TURNOUTS

- A flow control structure; Providing irrigation water at the head (beginning) of an

offtaking (the actual irrigating) canal, from a supply/distribution canal (conveyance
canal);
from a Lateral (as supply/distribution canal) to a Main Farmditch (as offtake irrigating
canal).

- The connecting link between the supply or distribution canal operator (the NIA
or the Irrigator’s Association) representing the authority and the users (the
farmers). It follows that the design and operation of turnouts must satisfy the needs of
both parties as far as possible. For example, the farmer will want to be satisfied that
he receives his due share of the water at the right time; and the operator will want to
be satisfied that the turnout structures exercise effective control over the distribution of
the supplies.

- At the very stage of general layout preparation & canal lining design, data for
tributary areas and ricefield elevations for turnouts should be pre-determined;
And a sufficient head at least 10 - 15 cm. reckoned from the water surface in the
lateral should be provided for a later turnout design. (Since the discharge
requirement through the turnout is greater during land soaking stage than during crop
maintenance stage, at least 15 cm. head reckoned from the water surface in the
lateral should be provided.)

- Depending on topographical constraints and limitations, the service area of turnout or

Turnout Service Farm may consist of three 10-hectare, four 10-hectare or five 10-
hectare Sub-farms, giving total areas of 30 hectares, 40 hectares and 50 hectares,
respectively. A sub-farm may vary in size but in no case shall its area fall beyond
the lower limit of 8 hectares and upper limit of 12 hectares. Under this scheme,
the maximum service area of the turnout should not exceed 50 hectares to be
served by 5 SFDs.

Orifice
- Water flows under a gate or opening; Highly recommended for turnouts, coupled with
a head regulator at U/S and a flow measuring device at D/S.

Q = Cd * A * √(2gH) *(General Equation)

where,

A = area of the orifice *(by T&E)

 H = relative head
H = WSU/S - WSD/S *(for Submerged or Flowing Full)
H = WSU/S – elev’n at center of orifice *(for Non-submerged or Free Flow)

Cd = Coefficient of discharge. Depends on relative head & orifice opening.

Cd = Cc* Cvf; for practical purposes, we calibrate but there is no need to

know the exact Cc & Cvf.

Thus for preliminary sizing of the orifice; the discharge equation can be taken as:

Q = (0.60 – 0.65) * A * √(2gH)

TURNOUT DESIGN EXAMPLE (Submerged Orifice):

PRE-DETERMINED DATA:

Turnout’s tributary area, ATO. = 9 has.

WS at supply canal’s turnout station, WSU/S = El. 86.38
Ricefield elev’n at MFD, RF = El. 86.25
Water duty, WD = 2 lit / sec / has.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN COMPUTATION:

- Draft preliminary design section & data, to verify if a submerged or a free flow design.

1. DETERMINE “QREQ’D” & “HA”:

QREQ’D = (ATO * WD) / 1000 *(Req’d discharge for the turnout’s mfd, in cu. m./s)

QREQ’D = [(9 * 2)(1.20)] / 1000 *(1 cu. m. = 1,000 liter)

QREQ’D = 0.0216 cu. m./s

HA = WSU/S - WSD/S = 86.38 – (86.25 + 0.05) = 0.08 m.

2. DETERMINE “HL” & “A”:

(NOTE: “A” subject for T&E; until “HA >/= HL” satisfied)

Try, A = 0.30 m. X 0.10 m. (orifice opening)

Apply values to the formula with “H” unknown…

Q = 0.65 * A * √(2gH)

0.0216 = 0.65 * (0.30 * 0.10) * √[2 (9.81) (HL)] *(say H = HL)

HL = 0.063 m. < HA = 0.08 m

THEREFORE, 0.30 m. X 0.10 m. ORIFICE OPENING OK TO BE ADAPTED…

3. CHECK IF WATER DEPTH AT D/S OF THE ORIFICE OPENING IS ENOUGH;

BY THE BOOK THE MINIMUM IS 8 cm; IF NOT ADJUST DESIGN.

4. FINALLY, AFTER DRAFTING, CHECK EVERY DETAIL IF YOUR DESIGN WAS

PROPERLY INTERPRETED INTO A WORKING PLAN. AND DRAFTING WORKS
DONE AS PER “MC-36”.
*(See, “LECTURE- TURNOUTS- Attachment 1”; DESIGN AT SUBMERGED ORIFICE, in “.pdf” format)

TURNOUT DESIGN EXAMPLE (Non-submerged Orifice):

PRE-DETERMINED DATA:

Turnout’s tributary area, ATO. = 9 has.

WS at supply canal’s turnout station, WSU/S = El. 84.73
Ricefield elev’n at MFD, RF = El. 84.40
Water duty, WD = 2 lit / sec / has.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN COMPUTATION:

- Draft preliminary design section & data, to verify if a submerged or a free flow design.

1. DETERMINE “QREQ’D”:

QREQ’D = (ATO * WD) / 1000 *(Req’d discharge for the turnout’s mfd, in cu. m./s)

QREQ’D = [(9 * 2)(1.20)] / 1000 *(1 cu. m. = 1,000 liter)

QREQ’D = 0.0216 cu. m./s

2. DETERMINE “QACTUAL”:

(NOTE: “A” & “HL” subject for T&E; until “QACTUAL>/= QREQ’D” satisfied)

Try, A = 0.25 m. X 0.10 m. (orifice opening) & H = 0.09 m.

Apply values to the formula with “QACTUAL” unknown…

Q = 0.65 * A * √(2gH)

QACTUAL = 0.65 * (0.25 * 0.10) * √[2 (9.81) (0.09)] *(say H = HL)

QACTUAL = 0.0216 m. = QREQ’D = 0.0216 m.

THEREFORE, 0.25 m. X 0.10 m. ORIFICE OPENING & 0.09 m. HEAD OK TO BE

ADAPTED…
3. FINALLY, AFTER DRAFTING, CHECK EVERY DETAIL IF YOUR DESIGN WAS
PROPERLY INTERPRETED INTO A WORKING PLAN. AND DRAFTING WORKS
DONE AS PER “MC-36”.

*(See, “LECTURE- TURNOUTS- Attachment 2”; DESIGN AT NON-SUBMERGED ORIFICE, in “.pdf” format)

*(See, “LECTURE- TURNOUTS- Attachment 3”; TURNOUT USING PIPE CONDUIT, in “.pdf” format)