Holmes & Narver

Infrastructure Structural Group

CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE

Robert Matthews
H&N Infrastructure

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 1

 OVERVIEW Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

• APPLICABILITY OF SDC

• PRELIMINARY STRUCTURE SIZING

• LOCAL MEMBER DUCTILITY

• STAND-ALONE FRAME DESIGN

• GLOBAL BRIDGE DESIGN

• COMPONENT DESIGN

• FOUNDATION FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS

• ANALYSIS TOOLS

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 2

 APPLICABILITY OF SDC Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

1. BRIDGE CATEGORIZED AS “ORDINARY” PER MTD 20-11

A. Not a post-earthquake lifeline

B. Replacement does not produce a major economic impact

2. BRIDGE CLASSIFIED AS “STANDARD” PER MTD 20-11 AND SDC 1.1

A. No significant irregular geometry such as high skew

B. No unusual framing such as outrigger bents
C. No unusual geologic conditions such as liquefaction

3. EQUAL DISPLACEMENT RULE APPLIES

A. Bridge behaves essentially like a single degree of freedom system

B. Fundamental structure period between 0.7 seconds and 3.0 seconds

4. OTHER BRIDGES REQUIRE PROJECT-SPECIFIC CRITERIA PER MTD 20.11

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 3

 PRELIMINARY STRUCTURE SIZING Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

1. DETERMINE PRELIMINARY STRUCTURE DIMENSIONS

A. Structure depth per Caltrans "Comparative Bridge Costs" or BDS Table 8.9.2

B. Column width ≅ superstructure depth (use next lower standard column size)

C. Minimum bent cap width per SDC 7.4.2.1

Bcap = Dc + 2' (600 mm)

D. Attempt to balance frames and columns in accordance with SDC 7.1

2. PERFORM RESPONSE SPECTRA ANALYSIS (RSA) OF THE BRIDGE STRUCTURE IN THE

LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE DIRECTIONS.

A. Use 100%/30% combination rule (SDC 2.1.2)

B. Preliminary reinforced concrete properties may be used

i. Use Ig/2 for columns

ii. Use Ig for prestressed girders

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 4

 PRELIMINARY STRUCTURE SIZING (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

3. DETERMINE PRELIMINARY COLUMN DESIGN USING LOADS FROM TARGET

DUCTILITY VALUES OF SDC 2.2.4

A. Divide RSA forces by R = 4 for single columns or multi-columns in longitudinal direction

B. Use maximum longitudinal bar size per SDC 8.2.3.1

C. Check minimum confinement per SDC 8.2.5 and BDS equation 8-62

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 5

 LOCAL MEMBER DUCTILITY Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

1. PERFORM MOMENT-CURVATURE (M-φ) ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS USING MATERIAL

PROPERTIES FROM SDC 3.2

A. Calculate curvature at yield, φy, and at failure, φu, based on axial dead load in column

B. Calculate cracked moment of inertia, Icr

2. DETERMINE MINIMUM LOCAL MEMBER DUCTILITY

A. Calculate plastic hinge length, Lp , (SDC 7.6.2)

B. Calculate displacement capacity per SDC 3.1.3

C. Calculate ductility per SDC 3.1.4

3. INCREASE CONFINEMENT REINFORCING AS REQUIRED TO MEET MINIMUM LOCAL

MEMBER DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS OF SDC 3.1.4.1

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 6

 STAND-ALONE FRAME DESIGN Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

1. DETERMINE STAND-ALONE DISPLACEMENT DEMAND PER SDC 5.4

A. Perform equivalent static analysis (ESA) or response spectra analysis (RSA) of

representative bent(s) in the transverse direction

B. Use member properties per SDC 5.6.1

i. Use Icr from M-φ analysis and 0.2Jg for columns

ii. Use Ig for prestressed girders

C. Check SDC 4.2 to verify that P-∆ effects can be ignored

D. Magnify displacement demands by amplification factor from ATC-32 Section 3.21.10.1 for
low period structures. Note that use of this factor is not specifically addressed in the SDC.
Refer to Memo to Designers 20-1, page 7 for further information.
 1  T* 1
Amplification factor R d = 1 −  + ≥ 1
 R T R
R = Force reduction factor from preliminary column sizing
T* = Period centered at peak of response spectrum

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 7

 STAND-ALONE FRAME DESIGN (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

2. DETERMINE STAND-ALONE DISPLACEMENT DUCTILITY PER SDC 2.2.3 TO SATISFY

SDC 2.2.4

3. DETERMINE STAND-ALONE DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY

A. Use equations from SDC 3.1.3 to calculate displacement capacity of single column bents

B. Perform nonlinear static (push-over) analysis of representative multi-column bent(s) in the

transverse direction.

