PEARSON

s
MATHEMATICAL
METHODS ge
pa
UNITS 3 & 4
e
QUEENSLAND
pl

STUDENT BOOK
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PEARSON

MATHEMATICAL
METHODS UNITS 3 & 4
QUEENSLAND
STUDENT BOOK

Writing and development team PEARSON

MATHEMATICAL
METHODS
We are grateful to the following people for their time and expertise in QUEENSLAND
STUDENT BOOK
UNITS 3 & 4

contributing to Pearson Mathematical Methods 12.

Nicola Silva Heath Copeland

Retired teacher, QLD Mathematics teacher, SA

s
Author Reviewer, answer checker and teacher
support author

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Greg Bland
Senior mathematics teacher, QLD Shelley Cross
President QAMT 2016–18 Mathematics teacher, QLD
Recipient of Australian Award for Teaching Teacher support author
Excellence
Andrew Duncan
pa
Author
Mathematics teacher, QLD
Gillian Anderson Reviewer
Former Head of Mathematics, VIC
Emily Frazer
IB Mathematics teacher (Higher and
Mathematics teacher, QLD
Standard)
Answer checker
e
IB examination assessor
Author Paul Grace
pl

Mathematics teacher, VIC

Georgia Sotiriou
Answer checker
Mathematics author, VIC
Contributing author Amy Hawke
m

Mathematics teacher, QLD

Daniel Hernandez Navas
Teacher support author
Lead publisher
Content and learning specialist Kerri Hill
Sa

Pearson Australia Mathematics teacher and HoD, QLD

Reviewer and answer checker
Lindy Bayles
Mathematics teacher, VIC Emily Hobbs
Development editor Mathematics teacher and HoD, VIC
Reviewer
Rodney Anderson
Mathematics teacher, QLD Karleigh Nicholls
Reviewer Mathematics teacher, QLD
Answer checker
Chris Brennan
Mathematics teacher, VIC Thomas Schmierer
Reviewer and answer checker Mathematics teacher, QLD
Answer checker
David Coffey
Mathematics teacher and author, VIC Nigel Treloar
Answer checker and teacher support author Mathematics teacher, QLD
Reviewer
Elizabeth Constable
Mathematics teacher, QLD Julie Watson-Hayward
Reviewer, answer checker and teacher Associate Lecturer, Griffith University, QLD
support author Reviewer and answer checker

iii
 Contents
Pearson Mathematical Methods Year 12
Writing and development team iii
How to use this book vii
UNIT 3
CHAPTER 1 Derivatives of exponential functions
Recall 4
1.1 Euler’s number and index laws 5
1.2 Graphing exponential functions 14
1.3 Differentiating exponential functions 26
1.4 Applications of exponential functions 34
CHAPTER 4 Anti-differentiation
Recall 208
4.1 Introduction to anti-differentiation 209
4.2 Anti-differentiation of power functions 219
4.3 Anti-differentiation of linear binomial power functions 226
4.4 Anti-differentiation of exponential functions 231
4.5 Anti-differentiation of sine and cosine functions 235
4.6 Anti-differentiation of linear reciprocal functions 240
4.7 Further anti-differentiation 245
Summary 249
Chapter review 250

s
1.5 Further differentiation 48
Summary 55 CHAPTER 5 Definite integrals

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Chapter review 57 Recall 256
5.1 Estimating area beneath curves 258
CHAPTER 2 Derivatives of trigonometric functions pa 5.2 Definite integrals 269
Recall 66
5.3 Calculating area under curves 277
2.1 Radians and the unit circle 67
5.4 The area between curves 286
2.2 Solving trigonometric equations 83
5.5 Kinematics and applications of integration 296
2.3 Graphs of trigonometric functions 94
Summary 306
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2.4 Derivatives of trigonometric functions 106
Chapter review 309
2.5 Applications of trigonometric functions 116
pl

Summary 126 Exam review Unit 3 316

Chapter review 129
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CHAPTER 3 Logarithmic functions and their

derivatives
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Recall 136
3.1 Logarithmic functions and their properties 137
3.2 Logarithmic equations 145
3.3 Logarithmic bases and exponential equations 152
3.4 Graphs of logarithmic functions 158
3.5 Logarithmic scales 172
3.6 The derivative of the natural logarithm 181
3.7 Applications of logarithms 190
Summary 197
Chapter review 199
Mixed review (Chapters 1–3) 204

iv
UNIT 4
CHAPTER 6 Further applications of differentiation
Recall 322
6.1 The derivative and curve sketching 323
6.2 Motion and derivatives 334
6.3 The second derivative and curve sketching 341
6.4 Maximum and minimum problems 352
Summary 362
Chapter review 364
CHAPTER 9 Continuous random variables and the
normal distribution
Recall 458
9.1 Continuous random variables 459
9.2 The normal distribution 473
9.3 The standard normal distribution 485
9.4 Inverse of standard normal distributions 493
Summary 502
Chapter review 504

CHAPTER 7 Sine and cosine rules CHAPTER 10 Interval estimates for proportions

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Recall 370 Recall 512
7.1 Trigonometry review 372 10.1 Random sampling 513

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7.2 The area of a triangle 383 10.2 The central limit theorem 520
7.3 The sine rule 389 10.3 Proportions 527
7.4 The cosine rule 399 pa 10.4 Estimating with confidence 535
Summary 409 Summary 548
Chapter review 412 Chapter review 551
Exam review Unit 4 554
CHAPTER 8 Binomial distributions
Exam review Units 3 & 4
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Recall 418 559
8.1 Discrete probability distributions review 420 Answers 566
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8.2 Bernoulli trials and the binomial distribution 430

8.3 Statistics of binomial probability distributions 440
m

Summary 448
Chapter review 450
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Mixed review (Chapters 6–8) 454

Supporting the integrating of technology

Students are supported with the integration of technology
in a number of ways. The eBook includes ‘How to’ user
guides covering all basic functionality for the following
three graphing calculators:
• TI-84 Plus CE  integrated throughout the Pearson Queensland senior
• TI-Nspire CX (non CAS)
• CASIO fx-CG50AU
Throughout the student book are Technology worked
examples strategically placed within the theory for both
the TI-Nspire CX (non CAS) and CASIO fx-CG50AU.
The examples clearly demonstrate how the technology
can be used effectively and efficiently for the content
being covered in that chapter.
Graphing calculators are not the only technology
mathematics series. Spreadsheets, Desmos and
interactive widgets have been included to provide
students with the opportunity to visualise concepts,
consolidate their understanding and make mathematical
connections.

v
PEARSON

MATHEMATICAL
METHODS UNITS 3 & 4
QUEENSLAND
STUDENT BOOK

PEARSON

MATHEMATICAL
Student book
METHODS The student book has been written by local authors, ensuring quality content
and complete curriculum coverage for Queensland, enabling students to prepare
QUEENSLAND
UNITS 3 & 4
STUDENT BOOK

with ease and confidence. We have covered the breadth of the content within
our exercise questions, from simpler skills-focused questions to those using
unfamiliar contexts and application of the theory learnt. The theory, worked

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examples and question sets are written in line with the assessment objectives,

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with the aim of familiarising students with QCE cognitive verbs in the process of
dependent and guided instruction. Additional interactives that help explain the
theory and consolidate concepts have been included throughout all chapters.

