AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OULINE

 Chapter 2: POPULATION
o Demography: The scientific study of population characteristics. Demography looks
statistically at how people are distributed by age, gender, occupation, fertility,
health, etc.
o Demographic Accounting Equation:
 P (t + 1) = P(t)…
 + B (t,t + 1) –D (t,t + 1) natural change
 + I (t,t = 1) – E (t,t + 1) net migration
 P = Population, B = Births, D = Deaths, I = Immigration, E = Emigration,
t = time now, and t + 1= sometime in the future.
o Population is critically important because 1) More people are alive at this time
(about 7 billion) than at any point in Earth’s history, 2) The world’s population
increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth century than ever
before in history, and 3) Virtually all global population growth is concentrated in
LDC’s.
o About 80% of this population is in LDCs.
o Two-Thirds of the world’s population is clustered in four regions- East Asia, South
Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.
o These are all low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climates. And all are
located between 10-55° North Latitude except SE Asia.
o Ecumene: The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human
settlement. People generally avoid:
 Dry Lands
 Cold Lands
 Wet Lands
 High Lands
o The world’s ecumene has expanded from the Middle East and East Asia to
encompass most of the world’s land area.
o Population Density:
 Arithmetic density: Calculated by dividing population by land area.
 Physiological density: Divide population by land area of arable land.
 Agricultural density: Divide number of farmers by land area of arable land.
o CBR (Crude Birth Rate): The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000
people alive in the society.
o CDR (Crude Death Rate): The total number of deaths in a year or every 1.000
people alive in society.
o NIR or RNI (Natural Increase Rate or Rate of Natural Increase): The percentage
by which a population grows in a year. It is found by subtracting CDR from CBR
 after first converting the two measures from numbers per 1,000 to percentages
(numbers per 100).
 NIR is also determined by economic development.
 Education
 Gender Empowerment
 Healthcare
 Cultural Traditions
 Public Policy (One-child policy in China).
o Doubling Time: The number of years needed to double a population.
 Formula: 70/NIR
o TFR (Total Fertility Rate): The average number of children a woman will have
throughout her childbearing years (about 15-49). MDC’s: about 2.6, LDC’s: about
6.0.
o IMR (Infant Mortality Rate): the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year
of age.
o Life expectancy: measures the average number of years a newborn can expect to
live at current mortality levels.
o It should be noted that IMR is higher in LDCs and lower in MDCs, and life
expectancy is typically lower in LDCs and higher in MDCs.
o NICs (Newly Industrialized Countries): Include the U.S. and Great Britain at the
beginning of stage 3 of the DTM.
o DTM (Demographic Transition): Measures the process of change in a society’s
population.
 Stage 1: Very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long term
natural increase. (Most of human history)
 Industrial Revolution and Medical Revolution occur, bringing about stage 2.
 Stage 2: Rapidly declining death rates combined with very high birth rates
produce a very high natural increase. (Grows the world’s food, agricultural)
 Stage 3: Birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and
natural increase rates begin to moderate. (Processes)
 Stage 4: Very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term
natural increase (ZPG), and possibly a decrease. (Distributes/Sells)
 *Stage 5: Low CBR and slightly increased CDR leads to negative NIR.
(Business Services/Consumer Services)
o ZPG (Zero Population Growth): CBR declines to a point where it equals CDR, and
the NIR approaches zero.
o DINK (Double- Income-No-Kid): A household where both parents work and there
are no children being born. (This is a reason, along with gender empowerment,
why ZPG, and sometimes neg. NIR occurs.
o Population Pyramids: A country’s population displayed by age and gender groups
on a bar graph. The shape is determined primarily by CBR. Examples:
 Cape Verde = High growth: Stage 2 since the 1950s
 Chile = Moderate growth: Stage 3 since the 1960s
 Denmark = Low growth: Stage 4 since the 1970s
o Dependency Ratio: The number of people, who are too young or old to work,
compared to the number of people in their productive years.
o Sex Ratio: The number of males per hundred females in the population.
o Tomas Malthus: English economist who argued that the world’s rate of population
increase was increasing far faster than the food supply. In, An Essay on the
Principle of Population, he claimed that this was happening because population
increased geometrically and food supply increased arithmetically.
o Problems with Malthus’s theory: He didn’t account for countries leaving stage 2
(the slowing of NIR), and he didn’t account for technology.
o The world today has plenty of food, it just isn’t distributed evenly, in reality, the
world population growth is outstripping the world’s resources, such as fuel, and
suitable farmland.
o Epidemiology: The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence,
distribution and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a
special time.
o Epidemiologic Transition: Focuses on the distinct causes of death in each stage of
the DTM.
