CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Due to the increase in demand of high voltage gain DC-DC converters for various
applications supplied by low DC output voltage power sources, the development of these
converters has been a wide research area in recent years. The high voltage gain DC-DC
converters are used in numerous applications such as low power wind turbines,
photovoltaic (PV) systems, fuel cells (FC), DC distribution networks, energy storage
systems, hybrid electric vehicles, and uninterruptable power supplies (UPS)
The output DC voltage of the renewable energy sources such as PVs and FCs is
low. Therefore, high step-up DC-DC converters should be used to boost and regulate the
voltage level in these systems. Also, in order to achieve maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) for PV panels, the input current of the converter should be continuous with low
ripple. In FCs, the output power regulation is important for their proper operation. Thus,
the DC–DC converters with continuous input current is preferred. Moreover, the dynamic
performance of the system will be improved by a DC-DC converter with continuous input
current. Accordingly, in order to use a DC-DC converter in renewable energy sources, it
should have a high voltage transfer gain and continuous input current [2], Hence, the
traditional buck-boost converter is not suitable due to its discontinuous input current.
Also, the switch voltage stress of the boost converter is equal to the output voltage. Thus,
high output voltage requires the use of high voltage switches, which increases the
conduction and switching losses. In addition, when the operating duty cycle approaches to
the unity, the voltage gain and efficiency are noticeably reduced because of the increase in
the conduction losses .
Recently, many research works have been done in DC-DC converters to achieve
high voltage gain. The usual solution for a high step-up gain is the use of isolated DC-DC
converters The transformer turns ratio allows to increase the converter voltage gain.
However, the transformer increases the total volume and weight. Moreover, in these
converters the leakage inductance of the transformer causes voltage spikes across the
switches during the turn-off process. Therefore, clamping circuits are necessary to limit
1
the switch voltage and recycle the energy, which increases the cost and complexity and
reduces the converter efficiency .
Recently, the non-isolated high step-up DC-DC converters are becoming more
popular, because of their simplicity, compact size, lower cost, and better efficiency in
comparison with isolated topologies [12]. High step-up non-isolated DC-DC converters
can be categorized as non-coupled inductor and coupled inductor converters . The high
voltage gain for the coupled inductor converters can be achieved by the increase of the
coupled inductor turns ratio. Nevertheless, in these topologies like isolated converters, the
coupled inductor leakage inductance can produce voltage spikes across the switches
during the turn-off process. Thus, additional clamping circuit is needed to clamp or
recycle the energy and improve the efficiency .
The non-coupled inductor DC-DC converters are based on the classical Boost
converter with an additional technique associated. The main used techniques are cascaded
converters , voltage multipliers, switched-inductor and switched-capacitor cells, and
combinations of these techniques . These types of converters are able to provide high
static step-up gain without using any coupled inductors and isolated transformers.
However, the large number of components, especially when several voltage multiplier
stages are added, can reduce the efficiency and increase the complexity
The SEPIC converter is widely used in power electronics and industrial
applications due to its unique characteristics. Hence, in recent years, many research works
have been done on the SEPIC converter to enhance its applied characteristics, especially
step-up voltage gain. , an isolated SEPIC DC-DC converter with ripple-free input current
and lossless snubber circuit is proposed. Also, some coupled-inductor based structures for
SEPIC converter are presented in [5]-[6]. In these papers, high voltage gain is achieved by
using isolated transformer and coupled inductor techniques. However, the presented
converters suffer from the aforementioned drawbacks of the isolated and coupled inductor
converters. In [6]-[7], some other SEPIC-based converters are proposed to increase the
voltage gain without using any coupled inductors and isolated transformers. Nevertheless,
these non-coupled inductor converters still have a low voltage gain.
According to these efforts, the step-up gain of the non-coupled inductor SEPIC
converter still needs to be improved. Therefore, in order to enhance the SEPIC

