Appendix C.1.

Project: Thames Tunnel Job ref

Plan Section
5100812

Part of structure: TU053 Bakerloo Northbound Calc sheet no rev

4 AB

Calc ref Calc by Date Check by Date

002 IN 04-07-2011 MY 04-07-2011

Ref Calculations Output

Greenfield Settlement, Radius of Curvature & Longitudinal Strains

References:
1. Settlements above tunnel in the United Kingdom - their magnitude and prediction;
O'Reilly MP, New BM; Tunneling '82; p.173-181
2. " Tunneling in Soil" Ground Movements and their Effects on Structures.,
P.B.Atwell, R.K. Taylor, eds., Surrey University Press, Champman and Hall, New York, NY, 133-215
3. LUL Bakerloo Line Tunnels, Interface with Proposed Thames Tunnel,
100-DA-TPI-TU053-810000-AB Output:
S(x,y,z) : The settlement of each point
[4] Plan Angle between Existing Tunnel and Thames Tunnel β  70deg
U(x,y,z) : The x direction-displacement of each point
Slope angle of Railway Line α  0.0deg
[3] External Diameter of Thames Tunnel Dext  8800mm V(x,y,z) : The y direction-displacement of each point
[4] Volume loss (%) VL  1.00%
  1  cnorm
Vs x    2y  Dext  cnorm 2y  Dext
[4] Trough width parameter K  0.5 Conservatively [1,2] s( x y z)     cnorm   
assume track is at Dext   K  z    2 ( K  z)   2 ( K  z) 
[3] Invert Level of Barkerloo Line Tunnel (mATD) ILBT  83.663m
invert level
Axis Level of Thames Tunnel (mATD) ALTT  56.372m Vs  K  ( x) 2 
u ( x y z)   exp   cnorm 2y  Dext  cnorm 2y  Dext
ILTT  ALTT  0.5  Dext ILTT  51.97m Dext  2π  2  ( K  z) 2   2 ( K  z)   2( K  z) 
[3] Invert Level of Thames Tunnel (mATD)  
   ( 2y  Dext)   exp ( 2y  Dext) 
Vs  K 2 2
  cnorm
z  ILBT  ILTT  31.69 m x 
  1  exp
Depth to Thames Tunnel Invert
v ( x y z) 
(from Existing Tunnel Invert) Dext  2π   K  z     8  ( K  z)  2   2 
2  8  ( K  z) 
Vs  VL  π  
Dext  2
Volume loss  Vs  0.608  m
 2  Maximum Radius of Curvature 
Calculates maximum maximum radius of curvature (long term) by tracking 3 consecutive points

Setting out calculation points

y start  6 K  z y end  y start calculation length lcalc  10mm

 yend  ystart
interval  interval  19014.60 i  0  interval Y  y start  i  lcalc
lcalc i

y start y end
x start  x start  34.60 m x end  x end  34.60 m
tan( β) tan( β)

x start  x end
x interval  X  x start  i  x interval  500m The -500m considers long term settlement
interval i
when settlement trough has fully developed
zstart  z  y start  tan( α) zstart  31.69 m zend  z  y end  tan( α) zend  31.69 m

zstart  zend
zinterval  Z  zstart  i  zinterval
interval i


S  s X Y Z
i i i 
i i 
U  u X Y Z
i i i i 
V  v X Y Z
i i 
i
 Bending strain
20
Assume bending about base of sewer
Si 3
Diameter of existing tunnel DE  12ft  9in  in DE  3.905 m
mm Max settlement 4
10
Ui DE
max( S)  15.12  mm ε bending_hogging   0.000102 DE
mm Maxhogging ε bending_sagging   0.000229
Maxsagging
Vi 0 DE
mm ε bending 
i Rad
i

 10 Axial Strains 

 100  50 0 50 100
Yi Xf  X  U Yf  Y  V Zf  Z  S
i i i i i i i i i
m


Z   X   Y 
Bending Strains 2 2 2
Lf  Lf  f  Zf f  Xf f  Yf if 1  i  interval  1
i i i i 1 i i 1 i i 1
Note:
 10
Lf  1  10 m otherwise
lcalc is the distance between calculation points. Set this to very small to calculate instantaneous curvature. i

