Pergamon Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 50, No. 7, pp.

1193 1201, 1995

Copyright © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd
Printed in Great Britain. All fights reserved
0009-2509/95 $9.50 + 0.00
0009-2509(94)00495-1

PRESSURE DROP IN NON-NEWTONIAN PURELY VISCOUS

FLUID FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

N O U R - E D D I N E SABIRI and JACQUES COMITV

Laboratoire de Grnie des Procrdrs, I.U.T. Saint Nazaire, BP 420, 44606 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France

(Received 7 November 1994; accepted for publication 18 November 1994)

Abstract--The flow ofnon-Newtonian purely viscous fluids through packed beds of different structures has
been investigated and a model of calculation of the pressure drop is proposed. This model takes into
account the structural parameters of the porous medium: the tortuosity T, the dynamic specific surface area
avdand the porosity e. This model has been verified experimentally for the flow of a power-law fluid through
fixed beds of spherical particles, long cylinders and very flat plates. The present investigation covers a large
range of Reynolds number including creeping and inertial flow regimes.

INTRODUCTION
Due to a large domain of applications, a number of
experimental and theoretical studies have been con-
cerned with pressure drop determination for non-
Newtonian fluid flow through porous media. Most of
them have been reviewed in the recent papers of
Kemblowski et al (1989) and Chhabra (1993).
Concerning the domain of purely viscous type
non-Newtonian fluid flow through porous media two
remarks may be made.
First, very few papers deal with non-Newtonian
purely viscous (NNPV) fluid flow through beds
packed with non-spherical particles, nearly all of them
correspond to the domain of low Reynolds numbers
(Darcy or creeping flow regime). Yu et al. (1986)
studied NNPV fluid flow through beds packed with
cubes in a range of Reynolds number comprised be-
tween 0.25 and 1.6. Machac and Dolejs (1981) pro-
posed a model based on a bed factor equal to the ratio
of the total drag to the friction drag, determined from
Newtonian fluid flow experiments; this model has
been tested successfully for a large number of particles
of different shapes for Reynolds number between
2 x 10 -6 and 0.06. Chhabra and Srinivas (1991) have
studied experimentally NNPV fluid flow through
beds of Rashig rings and gravel chips for Reynolds
number between 0.0016 and 2.5; they correlated their
results using a capillary type model defining the dia-
meter of the equivalent sphere as the product of a vol-
ume equivalent particle by a sphericity factor ob-
tained from Newtonian fluid flow experiments using
glucose syrup at creeping flow regime.
Second, the number of works on NNPV fluid flow
through porous media at transitional regime where
inertial effects are non-negligible is rather limited.
One can notice the papers of Kemblowski and Mertl
(1974), Park et al. (1975), Mishra et al. (1974), Brea et
al. (1975), Michele (1977) and Kumar et al. (1981).
They are generally based on a simplified capillary type
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
1193
model, and all these studies concern only fixed beds of
spherical particles except Kumar's, which studied also
Rashig rings for which appreciable deviations be-
tween the experimental values and the proposed
equation have been noticed in transition and turbu-
lent regions.
The aim of this paper is to propose a model taking
into account the structure of the porous media in
order to allow the pressure drop determination in
creeping flow and transitional regime for NNPV fluid
flow through beds packed with all types of convex
particles, even very anisotropic ones. The model is
tested on beds densely packed with spheres, long
cylinders and very flat plates. The last ones have
a very particular stratified structure leading to the fact
that a significant part of the surface area of the par-
ticles may not be reached by the flow because they
overlap each other.
CAPILLARY REPRESENTATION OF POROUS MEDIA
Let us recall the capillary representation of packed
beds proposed by Comiti and Renaud (1989). The bed
is considered as a bundle of identical cylindrical tortu-
ous pores of diameter d and length L. I f H is the height
of the column, the tortuosity of the porous medium is
defined as
= L/H. (1)
The diameter of the pores is calculated by setting that
their developed surface area is identical to the fixed
bed surface area actually reached by the fluid flow:
4e
d= - - (2)
ava(1 - e) "
ava is the dynamic specific surface area of the porous
medium. It is defined as
avd =
surface area presented by the particle to the flow
volume of solid
1194 NOUR-EDDINE SABIRIand JACQUES COMITI

