Module 5

Energy
Energy is the capacity of a physical system to do work.
Various forms of energy:
Potential Solar Electrical
Kinetic Sound Nuclear
Heat (Thermal) Chemical Geothermal

Law of Conservation of Energy:

“Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be
converted from one form to another.”

Hence, the total energy of a system remains constant.

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Forms of Energy

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Work
Applied force and the displacement
covered by the moving body

𝑾 = 𝑭 ⋅ 𝒅 = 𝑭𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
o where: 𝐹 - the applied force by the first object on the
second object
𝑑 - the displacement of the second object
𝜃 – angle between 𝐹 and 𝑑

o Work has no direction (scalar quantity)

o SI Unit: 1 Joule (J) = 1 Newton-meter (Nm)

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Work
Work Direction of Force Situations
(Sign)
Net force has component in the
Positive same direction as the
displacement

Negative Net force has component in

opposite direction as the
displacement

Zero Net force is perpendicular to the

direction of the displacement

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Work
Positive Zero

Negative

When the first body does a positive work on

the second body, the second body does an
equal amount of negative work on the first
body.

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 Total Work
If several forces acts on a body, the total work done by all the forces is
𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑾𝟏 + 𝑾𝟐 + 𝑾𝟑 +. . . +𝑾𝒏
Work is also related to the changes in the speed of the body.
 If
1. 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 > 0 (positive), the object is speeding up
2. 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 < 0 (negative), the object is slowing down
3. 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝟎, the object maintains the same speed, either at rest or in
uniform motion
Consider a net force acting on an object which is in the same direction as the
object’s displacement. Then 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑭𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑭𝒅 = 𝒎𝒂𝒅

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Kinetic Energy → energy in motion

From Kinematic Eq. 4 (𝑣2 2 = 𝑣1 2 + 2𝑎𝑑), the acceleration of the object is

𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2
𝑎=
2𝑑
𝑣2 2 −𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2 −𝑣1 2 𝟏 𝟏
Then, 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑚𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚 𝑑=𝑚 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒎𝒗𝟏 𝟐
2𝑑 2 𝟐 𝟐

This energy is known as the Kinetic Energy K.

 Its a scalar quantity that depends only on the mass and speed of the
object.
 It can never be negative, and it is zero when the object is at rest.
𝐦𝟐
 Kinetic Energy is also measured in Joules: 𝟏 𝐉 = 𝟏 𝐍𝐦 = 𝟏 𝐤𝐠 𝐬𝟐 .
𝟏
𝑲𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟏 𝟐 - initial kinetic energy of the object
𝟐
𝟏
𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝟐 - final kinetic energy of the object after the displacement
𝟐
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Work-Energy Theorem
1 1
Since 𝐾1 = 𝑚𝑣1 2 and 𝐾2 = 𝑚𝑣2 2 , then the total work can be written as:
2 2
1 1
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1 2
2
2 2
𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑲𝟏 = ∆𝑲
This is the Work-Energy Theorem:
“When forces act on an object while it undergoes a displacement,
the kinetic energy of the object changes by an amount equal to
the total work done on the object by all forces.”
If
1. 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 > 0 (positive), the object is speeding up, kinetic energy increases.
2. 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 < 0 (negative), the object is slowing down, kinetic energy
decreases.
3. 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝟎, the object maintains the same speed and same kinetic energy.

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Work and Energy with
Varying Force
Hooke’s Law: 𝒙<𝟎 𝒙=𝟎 𝒙>𝟎
“The force needed to stretch or
compress an ideal spring is Compressed
proportional to the spring’s
elongation.”
𝑭 = 𝒌𝒙 Normal
where: (Equilibrium)
𝑘 – force constant or spring constant
𝑥 – elongation of the spring, Stretched
stretched/compressed distance.
Fs is negative if the spring is stretched
Fs is negative if the spring is
compressed.
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Work and Energy with
Varying Force
The work done when force varies on a 𝒙=𝟎 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
straight line displacement is

𝟏 𝟐
𝑾= 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝒌𝒙
𝟐

is the work done by the applied force on

the spring if it is originally unstretched or
uncompressed (equilibrium).

In general, the work done on

stretching/compressing a spring is:

𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐 − 𝒌𝒙𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
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 – energy associated with
Potential Energy the position of bodies in a
system
- measure of the potential or possibility for work to
be done

i. Gravitational Potential Energy – potential energy

associated with a body’s weight and its height
above the ground

ii.Elastic Potential energy – potential energy stored

in an elastic material or any flexible material (ex.:
rubber band) as a result of stretching or
compressing from its equilibrium position.