Mathematical Methods 12
Student book
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Pearson Reader+
e
Pearson Reader+ is our next generation eBook. This is an electronic textbook that students
can access on any device, online or offline, and is linked to features, interactives and visual
pl

media that will help consolidate their understanding of concepts and ideas, as well as other
useful content developed specifically for senior mathematics. It supports students with
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appropriate online resources and tools for every section of the student book, providing
access to exemplar worked solutions that demonstrate high levels of mathematical and
everyday communication. Students will have the opportunity to learn independently
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through the Explore further tasks and Making connections interactive widgets, which have
been designed to engage and support conceptual understanding. Additionally, teachers
have access to syllabus maps, a teaching program, sample exams, problem-solving and
modelling tasks, and additional banks of questions for extra revision.
Mathematical Methods 12
eBook
PEARSON

MATHEMATICAL
Exam preparation workbook
METHODS
QUEENSLAND
Additional component for Year 12 only
UNITS 3 & 4

The exam preparation workbook provides additional support

EXAM PREPARATION WORKBOOK

in preparing students for the external exam. It has been

constructed to guide the students through a sequence of
preparatory steps and build confidence leading up to the
external exam.

Mathematical Methods 12
Exam preparation workbook
vi
How to use this book
Pearson Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland Units 3 & 4
This Queensland senior mathematics
5.4
series has been written by a team of
experienced Queensland teachers for the Additional information Making connections

QCE 2019 syllabus. It offers complete Area between two curves Area between curves
Watch the video demonstrating how Explore the relationship between the areas
curriculum coverage, rich content and to determine the area between two of curves bound by the x-axis and the areas
comprehensive teachers support. curves, then complete the activity. of curves bound by other curves.

If f (x) and g(x) represent two functions, where f (x) ≥ g (x) for all x in the interval [a, b], the area enclosed
by f (x) and g(x) between x = a and x = b is given by:
Additional information b b b
∫a ( f ( x ) − g ( x )) dx or ∫a f ( x ) dx − ∫a g ( x ) dx
These interactives appear in the
eBook in two forms, as videos
13 Area enclosed by two curves
explaining specific concepts or

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Determine the area enclosed by the graphs of f (x) = x(3 − x) and g (x) = 2x.
as interactive questions to check

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students’ understanding. THINKING WORKING

1 Solve f (x) = g (x) to determine the x-values x (3 − x ) = 2x

of the points of intersection. 3x − x 2 = 2 x
Key information pa x − x2 = 0
x (1 − x ) = 0
Key information and rules are x = 0 or x = 1
highlighted throughout the The x-values of the points of intersection are
chapter. at x = 0 and x = 1.
y
2 Sketch the graphs and identify the
e
required region. g(x) = 2x

Explore further
pl

This eBook feature provides

an opportunity for students to
m

0 x
1
consolidate their understanding f(x) = x(3 – x)
of concepts and ideas with the aid
of technology, and answer a small 1 1
∫0 ( x ( 3 − x )) dx − ∫0 ( 2 x ) dx
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3 Express the integral in the form: Area =

b
number of questions to deepen ∫a ( f ( x ) − g ( x )) dx , where f (x) is the upper 1
= ∫ ( x ( 3 − x ) − 2 x ) dx
0
their understanding and broaden function, and simplify the integrand.
= ∫ ( 3 x − x 2 − 2 x ) dx
1

their skills base. These activities 0

= ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
1

should take approximately 0

5–15 minutes to complete.

Meeting the needs of the QCE Chapter 5 Definite integrals 287

Syllabus
The authors have integrated M05_PM12_QLD_SB_1E_21420_FINAL.indd 287 13/05/19 10:45 AM

both the cognitive verbs and

Every worked example and question is graded
the language of the syllabus
Every example and question is graded using the three
objectives throughout the worked
levels of difficulty, as specified in the QCE syllabus:
examples and questions.
• simple familiar (1 bar)
• complex familiar (2 bars)
• complex unfamiliar (3 bars)
The visibility of this grading helps ensure all levels of
difficulty are well covered.

vii
 y
For complex equations for which algebraic The inverse of an exponential function is the logarithmic
techniques cannot be found, you can function use the ‘solve’
to the same base. The graph on the right shows that
function on a graphics calculator to find 2
log eapproximate
( ) is the reflection of e x across the line y =yx.= This
x e2x − 5ealso
x
+6
solutions. Drawing one or more graphs is an excellent
shows that logarithms of negative numbers do not exist.
method to ensure all solutions are found. To solve
Making connections -4 -3 -2 -1
e 2 x − 5e x + 6 = 0 , graph y = e 2 x − 5e x + Making connections
6 and determine 
This eBook feature provides The exponential function and its inverse
the x-intercepts, where y = 0.
teachers and students with a Explore the properties of the exponential graph and its
8 8 (1.10, 0)
To of
visual interactive specific− e x = 2, graph y =
solve − e x
and y =the2,logarithmic
inverse, then  graph.0 x
x x (0.69, 0) 1
mathematics concepts eor e
determine
ideas to aid students the x-value of the point of intersection.
in their Hence, when working with equations involving numbers
understanding. y
expressed as a power of e, the exact answer can be found
using an inverse operation that will involve log e, which is sometimes expressed as
Technology worked example
Technology worked examples (0.69, 2) y =example,
2 if a x = y , then x = log a ( y ). So if e x = y, then x = log e ( y ), or x = ln (y)
2 Solving exponential equations
8
These worked examplesy offer
= x ex
e
support in using technology
such as spreadsheets, graphing 3 Solve exponential equations using the natural logarithm 3.1

calculators and graphing software, EXERCISE

Solve for x in exact form, and then approximate the value, correct to 2 decimal pl
and include technology-focused
worked examples and activities.
3.1 (a) Logarithmic
e =2
functions and their properties
x
Worked

s
0 x Example
1
1 Simplify each of the following expressions. 1

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THINKING WORKING
(a) log 4 (1) (b) 2 log 4 (1) (c) log10 (10 ) (d) 3 log 4 ( 4 )
Tech-free questions x
1 Convert
is equal totologa2 logarithm
( x ) − log 2 ( 3x to
+ 2 )solve for x. e =2
Exponential functions in real contexts
These questions are designed
to provide students with the
2 Which expression

A log 2 ( 4 x + 2 )

B log 2  3 + 
pa 3
?

C log 2 ( 2 x + 2 ) D log 2  log e ( e )

 x  x
= log e ( 2 )
 x  3x + 2 
opportunity toInpractise
some situations,
algebraic decimal approximations are appropriate as solutions to exponential equations. x log e ( e ) = log e ( 2 )
3 Simplify each of the following expressions. 2
manipulations to prepare them
(a) log5 ( 3) + log5 (5 ) (b) log 8 ( 4 ) + log 8 ( 2 ) (c) log 3 (5 ) − log 3 ( 4 ) x = log e ( 2 )
for technology-free examination
papers.
5
Model exponential growth(d) log 2 (8) − log 2 ( 4 ) 3
(e) log10 ( 6 ) − log10  
2 Use the ln key to approximate ln ( 2 ) = 0.693…
 5 the
 value.
e
(f) log10 ( 6 ) + log10 (5 ) − log10 ( 3) (g) log 2 (12 ) − log 2 ( 2 ) − log 2 ( 3)
The value of a particular investment sitting in the bank can be given by v (t ) = 10 000 × e 0.095t , where v= is0.69 ( 2 d.p. )
3 log e ( x ) + 2 log e ( x ) + log e ( 4 x ).
pl