Lf
H is the vertical offset between three consecutive calculation points. i

Zi  Zi1  Xi  Xi1  Yi  Yi1

From similar triangles, the rotation of the alignment over the three points is 2 γ 2 2 2
i L  L  if 1  i  interval  1
i i
Assuming lcalc = lhor, the half angle of rotation γ can be calculated.The sensitivity of this assumption has
i
 10
been checked and is considered negligible wrt H. L  1  10 m otherwise
i
The radius of curvature Rad is then calculated from geometry. L
i i

Compression Tension
L  Lf
i
 
i
ε axial 
S
i 1
S
i 1 i L max ε axial  0.000411 min ε axial  0.000183
H  H S  if 1  i  interval  1 i
i i i 2
 20 Combined Strains 
H  1  10 m otherwise Set non-zero
i
Reduction Factor for axial tensile strains RF  0.20
H
i
ε total  ε total  ε bending  RF ε axial if ε axial  0
i i i i i
 Hi  lcalc ε total  ε bending otherwise
γ  asin  Rad 
 
i i
i
 lcalc 
i sin 2  γ
i ε total
i
4
Maxhogging  A  10 km
9 6 10
0
for i  0  interval 4
0 -5.00·1012 4 10
A  Rad if Rad  A  Rad  0km εtotal
1 -2.13·107 i i i i
4
2 -2.12·107 A 2 10
εaxial
Maxhogging  38.17  km i
3 -2.11·107
0
Rad  4 -2.11·107  km εbending
i
9
5 -2.10·107 Maxsagging  A  10 km 4
 2 10
6 -2.09·107 for i  0  interval
4
7 -2.09·107 A  Rad if Rad  A  Rad  0km  4 10
i i i  100  50 0 50 100
8 -2.08·107
A Yi
9 ...
m
6
Maxsagging  17.04  km Maxstrain  min ε total  229.2  10
 Project: Thames Tunnel Job ref
Plan Section
5100812

Part of structure: TU053 Bakerloo Southbound Calc sheet no rev

4 AB

Calc ref Calc by Date Check by Date

009 IN 04-07-2011 MY 04-07-2011

Ref Calculations Output

Greenfield Settlement, Radius of Curvature & Longitudinal Strains

References:
1. Settlements above tunnel in the United Kingdom - their magnitude and prediction;
O'Reilly MP, New BM; Tunneling '82; p.173-181
2. " Tunneling in Soil" Ground Movements and their Effects on Structures.,
P.B.Atwell, R.K. Taylor, eds., Surrey University Press, Champman and Hall, New York, NY, 133-215
3. LUL Bakerloo Line Tunnels, Interface with Proposed Thames Tunnel,
100-DA-TPI-TU053-810000-AB Output:
S(x,y,z) : The settlement of each point
[4] Plan Angle between Existing Tunnel and Thames Tunnel β  70deg
U(x,y,z) : The x direction-displacement of each point
Slope angle of Railway Line α  0.0deg
[3] External Diameter of Thames Tunnel Dext  8800mm V(x,y,z) : The y direction-displacement of each point
[4] Volume loss (%) VL  1.00%
  1  cnorm
Vs x    2y  Dext  cnorm 2y  Dext
[4] Trough width parameter K  0.5 Conservatively [1,2] s( x y z)     cnorm   
assume track is at Dext   K  z    2 ( K  z)   2 ( K  z) 
[3] Invert Level of Barkerloo Line Tunnel (mATD) ILBT  84.737m
invert level
Axis Level of Thames Tunnel (mATD) ALTT  56.372m Vs  K  ( x) 2 
u ( x y z)   exp   cnorm 2y  Dext  cnorm 2y  Dext
ILTT  ALTT  0.5  Dext ILTT  51.97 m Dext  2π  2  ( K  z) 2   2 ( K  z)   2( K  z) 
[3] Invert Level of Thames Tunnel (mATD)  
   ( 2y  Dext)   exp ( 2y  Dext) 
Vs  K 2 2
  cnorm
z  ILBT  ILTT  32.76 m x 
  1  exp
Depth to Thames Tunnel Invert
v ( x y z) 
(from Existing Tunnel Invert) Dext  2π   K  z     8  ( K  z)  2   2 
2  8  ( K  z) 
Vs  VL  π  
Dext  2
Volume loss  Vs  0.608  m
 2  Maximum Radius of Curvature 
Calculates maximum maximum radius of curvature (long term) by tracking 3 consecutive points