*Equilibrium position – position that an elastic

material naturally assumes when there is no force
applied to it.
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 Gravitational Potential Energy
Suppose a body of mass m is lifted along the y-axis (vertical) by an upward force
Fext. The forces acting on the body are its weight and the w and the upward
force.
The work done by the weight in lifting
the body from y1 to y2 is
𝑊g = 𝑤𝑑 cos 180° = −𝑤 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 𝑤 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑾𝒈 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 = 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝟏 − 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝟐
The term mgy1 and mgy2 are the gravitational potential
energy at different height above the ground.
𝑼𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈𝒚
*𝑈𝑔1 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦1 : initial gravitational potential energy
*𝑈𝑔2 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦2 : initial gravitational potential energy
Then
𝑾𝒈 = −𝑤 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = −𝑚𝑔 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑼𝒈𝟐 − 𝑼𝒈𝟏 = −∆𝑼𝒈
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 Gravitational Potential Energy
𝑾𝒈 = −∆𝑼𝒈
If the body moves upward, the If the body moves downward,
work done by the weight is the work done by the weight
negative. is positive.

𝑦2 > 𝑦1 , ∆𝑈𝑔 > 0, 𝑊g is negative 𝑦2 < 𝑦1 , ∆𝑈𝑔 < 0, 𝑊g is positive

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Elastic Potential Energy
If we move the block on either one side, the spring is either
stretched or compressed.

The work done by the applied force on the spring is positive.

By Newton’s 3rd Law, the spring exerted an equal amount of
force on the box but in opposite direction.
Recall: When the first body does a positive work on the second
body, the second body does an equal amount of negative work
on the first body.
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Elastic Potential Energy
(a) Equilibrium position (b) As the spring stretches, it does a
negative work on the block.

(c) As the spring relaxes after (d) A compressed spring also does
stretching, it does a positive work on positive work on the block as it
the block. relaxes.

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Elastic Potential Energy
The work done by the applied force on the spring is
1 1
𝑊𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘𝑥1 2
2
2 2
The work done by the spring is the negative of the 𝑊𝐹
1 1 𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒆𝒍 = −𝑾𝑭 = − 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘𝑥1 = 𝒌𝒙𝟏 − 𝒌𝒙𝟐 𝟐
2 2 𝟐
2 2 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
The terms 𝒌𝒙𝟏 𝟐 and 𝒌𝒙𝟐 𝟐 are the elastic potential energy of the material.
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝑼𝒆𝒍 = 𝒌𝒙
𝟐
1
*𝑈𝑒𝑙1 = 𝑘𝑥1 2 : initial elastic potential energy of the material.
2
1
*𝑈𝑒𝑙2 = 𝑘𝑥2 2 : final elastic potential energy of the material.
2
Then,
1 1
𝑾𝒆𝒍 = − 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘𝑥1 2 = − 𝑈𝑒𝑙2 − 𝑈𝑒𝑙1 = −∆𝑼𝒆𝒍
2
2 2
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Total Mechanical Energy
𝑬=𝑲+𝑼
When conservative forces act on the system, the total mechanical energy
remains constant.
Potential Energy: 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −∆𝑈 Kinetic Energy: 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∆𝐾
∴ ∆𝑲 = −∆𝑼
𝐾2 − 𝐾1 = − 𝑈2 − 𝑈1
𝑲𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 = 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐
Final mechanical energy is equal to the initial mechanical energy, 𝐸2 = 𝐸1 , then
∆𝑬 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟎
This is the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy.

In general, if nonconservative forces are involved:

𝑲𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 = 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐
And the mechanical energy is not conserved.
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Power
– the time rate at which work is
done or energy is transferred.

 The average power:

∆𝑊 𝑾𝟐 − 𝑾𝟏
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =
∆𝑡 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏
 The instantaneous power:
∆𝑊 𝒅𝑾
𝑷 = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝒅𝒕
SI Unit: Watt

1 Watt (W) = 1 Joule/second (J/s) or 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W

Moreover,
∆𝑊 𝐹 ⋅ ∆𝑑 ∆𝑑
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = =𝐹⋅ = 𝑭 ⋅ 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑭𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑷 = 𝑭 ⋅ 𝒗 = 𝑭𝒗 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
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Problem 2
 A factory worker pushes a 30-kg crate a distance of
4.5 m along a level floor at constant velocity by
pushing horizontally on it.
 The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate
and the floor is 0.25.
(a) What magnitude of force must the worker apply?