2
performance, a novel non-coupled inductor high step-up gain SEPIC converter is
presented in this paper. The introduced converter is simple and some auxiliary
components are added to the conventional SEPIC topology to have a higher gain
compared to other non-coupled inductor SEPIC-based converters. The voltage transfer
gain of the proposed converter is (3D+1)/(1-D) which is higher than the converters in [6]-
[7] and the typical buck-boost, CUK, SEPIC and ZETA converters. The control system of
the presented converter is simple and the converter can be easily controlled in CCM mode
operation. Because the gating pulses for both of the switches are the same and a wide
output voltage range is achieved only by changing the duty cycle. The number of the
components and the voltage stress across the switches are less than the other non-coupled
inductor SEPIC-based converters which provide near voltage gain to the proposed
converter. Moreover, high voltage gain is achieved without using any transformer and
coupled inductor, so there is not any voltage overshoot for the switches during the turn-off
process. This effect allows low conduction losses by using low voltage rating switches
with lower .( ), and also the stored inductor energy is supplied to the load without
additional clamping circuit. Furthermore, the proposed converter has a continuous input
current. Therefore, it is suitable for renewable energy applications such as PVs, FCs, and
LED driver applications. The proposed converter is fully analyzed and design procedure
is also provided.

3
 CHAPTER 2

SEPIC CONVERTER

2 INTRODUCTION

The single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) is a type of DC/DC

converter that allows the electrical potential (voltage) at its output to be greater than, less
than, or equal to that at its input. The output of the SEPIC is controlled by the duty cycle
of the control transistor (S1). A SEPIC is essentially a boost converter followed by an
inverted buck-boost converter, therefore it is similar to a traditional buck-boost converter,
but has advantages of having non-inverted output (the output has the same voltage
polarity as the input), using a series capacitor to couple energy from the input to the
output (and thus can respond more gracefully to a short-circuit output),and being capable
of true shutdown when the switch S1 is turned off enough, the output (V0) drops to 0 V,
following a fairly hefty transient dump of charge.[1] SEPICs are useful in applications in
which a battery voltage can be above and below that of the regulator's intended output.
For example, a single lithium ion battery typically discharges from 4.2 volts to 3 volts; if
other components components require 3.3 volts, then the SEPIC would be effective

fig:Schematic of SEPIC

4
2.2CIRCUIT OPERATION

The schematic diagram for a basic SEPIC is shown in Figure 1. As with other switched
mode power supplies(specifically DC-to-DC converters), the SEPIC exchanges energy
between the capacitors and inductors in order to convert from one voltage to another. The
amount of energy exchanged is controlled by switch S1, which is typically a transistor
such as a MOSFET. MOSFETs offer much higher input impedance and lower voltage
drop than bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and do not require biasing resistors as
MOSFET switching is controlled by differences in voltage rather than a current, as with
BJTs.
2.2.1CONTINUOUS MODE

A SEPIC is said to be in continuous conduction mode ("continuous mode") if the

current through the inductor L1 never falls to zero. During a SEPIC's steady state
operation, the average voltage across capacitor C1 (VC1) is equal to the input voltage
(Vin). Because capacitor C1 blocks direct current (DC), the average current through it
(IC1) is zero, making inductor L2 the only source of DC load current. Therefore, the
average current
through inductor L2 (IL2) is the same as the average load current and hence independent
of the input voltage. Looking at average voltages, the following can be written
Vin = VL1 + Vc1+ VL2
Because the average voltage of VC1 is equal to VIN, VL1 = −VL2. For this reason, the
two inductors can be wound on the same core, which begins to resemble a Flyback
converter, the most basic of the transformer-isolated SMPS topologies. Since the voltages
are the same in magnitude, their effects on the mutual inductance will be zero, assuming
the polarity of the windings is correct. Also, since the voltages are the same in magnitude,
the ripple currents from the two inductors will be equal in magnitude. The average
currents can be summed as follows (average capacitor currents must be zero)
ID1 = IL1 – IL2
When switch S1 is turned on, current IL1 increases and the current IL2 goes more
negative. (Mathematically, it decreases due to arrow direction.) The energy to increase the

5
current IL1 comes from the input source. Since S1 is a short while closed, and the
instantaneous voltage VL1 is approximately VIN, the voltage VL2 is approximately −VC1.
Therefore, D1 is opened and the capacitor C1 supplies the energy to increase the
magnitude of the current in IL2 and thus increase the energy stored in L2. IL is supplied
by C2. The easiest way to visualize this is to consider the bias voltages of the circuit
in a d.c. state, then close S1.