Except for spheres, due to mutual overlapping of the PRESSURE DROP DETERMINATION
particles, avd is lower than the value of the classical The calculation method consists in a generalization
more largely used static specific surface area av~ based of the previous one published by Comiti and Renaud
on the geometrical surface area of the particles. (1989) for Newtonian fluid flow.
Then the mean velocity in the pore is For a purely viscous flow through porous media,
the pressure gradient AP/H is the sum of two terms.
U0'~
u = --. (3) (a) The first term corresponds to viscous resistance at
8
the pore wall. The value of pressure drop for a fully
This representation associated to a model for pressure developed laminar flow of a power-law fluid in a cir-
drop evaluation for Newtonian fluid flow detailed in cular pipe of diameter d given by eq. (2) with mean
the aforementioned paper allows the determination of velocity u given by eq. (3) is
structural parameters for various porous media: AP
densely packed beds of anisotropic parallelepipedal - - = Nu~o ' (6)
H
particles (Comiti and Renaud, 1989), of long cylinders
(Brunjail and Comiti, 1990), metallic foams (Montillet with
et al., 1992).
K,(3n,+ Iy'(1--e)'"'+n(av,~) "'+1
N = \--TfZ.~ I 5(2n1+ 1)
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR
Equation by taking into account the viscous degradation on the
In the following, the rheological behaviour of column wall
purely viscous non-Newtonian fluid is described by
a series of power-law equations. The total range of AP
- - = N*U"o' (7)
investigation of the shear rate value [ 9 0 - ~q] is H
divided into q intervals {9o-~1} . . . . . {2~i-1- with
I 4 11+"'
The rheological equation i may be written as N* = N 1-~ a~D(1- 5) "
T=Ki~"' for~i_l<~<~i. (4) (b) The second due to inertial resistance is indepen-
T is the shear stress value corresponding to the shear dent of the fluid viscosity and then it is assumed to be
rate value ~ and Ki and n~ are, respectively, the con- the same as for Newtonian fluids.
sistency and the behaviour index in the range AP
~ - 1 < 9 < ~- Despite the weakness of physical mean- -- = Mug (8)
H
ing, the main advantage of this representation is to
allow easy analytical derivations on a very large range with M = 0.0968 ~3 pard (1 --5)/e 3 or taking the wall
of shear rate values depending on the number q of effect into account
series.
A ratio ~/(~_ 1) = 20 generally leads to a satisfac- AP M*u~ (9)
H
tory equation of the fluid behaviour. This model in-
cludes the characteristic transition from quasi-Newto- with
nian behaviour at low shear rates to shear thinning or
possibly shear thickening behaviour at high shear
rates.
d 2
Mean shear rate estimation + 0 . 0 9 6 8 ( 1 - - D ) }T3avdp (1-5)53
For a given value of the fluid superficial velocity
through the porous medium u0, the mean value of with
wall shear rate at the pore wall, taken into account for
the choice of the rheological equation i, is derived 6
dp = - - . (10)
from the theoretical expression of the shear rate at avs
a tube wall in laminar flow regime by using eqs (2) and Hence the general equation of the model allowing the
(3): calculation of pressure gradient for power-law purely
3n~ + 1 UoZ viscous non-Newtonian fluid flow through porous
= 2 n ~ ~-2 (1 -- 5)ava. (5) media, taking into account a correction for wall
One can notice that different expressions have been effects, is
proposed in the literature for 9, for example by Chris-
topher and Middleman (1965), Machac et al. (1986) AP N*u~' + M*ug (II)
H
and Kemblowski and Dziubinski (1978) for fixed beds
of spheres. where N* and M* are given by eqs (6)-(9).
Equation (5) allows the determination of 9 for all In order to present the results in a dimensionless
porous media of any structure. form, one can define the Reynolds number of pore
 Non-Newtonian purely viscous fluid flow
based on conduit flow
p F ( 2 n ~ - 2 ) . ~ ( 2 - nO u (o2 - ni)
Rep - 3 F(3ni + 1)-I",
2"'- K,/ / (1 -- e)"'a~
L-W-., J
and the friction factor is defined as