the value at any time t years after

4 Consider
the moneythe expression
is deposited.
Highlighting common errors (a) Which expression is equivalent to the original?
(a) Determine the initial amount deposited. 3 Evaluate the reasonableness of your solution e 0.69 = 1.99 …
Throughout the exercises, A log e ( 2 x + 4 x )
2
B log ( x + x + 4 x ) C log e ( 4 x )
3 2 6
D 6 log e ( 4 x )
3.1 by substitutingethe answer into the original ≈2
m

authors have integrated (b) Explain the common error made by a student who obtained an expression with a coefficient of
THINKING equation. WORKING
questions designed to highlight 6 for part (a).
Properties v ( 0and
). oflaws of logarithms
Sa

common errors frequently made 5 Simplify each the following expressions. 3

1 Substitute t = 0 and calculate v (t ) = 10 000 × e 0.095t
by students. Explanations are 3 3e 5 x − 10 = 0 1
(a) log 2 ( 2 )
(b) (b) log 3 ( 27 ) (c) log 2  
Recall that e 0 = 1. • log (1) = 0 0.095
1 × 0
given in the worked solutions.
(d)a log10 ( 0.01)
v ( 0 ) = 10•000 × e
(e) 3 log 8 ( 2 ) log a 
= 10
2
 = log a m = - log a (m )
-1

000 × 1 m 
( )
• log(f)a (2alog) e=( 11e ) Solve for the power. 1
(g) -2 log 2   3e 5 x − 10 = 0
• log a (m ) + log a (n ) = log a (mn )
6 Convert each of the following to
= 10
logarithmic
 4 000
• log a an = n
form.
( ) 3e 5 x = 10
10 Pearson Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland 4 3 -2 1 -3
(a) 3 = 81 (b) 10 = 1000 (c) 2 = (d) 10 = 0.001 10
m  • a loga (n ) =4
n e5 x =
• 7log a (m )each
Convert − log a (following
of the n ) = logtoaexponential
  form. 3
n p log a (m)1  = -3log a (m ) (d) logp ( 0.1) = -1
p
(a) log 2 (16 ) = 4 (b) log 3 ( 27 ) = 3 • a(c) log 2 =a = m 10
( )
n  8 
M01_PM12_QLD_SB_1E_21420_FINAL.indd 10
a m
• 8logSimplify = n log a ( m
each of the following ) expressions. 13/05/19 7:2
4

8 (a) 2
Pearson
log 2 ( 3)
(b) e
Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland
3log e ( 3)
(c) log 3 3( ) 4

1 log a ( x 2 )
(d) log e   (e) a logb (b x +1 )
Warning boxes WARNING  e 
(f)

9 Simplify each of the following expressions.

Warning boxes are located It is a common misconception that these expressions are equivalent.
throughout the chapter to alert 4
(a) log 2   + log 2 ( 6 ) (b) log10 ( 20 ) + log10 (5 )
log a (m)3 
students to common errors and ≠ log a (m ) − log a (n ) log a (m + n ) ≠ log a (m ) + log a (n )
a (n2 ()24 ) − log 2 ( 3)
log
(c) log (d) 4 log10 ( 2 ) − log10 (16 )
misconceptions.
3
(e) log 2 ( 4 ) + 2 log 2 ( 3) − log 2 ( 9 ) (f) 2 log 2 ( 3) + log 2 ( 6 ) − 2 log 2  
2

Chapter 3 Logarithmic functions and their derivatives 143

viii 5 Use the properties and laws of logarithms
 1 Recall Recall
Use index laws
1 Simplify the following expressions, giving your answer with positive indices.
5
Each chapter begins with a review
8a × 3a6  a3b 

of assumed knowledge for the

(a) m3n 4 × mn 2 (b) (c)  2 
12a 4  2c 
Convert to negative and fractional indices

chapter.
2 Convert each of the following to index form.
1 5 4 1
(a) 3 x + x x (b) − (c) +
x3 x x x2 x
Factorise quadratic expressions
3 Factorise the following expressions.
(a) 3 x 2 + 9 x (b) x 2 − 9 (c) x 2 + 7 x − 18 (d) 3 x 2 − 11x + 10

Solve quadratic equations

4 Solve the following equations for x.
2
(a) (x − 2)(x + 3) = 0 (b) x + 5 x = 6 (c) 2 x 2 − x = 9

Solve exponential equations using the inverse function

5 Solve the following equations for x, giving the answer in exact form.
(a) 37 = 5 x (b) -13 = -5 x + 7 (c) 52 x − 17 × 5 x + 60 = 0

Graph exponential functions

6 Sketch the following functions, showing x- and y-intercepts, asymptotes and one extra point.
(a) y = 2 x + 1 (b) y = -2 x + 6 (c) y = 6- x − 5

Differentiate powers of x
7 Differentiate the following functions.
3
(a) y = 5 x − 3 x + 2 x + 1

Use the chain rule

dy dy du
2
x
3
(b) y = 2

= × for differentiation of composite functions

dx du dx
(c) y = 5 x − x
Summary 8 Summary
At the end of each chapter, there
8 Differentiate the following functions using the chain rule.
3 1 Discrete random variables
(a) y = (5 x + 1) (b) y = (c) y = x 3 − 3x 2
( x 2 + 3x − 7 )
2
For a discrete random variable:

dy
dx
dv
dx
du
Use the product rule = u + v and the quotient rule =
dx
9 Differentiate the following functions.
dy v
dx
du
dx
− u dv
v2
dx
for differentiation is a summary of the key facts and • The number of outcomes is countable.
• 0 ≤ P (X = x) ≤ 1 for all values of x.
• ∑ P (X = x) = 1.

rules discussed in the chapter.

5x x2
(
(a) y = ( 2 x + 1) x 3 + 3 x 2 )
(b) y =
3x − 1
(c) y =
(2 − x )
3 Statistics of discrete random variables
Expected value: E (X) = µ = ∑ xi pi

( )
Variance: Var ( X ) = E X 2 − ( E ( X ))
2

4 Pearson Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland Standard deviation: σ ( X ) = Var ( X )

Statistics of transformed data

M01_PM12_QLD_SB_1E_21420_FINAL.indd 4 13/05/19 7:24 AM
E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b
Var ( aX + b ) = a 2Var ( X )
σ ( aX + b ) = a σ ( X )

s
Estimated probability of an interval
For normal distributions, about 95% of results lie within two standard deviations of the mean. This
is also true of binomial distributions where p = 0.5. This interval can be represented as µ ± 2σ.

Chapter review

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7
Bernoulli trials

Chapter review
In a Bernoulli trial, the experiment has exactly two outcomes, usually described as success and
failure.

Every chapter review follows the

Statistics of Bernoulli distributions
The expected probability of success in a Bernoulli trial is the theoretical probability of success, p.
Exercise 7.1 1 Convert each of the following angles.
The variance in the probability of success is p(1 − p), where 1 − p is the probability of failure.
(a) Convert to degrees, correct to 2 decimal places where necessary.
(i) 3π
4
(ii) 1.26c

(b) Convert 124° to radians, in terms of π.

QCAA examination proportions Binomial distribution
A binomial variable x is the number of successes from a series of independent Bernoulli trials.

for level of difficulty, which is 60%

(c) Convert 47° to radians, correct to 3 decimal places.

Exercise 7.1

Exercise 7.1
2 At 3 pm a telecommunications tower 50 3 m high produces a shadow of length 50 m.
Determine the angle that the Sun’s rays make with the horizontal at this time.