 Stage 1: Epidemics; bubonic/black plague.
 Stage 2: Receding pandemics; cholera (A pandemic is a disease that occurs
over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the
population).
 Stage 3: Degenerative diseases; heart attacks, cancer, HIV.
 Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases.
 *Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.
 Chapter 3: MIGRATION
o Migration: Permanent move to a new location.
o Emigration: Migration FROM a location.
o Immigration: Migration TO a location.
o Net Migration: The difference between the number of immigrants and the number
of emigrants.
o Mobility: All types of movements from one place to another.
o Circulation: Types of short term, repetitive, or cynical movements that reoccur on a
regular basis.
o Reasons for migration:
 Economic reasons
 Cultural and Enviromental factors
o Push Factors : Factors leading to departure.
o Pull Factors: Factors leading to arrival.
o Three kinds of push/pull factors:
 Economic: Jobs
 Cultural: Refugees and forced migration
 Enviromental: Hazardous areas/floodplain. (Ex. Dust Bowl/Hurricane
Katrina).
o Intervening Obstacle: An environmental or cultural factor that hinders migration.
These are primarily environmental.
o Ravenstein’s Theory:
 Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain in same country.
 Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major economic activity.
o Internal Migration: Permanent movement within the same country. Two types are:
 Interregional Migration: Movement from one region of a country to
another. Mainly from rural to urban areas.
 Intraregional Migration: Movement within one region. Mainly within urban
areas form older cities to newer suburbs.
o International Migration: Permanent movement from one country to another. Two
types are:
 Voluntary Migration: Migrant has CHOSEN to move for economic
improvement.
 Forced Migration: Migrant has been COMPELLED to move by cultural
factors.
o Migration Transition: Consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the
DTM. Stages:
 Stage 1: Hunters/Gatherers. Settlement and land based.
 Stage 2: INTERNAL: rural to urban. EXTERNAL: to stage 3/4.
 Stage 3: INTERNAL: rural to urban and urban to suburban. EXTERNAL:
to stage 4.
  Stage 4: INTERNAL: urban to suburban. EXTERNAL: to other stage 4.
 *Stage 5: INTERNAL: suburb to rural (counterurbanization).
EXTERNAL: n/a.
o Characteristics of Migrants:
 Most long-distance migrants are male.
 Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with
children.
o Global migration patterns:
 Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America
 Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania
o Three eras of US Immigration:
 First Era: Colonial Era/pre 1840: English and African Slaves.
 Second Era: 1840-1920 (Industrial): European Migration
 First Peak: NW Europe. Mostly Irish/German
 Second Peak: Still NW Europe: Adding on..Scandanavians.
 Third Peak: SE Europe: Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary Empire.
 Third Era: 1970s to Present (LDC Era): Asia, Latin America, Africa.
o Europes emigration to the US has caused pop. Growth in the US as well as
diffusion of European art, language music, literature etc. as well as political
domination of indigenous tribes, resource extraction.
o Unauthorized (Undocumented) workers: People who enter the US without proper
documents. They make up 5% of the total workforce.
o Chain Migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or
members of the same nationality previously migrated there. Ex.
 90% of people originate in Mexico in states like California, Texas, New
York, Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Georgia, and New Jersey.
o Immigration Obstacles:
 Quota: Limit on the number of people the can immigrate a year.
 2% of total immigrant population could enter US a year (on average
20,000).
o Guest workers: Citzens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and
the Middle East.
 The jobs they are given are usually low-skilled, low status jobs.
o Brain Drain: Large scale emigration by talented people. (Typically from LDCs to
MDCs).
o Asia, China, India and Japan use time contract workers.
o Economic Migrants: Those who migrate for economic reasons (Typically from
LDCs to MDCs). Ex.
 Haiti in 1980
  The second surge of Vietnamese boat people AFTER the Vietnam War
had faded.
o Refugees: Those who are fleeing persecution. Ex.
 Emigrants from Cuba in the 1960s who were fleeing the reign of Fidel
Castro (Mariel Boatlift).
 Emigrants from Vietnam after the Vietnam War ended in 1975.
o US despised immigrants and Europeans disliked guest workers as well.
o US settlement patterns were always moving West from Louisiana /Purchase to the
Gold rush in CA. It progressed from transportation improvements (railroads) and
the Erie Canal in New York connecting with the Great Lakes.
o Rural to urban migration is fueled by desire for economic advancement.
o Counterurbanization: net migration from urban to rural areas.
 Modern communications allow people to work from farms.
o Migration from urban to suburban areas: Primary reason = suburban lifestyle