fig: current flow for switch s1 closed

When switch S1 is turned off, the current IC1 becomes the same as the current IL1,since
inductors do not allow instantaneous changes in current. The current IL2 will continue in
the negative direction, in fact it never reverses direction. It can be seen from the diagram
that a negative IL2 will add to the current IL1 to increase the current delivered to the load.
Kirchhoff's Current Law, it can be shown that
ID1 = IC1 - IL2.
It can then be concluded, that while S1 is off, power is delivered to the load from both L2
and L1. C1, however is being charged by L1 during this off cycle (as C2 by L1 and
L2),and will in turn recharge L2 during the following on cycle. Because the potential
(voltage) across capacitor C1 may reverse direction every cycle, a non-polarized capacitor
should be used. However, a polarized tantalum or electrolytic capacitor may be used in
some cases, because the potential (voltage) across capacitor C1 will not change unless the
switch is closed long enough for a half cycle of resonance with inductor L2, and by this
time the current in inductor L1 could be quite large. The capacitor CIN has no effect on

6
the ideal circuit's analysis, but is required in actual regulator circuits to reduce the effects
of parasitic inductance and internal resistance of the power supply.

The boost/buck capabilities of the SEPIC are possible because of capacitor C1 and
inductor L2. Inductor L1 and switch S1 create a standard boost converter, which generates
a voltage (VS1) that is higher than VIN, whose magnitude is determined by the duty cycle
of the switch S1. Since the average voltage across C1 is VIN, the output voltage (VO) is
VS1 - VIN. If VS1 is less than double VIN, then the output voltage will be less than the
input voltage. If VS1 is greater than double VIN, then the output voltage will be greater
than the input voltage.

fig:Current flow during switch s1 is open

2.2.2 DISCONTINUOUS MODE

A SEPIC is said to be in discontinuous conduction mode or discontinuous mode if

current through the inductor L2 is allowed to fall to zero. Also, since the operating in
DCM has some disadvantages such as slow dynamic response, dependence on switching
frequency, output power, and the value of the inductors, and high current stress on the
semiconductors

7
2.3RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY

The voltage drop and switching time of diode D1 is critical to a SEPIC's reliability
and efficiency. The diode's switching time needs to be extremely fast in order to not
generate high voltage spikes across the inductors, which could cause damage to
components. Fast
Reliability and efficiency conventional diodes or Schottky diodes may be used .The
resistances in the inductors and the capacitors can also have large effects on the converter
efficiency and output ripple. Inductors with lower series resistance allow less energy to be
dissipated as heat, resulting in greater efficiency (a larger portion of the input power being
transferred to the load). Capacitors with low equivalent series resistance (ESR) should
also be used for C1 and C2 to minimize ripple and prevent heat build-up, especially in
C1where the current is changing direction frequently.

8
 CHAPTER 3
A NOVEL HIGH VOLTAGE GAIN NON COUPLED
INDUCTOR SEPIC CONVERTER
3.1 PRICIPLE OF OPERATION
The proposed non-coupled inductor high step-up gain converter is shown in Fig. 3.1.
According to Fig.3.1, the converter is based on the SEPIC topology and consists of two
switches 1 and 2, two diodes and , three non-coupled inductors 1, 2, and 3,
and three capacitors , and . Therefore, the modification of the SEPIC converter is
accomplished by adding four components, including 2, , , and 2. The DC input
source voltage and the circuit components , , 1, and 2 are operated as a boost
converter. Also, the two inductors 1 and 2 are switched simultaneously and are
connected in parallel/series during charging/discharging mode
.

Fig. 3.1. Proposed transformer less high step-up gain converter.

In order to simplify the analysis, the following assumption are considered:

1) The switches, diodes, and all the components are ideal.
2) All the capacitors are large enough and their voltages are assumed to be constant.
3) The number of turns in the two inductors 1 and 2 is equal. So,
1= 2= …………………………………………. (1)