Setting out calculation points

y start  6 K  z y end  y start calculation length lcalc  10mm

 yend  ystart
interval  interval  19659.00 i  0  interval Y  y start  i  lcalc
lcalc i

y start y end
x start  x start  35.78 m x end  x end  35.78 m
tan( β) tan( β)

x start  x end
x interval  X  x start  i  x interval  500m The -500m considers long term settlement
interval i
when settlement trough has fully developed
zstart  z  y start  tan( α) zstart  32.76 m zend  z  y end  tan( α) zend  32.76 m

zstart  zend
zinterval  Z  zstart  i  zinterval
interval i


S  s X Y Z
i i i 
i i 
U  u X Y Z
i i i i 
V  v X Y Z
i i 
i
 Bending strain
20
Assume bending about base of sewer
Si 3
Max settlement Diameter of existing tunnel DE  12ft  9in  in DE  3.905 m
mm 4
10
Ui DE 5
max( S)  14.63  mm ε bending_hogging   9.279258  10 DE
mm Maxhogging ε bending_sagging   0.000208
Maxsagging
Vi 0 DE
mm ε bending 
i Rad
i

 10 Axial Strains 

 100  50 0 50 100
Yi Xf  X  U Yf  Y  V Zf  Z  S
i i i i i i i i i
m


Z   X   Y 
Bending Strains 2 2 2
Lf  Lf  f  Zf f  Xf f  Yf if 1  i  interval  1
i i i i 1 i i 1 i i 1
Note:
 10
Lf  1  10 m otherwise
lcalc is the distance between calculation points. Set this to very small to calculate instantaneous curvature. i

Lf
H is the vertical offset between three consecutive calculation points. i

Zi  Zi1  Xi  Xi1  Yi  Yi1

From similar triangles, the rotation of the alignment over the three points is 2 γ 2 2 2
i L  L  if 1  i  interval  1
i i
Assuming lcalc = lhor, the half angle of rotation γ can be calculated.The sensitivity of this assumption has
i
 10
been checked and is considered negligible wrt H. L  1  10 m otherwise
i
The radius of curvature Rad is then calculated from geometry. L
i i

Compression Tension
L  Lf
i
 
i
ε axial 
S
i 1
S
i 1 i L max ε axial  0.000385 min ε axial  0.000172
H  H S  if 1  i  interval  1 i
i i i 2
 20 Combined Strains 
H  1  10 m otherwise Set non-zero
i
Reduction Factor for axial tensile strains RF  0.20
H
i
ε total  ε total  ε bending  RF ε axial if ε axial  0
i i i i i
 Hi  lcalc ε total  ε bending otherwise
γ  asin  Rad 
 
i i
i
 lcalc 
i sin 2  γ
i ε total
i
4
Maxhogging  A  10 km
9 4 10
0
for i  0  interval
0 -5.00·1012 4
A  Rad if Rad  A  Rad  0km εtotal 2 10
1 -2.40·107 i i i i

2 -2.39·107 A εaxial
Maxhogging  42.09  km i 0
3 -2.39·107
Rad  4 -2.38·107  km εbending
i
9 4
5 -2.37·107 Maxsagging  A  10 km  2 10

6 -2.37·107 for i  0  interval

4
7 -2.35·107 A  Rad if Rad  A  Rad  0km  4 10
i i i  100  50 0 50 100
8 -2.35·107
A Yi
9 ...
m
6
Maxsagging  18.79  km Maxstrain  min ε total  207.9  10
Appendix C.1.2.1