i. Use member properties per SDC 5.6.1

ii. Use moment hinge in push-over analysis to determine collapse deflection of bents

4. VERIFY THE DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY EXCEEDS DISPLACEMENT DEMAND IN THE

TRANSVERSE DIRECTION (SDC 4.1.1)

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 8

 GLOBAL BRIDGE DESIGN Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

1. DETERMINE GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT DEMAND PER SDC 5.3

A. Perform equivalent static analysis (ESA) or response spectra analysis (RSA) of the bridge
structure in the longitudinal and transverse directions

B. Use 100%/30% combination rule (SDC 2.1.2)

C. Use member properties per SDC 5.6.1

D. Check SDC 4.2 to verify that P-∆ effects can be ignored

E. Magnify displacement demands by amplification factor from ATC-32 Section 3.21.10.1 for
low period structures.

2. DETERMINE GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT DUCTILITY PER SDC 2.2.3 TO SATISFY SDC

2.2.4

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 9

 GLOBAL BRIDGE DESIGN (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

3. DETERMINE GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY

A. Perform nonlinear static (push-over) analysis of bridge frame(s) in longitudinal direction.

i. Use member properties per SDC 5.6.1

ii. Use moment hinge in push-over analysis to determine collapse deflection of frame(s)

4. VERIFY THE DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY EXCEEDS DISPLACEMENT DEMAND IN THE

LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE DIRECTIONS (SDC 4.1.1)

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 10

 COMPONENT DESIGN Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

1. CALCULATE DESIGN LOADS

A. Calculate overstrength moment, Mo = 1.2Mp (SDC 4.3.1)

B. Calculate overstrength shear, Vo (SDC 2.3.2)

2. DESIGN REINFORCING FOR DUCTILE CONCRETE MEMBERS

A. Check shear capacity per SDC 3.6 to exceed overstrength shear demand
B. Check minimum development length into cap beam per SDC 8.2

3. DESIGN CAPACITY-PROTECTED MEMBERS

A. Use material properties per SDC 3.2.1

i. Use nominal material strength with strength reduction factor, φ , for shear
ii. Use expected material strength with no reduction factor for moment

B. Design bent caps for dead load plus overstrength moment

i. Use effective bent cap width per SDC 7.3.1.1

Beff = Bcap + 12t

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 11

 COMPONENT DESIGN (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

ii. Design joint shear reinforcing per SDC 7.4

a. Check principal tension stress to see if additional joint reinforcing is required

(SDC 7.4.4.1)

b. Provide minimum transverse column reinforcing into the cap per SDC 7.4.4.2

c. Design joint shear reinforcing (if required) per SDC 7.4.4.3

Vertical stirrup area, Asjv = 0.2 Ast
Horizontal tie area, Asjh = 0.1Ast
Horizontal side reinforcement, Assf ≥ 0.1Acap
top or bottom

For skews > 20° , add J - dowels, Asj −bar = 0.08 Ast
Ast
Transverse reinforcement, ρs = 0.4
lac2
C. Design superstructure

i. Design for dead load plus Mo

a. Use effective superstructure width per SDC 7.2.1

Beff = Dc + 2 Ds for closed soffits
Beff = Dc + Ds for open soffits

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 12

 COMPONENT DESIGN (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

ii. Design for vertical acceleration if PGA > 0.5G (SDC 7.2.2)

a. Design flexural capacity based on continuous mild reinforcing (neglecting

prestressing steel) to resist 0.25G (net up or down)

b. Design girder side reinforcing to resist 1.25G by shear friction and continue
reinforcing 25 feet (7 meters) beyond the face of the bent cap.

D. Design foundation for dead load plus Mo , Vo

i. Use minimum pile footing thickness per SDC 7.7.1.3

L ftg
D ftg ≥ where Lftg = distance from face of column to edge of footing
2 .5

ii. Check footing joint shear per SDC 7.7.1.4

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 13

 COMPONENT DESIGN (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

E. Design abutment components

i. Seismic loading to include bearing loads per SDC 7.5

ii. Size shear keys for 75% of the lateral pile capacity per SDC 7.8.4

iii. Size abutment seat width per SDC 7.8.3

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 14

 FOUNDATION FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

CALTRANS REQUIREMENTS

• MTD 20-1 - The effects of foundation flexibility shall be considered in the seismic design and
analysis of all bridges.

• SDC 2.2.1 - The global displacement demand estimate shall include the effects of soil/foundation
flexibility if they are significant.