9
Other observations are that the average inductor voltages are zero and the average
capacitor currents are zero for the steady-state operation. The proposed converter can
operate in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode
(DCM). The operating principles and the steady-state analysis of CCM and DCM are
described as follows.
3.2 MODES OF OPERATION
3.2.1. CCM OPERATION
Based on the aforementioned assumptions, there are two operating modes in one
switching period of the proposed converter under CCM. The operating modes are
described as follows.
Mode 1 (0<t<DTs): At the beginning of this mode, the switches 1 and 2 are turned on
simultaneously. The current flow path in this mode is shown in Fig. 3.2 The diodes
and are blocked and the source energy is transferred to the inductors 1, 2, and 3.
The input voltage is across the input inductors 1 and 2 while they are in parallel.
The energy stored in the output capacitor is discharged to the load. The voltages across
1 and 2 are obtained as
1= 2= ……………………(2)
And the voltage ( − + ) is across the inductor 3.
3= − + …………………… (3)

fig:3.2 Cuurent path in mode 1

10
Mode 2 (DTs <t<Ts): In this mode, the switches 1 and 2 are turned off and the diodes
and are turned on. The current flow path in this mode is illustrated in Fig. 3.3 The
source energy and the input inductors 1 and 2 are in series and their energies are
transferred to the load by the output diode and also to the auxiliary capacitor by the
auxiliary diode . Also, the energy stored in the inductor 3 is transferred to the output
by the diode . The currents and turns ratio of the input inductors are equal. Thus,
voltages across 1 and 2 in this mode are obtained as
1= 2 =( − + )/2………………………….. ..(4)

fig:3.3 waveforms of CCM operation

11
3.2.2 VOLTAGE GAIN

The voltage across the inductor 3 is

3=− …………………………………………………..(5)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path containing , 1, 2, 3, , and gives
− - + 1− − 3+ + 2 = 0 ………………(6)
Using the average of these voltages,
− +0− −0+ + 0 = 0…………………………... (7)
After simplifying, = – …………………………………………………………..(8)
By applying voltage-second balance principle on the inductors 1 or 2, and 3 and using
equations (1)-(5), we obtain:
( )
1/ (∫ +∫ dt = 0………………………….(9)
−
1/ (∫ ( + − ) +∫ − = 0………………..(10)
Since and are adequately large, − remains constant at its average value of
. Therefore, according to (8) and (10), the voltage of and can be achieved as
(11) and (12), respectively.
= ………………………………………………….…(11)

= Vin……………………………………………………(12)

Finally, by using (9) and (11), the voltage transfer gain M in CCM operation can be
found as follows
3 +1
=
1−

12
3.2.3 DCM OPERATION
The proposed converter will operate in DCM if the current reduces to zero
during the switching-off interval. Therefore, the proposed converter operation can be
divided into three modes under DCM operation. Mode1 and mode2 are the same as those
of CCM operation, and in mode 3, the switches 1 and 2 and the diodes and are
turned off and also the voltage across the inductors 1, 2, and 3 are approximately zero.
The key waveforms under DCM operation and the current flow path in mode 3 are shown
in Fig. 3.4 and Fig. 3.5, respectively

fig:3.4 Current path in mode 3

13
 fig:3.5Waveforms of DCM mode

Also, since the operating in DCM has some disadvantages such as slow dynamic
response, dependence on switching frequency, output power, and the value of the
inductors, and high current stress on the semiconductors the proposed converter should be
designed to operate under CCM condition .

14
 CHAPTER 4

COMPARISON WITH OTHER TOPOLOGIES

A comparative view from the features of the proposed topology and the
conventional SEPIC and boost converters, previous non-coupled inductor SEPIC-based
converters [6]-[7], and the converters in [8], [9] is provided in Table I. This comparison
presents the capability of the proposed converter from the voltage gain point of view with
respect to the other literature. The table indicates that the voltage gain of the proposed
converter is higher than the converters in [6]-[9], and classical SEPIC and boost
converters

4.1 TABLE 1

4.2 THE VOLTAGE GAIN AGAINST THE DUTY RATIO

The voltage gain against the duty ratio is plotted for the different converters and
presented in Fig. 4.1. According to Fig.4.1, with a duty-cycle of D=0.8, a static gain equal
to 17 is obtained for the proposed topology.

