CHAPTER 1 APPLICATIONS OF AI

INTRODUCTION  Gaming_AI plays important role for

machine to think of large number of
Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a
possible position based on deep
computer, a robot, or a product to think how smart
knowledge in strategic games. For
human think.AI is a study of how human brain
example, chess, river crossing-queens
think,learn,decide and work, when it tries to solve
problem and etc.
problems. And finally this study outputs
 Natural Language Processing Interact
intelligent software systems. The aim of AI is to
with the computer that understands
improve computer function which are related to
natural language spoken by humans.\
human knowledge, for example, reasoning,
 Expert System_ Machine or software
learning, and problem-solving.
provide explanation and advice to the
The intelligence is intangible.it is composed of user.
 Vision System _Systems understand,
Reasoning
explain, and describe visual input on the
Learning computer.
 Speed Recognition There are some AI
Problem Solving
based Speech recognition system have
Linguistic Intelligence ability to hear and express as sentences
and understand their meaning while a
The objectives of AI research are reasoning,
person talks to it.for example Siri and
knowledge representation, planning, learning,
Google assistant.
natural language processing, realization, and
 Handwriting Rcognition_the
ability to move and manipulate objects. There are
handwriting recognition software reads
long-term goals in the general intelligence,
the text written on paper and recognize
sector. Approaches include statistical methods,
able to perform the instruction given by a
computational intelligence and traditional coding
human.
AI. During the AI research related to search and
Major Goals
mathematical optimization, artificial neural
 Knowledge reasoning
networks and methods based on statistics,
 Panning
probability, and economics, we use many tools.
 Machine Learning
Computer science attract AT in the field of
science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics,  Natural Language Processing

philosophy and so on.  Computer Vision

  Robotics system is able to provide targets for any
new input after sufficient training. The
MACHINE LEARNING learning algorithm can also compare its
output with the correct, intended output
Machine learning is an application of
and find errors in order to modify the
artificial intelligence (AI) that provides
model accordingly
system the ability to automatically learn
and improve from experience without
 In contrast, unsupervised machine
being explicitly programmed. Machine
learning algorithms are used when the
learning focuses on the development of
information used to train is neither
computer programs that can access data
classified nor labeled. Unsupervised
and use it learn for themselves.
learning studies how system can infer a
The process of learning begins with
function to describe a hidden structure
observations or data, such as examples,
from unlabeled and can draw inferences
direct experience, or instruction, in order
from datasets to describe hidden
to look for patterns in data and make
structures from unlabeled data.
better decisions in the future based on the
examples that we provide. The primary  Semi-supervised machine learning
aim is to allow the computers learn algorithms fall somewhere in between
automatically without human supervised and unsupervised learning,
intervention or assistance and adjust since they use both labeled and
actions accordingly. unlabeled data for training typically a
small amount of label are a large
MACHINE LEARNING METHODS
amount of unlabeled data. The system
Machine learning algorithms are often
that use this method are able to
categorized as supervised or unsupervised
considerably improve learning
accuracy. Usually, semi-supervised
 Supervised machine learning
learning is chosen when the acquired
algorithms can apply what has been
labeled data requires skilled and
learned in the past to new data labeled
relevant resources in order to train
examples to predict future events.
it/learn from it. Otherwise,
Starting from the analysis of a known
acquiringunlabele data generally
training dataset, the learning algorithms
doesn’t require additional resources.
produces an inferred function to make
predictions about the output vales. The
 Reinforcement machine learning
algorithms is a learning method that
interacts with its environment by
producing actions and discovers errors
or rewards. Trial and error search and
delayed reward are the most relevant
characteristics of reinforcement
learning. This method allows machine
and software agents to automatically
determine the ideal behavior within a
specific context in order to maximize its
performance. Simple reward feedback
is required for the agent to learn which
action is best; this is known as the
reinforcement signal.
Machine learning enable analysis of
massive quantizes of data. While it
generally delivers faster, more accurate
result in order to identify profitable
opportunities or dangerous risks, it may
also require additional time and
resources to train it properly.
Combining machine learning with AI
and cognitive technologies can make it
even more effective in processing large
volumes of information. Individualized
self-paced e-learning - online refers to
situation where individual learners
access learning resources Like database
or course content online through
Intranet/Internet. Individualized self-
paced e-learning –offline is about a
learner using learning resource like
database/computer assisted learning
packages. Group-based e- learning
synchronously mean situations where
learner group’s work together in real
time through
Intranet/Internet.Groupbased e-
learning asynchronously means
situations where learner work over an
Intranet/Internet with participants
exchanges occur with an item delay. 2
e-learning (Markovi 2010) enables
higher interactivity among professors
and students and material coverage in
both undergraduate/graduate students.
Further, professors and assistants
ensure that students’ critical thinking is
developed, and to provide them
freedom in discussion, topics choice,
exchange of ideas and information, and
expansion of knowledge.
As the development of technology
grows, e-learning helps students in their
studies in an easy manner, anytime and
anywhere. E-Learning has become a
popular and acceptable way to study
due to its flexibility and better
innovativeness regarding introduction
of new/contemporary programs as
compared to traditional faculty. Also
many faculty who opted for e-learning
stared implementing
Various software packages supporting
online learning in addition to
 application different studying of IFL is conducive to building a more
modalities. flexible and exact LIM by considering
the subjective and uncertain variables
III PROPOSED SOLUTION
leaving in learner’s learning handle.