AP 2e 3
fP = H pu~z3(1 - ~)avd"
From eqs (11)-(13), the calculated friction factor can
be written as
1611 2d, 1 '+"'
fmod = Re v L + 3D(1 - e~)
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Apparatus and experimental technique
The equipment used is shown in Fig. 1. The test
liquid was circulated through the fixed beds using
a volumetric displacement pump. The experiments
were performed at 25°C, the value of the fluid temper-
ature was controlled at the end of the test section. The
liquid flow rate was measured by electromagnetic
flowmeters. The pressure drop through the bed height
was measured using differential manometers. The bed
homogeneity was checked for each series of experi-
ments by a comparison of the pressure drop across
different sections of small length (50 mm).
Fixed beds studied
The model has been tested with densely packed
beds of spheres, of square-based flat plates of low
thickness to side ratio (e/a) and with long cylinders of
large height to diameter ratio (h/dc). The character-
istics of the particles and the structural parameters of
the fixed beds are given in Table 1. The values ofz and
aod were obtained from pressure drop measurements
corresponding to Newtonian fluid flow (water) by
Comiti and Renaud (1989) and Brunjail and Comiti
(1990).
Rheological characteristics of the test liquid
An aqueous solution of carboximethylcellulose
sodium salt 6 k g m - a (BDH high viscosity),
N a z C O 3 0 . 1 M , (NaHCO3-10H20)0.1 M has been
used in order to test the model. The rheological be-
haviour of this polymer solution is represented by
a series of power-law type equations. The consistency
k and the behaviour index n were evaluated from the
flow curve data (Fig. 2) in the range of shear rates
corresponding to those reached in the fixed bed ex-
periments.
The rheological equations are:
i=1: T=0.116~ °'771 f o r 3 8 < ~ l < 4 5 0 s -1
1195
i=2: T = 0.262~)°'634 for 400 < 72 < 3500s-I
(16)
(12)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pressure drop measurements correspond to the
ranges of Reynolds number, superficial velocity and
shear rate given in Table 2. The pressure drop values
(13) predicted by the model are calculated by using eq. (11)
and compared with experimental data. The scatter
between experimental and predicted values is quanti-
fied by calculation of the mean absolute relative error
= p E
1 p ymj - ycj
• = ym~
(17)
where ym = AP/H measured experimentally, yc =
AP/H calculated from eq. (11) and p is the number of
experimental points.
The values of parameters N* for each range of
shear rate corresponding to a set of parameters
(Ki, hi), M* and the values o f f for each type of studied
fixed bed are given in Table 3. One can observe that
the scatter between the model predictions and the
experimental values is always lower than 10%. More-
over one can see in Fig. 3 the desired agreement
between the model and the experimental results. The
comparison between the predicted friction factor and
the experimental one for all the data (392 points)
corresponding to the four different fixed beds is quite
good: the mean scatter for the whole data is 6.7%.
C O M P A R I S O N WITH PREVIOUS WORKS---DISCUSSION
Kumar equation
For all studied packings our results have been com-
pared with the more classical Ergun type equation
proposed by Kumar et al. (1981) and tested by the
authors in a large range of Reynolds number with
various data from literature concerning spherical par-
ticles and Rashig rings. Kumar et al. (1981) assumed
that the contributions "laminar and turbulent" are
additive, and they obtained a relation in the form
150
f" : ~e~ + 1.75 (18)
with
dp AP t a
fm pu 2 H ( 1 - e) (19)
where Re,. is the Reynolds number defined by
(12)1-. pu 02-. -.ap e 2.-2
Re,. = F(3n + 1)].(1 --e)" (201
K L 4n _.l
and
6
d p -= - -
avs
The two models are nearly equivalent for fixed beds
of spheres. For beds packed with long cylinders, the
(15) two models are equivalent for the Darcy regime but
1196 NOUR-EDDINE SABIRI a n d JACQUES COMITI