(b) How much work is

done on the crate by this
force?

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Problem 2
(c) How much work is done on the crate by friction?

(d) How much work is done on the crate by the normal

force? By gravity?

(e) What is the total work done on the crate?

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Problem 3
 A sled with a mass of 8.0 kg moves in a straight line
on a frictionless horizontal surface.
 At one point in its path, its speed is 4.0 m/s; after it
has travelled 2.50 m beyond this point, its speed is
6.0 m/s.
 Use work-energy theorem to find the force acting on
the sled, assuming that this force is constant and that
it acts in the direction of the sled’s motion.

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Problem 4
 A block of ice with mass 2.00 kg slides 0.750 m down
an inclined plane that slopes downward at an angle
of 36.9 degrees below the horizontal.

 If the block of ice starts from rest, what is its final

speed? You can ignore friction.

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Problem 5
 A ball starting from rest slides from the top of 1.0-m
frictionless inclined plane.
 What the speed of the ball when it reaches the
lowest point of the plane?

30°
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Problem 6
 Upon reaching the lowest point of the plane in the
previous example, the ball, whose mass is 40 g,
continues to roll horizontally through the distance of
5.0 m before coming to rest.

 How much work is done by the friction in bringing

the ball to rest?

5.0 m
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 Problem 7
A 2.00-kg block is pushed against a spring with
negligible mass and force constant 𝑘 = 400 𝑁/𝑚 ,
compressing it 0.220 m as shown.
When the block is released, it moves along a
frictionless, horizontal surface and then up a frictionless
incline with slope 37°.
(a) What is the speed of the block as it slides along the
horizontal surface after having left the spring?

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 Problem 7
(b) How far does the block travel up the incline before
starting to slide back down?

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 Problem 8
A 0.5-kg block, not attached to a spring, is pushed until the spring is
compressed a distance of 10 cm from the equilibrium position.
The block is released from rest and slides along a path that is
without friction from point A to point B as shown in Figure 2.
After reaching point B, the block travels on a rough ramp of angle
30° from the ground and reaches a height of 1 m (point C).
Assuming a spring constant of 5000 N/m and a coefficient of kinetic
friction of 0.4.
(a) What is the speed of the block at point B?(4 pts)
(b) What is the speed of the block at point C?(6 pts)

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Problem 9
 To stretch a spring 3.00 cm from its unstretched
length, 12.0 J of work must be done.

 How much work must be done to compress this

spring 4.00 cm from its unstretched length?

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Problem 10
 A 4.00 kg block of ice is placed against a horizontal
spring that has force constant k = 200 N/m and is
compressed 0.025 m.
 The spring is released and accelerates the block along
a horizontal surface. You can ignore friction and the
mass of the spring.
(a) Calculate the work done on the block by the spring
during the motion of the block from its initial position to
where the spring has returned to its uncompressed
length.
(b) What is the speed of the block after it leaves the
spring?
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Problem 11
 A small glider is placed against a compressed spring at the
bottom of an air track that slopes upward at an angle 40.0° of
above the horizontal.
 The glider has mass 0.0900 kg. The spring has 𝑘 = 640 𝑁/𝑚
and negligible mass.
 When the spring is released, the glider travels a maximum
distance of 1.80 m along the air track before sliding back
down. Before reaching this maximum distance, the glider loses
contact with the spring.
(a) What distance was the spring originally compressed?
(b) When the glider has travelled along the air track 0.80 m from
its initial position against the compressed spring, is it still in
contact with the spring? What is the kinetic energy of the glider at
this point?
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Problem 12
 In a truck-loading station at a post office, a small 0.200-kg
package is released from rest at point A on a track that is one
quarter of a circle with radius 1.60 m.
 The size of the package is much less than 1.60 m, so the
package can be treated as a particle. It slides down the track
and reaches point B with a speed of 4.80 m/s.
 From point B, it slides on a level surface a distance of 3.00 m
to point C, where it comes to rest.

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Problem 12

(a) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction on the horizontal

surface?
(b) How much work is done on the package by friction as it slides
down the circular arc from A to B?

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 Problem 13
 A block of mass 0.500 𝑘𝑔 is pushed against a horizontal
spring of negligible mass until the spring is compressed a
distance 𝑥. The spring constant is 450 𝑁/𝑚.
 When it is released, the block travels along a frictionless,
horizontal surface to point B, at the bottom of a vertical
circular track of radius 𝑅 = 1.00 𝑚, and continues to move
up the track.