Here it is proposed a hybrid filtering Propose a self –organization based

recommendation approach (SI_IF L) to (sob) proposal approach to discover out

move forward the personalization and ideal learner cliques for active learners.

differences of suggestions. The most This approach could be a allows few

work includes: learner influence model learners to move closer or farther to

(LIM) s outlined to address active learners based on impact

interpersonal data sparsity and cold engendering, and after that learner

begin issues in e-learning. SOB is cliques are created. Consequently, the

suggested to think about the recommendation are based not as it

collaborative behaviors among learner were on closeness computation

and provide the ideal learner cliques; between active learners and other

and sequential pattern mining (SPM) is learners, but moreover the impact

applied to choosing the ultimate between other laerners.SPM techniques

learner’s object Los and navigation of could be a kind of CBF

suggestions. recommendation procedure, and it is

connected to form final
Construal a learner model-LIM LIM recommendations. As result with the
incorporates learner similarity, application of the hybrid SI_IFL in the
information validity and learner event that L, a few valuable but moo
aggregation LIM can be found frame coordinating learners have the
learning styles and learning profiles plausibility to be prescribe. Such
specifically, so LIM is compelling in process can be implemented over the
tending to the extraordinary process which has noticed down with its
information sparsity ordinarily deficiency which is all placed.
experienced when applying CF
strategies. Apply intuitionistic fuzzy  The learner efficiency for the
logic (IFL) based strategy to optimizing online course is well known
LIM. IFL incorporate three capacities:
 Self-organization based
enrollment work, instinct work and
estimation is made so that the
non-member function. The application
 learner can know about him a
more
 The learners accuracy
prediction is high compared to
the other existing systems
 The prediction methodology
can be added with
efficiency of the order know.
Architecture diagram of E-learning style
Prediction system using IFL
DATASET TRAINING
Training set is the data set on which your
model is built. Training set is usually manually
written and your model follows exactly the same
rules and definitions given in the training set. Test
set is the data set on which you apply your model
and see if it is working correctly and yielding
expected and desired results or not. Test set is like
a test to your model. A machine-learning
algorithm is a mathematical model that learns to
find patterns in the input that is fed to it. This
input is referred to as training data. Once a
machine learning algorithm learns the underlying
patterns of the training data, it needs to be tested
on fresh data (or test data) that it has never seen
the
before, but which still belongs to the same
distribution as the training data. A deep learning
methodology is placed to train the data set
according to the type of the leaner. Thus in data
set training the data in the process is trained
according to the learner preference.
 Visual
 Aural
 Verbal
 Physical
 Logical
 social
LEARNERS LOGIN
Learners’ login session will be provided
after the registration of the learner is finished. The
learner can login and select the course they want
to study through online. The learner can be
provided with the view of description of the
course they are going to study. Learner have to
register their name, contact number, email,
gender, age and further descriptions to get a login
for the online e-learning courses. Thus if the
learner is a new comer then he will have to
register their details if he is not a new comer he
may directly go to the login session. Thus the
system can be added with the condition of
condition of checking whether the learner is new
or old for the login and register purpose
LEARNERS PREFERENCE
The premise is simple_there are four learner
styles (visual, auditory, reading and kinesthetic)
and when learners are accommodated to their
preferred style, net retention and understanding
increase. The learner preference will be identified
on the basis of fuzzy logic. Thus the questions
which are trained in the previous model will be
answered by the learner. This will be
implemented as a data set to predict the learner‘s