Test section <1 ®

-M5
M4
B m M3
M2
-MI

Packed beds
of particles

C ni seo on
glass.es
2'

water refrigerant R

regulated heating
resistance
B = packed bed
M1,M2...M5 = manometeric tappings
F 1,F2 = electromagnetic flowmeters V / ~ P
R = reservoir
TIC = contact thermometer
P = volumetric pump
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus and test section (diameter D = 60 mm).

a scatter between Kumar's predictions and experi-
mental values begins to appear for the higher values of
the flow velocity for which inertial effects become
non-negligible. For densely packed beds of plates
(e/a = 0.209), this scatter clearly increases as the iner-
tial co,atribution becomes more important. For very
anisotropic flat plates (e/a = 0.102: Fig. 4) the Kumar
equation does not apply, even for the Darcy regime.
This is a consequence of the inadequacy of the Ergun
equation for Newtonian fluid flow through these
types of porous media as shown in Table 4.
Following the proposition of MacDonald et al.
(1979) one can write the expression of pressure gradi-
ent for Newtonian fluid flow through fixed beds as
AP A (1 - - E)2 /TUo -t- B 1 -- e pu 2 (21)
--H-= ~ d 2" e3 dp
with dp = 6/avs for non-spherical particles.
The comparison of the values of A corresponding to
the viscous contribution shows that except for very
anisotropic flat plates the value of A = 150 proposed
by Ergun is in keeping with the experimental values.
But, on the contrary, the value B = 1.75 correspond-
ing to the inertial contribution only applies to pack-
ings of spheres. The results are identical with the
Kumar equation for NNPV fluid flow.
Chhabra equation
Chhabra and Srinivas (1991) have recently pro-
posed a new adaptation of the Ergun equation for
non-spherical particles and checked it experimentally
with beds of Rashig rings and gravel chips in a range
of Reynolds number 1.6× 10 - 3 < Re' < 2.5. The
 Non-Newtonian purely viscous fluid flow 1197
Table 1. Characteristic parameters of particles and of studied fixed beds

Geometrical
Type of characteristics p a vs a vd
particles Material x 103 (m) (kg m - 3) (m - 1) e (m-I)
Plates Polystyrene e = 0.517 1050 4659 0.46 3.49 2315
e/a = 0.102 a = 5.05
Plates Polyvinyl- e = 1.045 1467 2713 0.35 2.77 1438
e/a = 0.209 chloride a = 5.00
Cylinders Stainless h = 5.49 7700 4364 0.39 1.90 3490
h/dc = 5.49 steel dc = 1.00
Spheres Glass dp = 2.92 2503 2055 0.36 1.44 2055

50

,4
40 m ,E]

~" 30--

g -

m 20--
[]'

/
D Rheological equation (range 1)

Rheological equation (range 2)

10 o experimental data (viscometer)

0 I I I I 11 I I I I I I I I [ I I I 1
'1'
0 1000 2000 3 000 4000
S h e a r rate (s -1)

Fig. 2. Rheological data for the power-law fluid used in the experiments.

applicability of this e q u a t i o n for larger values of K e m b l o w s k i a n d M i c h n i e w i c z (1979):