3 The values of x and y respectively in the given triangle are closest

to which one of the following pairs of values?
A
B
C
25.66 and 22.31
22.31 and 25.66
29.56 and 25.66
y 34
pa
simple familiar, 20% complex
familiar and 20% complex
448
X ∼ B (n, p) indicates a variable X with a binomial distribution, where the parameters are n, the
number of trials, and p, the probability of success per trial.
n
P ( X = x ) =   p x (1 − p )
 x

Pearson Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

n− x

D 22.31 and 29.56 41°

M08A_PM12_QLD_SB_1E_21420_FINAL.indd 448 13/05/19 11:23 AM

unfamiliar.
x

Exercise 7.1 4 Determine the length of side x, correct to 2 decimal places.

x
e
34.53°
654.32

Exercise 7.1 5 A right-angled triangle has a side of length 62 cm and a hypotenuse of 110 cm. Calculate the
angle opposite the 62 cm side length, correct to 2 decimal places.

Exercise 7.1 6 Singh is standing 20 m from the base of a building. He measures the angle to the top of the
building and finds it to be 40°. He then measures the angle to the top of a radio mast on top of
pl

the building, finding that it is 52°. Determine the height of the radio mast, correct to 2 decimal
places.

Exercise 7.1 7 From the top of a 45 m skyscraper the angle of depression of an object at P on the wall of a
smaller building opposite is 40°. The width of the street is 18 m.

Mixed and exam review

(a) Determine the height of the object at P, correct to the nearest metre.
(b) Determine the angle of elevation of P from the foot of the skyscraper, correct to the nearest
degree.
Mixed review CHAPTERS 6–8
m

Exercise 7.2 8 In order to try to control a bushfire in the Avon Wilderness, firefighters plan to form
containment lines in a triangular shape around the perimeter of the fire. Two containment lines
starting from Huggetts Crossing will be 33 km and 36 km long and the angle between them is
30°. Determine the area enclosed by the containment lines. Exam reviews provide cumulative Exercise 6.1 1 Consider the function f defined by f ( x ) = -2 ( x − 4 )( x − 1).
2

(a) Use calculus to locate any stationary points and determine their nature.
(b) Sketch the graph of y = f (x), showing all key features.
412 Pearson Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland
practice of content already Exercise 6.2 2 Determine expressions for the acceleration a (t) of particles given by each of the following

Exam review
functions, whose positions are x metres from a fixed origin at time t seconds.
(a) x ( t ) = 2t 2 − 3t + 4 UNIT 4
(b) x ( t ) =
1
M07_PM12_QLD_SB_1E_21420_FINAL.indd 412 13/05/19 11:18 AM

covered, to prepare students 2t + 5

Sa

3 Determine the coordinates of the point of inflection on the graph of y = -2 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 3 x − 2.

Exercise 7.1 4 Calculate the length of side x, correct to 2 decimal places, in each of the following triangles.

for the end-of-year exam. They Paper 1: Technology-free

(a)

42.15 m
(b)
x cm 75°

have been placed at the end of 4 3 2

6.23 cm
Exercise 6.3 1 If f ( x ) = x + 6 x − 2 x + x − 3, determine the value of f ′′ (-2).

Exercise 6.4 2 A rectangular garden is to be formed next 35° to an existing fence. It is enclosed on three
xm

each unit. Mixed reviews provide

sides (excluding the fence side) by 32 m of border trim. The width of the garden that runs
perpendicular
Exercise 7.3 to theΔABC
5 Solve is xcalculating,
fenceby m, and its length,
correct which runs parallel
to 2 decimal places,to the
the y m. lengths and angle.
fence, is side
unknown
(a) Determine(a)an expression for the length y inA terms of x. (b) B
34.24
(b) Determine an expression in form for the area A (x).
factorised72.34°

cumulative reviews placed

56.34 31.45°
(c) Use second derivative analysis to determine the maximum area Cof the garden.
105.03°
C
(d) Hence determine the dimensions of the garden of maximum area.

midway through each unit.

Exercise 7.3 3 Determine the exact value of x. 68.56°
45°
B
A

Exercise 7.2 6 A block of land is advertised

x as having an60°approximate area of 400 m 2. If the three boundaries of
the block are 22 m, 36 m and 19 m, determine the size of the smallest angle, correct to 2 decimal
40 cm square metre.
places, and hence the area, to the nearest

Exercise 7.4 7 Three fences surround a triangular paddock as shown. N

Exercise 7.4 4 A Brahminy kite (bird of prey) is being photographed by two ornithologists on the ground, who
Determine the true bearing of corner A from corner B, to the
are 2 km apart. From one ornithologist, the direct distance to the Brahminy kite is 100
C m and the
nearest degree. 38 m
angle of elevation is 30°. Determine the exact distance, in metres, of the Brahminy kite from the
other ornithologist. B
35 m
Exercise 8.2 5 A coin is biased in such a way that P (Heads) = 4 × P (Tails). Determine the probability that
exactly 5 tosses out of 8 land heads up. Write your answer as a product of prime factors. 40 m

Exercise 8.3 6 Three coins are tossed and you count the outcome of two heads and a tail as a success.A
Determine the exact values of the mean and the variance of the Bernoulli distribution
(the number of successes in a single trial).
454 Pearson Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland
Exercise 9.1 7 If f (x) represents a probability density function, determine the exact value of P (X < 2) given:

 π  πx 
 sin 0≤x≤8
f ( x ) =  16  8 
M08B_PM12_QLD_SB_1E_21420_FINAL.indd 454 13/05/19 11:24 AM

 0 otherwise

Exercise 9.3 8 For a particular normal distribution, P (X < a) = 0.18 and P (X < b) = 0.45. Determine the
following probabilities.
(a) P (X > a) (b) P (X > b) (c) P (a < X < b)

554 Pearson Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

M10B_PM12_QLD_SB_1E_21420_FINAL.indd 554 13/05/19 11:35 AM

ix
 

4
Anti-

s
ge
differentiation
pa
e
pl

Recall 208
4.1  Introduction to anti-differentiation 209
m

4.2  Anti-differentiation of power functions 219

4.3  Anti-differentiation of linear binomial power functions 226
Sa

4.4  Anti-differentiation of exponential functions 231

4.5  Anti-differentiation of sine and cosine functions 235
4.6  Anti-differentiation of linear reciprocal functions 240
4.7  Further anti-differentiation 245
Summary 249
Chapter review 250

Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 207

4 Recall
Differentiate functions of the form f(x) = xn
1 Determine the derivative of each of the following.
(b) y = ( x + 1) + x 2 (c) f ( x ) = 3 x 6 + 4 x − 5
2
(a) y = 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 3 x + 2

2 4
(d) f ( x ) = 2 x 3 (e) y = x − x -3 +
x
Determine a derivative at a given value
2 Determine the value of each of the following.
dy
(a) if y = 4 − 3 x 3 + x 2 and x = -2 (b) f ′ (3) if f ( x ) = 3 x − 4 x 2
dx
- 12 - 14
(c) f ′ (16) if f ( x ) = x − 2x

s
Differentiate functions of the the form f(x) = (ax + b)n

ge
3 Determine the derivative of each of the following.
1
(b) y = ( 2 x + 5 )
3
(a) y = ( 3 x + 2 )
4
pa (c) y = ( 2 x − 1) 2
3
(d) y = 5 ( 3 x − 4 ) (e) y = ( 2 x + 3 ) 2
-2

Differentiate exponential and logarithmic functions

4 Differentiate the following functions.
e
x 2
(a) y = e 5 x (b) y = e 2 (c) f ( x ) = 3e 5 x −x
pl

1  x2 
(d) f ( x ) = 7 log e ( 2 x − 1) , x > (e) y = log e  , x > -3
2  3 + x 
m

Differentiate trigonometric functions

5 Determine the derivative of each of the following.
Sa

 2x 
(a) sin (3x) (b) cos (5x) (c) y = 3 sin  + 2 cos ( π x )
 3 
(d) f (x) = sin (3 − 5x) (e) f (x) = 3 cos (11x − 2)

Differentiate using the product and quotient rule

6 Use the product or quotient rule to differentiate the following functions.
x3
(a) y = x 2 sin ( x ) (b) y = x 4 e 2 x (c) y =
sin ( x )
log e ( x ) sin ( x ) x
(d) y = (e) y = (f) y =
e -x
cos ( x ) x +5
Differentiate using the chain rule
7 Use the chain rule to determine the derivative of each of the following.