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 Problem 13
 The speed of the block at the bottom of the track is 𝑣𝐵 =
12.0 𝑚/𝑠, and the block experiences an average frictional
force of 7.00 N while sliding up at point C.
(a) Calculate the compression distance 𝑥 of the spring? (3 pts)
(b) Find the work done by the frictional force on the block as
it slides from B to C. (Hint: 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑅) (3 pts)

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 Problem 13
(c) Assume that the block never falls off as it reaches
point C, what speed do you predict for the block at the
top of the track? (4 pts)

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Problem 14
 A 10.0 kg block is released from rest at point A. The track is
frictionless except for the portion between points B and C,
which has a length of 6.00 m.
 The block travels down the track, hits a spring of force
constant 2200 N/m, and compresses the spring 0.200 m
from its equilibrium position before coming to rest
momentarily.
a) What is the speed of the block as it reaches point B?

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Problem 14

(b) Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction between

the block and the rough surface between points B
and C.

(c) What is the speed of the block at point C?

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Problem 15
 You place a spring vertically with one end on the
floor.
 The spring is of negligible mass and has a force
constant of 𝑘 = 1540 𝑁/𝑚.
 You then drop a book of mass 1.35 kg onto the spring
from a height of 1.0 m above the top of the spring.
(a) Find the maximum distance the spring will be
compressed.
(b) What is the speed of the book after it leaves the
spring?

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 Problem 16
A 350-kg roller coaster starts from rest at point A and slides
down the frictionless loop-the-loop shown in figure below..
(a) How fast is this roller coaster moving at point B?
(b) How hard does it press against the track at point B?

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 Problem 17
A car in an amusement park ride rolls without friction around the
track shown in figure. It starts from rest at point A at a height h
above the bottom of the loop. Treat the car as a particle.
(a) What is the minimum value of h (in terms of R) such that the car
moves around the loop without falling off at the top (point B)?

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 Problem 17
(b) If ℎ = 3.5 𝑅 and 𝑅 = 20.0 𝑚 and compute the speed,
radial acceleration, and tangential acceleration of the
passengers when the car is at point C, which is at the
end of a horizontal diameter. Show these acceleration
components in a diagram, approximately to scale.

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 Problem 18
(b) If ℎ = 3.5 𝑅 and 𝑅 = 20.0 𝑚 and compute the speed,
radial acceleration, and tangential acceleration of the
passengers when the car is at point C, which is at the
end of a horizontal diameter. Show these acceleration
components in a diagram, approximately to scale.

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Problem 19
 A 54 kg person starts from rest, skis down a slope of
height 50.00m, rises again to a slope of 25.00m,
before finally projecting off with a speed of 10.00 m/s
at 25 degrees with respect to the horizontal line.
 (See figure below). Note that the slopes are very
slippery and are considered frictionless. She then
lands 2.73 s later after projecting off point C.

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Problem 19
a) What are the mechanical energy/ies (Kinetic and
Potential Energies) present at points A, B and C?
b) What is the velocity of the person in point B?
c) What is the work done by friction from point A to C?
(d) How much further from the person’s range is her
landing point?

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Problem 20
Two children are playing a game in which they try to hit a small
box on the floor with a marble fired from a spring-loaded gun
that is mounted on a table.
The target box is horizontal distance 𝐷 = 2.20 𝑚 from the edge
of the table. Bobby compresses the spring 1.10 𝑐𝑚, but the
center of the marble falls 27.0 𝑐𝑚 short of the center of the box.
How far should Rhoda
compress the spring to
score a direct hit?
Assume that neither the
spring nor the ball encounters
friction in the gun..
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Problem 21
A block of mass 𝑚 = 2.0 𝑘𝑔 is dropped from height
ℎ = 40 𝑐𝑚 onto a spring of spring constant 𝑘 =
1960 𝑁/𝑚. Find the maximum distance the spring is
compressed.

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 Problem 22
A 2.0 kg breadbox on a frictionless incline of angle 40° is
connected, by a cord that runs over a pulley, to a light
spring of spring constant k 120 N/m.
The box is released from rest when the spring is
unstretched. Assume that the pulley is massless and
frictionless.
(a) What is the speed
of the box when
it has moved 10 cm down the incline?

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Problem 22
(b) How far down the incline from its point of release
does the box slide before momentarily stopping, and

(c) what is the magnitude of the box's acceleration at the

instant the box momentarily stops?

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Problem 23
Serway

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