1
[1] Length of bolts between heads Lbolt  2in  in Lbolt  63.50  mm
Project: Thames Tunnel Job ref 2
5100812 Elastic modulus of bolts Ebolt  100GPa
Part of structure : TU053 Bakerloo Northbound Calc sheet no rev 7
3 AB [1] Diameter of bolts φ  in φ  22.22  mm
8
Calc ref Calc by Date Check by Date 3
[1] Diameter of ring D  12ft  9in  in D  3905.25  mm
003 IN 04-07-2011 MY 04-07-2011 4
Number of longitudinal bolts Nbolt  53
Ref Calculations Output [1]
(if good condition)

Longitudinal Assessment Pitch of bolts (if good condition) P 

Dπ
P  231.48  mm
Nbolt
References:
1. PVEA 3045 - Deep Tube Tunnel Feasibility & Design : [2] Number of missing bolts Nmiss  27
Investigation Report for Bakerloo Line South of EmbankmentAssets B134 & B148
2. Thames Tunnel Project "Stage 3" Tunnel Inspection, Nmiss
LUL Bakerloo Line Tunnels (Waterloo to Embankment)Condition Survey Inspection Report, Rmiss  Rmiss  50.94  %
Ratio of missing bolts Nbolt
315-RI-TPI-TU053-000001
3. London Underground Limited Civil Engineering Deep tube tunnels & shafts, LUL (2007) 49. LUL 1-055 P
Assumed Pitch of bolts (for assessment Pa  Pa  471.87  mm
of ring with missing bolts) 1  Rmiss
1
Assume a bending moment M  0.8505kN  m  m
2
φ 1 2 1
Assumed Bending Moment is determined as the two "Stiffness of system", which are blue Cross sectional area of bolt Abolt  π Abolt  822.14  mm  m
4 Pa
hatched below, are same.
4  cbolt  lbolt
Combined Strain cε bh  2.292  10 Calculated tensile force in the bolts Tbolt   Ebolt  Abolt  Pa Tbolt  22.90  kN
Lbolt
[1] Length of ring L  20in  508  mm
Tbolt 2
Tensile stress of the bolts σbolt  σbolt  59.03  N  mm
L Abolt  Pa
Half width of skin w  w  254  mm
2 2
Limited tensile stress of bolts σboltlimit  183N  mm
[3] Elastic modulus of cast iron E  100GPa
7
Distance from centreline of skin to a  2in  in a  61.91  mm
7 centreline of bolt 16
[1] Thickness of skin t  in t  22.2  mm
8 1
Tbolt  a  M
3 Pa 1
t Compressive force at pivot point Cpivot  Cpivot  23.00  kN  m
I value of skin I  5 4 1
12 I  9.15  10  mm  m ab
t 1
Y  Y  11.11  mm Tensile force in skin Tskin  Tbolt 
1
 Cpivot Tskin  25.53  kN  m
2 Pa
2
Mw Tskin 2
Deflection at flange caused by rotation of d max  d max  0.07  mm Tensile stress of skin σskin  σskin  1.15  N  mm
skin 8EI t
 w  σskinMoment  σskin  M 
Y
σskinMoment  11.48  N  mm

 2  Tensile stress of skin and Moment
I
Rotation at end of flange θ  atan  θ  0.07  deg
  2 w 
2
 Limited tensile stress of skin σskinlimit  38N  mm
2
  max
d  
4 
  d max  δs   a  b  
t
 Opening at the edge of skin   tan( θ) δs  0.12  mm
 2d max    2
( a  b)
5 Deflection at base of flange Δ  Δ  0.11  mm
[1] Distance from pivot to centreline of bolt b  in b  31.8  mm tan( 90deg  θ)
4
b Tskin 5 2
Separation of bolt heads due to rotation of cbolt  cbolt  0.04  mm Stiffness of joint Kj  Kj  2.31  10  kN  m
flange tan( 90deg  θ) Δ
Et 6 2
Stiffness of ring Kr  Kr  4.38  10  kN  m
Initial play in the bolts lbolt  0mm L
 1 5 2
Stiffness of system Ks  Ks  2.193  10  kN  m
1 1

