Zt783 GRRTHLM Adolfo Ricardo Guaman 450866

Global Review of Research in Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure Management (GRRTHLM)
An Online International Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3189)

2017 Vol: 3 Issue: 1
The Occupational Health and Safety System and its Influence on

Labor Performance: Hotel Industry Analysis in the City of Ambato
Dolores Guaman Guevara a, A.R. Guamanb,David Caisa a, V.E. Chicaiza–Redinb,,

Fanny Chasiluisa a, Jose Luis Nuñez c
a
Faculty of Administrative Science
Universidad Tecnica de Ambato, Ecuador.
b
Faculty of Humans Science and Education
Universidad Tecnica de Ambato, Ecuador.
c
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Ecuador.
E-mail: adolforguamang@uta.edu.ec
___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
The hotel industry contributes a great deal towards the development of the economy in the
province, with work and has strengthened one of their most important resources which is
their human resources, thus, the importance to force companies to make decisions that allow
them to develop and safeguard the welfare of all its workers. The present investigation
focuses on the lodging sector, based on occupational health and safety in order to improve
the general performance in the work area. A survey was applied to 194 workers that where
linked to lodging industry, where it was indicated that it is very important to carry out an
Occupational Health and Safety Program.
This investigation is focused on implementing an Occupational Health and Safety Program,
since there are aspects that can damage both the physical and mental health of the workers,
besides, this program will also improve the work performance in the company.
___________________________________________________________________________
Key Words: Occupational health, occupational safety, work performance, program, hotel
management
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www.globalbizresearch.org
1. Introduction
Nowadays, occupational safety and health has become a priority for companies worldwide
whether they be large or small. Workers can develop better their work skills and become
effective and productive subjects as they feel the supported by their company, based on these
two agents. (Torres, 2015). Protecting the health and safety of company’s employees is a
complicated process and requires the active participation of all those who make up the chain
of value of the company; in order to achieve the methods to give answers and solutions to the
problems that afflict companies and their workers, (Rodriguéz, 2010). According to the
International Labor Organization (ILO), 2002 indicates that any state must provide a decent,
healthy and safe work place, as it will improve quality in the performance of the laborers,
productivity and economic development.
Unsafe working conditions, limited training and the inappropriate use of safety equipment
cause injuries, illness and even death, which causes a decreasing quality in the performance of
each worker. It seems correct to mention that the risk factors whether they be the of physical,
chemical, biological, psychosocial, ergonomic, electrical and mechanical type, which have
been given a greater importance; it is worth recognizing that if they were to get well defined,
in turn, these could get eliminated or controlled, by the employers, (Álvarez & Faizal, 2012).
Considering the loss of human and economic resources, the interest in these types of controls
has increased in order to reduce accidents and it is extremely important to commit to comply
with the rules established because some managers might try to avoid the issue or are unaware
of it and sometimes they count on legal fine-print that govern in their country. The objective
of this research is to analyze the current situation of occupational health and safety system in
the hotel industry in the province of Tungurahua and Describing the causes of not correctly
applying the international rules on occupational health and safety system of the workers of the
hotel company.
In the country, the hotel industry is an important source that generates employment,
demands highly qualified professionals and quality workmanship. The contribution of the
hotel sector to the local economy was 0.42%, the figure has remained the same since the last
decade. To the date, there are different types of personal protection that must be provided to
the workers by the employers, but these are not usually not used correctly as noted by
previous questionnaires, it was pointed out that there is no constant training to report the use
of these protective equipment.
2. Literature Review
A. Occupational Health and Safety
(1) Human Resource Management: "Human Resources: Personnel efforts and activities are
included in this group, along with other factors that apply to other procedures in these
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types of activities: experience, knowledge, vocational interests, motivation, attitude,