SOIL CLASSIFICATION (SDC 6.2.2)

1. Competent Soil – “Foundations surrounded by competent soil ... (have) an insignificant impact on
the overall dynamic response of the bridge and is typically ignored in the demand and capacity
assessment. “

• Standard penetration, upper layer (0-10 ft, 0-3 m) N = 20 (Granular soils)

• Standard penetration, lower layer (10-30 ft, 3-9 m) N = 30 (Granular soils)
• Undrained shear strength, su > 1500 psf (72 KPa) (Cohesive soils)
• Shear wave velocity, vs > 600 ft/sec (180 m/sec)
• Low potential for liquefaction, lateral spreading, or scour

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 15

 FOUNDATION FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

2. Poor Soil - The presence of poor soil classifies a bridge as non-standard, thereby requiring project-
specific design criteria that address soil structure interaction (SSI) related phenomena.

• Standard penetration, N<10

3. Marginal Soil - Marginal defines the range on soil that cannot readily be classified as either
competent or poor. The course of action for bridges in marginal soil will be determined on a
project-by-project basis.

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 16

 FOUNDATION FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

CONCERNS

• The displacement demand calculated using a linear elastic bridge model is not compatible with the
displacement capacity calculated using a static nonlinear (pushover) bridge model.

• Caltrans SDC requires that a bridge have a displacement capacity which exceeds the displacement
demand calculated using linear elastic material properties. Empirical studies have shown that the
so-called "equal displacement" rule is appropriate for single degree-of-freedom structures with
initial vibration period, T, greater than the peak of the response spectrum. ATC 32 Section
3.21.10.1 provides amplification factors for displacement demand of lower period structures based
on empirical studies without foundation flexibility.

• The foundation stiffness used in the bridge models may have a significant effect on the response
acceleration and displacement of the structure. The foundation is capacity-protected and does not
deflect beyond the load level corresponding to the plastic hinging of the columns, therefore use of
a linear foundation spring in the demand model does not seem appropriate.

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 17

 FOUNDATION FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Initial recommendation

A. Geotechnical engineer to classify soil as competent, poor or marginal per SDC 6.2.2

B. Ignore foundation flexibility when designing for structures with pile foundations in
competent soil.

C. Other structures will require studies to determine project-specific criteria based on sensitivity
of structure design to foundation flexibility.

2. Study effects of foundation flexibility on structure design

A. Develop various foundation flexibility options

i. Initial stiffness linear springs

ii. Secant stiffness linear springs
iii. Non-linear springs

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 18

 FOUNDATION FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

3. Perform analysis with various combinations of foundation flexibility

A. Use of initial or secant stiffness for demand model

B. Use of linear secant stiffness or nonlinear spring for capacity model

4. Compare structure effects

A. Response acceleration
B. Deflection demand
C. Deflection capacity

5. Final recommendations based on results of studies.

A. Pile foundation springs

B. Spread footing foundation springs
C. Extended pile foundation springs

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 19

 ANALYSIS TOOLS Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS

• Moment-curvature determined from iterative section analysis using nonlinear stress-strain material
properties of concrete and reinforcing steel

• Moment, M, determined from section stress distribution

• Curvature, φ = ε/c, in radians / (length unit) determined from section strain distribution
σ ε
c

STRESS STRAIN

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 20

 MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

• Cracked moment of inertia, Icr, determined from curvature at first yield of reinforcing
M
I =
cr Eφ

• Plastic moment, Mpl, determined from average moment after first yield
MOMENT-CURVATURE

12000

ELASTIC-PLASTIC TRANSITION
POINT

10000

PLASTIC MOMENT

8000
MOMENT (k-ft)

6000

4000

2000

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009

CURVATURE (rad/in)

• Idealized yield curvature at elastic-plastic transition point

M pl
φ yi = φ y
My

• Ultimate curvature at point when failure strain of concrete or reinforcing is reached

• Computer tools include XSECTION (Caltrans), CONSEC (H&N), UCFyber (ZEVENT) and
SEQMC (SEQAD)

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 21

 ANALYSIS TOOLS (CONTINUED) Holmes & Narver
Infrastructure Structural Group

STATIC NONLINEAR (PUSH-OVER) ANALYSIS

• Push-over analysis used to determine ultimate (collapse) deflection of a frame

• Computer tools include, wFRAME (Caltrans), SAP2000 Nonlinear and SC-PUSH3D (SC
Solutions)

• Incremental static analysis may also be used with conventional hand calculations or programs by
inserting moment hinges as each joint goes plastic.

• wFRAME and incremental static analysis require additional hand calculations to determine
collapse deflection beyond formation of final hinge

• SAP2000 Nonlinear determines ultimate deflection

3/7/2002 CALTRANS SDC PROCEDURE Slide No. 22