Kj Kr
Tskin 5 2
Ks  Ks  2.193  10  kN  m
cε bh  L
Appendix C.1.2.2

1
[1] Length of bolts between heads Lbolt  2in  in Lbolt  63.50  mm
Project: Thames Tunnel Job ref 2
5100812 Elastic modulus of bolts Ebolt  100GPa
Part of structure : TU053 Bakerloo Southbound Calc sheet no rev 7
3 AB [1] Diameter of bolts φ  in φ  22.22  mm
8
Calc ref Calc by Date Check by Date 3
[1] Diameter of ring D  12ft  9in  in D  3905.25  mm
010 IN 04-07-2011 MY 04-07-2011 4
Number of longitudinal bolts Nbolt  53
Ref Calculations Output [1]
(if good condition)

Longitudinal Assessment Pitch of bolts (if good condition) P 

Dπ
P  231.48  mm
Nbolt
References:
1. PVEA 3045 - Deep Tube Tunnel Feasibility & Design : [2] Number of missing bolts Nmiss  27
Investigation Report for Bakerloo Line South of EmbankmentAssets B134 & B148
2. Thames Tunnel Project "Stage 3" Tunnel Inspection, Nmiss
LUL Bakerloo Line Tunnels (Waterloo to Embankment)Condition Survey Inspection Report, Rmiss  Rmiss  50.94  %
Ratio of missing bolts Nbolt
315-RI-TPI-TU053-000001
3. London Underground Limited Civil Engineering Deep tube tunnels & shafts, LUL (2007) 49. LUL 1-055 P
Assumed Pitch of bolts (for assessment Pa  Pa  471.87  mm
of ring with missing bolts) 1  Rmiss
1
Assume a bending moment M  0.7715kN  m  m
2
φ 1 2 1
Assumed Bending Moment is determined as the two "Stiffness of system", which are blue Cross sectional area of bolt Abolt  π Abolt  822.14  mm  m
4 Pa
hatched below, are same.
4  cbolt  lbolt
Combined Strain cε bh  2.079  10 Calculated tensile force in the bolts Tbolt   Ebolt  Abolt  Pa Tbolt  20.77  kN
Lbolt
[1] Length of ring L  20in  508  mm
Tbolt 2
Tensile stress of the bolts σbolt  σbolt  53.55  N  mm
L Abolt  Pa
Half width of skin w  w  254  mm
2 2
Limited tensile stress of bolts σboltlimit  183N  mm
[3] Elastic modulus of cast iron E  100GPa
7
Distance from centreline of skin to a  2in  in a  61.91  mm
7 centreline of bolt 16
[1] Thickness of skin t  in t  22.2  mm
8 1
Tbolt  a  M
t Pa 1
Y  Y  11.11  mm Compressive force at pivot point Cpivot  Cpivot  20.87  kN  m
2 ab

3 1 1
t Tensile force in skin Tskin  Tbolt   Cpivot Tskin  23.16  kN  m
I value of skin I  5 4 1 Pa
12 I  9.15  10  mm  m
2 Tskin 2
Mw Tensile stress of skin σskin  σskin  1.04  N  mm
Deflection at flange caused by rotation of d max  d max  0.07  mm t
skin 8EI
Y 
 w  Tensile stress of skin and Moment σskinMoment  σskin  M  σskinMoment  10.41  N  mm
 2  I
Rotation at end of flange θ  atan  θ  0.06  deg 2
Limited tensile stress of skin σskinlimit  38N  mm
  2 w 
2


  max  δs   a  b  
d t
4  Opening at the edge of skin   tan( θ) δs  0.11  mm
   d max   2
 2d max   ( a  b)
Deflection at base of flange Δ  Δ  0.10  mm
tan( 90deg  θ)
5
[1] Distance from pivot to centreline of bolt b  in b  31.8  mm
4 Tskin 5 2
Stiffness of joint Kj  Kj  2.31  10  kN  m
b Δ
Separation of bolt heads due to rotation of cbolt  cbolt  0.03  mm
flange tan( 90deg  θ) Et 6 2
Stiffness of ring Kr  Kr  4.38  10  kN  m
L
Initial play in the bolts lbolt  0mm
 1 5 2
Stiffness of system Ks  Ks  2.193  10  kN  m
1 1

Kj Kr
Tskin 5 2
Ks  Ks  2.193  10  kN  m
cε bh  L