skills, health, potentialities, etc. "(Koontz, Weihrich, & Cannice, 2012) [16].
(2) Importance of Human Talent Management: There is no doubt that many workers in
general are unsatisfied with their current job or the dominant work environment, which
has become a concern for many managers. "The administration of human resources
implies is a series of decisions about the relationship of the employees that influences the
effectiveness of employees and organizations" (Cuesta, 2010) [6].
(3) Management in occupational safety and health: In the management of human resources, it
is necessary to take into account the administration of occupational safety and health since
it is necessary to avoid lamenting some of the possible risks and have to face the
consequences, here is where the main goal is to try to eliminate these hazards, so, the
administrator must provide personal protection against the eisting vulnerabilities that may
exist; first aid when an accident occurs, the use of defective or inadequate equipment can
also be considered as a hazard ( Fincowsky & Benjamín, 2011) [9].
B. Work Environment
The work environment includes the environment or area that surrounds the worker within
the company which is made up of elements that in one way or another affect and influence in
their development of activities. In addition, the work environment is the daily exposure to the
different variables of the work environment (Robledo, 2010) [22].
C. Industrial Safety
According to (Creus, 2011), culture in security consists of attitude, beliefs, and the
behavior in regards to worker safety [5]. According to (Ramirez, 2011), culture is a belief
about the importance of safety, this in turn influences their attitudes, such as perceived norms
about safe behavior and safe work behavior [21].
Industrial safety focuses on the current scenario of each worker that allows him to have a
suitable working environment and therefore the managers of the companies must make the
decision to ensure the welfare of each worker.
(1) Advantages of a safety program: The implementation of a safety programs in companies is
important, as it prevents job-related hazards and these cause some harm to the workers,
because it should not be considered morally correct to want to achieve a high production
putting at risk the physical and intellectual wellbeing of the workers. It should be taken into
account that the more dangerous an activity carried out by an older worker is, the more
precautions must be taken since prevention, production and performance go hand in hand
(Creus, 2011).
(2) Benefits for the employer:
• Reduces costs due to accidents in the workplace.
442
• Higher production levels are accomplished by giving workers incentives to comply with
safety program standards.
• Better working environment.
Benefits for the employee:
• Reduction of the risk of accidents within the work area.
• Improvement of the worker’s quality of life.
• Higher life expectancy by reducing risks to the worker's health.
In conclusion, it can be said that it is of paramount importance to apply health and safety
measures in companies, since the human resource is the most important and companies have
had to close for not implementing programs for the wellbeing of their workers, it should also
be taken into account that there are some rules and regulations that govern a company and
must be fulfilled so that the company can position itself before its competition.
(3) Occupational health: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labor
Organization (ILO) define occupational health as a human process of great importance, not
only aimed at preventing and controlling accidents and diseases, but by emphasizing the
recognition and control of risk agents in the work environment (Álvarez & Faizal, 2012).
Occupational health is considered as a strategy and discipline to safeguard the physical and
mental integrity of the workers in order to be able to reach their goals, this is a used tool in
some sectors (engineering, medicine, etc.) This is used to measure, evaluate and control
working conditions that could harm the welfare of workers, (Alvarez & Faizal, 2012) [1].
(4) Traditional risk management: Risk management essentially consists of evaluating and
controlling the hazards; it is divided into six stages: the first is to identify the risks that can be
done through templates or brainstorming, the next one is to analyze where ratings or numbers
are assigned in order to indicate the impact or probability, another stage is to set priorities.
We obtain the amount of risk exposure (maximum and minimum) by multiplying the impact
with the probability of risk, then plan and administrate the risks, here we select the main goals
and obtain another stage: to reduce / solve risks, in order to accomplish this stage, roles are
assigned and deadlines are applied and must be met, therefore the risk is reduced as the last
step is to monitor the risk for this is chosen process the control with which the executives
supervise and follow up performing periodic meetings including risk factors, etc. (Baxter,
2012) [2].
(5) Occupational safety and health: Safety and health applied to companies aim to safeguard
life and preserve the health and physical integrity of workers, by means of standards aimed
both to provide them with the right working conditions, like the correct training in order to
avoid diseases and accidents at work (Baxter, 2012) [2].
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D. Labor accident
An accident at work the workplace is any unexpected event that occurs because of the
labor preformed and causes an injury, a disability or death to the employee. It is also a work
accident that occurs while you are following orders from your employer, (Alvarez & Faizal,
2012) [1].
(1) Causes of accidents: The causes of accidents in some cases may be difficult to determine,
but fundamentally most accidents occur by a combination of technical and human factors.
Many accidents are attributed to a single cause, whether this is a dangerous condition or an
unsafe action, because it is the one that stands out the most (Heredia, 2012) [13].
(2) Signs: The non-existence of warning signs and their misunderstanding cause workers to
error. The proper signs should be placed in areas where they can be clearly seen and easily
recognized.
E. Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protection is necessary in the short or long term, to counterbalance the risk of
occupational injuries or illnesses. Personal protective equipment should be used as a part of
the general program in a company; it should include a complete assessment of hazards, the
correct selection of equipment, the training of the employees who will use it, the necessary
maintenance to maintain it in good condition and the commitment of managers and workers
to protect the program, (Robledo, 2010) [22].
F. Preventive Techniques
The prevention activity is used to adopt the measures necessary to eliminate or diminish any
risks before they occur and causes injuries. This is why at the time of prevention we have to
take into account the following aspects:
• Hygiene
• Safety
• Psychology
• Ergonomics
(1) Hygiene: this technique is applied in the possible case that the occupation produces
diseases, this technique detects biological, physical and chemical agents, among others
that are present in the working environment. In addition, when practicing this technique,
it evaluates and compares the pollutants with the permissible standards and establishes
measures that reduce those risks and that protect the worker in his workplace (Diaz &
Gallegos, 2010).
(2) Safety: this technique is responsible for preventing work accidents, acts on the conditions
of the environment, through this technique we analyze and locate the risks to pose