( ) ( )
4
(a) y = 3 x 2 + 2 x (b) y = sin x 2 (c) y = x3 − 4x + 2
2
(d) y = e x (e) y = sin 2 ( x )

208 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

Introduction to anti-differentiation 4.1
An anti-derivative is a function F (x), such that F ′ (x) = f (x).
Differentiation
Anti-differentiating can be considered the reverse process of differentiating.
Hence anti-differentiation is the process of determining a function f (x) dy
y = f(x) = f'(x)
from its derivative or gradient function f ′ (x). The derivative of 3 x 2 is 6x, dx
so an anti-derivative of 6x is 3 x 2.
Anti-differentiation
Consider the following functions and their derivatives:

f (x) f ′ (x) Additional information

3x 2 6x Anti-differentiation as the reverse process of

differentiation
3x 2 + 2 6x In this activity, determine the expressions on the
2

s
3x − 7 6x right that are anti-derivatives of the expressions
on the left.

You can see that 3 x 2, 3 x 2 + 2, and 3 x 2 − 7 are
all anti-derivatives of 6x, differing only by the
constant. Hence there is an infinite number of
anti-derivatives of 6x, all with the same
gradient function. Therefore you write the
anti-derivative of 6x as 3 x 2 + c, where c is an
arbitrary constant, also known as the constant
e
of integration. The notation you use to
pl
ge
∫ f ( x ) dx is the indefinite integral or primitive of f (x),
and it indicates that you are finding the anti-derivative
pa
of the expression f (x) with respect to x. The dx
indicates that x is the variable with respect to which
the anti-differentiation takes place.
Hence ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
also, ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + c

indicate the process of anti-differentiation is

dy
∫ 6x dx = 3x + c, where c ∈ . This is called
2
or ∫ dx = y + c
m

the indefinite integral of 6x with respect to x. dx

The derivative of the integral gives the original
Note that a constant coefficient can be written function, but the integral of the derivative does not
Sa

before or after the integral sign without (because of any constant term that may be present, c).
changing the value of the integral; for
example, ∫ 6 x dx = 6 ∫ x dx .
The two useful results in the box below can be used to simplify anti-differentiation. The first one allows
placement of a constant coefficient either inside or outside the integral sign. The second one allows for
anti-differentiation term by term of a series of terms.

Rules for indefinite integrals: Additional information

∫ k f ( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x ) dx Identify the components of an indefinite integral

This activity provides an explanation of the
∫ ( f ( x ) ± g ( x )) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx different components of an indefinite integral.

Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 209

4.1

1 Use differentiation to determine an anti-derivative

Differentiate f ( x ) = 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 and hence determine the anti-derivative of 12 x 2 + 6 x .

THINKING WORKING

1 Determine the derivative. f ′( x ) = 3 × 4 x 3 −1 + 2 × 3 x 2 −1

= 12 x 2 + 6 x

2 Rewrite in the form ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + c. ∫ (12 x )

2
+ 6 x dx = 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 + c

2 Use differentiation to determine an anti-derivative with adjustment of a constant coefficient

Differentiate each of the following and hence determine the required anti-derivative.
(a) Differentiate f ( x ) = 6 x 4 − 2 x 3 and hence determine the anti-derivative of 4 x 3 − x 2.

s
ge
THINKING WORKING

1 Determine the derivative. f ′ ( x ) = 24 x 3 − 6 x 2

( )
pa
2 Express the derivative in terms of the required
anti-derivative.
f ′( x ) = 6 4x3 − x2

∫ (4x ) 1
3 Express the anti-derivative required in terms 3
− x 2 dx =
6
(
× 6 ∫ 4 x 3 − x 2 dx )
of the derivative found where
e
∫ f ′ ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + c.
1
(
= 6 x 4 − 2 x 3 + c1
6
)
pl

1 c
4 Express the anti-derivative in the required = x 4 − x 3 + c where c = 1
3 6
form.
m

(b) Differentiate f ( x ) = ( 3 x − 2 ) and hence determine the anti-derivative of ∫ 27 ( 3 x − 2 ) dx .

3 2
Sa

f ′ ( x ) = 3( 3x − 2 ) × 3
2
1 Differentiate the function.
= 9 ( 3x − 2 )
2

1
f ′(x ) = × 27 ( 3 x − 2 )
2
2 Express the derivative in terms of the required
3
anti-derivative.
1
27 ( 3x − 2 ) dx = ∫ 9( 3x − 2 ) dx
3∫
2 2
3 Express the anti-derivative required in terms
of the derivative found where
∫ 27(3x − 2) dx = 3 × ∫ 9( 3x − 2 ) dx
2 2

∫ f ′ ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + c.
= 3 × ( 3x − 2 ) c1 
3

= 3( 3x − 2 ) + c , where c = 3c1
3
4 Express the anti-derivative in the required
form.

210 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

 4.1

Graphing anti-derivatives
You will recall that the graph of a derivative function y = f ′ (x) gives the value of the gradient of the
original function y = f (x) for each point on the graph. The graphs of each of the two functions below
result in the same derivative graph because these functions have the same gradient for every value of x in
the domain. You can obtain either of the graphs of y = f (x) from the other by a simple translation up
or down.

f (x) f (x)

0 x 0 x

f '(x)
f '(x)

0 x 0 x

s
Where the function has a maximum or minimum, the graph of the derivative has an x-intercept, i.e. the

ge
function has a gradient of zero. Also, where the function has a positive gradient, the derivative graph is
positive, and where the function has a negative gradient, the derivative graph is negative.
Finding an anti-derivative graph y = F (x), given the graph of a function y = f (x), is the reverse process of
pa
finding a derivative graph. You can look at the values of f (x) and create a corresponding gradient for F (x).
From the graphs above, it is clear there will not be a unique result, so possible anti-derivative graphs
are drawn.
e
f(x) f(x)
pl

0 x 0 x

F(x) F(x)
m

0 x
Sa

0 x

In this case, where the function has an x-intercept, the graph of the anti-derivative has a maximum or
minimum. Where the function is positive, the graph of the anti-derivative is increasing, and where
the function is negative, the graph of the anti-derivative is decreasing. Wherever you position the possible
y = F (x) graph, it belongs to the family of anti-derivative graphs for y = f (x) obtained by translating
the graph in a direction parallel to the y-axis. It is possible to determine the nature of the turning
point on the graph of y = F (x) by examining the sign of the original function around the x-intercept.
Consider the graph above, in which f (x) indicates the gradient of F (x).

Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 211

4.1

Maximum turning point

Sign of f (x) + 0 − y
Description of Above the x-intercept Below the f(x)
f (x) x-axis x-axis

0 x

y
Shape of F (x) / − \
Description of Increasing Stationary Decreasing F (x)
F (x) point

s
ge
0 x

pa
Minimum turning point
Sign of f (x) − 0 +
y
e
Description of Below the x-intercept Above the f(x)
pl

f (x) x-axis x-axis

m

0 x
Sa

Shape of F (x) \ − y
/
F (x)
Description of Decreasing Stationary Increasing
F (x) point

0 x

212 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

 4.1

A stationary point of inflection where f (x) is above the x-axis

Sign of f (x) + 0 + y

Description of Above the x-axis x-intercept Above the x-axis

f(x)
f (x)

0 x

Shape of F (x) / − / y

Description of Increasing Stationary point Increasing

F (x)
F (x)

s
0 x

ge
pa
A stationary point of inflection where f (x) is below the x-axis
e
Sign of f (x) − 0 − y
Description of f (x) Below the x-axis x-intercept Below the x-axis
pl

0 x
f(x)
m
Sa

Shape of F (x) \ − \ y

Description of F (x) Decreasing Stationary Decreasing

point F(x)

0 x

Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 213

4.1

If the graph of the original function has a discontinuity, such as a hyperbola, you can deduce a possible
anti-derivative graph for each part of the domain separately. The graph of F (x) will have asymptotes at the
same x-values as f (x); more explicitly if a function has a vertical asymptote, then both the derivative and
the anti-derivative are undefined for the value of x at the asymptote.

3 Sketch anti-derivatives
Sketch a possible graph of the anti-derivative of each of the following functions.
(a) f(x)

0 x

s
ge
THINKING WORKING

1 Consider the x-intercepts of f (x) and the Near the origin, the gradient follows:
corresponding features of F (x). pa f (x) _ 0 +
F (x) \ _ /

A minimum turning point on the graph of

e
F (x).
pl

Near the minimum turning point, the

gradient follows:
m

f (x) + 0 +
F (x) / _ /
Sa

A stationary point of inflection exists on the

2 Consider the other features.
graph of F (x).
The maximum turning point indicates that
the gradient increases to a maximum
positive value and then starts to decrease
(still positive). There is a point of inflection.

214 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

 4.1

3 Sketch a possible graph of the anti-derivative. F(x)

0 x

This graph has been drawn passing through

the origin, but any vertical translation of the
shape is correct.

(b) f (x)

0 x

s
ge
pa
1 Consider the asymptotes. The vertical asymptote will remain in the
same position.
e
The horizontal asymptote indicates that the
pl

gradient approaches zero as x → ± ∞, but it

might not be at y = 0.
m

2 Consider the other features. The derivative (gradient) is always negative.

Left-hand branch: the gradient is close to
Sa

zero, then becomes increasingly negative.

Right-hand branch: The gradient is negative
and becomes less negative, approaching zero.
3 Sketch a possible graph of the anti-derivative. F(x)

0 x

Any vertical translation of this graph is

correct.

Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 215

4.1
EXERCISE

Worked
4.1 Introduction to anti-differentiation
Example

1 1 Differentiate each of the following functions and use the results to determine the given anti-derivatives.
(a) f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 4 x, hence determine the anti-derivative of 6 x 2 − 4.
1
(b) f ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 2 x , hence determine the anti-derivative of 6 x − .
x
(c) f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 2 x − 6, hence determine the anti-derivative of 10x + 2.
1  1 
(d) f ( x ) = 5 x 2 − , hence determine ∫  10 x + 2  dx .
x  x 
2 2 Differentiate each of the following functions and use the results to determine the given anti-derivatives.
(a) f ( x ) = 6 x 3 − 10 x, hence determine the anti-derivative of 9 x 2 − 5.

s
(b) f ( x ) = 5 x 3 − x 5, hence determine the anti-derivative of 3 x 2 − x 4 .

ge
(c) f ( x ) = 3 x 4 − 5 x 3, hence determine the anti-derivative of 4 x 3 − 5 x 2.
1  2 
(d) f ( x ) = x 2 − , hence determine ∫  4 x + 2  dx.
x  pa x 
3 Differentiate each of the following functions and use the results to determine the given
anti-derivatives.
(a) f ( x ) = ( 3 x − 2 ) , hence determine ∫ 15 ( 3 x − 2 ) dx.
5 4
e
(b) f ( x ) = ( 6 x − 1) , hence determine ∫ 36 ( 6 x − 1) dx.
3 2
pl

4 Differentiate each of the following trigonometric functions and use the results to determine the given
anti-derivatives.
m

(a) f ( x ) = sin ( 2 x ), hence determine ∫ cos ( 2 x ) dx .

(b) f ( x ) = 3cos3 ( x ), hence determine ∫ 27 cos 2 ( x ) sin ( x ) dx.

Sa

(c) f ( x ) = sin 2 ( 3 x ) − cos 2 ( 3 x ), hence determine ∫ sin ( 3 x ) cos ( 3 x ) dx.

5 Differentiate each of the following exponential functions and use the results to determine the given
anti-derivatives.
(a) f ( x ) = e x , hence determine ∫ e x dx .

(b) f ( x ) = e kx, hence determine ∫ e kx dx .

(c) f ( x ) = 3e 5 x , hence determine ∫ 30e 5 x dx .

6 Differentiate each of the following logarithmic functions and use the results to determine the given
anti-derivatives.
1
(a) f ( x ) = log e ( 7 x ), hence determine ∫ dx.
2x
1
(b) f ( x ) = log e ( 2 x + 1), hence determine ∫ dx.
2x + 1

216 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

 4.1
Worked
Example

7 Sketch the graph of a possible anti-derivative function for each of the given functions, matching key values. 3
(a) f(x) f(x)
(b)

0 x

0 x

8 Sketch the graph of a possible anti-derivative function for each of the given functions, matching key values.
(a) f(x) f(x)
(b)

0 x

0 x

s
ge
9 If the derivative of x 2 sin ( 2 x ) is 2x(x cos (2x) + sin (2x)), then ∫ (x )
cos ( 2 x ) + x sin ( 2 x ) dx is equal to
2

which one of the following? pa 1 2

A x 2 sin ( 2 x ) + c    B 2x(x cos (2x) + sin (2x)) + c    C  x sin ( 2 x ) + c    D  2 x 2 sin ( 2 x ) + c
2
10 Which one of the following integrals cannot be determined by differentiating x 3 e x ?
1
( )
A ∫ x 2 e x ( x + 3 ) dx    B  ∫ e x ( x + 3 ) dx    C  ∫ e x x 3 + 3 x 2 dx    D  ∫ 2x 3 e x + 6 x 2 e x dx
e
2
pl

11 Which one of the following is a possible f (x)

anti-derivative graph for the graph of  f (x) shown?
m

0 x
-1 1
Sa

A F(x) B F(x)

0 x
-1 1
0 x
-1 1

C F(x) D F(x)

0 x
-1 1

0 x
-1 1

Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 217

4.1

12 Verify that the derivative of x 2 ( 2 x − 1) can be expressed as 2 x ( 5 x − 1)( 2 x − 1) . Hence, determine

3 2

the value of the constant of integration c, given that ∫ x ( 5 x − 1)( 2 x − 1) dx = 20 at x = 2.