R e y n o l d s n u m b e r r e m a i n s o p e n to discussion.
T h e e q u a t i o n is (15x/~) 1 -npu2-nDn~e 2n-2
Re' (24)
150 F(3n + 1)l" (1
f=~e' + 1.75 (22) KL 4n ..] - e)"

with and
Dp AP e3
Dp = Dp,dp~. (25)
f = pu 2 H (1 - e) (23)
D,, is the d i a m e t e r of the s p h e r e of identical v o l u m e
where Re' is the Reynolds number defined by a n d 05 a sphericity factor c a l c u l a t e d f r o m experi-

CES50:7-I
98 NOUR-EDDINE SAB1RI and JACQUES COMITI

Table 2. Ranges of Reynolds number, superficial velocity and shear rate

Range of Reynolds Range of superficial Range of shear rate

Type of particles number Rep velocity Uo (m s - ~) ~, (s- ~)

Plates 0.3 47 1.3x 1 0 - 3 - 6 . 6 x 10 -2 57-3100

e/a = 0.102
Plates 0.41-57 1.6 x 10- 3-7.2 × 10 2 72-3500
e/a = 0.209
Cylinders 0.17 14.3 2.1 × 10-3-7.5 x 10 2 153-4500
h/d~ = 5.49
Spheres 0.17-31 2 × 10-3-1.05 × 10-1 60-3500
dp = 2.92 x 1 0 - 3 m

Table 3. Experimental results and comparison with the model predictions (the scatter 6 is calculated for
experimental data corresponding to 30 s-1 < ~: < 3500s-1)

N u m b e r of Scatter
N]' x 10 -6 N~ × 10 -6 M* x 10 -6 experimental Number (experimental-
Type of particles (SI units) (SI units) (SI units) runs of points model) 6 (%)

Plates 4.63 2.47 52.5 6 87 5.7

e/a = 0.102
Plates 3.81 2.02 44.2 4 106 3.0
e/a = 0.209
Cylinders 5.91 3.08 23.7 5 130 8.9
h/dc= 5.49
Spheres 1.88 1.1 7.87 3 69 9.3
dp=2.92×10 3m

100 --~ ~ spheres (do = 2 . 9 2 m m ) /~z/

_ A L o n g cylinders (h/d~= 5.5)

- cl Plates (e/a = 0.209)

- S A~
* Plates (e/a = O. 102) =

10
o
9

i i I i I ' ' ' '' '"l I , , , I '"l

1 10 100
Calculated friction factor, fmod

Fig. 3. Comparison between model and experiments.

 Non-Newtonian purely viscous fluid flow 1199
800000
, ~ plates (e/a = 0.102) -~

600000

0 0.005 0.0~ ,, %
~ 400000

200000 ,./,~ ~i - " - experimental data I

~ * : ~"~ " " _ _ proposed model /

f':" Chhabraetal ]

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Uo(m sq)

Fig. 4. Comparison between model predictions and experimental pressure gradient as a function of
superficial velocity for densely packed beds of flat plates (e/a = 0.102) including a focus on Darcy regime
(Re' < 1).