preventive and corrective actions (Diaz & Gallegos, 2010) [8].
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(3) Psychology: studies the factors that cause worker dissatisfaction and psychological
damages suffered by a worker in his work environment, (Diaz & Gallegos, 2010) [8].
(4) Ergonomics: study the adaptability of the worker to the physiological and psychological
conditions of work, it is necessary to make the workplace environment more comfortable,
safe and productive. It designs the positions, the equipment and processes depending on
the characteristics of each worker (Diaz & Gallegos, 2010) [8].
The occurrence of an accident or an occupational disease show that the prevention system
that has been established in the company is not adequate, it is usual for companies to
think about prevention only when an accident occurs, when they are sanctioned or when
they are about to get inspected, this should not be the case, on the contrary, the risks
presented by each of the stations and places of work should be evaluated and corrective
measures must be taken to improve before the risks are presented (Creus, 2011) [5].
G. Training
To teach a worker how to operate a machine or a supervisor how to schedule production
are some examples of training. Development implies a learning process that must go beyond
the jobs that the personnel do daily and with a long-term focus. In all of the markets, the
customer requires quality and low costs and fast delivery to meet the needs of these
companies must improve total performance through training (Mondy, 2008) [18].
H. Inability to work
It refers to a pathology, illness or injury caused by work, this may be due to chemical or
other reasons that cause the worker to not be able to perform their work activities.
I. Occupational death
It is the culmination of human activity this can be by natural reason or external agents that
have occurred in the workplace.
J. Temporary Incapacity
Any injury that is cured during a production year and causes temporary incapacity and in-
abeles the worker to perform his usual activities.
K. Permanent Disability
Refers to an injury that is not cured in more than one year. This causes permanent
incapacity to the worker, thus cannot resume his work activities and he will receive
remuneration from the employer.
L. Incident
It is called an event which results in an accident or has the potential to lead to an accident,
the incident that does not result in an illness, damage or injury is also referred to as a near -
accident.
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M. Danger
It is understood as the physical condition with potential harm to workers or the
environment. It is also known as a situation at risk of becoming an accident.
(Céspedes & Martínez, 2016) This article mentions safety and health at work, which are of
interest in the development of society, however, there are limitations that must be overcome
quickly [24].
N. Work performance
Job performance is the ability of each individual to perform their duties and actions that
are expected from them and their position. This is seen in the behavior of the worker in
relation to other activities to be performed during his profession. The term job performance
determines what the worker actually does and not only what he or she knows how to do,
(Newstrom, 2011) [20].
In relation to what the authors mention about work performance, the individual
demonstrates all its potential, as well as his skills and abilities that a worker must have to fill a
job which lead to a means of success for the company and together achieve the stated
objectives.
(1) Human Resource Management: Human Resource Management is the way the
organization liberates, uses, develops, motivates and implies all the capacities and
potential of its personnel in order to focus on a permanent improvement both of employee
and of the organization itself (Cuesta, 2010) [6].
Human Resource Management involves taking measures, including: the commitment of
workers towards the business’ objectives, the payment of wages based on the performance of
each worker, fair treatment, professional training and other aspects of the organization. Some
companies carry out some measures, but few companies apply them all (Guillen & Pirri,
2011) [11].
(2) Continuous improvement: Continuous improvement refers to the actions that allow all
processes in a company to become increasingly competitive in order to satisfy customers
(Harrington, 1988).
(3) Performance evaluation: It is the activity for human resource management which consists
of a more technical way of assessing the performance of workers in a company.
Performance evaluation consists of the administration, identification and measurement of
human performance in organizations. The performance is where the worker demonstrates
the skills and knowledge acquired in order to contribute and achieve the results and
objectives that are expected in relation to the needs of the company (Santos, 2010) [23].
(4) Why evaluate performance: Performance analysis is an instrument for directing and
supervising staff. Its main objectives are personal and professional development of
collaborators, continuous improvement of results, proper use of resources. It is believed
446
that the performance evaluation will be done to raise the salary or to know who to fire.
But performance evaluation is useful for making decisions, collecting and reviewing
evaluations of bosses and subordinates about employee behavior in relation to work, and
most workers need that feedback to know if they should improve or change their behavior
(Cuesta , 2010) [6].
(5) What is the purpose of the performance evaluation: Performance assessment enables,
detecting training needs, discovering key people, uncovering concerns, finding the correct
person for a specific position, motivating people by making them aware of their
performance and making decisions on wages and promotions (Cuesta, 2010) [6].
O. Labor performance
Work performance is what the worker’s ability to carry out their activities or job. It shows
how effective a worker can become at the time of his activities. At the instant of measuring
their performance all workers agree that everyone deserves a raise or increase in salary. Work
performance impacts on the and is linked to the achievement of the objectives and results,
meanwhile, performance is linked to and impacts on how the goals are being achieved
(Motowidlo, 2010) [19].
3. Methodology
3.1 Research Questions
In this investigation, empirical methods will be used, since it will count with a survey which
will be applied to the internal customers of the companies.
A. Investigative Approach
The qualitative approach in the investigation process uses the collection of data which has
numerical measurements with the purpose of refining the researched questions, (Hernández
Sampieri, Fernandez Collado, & Baptista, Methodology of the investigation, 2010) [14]. This
study will have a qualitative approach since the data will be obtained from the companies in
the hotel industry in order to obtain knowledge about the phenomenon and to be able to
interpret the results that will be obtained during the study.
B. Research Modalities
(1) Field study: "This research is also known as direct study, it is done in the place and time in
which the phenomenon in study occurs" (Lara Muñoz, 2011) [17].
This type of modality is done in the place of the facts; it allows to collect primary information
and it allows the investigator to have direct contact with reality.
The technique that was used to gather the necessary information was by using a survey
applied to a sample of the population in the company i.e. the internal customers with the
purpose of knowing their expectations and needs.
447
(2) Bibliographical study - documentary: It consists of written information on subject in