2

13 Differentiate 3 ( 2 x − 1) and hence determine the equation of the curve y = f (x) with a gradient
4

function of 3 ( 2 x − 1) that passes through the point (1.5, 8).

3

14 A child began to feel unwell around 1:30 pm on Sunday, and by 1:50 pm she was very hot and feverish.
The child’s temperature was taken at 10-minute intervals for the next few hours. The graph shows the
rate of change of temperature over time.
Rate of change
in temperature
(°C/10 min)

s
ge
0
50

00

10

20

30

40

50

00

10

20

30

40

50

00

10

20

30

40
pa
1:

2:

2:

2:

2:

2:

2:

3:

3:

3:

3:

3:

3:

4:

4:

4:

4:

4:
Time (pm)
e
pl

(a) At what approximate time was the child’s temperature rising most rapidly?
m

(b) Between what times was the temperature rising?

(c) Describe what was happening to the temperature at approximately 3:40 pm.
Sa

(d) Sketch a possible graph of the child’s temperature over the same period of time.

218 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

Anti-differentiation of power functions 4.2
In the previous section, you were introduced to anti-differentiation as the reverse operation of
differentiation, noting that the indefinite integral has an arbitrary constant added. In this section, you will
learn how to determine the anti-derivative (indefinite integral) of a power function and use given
conditions to determine a particular value of the anti-derivative.
Consider the following derivatives:

d x2 ( ) = 2x ( ) = 3x
d x3 2
dx dx
∫ 2 x dx = x + c1 ∫ 3x dx = x + c1
2 2 3

2 ∫ x dx = x 2 + c1 3 ∫ x 2 dx = x 3 + c1

s
1 1 3
∫ x dx = 2  x ∫x
2 2
+ c1   x + c1 
dx =
3 

ge
Additional information
1 2 1 3
∫ x dx = 2 x + c ∫ x dx = 3 x + c
2
Anti-differentiating powers of x
Practise using the pattern for
1
pa
1 anti-differentiating expressions
where c = c1 where c = c1 of the form xn.
2 3
You can check these by differentiating the result in each case. In the general case:
Note that for the anti-derivative, the power is increased by one and 1 n
∫ x dx = n + 1 x + c , n ≠ -1
e
n
the result is divided by the new power.
pl

As you will have observed in the previous section, a constant

∫ ax dx = a ∫ x n dx , n ≠ -1
n
coefficient may be written inside the anti-derivative sign or before it.
m

ax n +1
= +c
n +1
Sa

4 Anti-differentiate expressions of the form ax n

Determine the following anti-derivatives.

∫ 3x
4
(a) dx

THINKING WORKING

1 Express in the form a ∫ x n dx . ∫ 3x

4
dx = 3 ∫ x 4 dx

ax n +1
2 Recall the formula. a ∫ x n dx = + c , n ≠ -1
n +1
3x 5
3 Substitute the known values. = +c
5
4 Interpret the answer. The anti-derivative of 3 x 4; that is, ∫ 3x 4 dx is
3x 5
equal to + c.
5
Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 219
4.2

(b) ∫ 4x x dx

1 Express in the form a ∫ x n dx. ∫ 4x x dx = 4 ∫ x 2 dx

ax n +1
2 Recall the formula. a ∫ x n dx = + c , n ≠ -1
n +1
5
3
4x 2
3 Substitute the known values and simplify as 4 ∫ x dx =
2
5
+c
needed. 2
5
8x 2
= +c
5

4 Interpret the answer. The anti-derivative of 4x x ; that is,

5
8x 2
∫ 4x x dx is equal to 5 + c.

s
ge
You will note that if f (x) = 2x, then f ′ (x) = 2, hence ∫ 2 dx = 2 x + c. Writing ∫ 2 dx as ∫ 2x 0 dx and applying
the rule for anti-differentiating x n, you obtain:

2 ∫ x 0 dx = 2 ×
x1
+ c
pa ∫ adx = ax + c
1
= 2x + c
The anti-derivative of a sum or difference of a series of
e
terms is equal to the sum or difference of the ∫ ( f ( x ) ± g ( x )) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx
pl

anti-derivative of each individual term.

m

5 Anti-differentiate term by term

(
Determine ∫ 3 x 2 − 3 x + 4 dx. )
Sa

THINKING WORKING

∫ ( 3x )
1
1 Express terms in the form a ∫ x n dx . 2
− 3 x + 4 dx = 3 ∫ x 2 dx − 3 ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ 4 dx

This step can be omitted, and the anti-differentiation

can be done under the one integral sign.
 x3   x 32 
∫( )
2
2 Use the rule for anti-differentiating powers 3 x − 3 x + 4 dx = 3   − 3  3  + 4 x + c
of x. Since c represents an arbitrary constant,  3   2 
you only need to add c once at the end.
2 32
3 Simplify the expression on the right-hand = x3 − 3 × x + 4x + c
3
side of the equation.

∫ ( 3x )
3
2
4 Express the anti-differentiated expression. − 3 x + 4 dx = x 3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x + c

220 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

 4.2

Notation
The following notations are used at various times to indicate the process of anti-differentiation.

∫ f ′ ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + c
dy
∫ dx dx = y + c
∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c

6 Simplify before anti-differentiating

Determine the anti-derivative of  

( 3x 2
)(
− 2 x2 + 1 ).
2
x
THINKING WORKING

( 3x 2
)(
− 2 x2 + 1 ) dx =

s
3x 4 + x 2 − 2
1 Expand the brackets and collect like terms. ∫ x2 ∫ x2
dx

ge
2 Rewrite each term with the denominator and  3x 4 x 2 2 
= ∫  2 + 2 − 2  dx
express each one in the form ax n.  x x x 

∫ ( 3x )
pa = 2
+ 1 − 2 x -2 dx

3 Anti-differentiate each term using the rule x3 x -1

= 3× +x −2× +c
and introduce the constant of integration. 3 -1
e
4 Simplify, expressing with positive powers, and = x 3 + x + 2 x -1 + c
pl

write down the answer.

( 3x 2
)(
− 2 x2 + 1 ) dx = x 2
∫
3
5 Express the anti-differentiated expression. 2
+x+ +c
x
m

Applications of anti-differentiation
Sa

Given a rate of change, anti-differentiating can lead you to information about the quantity whose rate you
are measuring. For example, velocity is a measure of the rate of change of position. In other words, the
dx
velocity v may be expressed as v = , where x is the position of a particle at time t. Anti-differentiating
dt
with respect to t gives you an expression for the position.