Table 4. Comparison of experimental values of parameters Table 5. Scatter between experiment and equation predic-
A and B [eq. (21)] for different packings obtained by Comiti tions for fixed beds of fiat plates (e/a = 0.102)
and Renaud (1989) and Brunjail and Comiti (1990) with
those of the Ergun equation (Ergun, 1956) and MacDonald Kumar Chhabra Our model
et al. (1979) for Newtonian fluid flow Regime (%) (%) (%)
Type of A B Darcy's 27.9 15.3 5.5
particles e (SI units) (SI units) (Re' < 1)
Plates 0.46 216 12.2 Transitional 33.6 26.7 5.7
e/a = 0.102 (Re' > 1)
Plates 0.35 161 6.69
e/a = 0.209
Cylinders 0.39 166 3.20
h/dc = 5.49
glycerol of dynamic viscosity 0.027 Pa s. For these flat
Spheres
dp= 1.12 mm 0.36 140 1.68 plates Dpe = 2.90 mm and ~b~= 0.374.
dp = 4.99 mm 0.36 142 1.59 The comparison between the predictions of the
Chhabra equation, the K u m a r equation, our model
Ergun 150 1.75
equation and experimental data is shown in Fig. 4; the respect-
ive scatters between model predictions and experi-
MacDonald 180 1.75-4
et al. equation ments are summarized in Table 5.
This comparison shows that the Chhabra proced-
ure gives better predictions than the K u m a r equation
but not as good as those of our model. In the Darcy
regime Chhabra predictions are quite good, but in the
mental data concerning Newtonian fluid flow through inertial one the scatter is very important. This is due
the same porous medium at the Darcy regime. to the fact that Chhabra and Srinivas determine only
We have tested this procedure in the case of very one parameter, the sphericity factor, from Newtonian
flat plate (e/a = 0.102) fixed beds. The sphericity fac- measurements. Indeed, in our opinion, one must
tor q~s has been determined from experimental data evaluate two parameters, z and avd in our model, in
performed with a Newtonian aqueous solution of order to describe the structure of porous media and to
1200 NOUR-EDDINE SABIRI and JACQUESCOM1T1
predict pressure drop in a large range of Reynolds
number including inertial domain.
CONCLUSION
A general procedure based on the capillary model is
proposed in order to determine the pressure gradient
for non-Newtonian purely viscous fluid flow through
porous media. A preliminary experiment with Newto-
nian fluid like water or air is necessary to determine
the values of the structural parameters of the medium
z and avd. In some cases they may be available in the
literature.
The knowledge of the values of the tortuosity and of
the dynamic specific surface area allows the calcu-
lation of the parameters M* and N* by using eqs (7)
and (9). The equation of the model (11) leads to
satisfactory predictions, in a large range of Reynolds
number including inertial effects, of pressure gradient
through porous media in the case of non-Newtonian
purely viscous fluid flow.
In this work the scatter between the model predic-
tions and the experimental values is always less than
10% for all the studied porous media of different
structures.
NOTATION
a length of the plate, m
a~d dynamic specific surface area, m - t
static specific surface area, m -
avs
A parameter of MacDonald's equation, di-
mensionless
parameter of MacDonald's equation, di-
mensionless
mean pore diameter, m
d through a Packed tube. Ind. Engng Chem. Fundam. 4,
dc diameter of the cylindrical particles, m
dp particle diameter, m
D column diameter, m
Dp particle diameter defined by eq. (24), m
D pe diameter of the sphere of equivalent volume,
m of molten polymers through granular beds. Rheol. Acta 17,
e thickness of the plate, m
friction factor, dimensionless
A port Phenomena in Polymeric System (Edited by R.
fmod calculated friction factor defined by eq. (14),
dimensionless
fexp experimental friction factor defined by eq.
(13), dimensionless
f. friction factor defined by eq. (19), dimension-
less
friction factor defined by eq. (23), dimension-
less
h height of the cylindrical particles, m
H length of the bed, m
K~ power-law model parameter (consistency),
Pa s"
L length of the pore, m
M inertial coefficient of model equation with-
out correction of wall effect, Pa s 2 m - 3
M* inertia coefficient of model equation with
correction of wall effect, Pa s 2 m - 3
n~ power-law model parameter (behaviour in-
dex), dimensionless
N viscous coefficient of model equation with-
out correction of wall effect, Pa s" m - 1- ,
N* viscous coefficient of model equation with
correction of wall effect, Pa s" m ~-"
p number of experimental points
AP pressure drop, Pa
Rein Reynolds number defined by eq. (20)
Rep Reynolds number of pore defined by eq. (12)
Re' Reynolds number defined by eq. (23)
T shear stress, Pa m - 2
Uo superficial velocity, m s
u mean velocity in the pore, m s-
Greek letters
mean absolute relative error, dimensionless
bed void fraction, dimensionless
sphericity factor, dimensionless
shear rate, s
t/ dynamic viscosity, (Pa s)
~7 tortuosity, dimensionless
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