question with the purpose of recognizing the relations, differences, stages or current state of
knowledge regarding the subject of interest. Documentary research depends mainly on
information obtained or consulted in documents, i.e. all material used as reference sources,
since they give or contribute real testimonies or events (Bernal, 2010) [3].
This type of study allows the collection of secondary information that will become a
primary tool for the development of the project. Therefore, through the scientific reading of
different documents such as books, journals, scientific magazines, thesis, etc., we will obtain
a better understanding about the subject.
C. Levels or Types of Study
(1) Descriptive level
It refers to characterizing something and then describing it thoroughly usually as a
method to measure some or several of its characteristics. It is considered as a descriptive
study, such as other types of studies, with the difference that it has greater specificity. Since
they seek to specify the important properties of people groups, communities or any other topic
subject to an analysis (Del Cid, Méndez, & Sandoval, 2011) [7].
3.2 Modeling Volatility
The Sample
The sample is the part of the universe or population where the investigation is going to
obtain information in order to get to know the population. The population obtained in the
sample will be described through the distribution of the variables and therefore explain the
relationships between them, (Camarero, Almazán, Arribas, Mañas, & Vallejos, 2012) [4].
In the quantitative process, the sample is a subgroup of the population of interest in which
the data is collected and has to be defined in advance, this sample must be representative of
the population. It is of interest for the sample size to be statistically representative,
(Hernández Sampieri, Fernández Collado, & Baptista Lucio, 2006) [15].
Because the population studied is very broad, the entire sample will be taken into account.
The percentages will be calculated as follows.
Where:
N = sample size
Z = reliability (1.96)
P = probability of occurrence (0.5)
Q = Probability of non-occurrence (1-0.5 = 0.5)
N = Population
E = Sample margen of error (0.05)
(1)
448
n = 194,55
= 195 workers in the hospitality industry
3.3 Data
3.3.1 Population
The population also called the universe is a set of units which have a common
characteristic. It is the source of observations and measures that describe a group of
individuals or objects. It is considered as an investigation from a particular newspaper where
the population consists in including all of its subscribers (Garza Olvera, 2013) 10].
The present investigation takes into account all first, second and third category hotels that
are located in the city of Ambato.
Table 1
POPULATION
No No OF N° OF
CATEGORY %
HOTELS WORKERS
1 First 6 102 25,88 %
2 Second 2 25 6.35 %
3 Third 16 267 67,77 %
ΣT= 24 394 100%
4. Results and Discussion