7 Apply anti-differentiation
Determine an expression for the position x of an object if its velocity v is modelled by the function
3
v = 2 − 5 at time t, for t ∈ [ 2,5 ].
t
THINKING WORKING

1 Express as an anti-derivative. x = ∫ v dt
 3 
= ∫  2 − 5  dt
t 

Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 221

4.2

∫  t 2 − 5 dt = ∫ ( 3t
 3
2 Write terms in the form a ∫ x n dx .  -2
)
− 5t 0 dt

t -1 5t 1
3 Use the rule to anti-differentiate each term, = 3× − +c
introduce the constant of integration and -1 1
3
simplify the expression. = - − 5t + c
t
3
4 Interpret the answer. The position equation is given by x = - − 5t + c.
t

8 Determine the value of the constant of integration

2
dy  3 
If =  4 − 2  , determine y in terms of x if y = 13 when x = 1.
dx  x 

s
THINKING WORKING

ge
2
1 Expand the expression and write each term  3  24 9
 4 − 2  = 16 − 2 + 4
in the form a ∫ x n dx. x x x
pa -2
= 16 − 24 x + 9 x -4

dy dy
2 Express y as an anti-derivative of
dx
. y= ∫ dx dx
= ∫ (16 − 24 x - 2 + 9 x - 4 ) dx
e
pl

x -1 x -3
3 Anti-differentiate the expression, introduce   = 16 x − 24 × +9× +c
-1 -3
the constant of integration and simplify.
24 3
m

= 16 x + − +c
x x3
Sa

4 Use the given conditions to determine the When x = 1, y = 13:

value of the constant. 24 3
13 = 16 (1) + − +c
1 13
13 = 16 + 24 − 3 + c
c = -24
2
dy  3 
5 Interpret the answer. The anti-derivative of =  4 − 2  that includes
dx  x 
24 3
the point (1, 13) is y = 16 x + − − 24.
x x3

222 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

 4.2

Families of curves
If f ′ ( x ) = 2 x, then f ( x ) = x 2 + c. A set of graphs for various values of the arbitrary constant c represents
a family of curves, all of which have the same gradient function 2x.
y
12

10
y = x2 + 2
8

4
y = x2 – 3
2 2
y=x

0 x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2

s
-4

ge
Each graph represents a translation of y = x 2 parallel to Additional information
the y-axis. At any x-value, the curves will have the same pa Changing the value of the constant
gradient. Use the slider and observe the gradient of the
tangents when the graph is translated up or down,
representing different values of the constant.
e
EXERCISE
pl

4.2 Anti-differentiation of power functions

m

Worked
Example

1 Determine each of the following anti-derivatives. 4

Sa

1
∫x ∫ 12 x ∫ 4x (d) ∫ x 5 dx
6 3 2
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
3
2 3 2

∫3 ∫ 2x ∫ 4x ∫ 3x
-2
(e) x dx (f) 3
dx (g) 5
dx (h) dx

2 Determine each of the following anti-derivatives. 5

∫ (6x ) ∫ (x ) ∫ (6x )
2 3 2 2
(a) − x + 2 dx (b) − 3 x + 2 x dx (c) + 2 x dx

 x2   1   2 2 
(d) ∫  2  dx
4 − (e) ∫  4 x −
 x
+ x 3  dx

(f) ∫  7 + 3w 2 + w 3
 dw
3 Determine each of the following anti-derivatives. 6
x2 + x x 3 − 2x 2 4
x − 2x + 3 2
(a) ∫ dx (b) ∫ dx (c) ∫ dx
x x2 x2

( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) (x 2
)(
− 3 x2 + 4 ) dx
∫ ( x − 1) ( x ) ∫ ∫
2
(d) + 2 dx (e) 2
dx (f) 2
x x
x2 + x
(g) ∫ dx (h) ∫ x ( x − 3 ) dx
x
Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 223
4.2 Worked
Example

dx
7 4 The velocity v of a particle is the rate of change of its position x at time t, so v = . If v = 3t 2 − 4t + 18,
dt
determine an expression for the position of the particle at time t.

8 5 If the particle in question 4 is at a position x = 2 when t = 0, determine the value of each of the
following.
(a) the constant of integration, c
(b) the position of the particle when t = 3

6 Determine f (z), given:

(a) f ′ (z) = z − 6 z 2 (b) f ′ (z) = (z − 2)(z + 4)

3z 5 − 4 z -2
(c) f ′ (z) = 3
(d) f ′ (z) = 2
z z
7 For each of the following, determine y in terms of x for the given conditions.

∫ (6x )
2
(a) y = − 2 x dx , and y = -10 when x = 2

s
3 4
(b) − 3 , and y = 1 when x = 4

ge
2
x x
( )
2
8 The gradient of a curve at any point is given by f ′ ( x ) = 1 + x . Determine the equation of the
 1
curve if it passes through the point  1, -  . pa
 6
9 Determine an anti-derivative of each of the following.
5
 x 2
(a) ∫  3 − 2  dx (b) ∫ x ( 4 − x ) dx
e
10 For each of the following, express y in terms of x.
pl

dy 3 dy -3
(a) = 8x 3 + 2 (b) = 2 x -3 + x 2
dx x dx
m

2
( )
3

11 Differentiate f ( x ) = 1 + x2 and use the result to determine ∫ 2 x 1 + x 2 dx .

2

3
Sa

12 The gradient of a curve varies directly as x 2 . If the curve passes through the origin and the
point (3, 18), determine each of the following.
(a) the equation of the curve
(b) the value of the gradient at x = -3
(c) the value of y at x = -3
dy
= 3 ( 2 x − 1) .
2
13 The gradient of a curve is given by
dx
(a) Determine the equation of the family of curves that have this gradient.
(b) Determine the member of this family of curves that passes through each of the given points.
(i) (0, 4) (ii) (-1, 5)
(c) Explain why the two curves from part (b) have no points of intersection.

224 Pearson  Mathematical Methods 12 Queensland

 4.2

dx dv
14 The position x, velocity v, and acceleration a of a particle at time t are related by: v = , a = . If
dt dt
the acceleration of a particle is modelled by a = 3t 2 − t − 2, t ≥ 0 , determine the following.
(a) the velocity of the particle at t = 10 if the particle starts from rest
1
(b) the position of the particle at t = 2, if x = when t = 1
12
dV
15 A tank of water is emptying at a rate given by = -2.8t , where V is the volume in cubic metres m3
dt
at time t seconds.
(a) Determine an expression for the volume of water remaining in the tank in terms of time, if it is
empty after 30 seconds.
(b) How long does it take for half of the initial volume to empty out? Give your answer correct to
1 decimal place.

16 Which one of the following is the anti-derivative of x 3 x 2 − 1 ? ( )

2 3
x  3x 
( 3x − 1) × 1 + x ( 6 x ) + c

s
2
A  − x + c B
2  3 

ge
1 2  3x 2 
C 3 x 4 − x + c D x  − 1 + c
2  2 
17 Which one of the following statements is correct? pa
A ∫ ( x − 3) dx represents a family of parabolas with axes of symmetry at x = 3.
B ∫ ( x − 3) dx represents a family of parabolas with axes of symmetry at x = 6.
e
C ∫ ( x − 3) dx represents a family of parabolas with two x-intercepts.
pl

x2
D ∫ ( x − 3 ) dx could be equal to − 3 x + 10 x 2.
2
m

18 Determine the following anti-derivatives.

(x + ) 1 2
Sa

x 3 − 2 x + x -2
(a) ∫ x 2
x
+ 5 dx (b) ∫ x2
dx

1 5 x 2 + 12 x
19 Differentiate f ( x ) = ( x + 3 ) 2 x 2 and hence determine ∫ 2 x + 3 dx .
2
20 If f ′ ( x ) = px 2 + , determine f (x) if f (1) = 2 and f (-1) = 4.
x3
21 Differentiate ( 3 x + 1) and hence determine the anti-derivative of ( 3 x + 1) .
4 3

22 (a) Differentiate ( ax + b ) and hence determine the anti-derivative of ∫ ( ax + b ) dx .

n +1 n

(b) Use the result found in part (a) to determine the following.

∫ ( 6 x + 1) dx ∫ ( 3 − 2 x ) dx
4 3
(i) (ii)

1 3
∫ ( 3x − 2 ) (iv) f (x) if f ′ ( x ) = 4 ( 7 x + 2 ) and f ( 0 ) = -
3
(iii) 2
dx
7

Chapter 4  Anti-differentiation 225