style. After the training phase complemented here
starts a testing phase. The user preference can be
identified by the question which are all added
such added questions can be made to get
predicted over each variation up. Be that as it
may, not all the learning platforms like to supply
interaction entrances or communities, and it isn’t
practical for learners to rate or tag the expansive
amount of assets amid their nonstop learning
process.
The context-aware data of learners, such as
knowledge level and a few kind of learning styles,
is often applied as assistant data to reinforce the
similarity rating lattice in CF recommender
frameworks. Thus an interpersonal user
preference get evaluated using the system. The
captured learning behavior can be mapped to
learning styles by using suitable learning style
model. From the learner preference the style can
be predicted. The questionnaires added are in the
form of the fuzzy reasoning based expert system.
Thus the system. Thus the system can be
predicted with the expert system which are added.
 Learner aggregation
 Learner similarity
 Knowledge creditability
LEARNER AGGREGATION
In arrange to maintain a strategic distance
from the careless and incapable following
behaviors of dynamic learners, it is imperative to
assess the influence that a learner has o his/her
followers. Learner aggregation (UF) is outlined
to depict the extent to which a taken after and
affirmed by others. Besides the number of a
learner’s adherents, we still focus on the number
of genuine adherents. In order to avoid the
aimless and ineffective following behaviors of
active learners, it is important to evaluate the
influence that a learner has exerted on his/her
followers. Learner aggregation (UF) is designed
to describe the extent to which a learner is
followed and approved by others.
Similar to U C, the U F of learner can be
computer as follows:
UFa = W1* SF’+ W2 * TF’+ W3 * TO’ + W4 *
VT’ + W5 * FT’ + W6 * IC’ + W7 * FN’
The constituents of UF:
SF- the number of the followers in all the modules
TF-the number of the followers in overlap
modules
TO-the overlap proportion of topic items in LG
generated by an adaptive adversary , but the
labels yvt,wt are assumed to be consistent with an
underlying clustering D= {D1,D2,…..DK} over
V , with cluster sizes d1,d2,…… dk. Throughout
,we assume w…I..o..g. that d1≤ d2 ≤ . . . ≤ dk.

To address the scarcity of the user-item ratings,

VT-times that a learner has been accessed in
learner similarity is obtained from personality
overlap modules
similarity and profile similarity. Personality

FT-times that a learner has been accesses in similarity refers to the inherent learning habits of

overlap modules learners. It show similar preferences, abilities,

IC-the number of the effective followers in
overlap modules
FN-the number of TRUE followers in overlap
modules
and learning experiences. Personality similarity is
obtained from questionnaires, which are designed
to acquire the learning styles and learning goals
of learners. Profile similarity refers more and
more user are using online tagging services to
organize their resources.

LEARNER SIMILARITY
The style quantitative table is founded by various
attributes from the user.
In this section, we consider similarity
prediction in the online mistake bound model,
 Competency level (CL)
where an example sequence S= h (v1 , w1), yv1
 Media preference (MP)
,w1 i……,h (vm ,wm), yvm,wmi is revealed
 Content preference (FP)
incrementally in rounds.in the t-th round the
 Learning purpose (PU)
algorithm is compelled to predict the similarity
 Learner attitude (AT)
label yvt,wt ∈ {0,1}, given the previous t_1
 Learning feeling (LF)
examples h (v1, w1),yv1,w1 i…….,h (vt_1,
 Adaptability (AC)
wt_1), yvt_1,wt_1 i and (vt ,wt). Denote by yˆt ∈
 Tolerance of repeatedly
{0,1} the prediction issued by the algorithm in
recommended LO (DC)
round t. after prediction, the true label yt = yvt,wt
 Preference priority (HP)
is revealed, and we say that the algorithm has
made a prediction mistake if yˆt 6= yt. The aim is
Cosine similarity is used to calculate the attribute
to minimize the number of mistaken predictions
discrete value for CL, PU, AT, LF, AC and DC
on any example sequence S. sequence S can be
 𝑖 ∗𝑢𝑖 )
∑𝑖=1,4,5,6,7,8(𝑢𝑎 𝑏 norm(simʹ ab) = simʹab/Len(uij)
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑏 =
𝑖 )2 ∗√∑
(√∑𝑖=1,4,5,6,7,8(𝑢𝑎 𝑖 2
𝑖=1,4,5,6,7,8(𝑢𝑏 )
(6)