15
 fig:4.1voltage gain comparison

4.3THE VOLTAGE STRESS ON THE SWITCH

The voltage stress on the switch are compared in Fig. 4.2and

and Table I. As it can be
observed, the voltage stress across the switches for the proposed topology compared to the
converters in [6]-[9]] and conventional boost and SEPIC topologies is less which is more
suitable.

fig4.2voltage stress comparison

In addition,
ition, the total number of the elements in the proposed topology is less than the
converters in [6, [8]] which provide near voltage gain to our proposed converter.
Furthermore, the introduced converter has a continuous input current. Thus, it will be
more suitable
uitable for renewable energy applications. Accordingly, the proposed converter has
the advantages of the non-coupled
non coupled inductor converters and also high voltage gain, low
voltage stress on the elements, continuous input current, positive output, and using lower
lo
elements in comparison with the converters with near voltage gains in [7], [8
[8].

16
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
A novel non-coupled inductor high voltage gain SEPIC converter is introduced.the converter is
simple and modification of the SEPIC converter is accomplished by adding only four components. The
proposed converter has many advantages such as continuous input current, very high voltage gain, non-
inverting output voltage, and simple control system. Moreover, the very high voltage gain is achieved
without using any transformers and coupled inductors. Therefore, there is not any voltage overshoot across
the switches and no clamping circuit is needed. This effect reduces the conduction losses The steady-state
analysis of the converter under CCM and DCM operation and design considerations have been presented.
The voltage gain, voltage stress on the switches and diodes, and the number of the elements are compared
between the proposed converter and some other recent non-coupled inductor converters. According to the
presented results, the voltage gain of the proposed converter is higher than the other topologies. Also, the
percentage of the voltage stress on the switches with respect to the output voltage is less in the proposed
converter. In addition, the total number of the elements in the suggested converter is less than the other
converters which provide near voltage gain to the introduced converter.

17
 REFERENCE

[1] F. M. Shahir, E. Babaei, and M. Farsadi, "Analysis and design of voltage-lift

technique-based non-isolated boost dc–dc converter," IET Power Electronics, vol. 11,
DOI 10.1049/iet-pel.2017.0259, no. 6, pp. 1083-1091, Nov. 2017.

[2] K.-B. Park, G.-W. Moon, and M.-J. Youn, "Nonisolated high step-up boost converter
integrated with sepic converter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, DOI
10.1109/TPEL.2010.2046650, no. 9, pp. 2266-2275, Sep. 2010.

[3] F. L. Tofoli, D. de Castro Pereira, W. J. de Paula, and D. d. S. O. Júnior, "Survey on

non-isolated high-voltage step-up dc–dc topologies based on the boost converter," IET
power Electronics, vol. 8, DOI 10.1049/iet-pel.2014.0605, no. 10, pp. 2044-2057, Jul.
2015.
[4] R.-J. Wai, C.-Y. Lin, R.-Y. Duan, and Y.-R. Chang, "High-efficiency DC-DC
converter with high voltage gain and reduced switch stress," IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, DOI 10.1109/TIE.2006.888794, no. 1, pp. 354-364, Feb.
2007.

[5] R. Moradpour, H. Ardi, and A. Tavakoli, "Design and Implementation of a New

SEPIC-Based High Step-Up DC/DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications,"
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, DOI 10.1109/TIE.2017.2733421,
no. 2, pp. 1290-1297, Feb. 2018.

[6] R. Gules, W. M. Dos Santos, F. A. Dos Reis, E. F. R. Romaneli, and A. A. Badin, "A
modified SEPIC converter with high static gain for renewable applications," IEEE
transactions on power electronics, vol. 29, DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2296053, no. 11, pp.
5860-5871, Nov. 2014.

[7] M. Zhu and F. Luo, "Series SEPIC implementing voltage-lift technique for DC–DC
power conversion," IET Power Electronics, vol. 1, DOI 10.1049/iet-pel:20060494, no. 1,
pp. 109-121, Mar. 2008.

18
[8] M. R. Banaei and S. G. Sani, "Analysis and implementation of a new SEPIC-based
single switch buck-boost dc-dc converter with continuous input current," IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2799876, Jan. 2018.

[9] M. R. Banaei and H. A. F. Bonab, "A novel structure for single-switch nonisolated
transformerless buck–boost DC–DC converter," IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 64, DOI 10.1109/TIE.2016.2608321, no. 1, pp. 198-205, Jan. 2017.

[10] M. R. Banaei, H. Ardi, and A. Farakhor, "Analysis and implementation of a new

single-switch buck–boost DC/DC converter," IET Power Electronics, vol. 7, DOI
10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0762, no. 7, pp. 1906

19