroh et al, 2006
• ELISA using EBV‐EA proteins provides a promising tool for NPC (Thesis, 2009)
2nd confirmatory test
serodiagnosis 0.35
IgA EA IgA‐EA
0.3
• It may be used as confirmation test to the IgA‐[VCA+EBNA1] as first‐ 0.25
Extract
CoV= 0.22
line screening test in high risk populations
0.2
Able to “eliminate” false +
0.15
0.1
picked by 1st test
0.05
0
0 5 10 15
Increased specificity ≈ 98%
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workshop Biomarkers in NPC
25 – 26 January 2019 Dr Dewi Paramita
Rapid test for NPC (NPC Strip G®) Rapid test for NPC (NPC Strip G®)
• Registered product developed by EBV‐NPC team of FMPHN UGM Disease status
• Produced by PT. Swayasa Prakarsa, Yogyakarta, Indonesia TEST NPC Healthy TOTAL
carrier
• Patent is being processed
+ 93 0 93
• Detect IgG against EBV antigen
‐ 13 100 113
TOTAL 106 100
Performance %
Sensitivity 87.7
Specificity 100
Hutajulu et al., 2011
Wang et al., 2018
OS
DFS
RFS
PROTEIN & miRNA MARKERS High tissue VEGF expression was associated with reduced OS and DFS
MFS
PFS
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workshop Biomarkers in NPC
25 – 26 January 2019 Dr Dewi Paramita
Tan et al., 2015
Tang et al., 2014 Tang et al., 2014
miR‐93‐5p, miR‐135b‐5p, miR‐205‐5p, miR‐650 and miR‐183‐
• miR‐650 was upregulated and
5p were overexpressed in NPC relatives to control normal related to various T stage (p<0.05)
• miR‐93‐5p and miR‐183‐5p were
upregulated band related to various
N stage
miRNA profiles in NPC and Healthy Controls
• ROC curve miR‐205‐5p (AUC:
0.838) and ‐135‐5p (AUC: 0.818)
could differentiate NPC from control
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workshop Biomarkers in NPC
25 – 26 January 2019 Dr Dewi Paramita
Acknowledgement
EBV-NPC group FMPHN – Sardjito General EBV-NPC group VUMC Amsterdam
Hospital The Netherlands
• Prof. Sofia Mubarika • Prof. Jaap Middeldorp
• Dr. dr. Bambang Hariwiyanto, Sp. THT-KL • Servi Stevens, Ph.D
• Dr. dr. Sagung Rai Indrasari, Sp.THT-KL
• Dr. dr. Camelia Herdini, Sp.THT-KL
• Jajah Fachiroh, Ph.D
Antony Van Levenhoek
• Prof. Ing Bing Tan THANK YOU
• Susanna Hilda Hutajulu, MD, Ph.D
• Dr. dr. Cita Herawati, Sp.THT-KL
• Tirta Wardana, M.Sc
• Saihas Suhda, M.Sc
• Sumartiningsih
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