(1) norm(simʺab)= simʺab/Len(uik)

(7)
Hamming distance is used to calculate the
hamming attributes such as MP,FP and Hp The sum of length sequence is Len(uij) and length
of set is Len(uik). Competency level and learner
Simʹab=Ʃj=2,3,9HamDis(uaj,ubj)
preference are ranked as w+w’+ wʺ =1.
(2)

Jaccard coefficients is used to calculate the

attributes such as LG KNOWLEDGE CREDITABILITY

𝑘 ∩𝑢𝑘 )
(𝑢𝑎
Simʺ =Ʃ 𝑘
𝑏
𝑘
Knowledge creditability (UC) is applied to
ab K=10(𝑢𝑎 ∪𝑢𝑏 )
evaluate to extend that the target leaner trusted for
(3)
a specific active learner.UC includes time
The ordered sequence attribute are calculate
efficiency, scores, ranking information ,ability
through the sequence, then find the similarity of
for solving difficulty questions etc. the UC
two learners. The profile similarity, when
learner can be determined as follows:
learners begin to study, profile similarity can be
computed based on their learning profiles.
UCa = w1 * TCʹ + w2 * MCʹ + w3 * LPʹ + w4 *
TPʹ + w5 * EPʹ + w6 * LUʹ (8)

sab=w * norm(sim ab) + wʹ * norm(simʹ ab) + The constituents of UC:

wʺ * norm(simʺ ab) TC- the rank of a learner’s average score in all the
modules
(4)
MC- the tank of a learner’s average score in a
specific module
The personality prediction of 2 learner is found as
LP- the ratio of score/time in whole modules
Ua and Ub , Sab is computed by the below
TP-one-time accuracy rate in answering
algorithm. In compute personality similarity
questions in specific module
algorithm, norm () is normalization function
EP-the rank of learner’s score in solving test with
where
high difficulty
norm(sim ab )=0.5+0.5 * sim ab LU- the number of Los that a leaner has studied
(5) has studied in unit time
The above target learner positivity and the
negativity influence is calculated by the
calculated process
|𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑢𝑎 −𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑢𝑏 |
𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑏 = (𝑢𝑐𝑏 − 𝑢𝑐𝑎 ) ∗ (1 + 𝑁
)
(9)
Based on the target learner whose UC is larger
than that of the active learner.
The leaner style prediction is the major
objective of the project where the online course
based system gets added to it. The learner style
will be now predicted from the input data
preferences from the learner. The deep learning
neural network helps to analyze the deep fuzzy
system of the learner predictive model. The
Nature of the user is already trained in the by the
admin such that the learner, verbal learner and so
on. Thus after the process get over recommender
system according to the user process will be
provided to them. The learner styles is predicted
to them. The leaner style is predicted using the
input data preference from the learner. The deep
learning neural network helps analyze the deep
fuzzy system of the learner predictive model. The
natural of the user is already trained in the by the
by the admin such that the learner style can be
predicted in the testing phase. The learner module
is implemented to find the aural learner, verbal
learner and so on.
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
(i) Performance analysis
The applicability of this model is tested in various
E-Learning environments. Based on the authors’
domain of interest, for learners interested in
learning C programming language course with
varying learning styles. The main objective of the
model is to handle the uncertainty in the learners
‘behavior and to classify them accurately into six
categories namely visual, aural, verbal , physical
social and kinetics as present in the first
dimension of knowledge creditability, learner
aggregation and learner similarity for the
Learning Style model preferences. The described
was tested and compared with the other existing
algorithm and the results are show in this section.
The applicability of this model is tested in
various E-Learning environments. Based on the
author’s domain of interest, the proposed model
is tested for Learners interested in learning C
programming language course with varying
learning styles. The main objective of the model
is to handle the uncertainty in the learners’
behavior and to classify them accurately into four
categories namely active, medium Silverman
Learning Style model preferences.
The described objective was tested and
compared with the other existing algorithms and
the results are shown in this section. The accuracy
of classification algorithms is measured based on
the number of correct predictions. To prove the
validity of the predictions and robustness of the
models, accuracy alone is not sufficient. However
there is a requirement to calculate the precision
and recall for class and analyze the performance.
i.e. based on learning objects to FSLSM
categories. The result of clustering is shown in
table 1.
The result of clustering is shown in Table 1.