For the verification of the hypothesis brought up in this study, questions 9 and 11 were
applied to the sample obtained. This result will establish whether the study is feasible or not.
Ho; Null hypothesis
The occupational health and safety system does not influence in the performance of the
employees in the hospitality sector.
Hi; Alternative Hypothesis
The occupational health and safety system does influence in the performance of the
employees in the hospitality sector.
Level of significance
The level of significance for the investigation is 5%.
Statistical Test
The CHI SQUARED was applied to verify the hypothesis in the investigation and to show the
information between the variables. The formula is as follows:
449
X2 = Σ (Fo – Fe )2
E (2)
Symbology
X2 = Chi Squared
Fo = frequency observed
Fe = expected frequency
Σ = Sum
Gl = degrees of freedom
Degrees of freedom
Gl = (# rows - 1) (# rows - 1)
Gl = (2-1) (2-1)
Gl = 1 * 1
Gl = 1
Therefore, the calculated value of X2 was obtained with 1 degree of freedom and a
significance level of 5% is 3.8415.
Once the expected frequencies are obtained, the following formula applies:
Table 2
CHI-SQUARED
(O-E)²
O E O - E (O-E)² E
Health and ocupational security 146 155,5 -9,5 90,25 0,5803859
Health and ocupational security 49 39,5 9,5 90,25 2,2848101
Labor performance 165 155,5 9,5 90,25 0,5803859
Labor performance 30 39,5 -9,5 90,25 2,2848101
X2 5,730392
Figure 1: Graphic Representation of Chi-Squared
450
Decision
The value of X 2 = 3.84 <X 2 C = 5.73
Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, meaning
that the occupational health and safety system does influence the labor performance in the
hotel sector.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
 Hotel companies currently do not have any security system for workers
 Hotels lack basic occupational health standards and staff assessment to improve processes
and customer satisfaction
 There is no control body that complies with these safety standards
 In hotel companies, staff have a low levels of knowledge about occupational health and
safety, since training is not carried out according to the identified needs.
 Health and safety are very important factors in companies this is why it is considered that
training as well as control must be given permanently to all of the personnel in order to
avoid accidents when carrying out their work activities and achieve a better performance
in their tasks.
 Performance is not constantly evaluated, however, the commitment level is high and it is
determined that these perform at an optimum level. The lack of an occupational health
and safety control system does not allow companies to raise or improve staff
performance.
 The survey applied to the personnel of the companies that offered lodging services
allowed to collect information of the precautions and the care that must be taken into
account in the facilities in order to avoid any type of accident.
 In second and third category hotels, the personnel have a low level of knowledge about
occupational health and safety, since the training is not carried out according to the needs
identified.
 Health and safety are a very important factors in companies, this is why it is considered
that training and control must be given permanently in all personnel, in order to avoid
accidents when carrying out their work activities and be able to achieve a better
performance in their tasks.
 The Occupational Health and Safety Program is very important since it allows
compliance with the norms and regulations for an adequate organization in the work
environment and to improve the employees’ performance.
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Global Review of Research in Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure Management (GRRTHLM)

An Online International Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3189)

The Occupational Health and Safety System and its Influence on

Dolores Guaman Guevara a, A.R. Guamanb,David Caisa a, V.E. Chicaiza–Redinb,,

types of activities: experience, knowledge, vocational interests, motivation, attitude,

(2) Bibliographical study - documentary: It consists of written information on subject in

4. Results and Discussion

Figure 1: Graphic Representation of Chi-Squared

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