MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
UNIDAD 1: ESFUERZOS Y DEFORMACIÓN
Textos:
Mecánica de Materiales por Beer & Johnston
Mecánica de Materiales por Hibbeler
Resistencia de Materiales por Singer
STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS
UNIDAD 1
Introducción
Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals
with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading.
Other names for this field of study are strength of materials, resistance
of materials and mechanics of deformable bodies. The solid bodies
considered in this book include bars with axial loads, shafts in torsion,
beams in bending, and columns in compression.
Designing and analyzing parts and machines requires the
determination of stresses and deformations in order to build parts and
machines safer durables and cheaper
 Static
Find out the reactions in A and C.
=20 mm

600 mm

 30 x 50 mm

800 mm
30 kN
Static

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

෍ 𝑀𝐶 = 0
Estática
Making free body diagram of the
beam.
෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
Another method
By the law of sinus:

• These results tell us the values of the

forces, but they do not say if the
element will support those loads.
• That will depend on the material and
the cross section of the element.
 Stress (𝝈)
𝐹
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 =
𝐴
𝑁
2
𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑎 𝑆. 𝐼
𝑚

𝑙𝑏
𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑆. 𝐼𝑛𝑔𝑙é𝑠
𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑔2
(+) means tension
(-) means compression
 Introduction to Analysis and Design
Assume BC is made of a material
=20 mm that supports up to 165 MPa. Find
out if the element supports the
600 mm load to which it is going to submit.
 30 x 50 mm

800 mm
30 kN

An additional analysis should be done to know if the deformations will

be admissible.
Introduction to Analysis and Design
(continued)
We want to study the possibility of using aluminum σ = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
instead of steel. Find out the area of the straight section that the
element must have to support the load.
Axial load, Normal stress

TENSION
rod CD cut

COMPRESSION
Axial load, Normal stress
AB y BC son dos elementos
sometidos a “2 fuerzas” cada uno,
(elemento sometido a carga axial)
Axial load, Normal stress
Average stress

𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴
Punctual stress
Δ𝐹 dF
𝜎 = lim =
Δ𝐴→0 Δ𝐴 dA
Axial load, Normal stress
Representation of the variation of the stress
in different sections of the material
Axial load, Normal stress
Practical consideration: the force is
evenly distributed. This means that
a concentrated force P must pass
through the geometric center of
the straight section.
= If the element is straight, the two P
forces pass through the center of
gravity of the body.
This type of charges is called
"Centric Loads"
Axial load, Normal stress
In non-straight elements, the distribution of
forces and therefore the distribution of
stresses is not uniform
SHEARING STRESS

𝑃
𝜏=
𝐴

he shearing stress varies widely from zero on the

surface to a maximum that can be much higher
than the average.
SHEARING STRESS
SINGLE SHEAR

𝑃 𝐹
𝜏𝑎𝑣 = =
𝐴 𝐴

DOUBLE SHEAR

𝑃 𝐹/2 F
𝜏𝑎𝑣 = = =
The plates A and B are connected 𝐴 𝐴 2A
by means of plates C and D
BEARING STRESS IN CONNECTIONS
For simplicity, the bearing stress is
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎𝑏 = =
𝐴 𝑡𝑑
td is the projected area of the bolt on
the support
EXERCISE 1
The AB plate is 3/8 "thick and the BC
plates are ¼" each. They are joined
by epoxy resin. Pin A has φ = 3/8 “ C
has φ = 1/4". Determine a) the shear
stress in A, b) Shear stress in C, c)
maximum normal stress in the ABC
link, d) average shear stress in the
surfaces bonded in B, and e) bearing
stress in link C.
Solution

෍ 𝑀𝐷

Shearing stress on pin A (single shear)

 Shear stress on pin C (double shear)
Solution

Shear stress on pin A (single shear)

Solution (continued)
Maximum normal stress in ABC link
Solution (continued)
Average shearing stress in B
Solution (continued)
Bearing stress in the link in B
 Ejercicio 2
The steel clamping bar shown is going to
be designed to support a tension force P =
120kN when fastening with pins between
double brackets in A and B. The bar will be
made of 20 mm thick plate. For the grade
h
of steel used, the maximum permissible
stresses are: σ = 175MPa, τ = 100MPa, σb
b = 350MPa. Design the clamping bar,
determining the values required for a) the
diameter d of the pin, b) the dimension b
at each end of the bar, c) the dimension h
of the bar.
Solution
Diameter of the pin and verification
of the bearing stress:
Solution (continued)
Dimension «b» on the end of the
plate
Solution (continued)
Dimension «h» of the plate
STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE UNDER AXIAL
LOAD
The previous topic dealt with Stresses in normal planes. In this topic
will be treated stresses (tension, shear, compression) in planes that are
not normal.
STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE UNDER AXIAL
LOAD

𝜎𝑀𝐴𝑋 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝜃 = 0° 𝜎𝑀𝐴𝑋 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝜃 = 45°

OBSERVATION

The same load can produce a normal

stress P/Ao on a normal plane and no
shearing stress, or a normal stress P/2Ao
and a shear stress P/2Ao on at 45⁰ planes
(figs c and d)
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
In practice, engineers do not calculate stresses, since these are usually
known and used in sizing with the intention of designing a safe and
economical part.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Ultimate resistance to traction Ultimate resistance to shear
𝑷𝑼 𝑷 𝑷
𝝈𝑼 = 𝝉𝑼 = 𝑼 𝝉𝑼 = 𝑼
𝑨 𝑨 𝟐𝑨
Allowable Load, Permissible Stress, Safety
Factor
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝐹 =
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝐹 =
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Security Factor Selection
Very low FS means greater possibility of failure
Very high FS means very expensive product
The selection of the FS is done taking into account the following factors:
1. Variations that may occur in the properties of the element under consideration.
2. Number of loads that can be expected during the life of the structure or machine.
3. Types of loads that have been planned for the design, or that may occur in the future.
4. Possible type of failure to occur (sudden or gradual)
5. Uncertainty due to the methods of analysis.
6. Deterioration in the future.
7. Importance of the element in the integrity of the structure.
8. Affectation to human lives
EXERCISE 3
Two forces are applied to the BCD bracket. a)
Knowing that the control rod AB will be made
of steel with a ultimate normal stress of 600
MPa, determine the diameter of the rod using
a safety factor of 3.3. b) The bolt in C will be
made of steel with a ultimate shearing stress of
350 MPa. Find the diameter of bolt C taking
into account that the safety factor with respect
to the cut will also be 3.3. c) Find the required
thickness of the supports at C, knowing that
the permissible bearing stress of the steel used
is 300 MPa.
PROBLEM 1
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded in B and loaded as
shown. Determine the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile
stress on the rod AB has twice the magnitude of the compression force
on the rod BC.
 SOLUTION
PART AB
P P

PART BC

P
60-P kips
60 kips
 PROBLEM 2
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded in B and loaded as
shown. P=40 kips. Determine the average normal stress in each middle
section of a) rod AB, b) rod BC. (Solución FA, R en pg 777)

40 kips
PROBLEM 3
The 80 kg lamp of the figure is supported by two bars AB and AC. If AB
has a diameter of 10 mm and BC a diameter of 8 mm, determine the
average normal stress in each bar. Hibbeler, ex 1.7 pg 47
PROBLEM 4
The AC element shown in the figure is
subjected to a vertical force of 3 kN.
Determine the position "x" of this force
so that the average compressive stress
in the smooth support C is equal to the
average stress stress in the tie bar AB.
The transversal area of the tie bar is 400
mm² and the contact area in C is 650
mm². Hibbeler, ex 1.9 pg 49
PROBLEM 5
Determine the average shear stress on the 20 mm diameter pin located
in A and the 30 mm diameter pin in B, which support the beam of the
figure. Hibbeler, ex 1.10 pg 53
PROBLEM 6
A short post constructed from a hollow circular
tube of aluminum, supports a compressive load of
26 kips. The inner and outer diameters of the tube
are d₁=4.0 in, and d₂=4.5 in, respectively, and its
length is 16 in. The shortening of the post due to
the load is measured as 0.012 in. Determine the
compressive stress of the post. (Neglect the weight
of the post itself, and asume that the post does not
buckle under the load). Gere, ex 1.1 pg 9
PROBLEM 7
A strain gauge, located in C on the surface of bone AB,
indicates that the average normal stress in the bone is 3.80
MPa when the bone is subjected to two forces of 1 200 N as
shown in the figure. If it is assumed that the cross section of
the bone in C is annular and it is known that its outer
diameter is 25 mm, determine the internal diameter of the
cross section of the bone in C. (Solución FA, R pg 777)
PROBLEM 8
The beam shown is supported by bars AB and CD whose areas are 10
mm2 and 15 mm2 respectively. Determine "w" of the distributed load
so that the average normal stress in each bar does not exceed 300 kPa.
Solución FA 1-7 Hibb pg 56 R pg 829
PROBLEM 9
Determine the average normal stress developed over the cross section.
Resuelto por FA Hibb ex 1-8 pg 56
PROBLEM 10
Determine the average normal stress developed at points A, B and C.
Solución por FA Hibb pg 56 1-12 R: 829
PROBLEMA 11
Determine the average normal stress developed by bar AB for a load
whose mass is 50 kg. The bar AB has 8 mm diameter. Solución por FA
Hibb pg 56 R 829
PROBLEM 12
Each of the four vertical links has a
rectangular cross section of 8x36 mm and
each of the four pins has a diameter of 16
mm. Determine the maximum value of
average normal stress in the links that they
connect a) points B and D, b) points C and E.
Solución por FA prob 1.7 BJ pg 19
PROBLEM 13
Two wood links A and B are going to joint by two
pieces of Wood glued as shown in the figure. The
design require 6 mm distance between A and B.
Determine the length L, if shearing stress on the
glue must be lower than 700 kPa.
Solución FA BJ Ex 1,15 pg 20/46
PROBLEM 14
The link AB has 50 mm width, and 6 mm thick, and
Works to support the horizontal beam shown. We
know, the average normal stress is -140 MPa, and
average shearing stress in each pin is 80 MPa.
Determine a) diameter d of pins, b) average bearing
stress in the link. Solución FA ex 1,28 pg 22/48
PROBLEM 15
The load P of 1,4 kip is supported by two wood’s
elements with uniform cross section, glued as shown.
Determine normal and shearing stresses in glued zone.
Solución FA ex 1.29 pg 33/59 BJ