The deep learning mapped learning objects are

Clusters Number of
considered as feature values for labeling.
sequences
Also the characteristics of web page are identified
Visual 256
based on feature value of knowledge
Verbal 133
creditability, competency level, influence and so
Aural 152
on. These characteristics are used to
Physical 162
understanding the learning style of the leaner who
Social 169
is accessing a specific learner. Around 1235
kinestic 144
sequences are grouped into eight cluster of
learner‘s style prediction technique to found out
Table 1 the total scores of the learner similarity
the exact learner learning style. The eight
styles at trained dataset
categories of deep learning method are
considered as the output nodes for neural network
the number of nodes for hidden layer is calculate
as shown in all equation where the final value will
be truncated to identify the nodes

(𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠∗𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠)∗2

𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠 =
6

(10)
To validate the performance of the classification
algorithm, deep learning neural network
algorithm is used .the learner similarity
techniques algorithm is compared with basic
Graph 1 represents the learner’s action similarity
learners algorithm using the performance metrics
to know the accuracy of the learner style since
for classification techniques.1235 sequences are
some of the sequences belong to more than one
clustered using deep learning algorithm and
cluster, the total number sequences in cluster is
labeled with active knowledge creditability
more than the total number of sequences in the
categories of learners. Center value for each
output set. This is because one learner can belong
cluster are compared based on the feature values
to more than one type of categories as per deep
learning spectrum. It analyzed that, the learner
can be active and at the same time interested in
different type of visual contents on the portal to
understand. The accuracy of the prediction is
made at an 87% where the learning style can be
easily predicted using questionnaires added. The
trained dataset can be made through the database.
V CONCLUSION
In this paper, we investigated in learning style
prediction models. We reviewed the issues of
learning style mining and educational data
mining. A survey and a comparison of previous
learning style models have been accomplished. In
addition to a comprehensive overview of the
learning style prediction with various commonly
models and with data mining techniques such as
classification, clustering. Due to the importance
of higher education enhancement, there is an
urgent need to develop a learning style prediction
model that could enhance the learning
accomplishment process for a study.
So this paper presents a learning style
prediction framework based on hybrid technique
that has the ability to detect the learning style for
current and new learners with accurate prediction
compared with other methods. To enhance the
efficiency of online course, adaptive E- learning
System is a promising research area. A necessary
requirement in this area is to identify the learning
style of the learners as per standard learning style
model, which is useful to provide adaptive
experiences. In this context the work describes a
methodology to automatically detect and identify
the learning style of learners using Web Log
Analysis approach.
The learner style can be analyzed using the
functionalities added. The future work will focus
on to provide the adaptive contents and interface
to the new learner based on the learning style of
the learner’s style. Further work will consider
more participants, providing a more accurate
representation of the entire population.
Recommendation system: once the learning style
of the learner are identified , the recommendation
system suggests appropriate learning objects and
material (videos text ,quiz, etc.) to the learner in
order to provide a comfortable learning
environment to the learner.
Thus a recommendation system can be added
through the system such that the recommendation
system helps the user learn innovations that will
support and enhance learning practices of both
individuals and organizations. It is therefore an
application domain that generally covers
technologies that support and learning activities.
Since information retrieval (in teams of searching
for relevant learning resources to support teachers
or leaners) is a provide activity. The user can
easily learn at a high accuracy of the
functionalities added.
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