CAIRO UNIVERSITY FLUID MECHANICS

Faculty of Engineering 2ND Year Civil Eng.

Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011

Sheet 5 Model Answer

Problem (1):
Sol.
a) Fx = ρ Q v = 1000 * π(0.05)2/4 * 60 * 60 = 7068.58 N

b) Fx = ρ Qr vr = 1000 * π(0.05)2/4 * (60 – 20) * (60 – 20) = 3141.6 N

c) Fx = ρ Q vr = 1000 * π(0.05)2/4 * 60 * (60 – 20) = 4712.4 N

Output power = Fx * u = 4712.4 * 20 = 94247.78 watt

Input power = γ Q H = γ Q v2/2g = 9810 * π(0.05)2/4 * 60 * (60)2/2g = 212057.5 watt

η = Output power / input power = 44.44 %

Problem (2):
Sol.

Fs = 0

Q = Q1 + Q2 -------------------------------------(1)

Fs = ρ Q v cos θ – ( ρ Q1 v - ρ Q2 v ) = 0

Q cos θ = Q1 - Q2 ---------------------------(2)

By solving 1 & 2

Q1 = Q (1+ cos θ ) / 2

Q2 = Q (1- cos θ ) / 2

Fn = ρ Q v sin θ

Fx = Fn sin θ = ρ Q v sin2θ

Fy = - Fn cos θ = - ρ Q v sin θ cos θ

Problem (3):
Sol.

a) Fx = ρ Q v – (-ρ Q v cos 60) = ρ Q v (1 +cos 60)

= 1000 * 10 *10-4 * 30 * 30 (1 + 0.5) = 1350 N

Fy = ρ Q v sin 60 = 1000 * 10 *10-4 * 30 * 30 sin 60 = 779.42 N

R =√ Fx2 + Fy2 = 1558.85 N

θ = tan-1 ( Fy / Fx) = 30°

b) Fx = ρ Qr vr (1 + cos 60)= 1000 *10 *10-4 * (30 – 15) * (30 – 15) * 1.5 = 337.5 N

Fy = ρ Qr vr sin 60 = 1000 * 10 *10-4 * (30 – 15) * (30 – 15) sin 60 = 194.856 N

R =√ Fx2 + Fy2 = 389.71 N

θ = tan-1 ( Fy / Fx) = 30°

c) Fx = ρ Q vr (1+cos 60) = 1000 * 10 * 10-4 * 30 * (30 – 15) (cos 60+1) = 675 N

Output power = Fx * u = 675 * 15 = 10125 watt

Input power = γ Q H = γ Q v2/2g = 9810 *10 * 10-4 * 30 * (30)2/2g = 13500 watt

η = Output power / input power = 75 %

Problem (4):
Sol.

P1 = 0.5 kg/cm2 = 0.5 * 104 kg/m2

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / γ = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / γ

0 + Q2 / 2 g A12 + 0.5 * 104/1000 = 0 + 0 + Q2 / 2 g A22

Qth = 0.007 m3/sec

Qact = Cd Qth = Cv * Cc * Qth = 0.97 * 1 * 0.007 = 0.00682 m /sec

( Cc = 1 for nozzle )

v1act = Qact / A1 = 0.8682 m /sec

v2 = Qact / A2 = 9.646 m /sec

Apply the momentum Eqn. In X-direction

P1 A1 – R = ρ Q v2 - ρ Q v1 = ρ Q( v2 - v1)

0.5 * 104 * 9.81 * π/4 (0.1)2 – R = 1000 * 0.00682 * (9.646 – 0.8682)

R = 325.37 N Force exerted on water

The force exerted on nozzle = 325.37 N which equals the force exerted by the nozzle
on the pipeline.

Problem (5):
Sol.

P1 = 0.7 kg/cm2
Q = 100 lit/sec = 0.1 m3/sec
W = 100 kg

Q = A1 v1 = A2 v2

V1 = Q / A1 = 1.415 m /sec

v2 = Q / A2 = 3.183 m /sec

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / γ = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / γ
0 + (1.415)2/ 2 g + 0.7 * 104 / 1000= 1.5 + (3.183)2 / 2g + P2 / γ

P2 = 49890.37 N/m2

Apply the momentum Eqn. In X-direction

P1 A1 + P2 A2 cos 60 - Fx =- ρ Q v2 cos 60- ρ Q v1= - ρ Q( v2 cos60 + v1)

0.7 * 104 * 9.81* π/4(0.3)2 + 49890.37 * π/4(0.2)2 * 0.5 - Fx

= - 1000*0.1(3.183 * 0.5 + 1.415)

Fx = 5938.32 N Force exerted on water

Apply the momentum Eqn. In Y-direction

Fy – W - P2 A2 sin 60 = ρ Q v2 sin 60 - 0

Fy – 100 * 9.81 * 94890.37 * π/4(0.2)2 sin60 = 1000 * 0.1 (3.183 sin 60)

Fy = 2614.02 N Force exerted on water

Force exerted on the bend

Fx = 5938.32 N
Fy = 2614.02 N

Force required to hold the bend in position.

Fx = 5938.32 N
Fy = 2614.02 N

Problem (6):
Sol.

P1 = 2 kg/cm2

v1 = 3 m/sec

Q = A1 v1 = π/4 (0.3)2 * 3 = 0.212 m3/sec

v2 = Q / A2 = 6 m /sec

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / γ = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / γ

0 + (3)2/ 2 g + 2 * 104/1000= 0 + (6)2 / 2g + P2 / γ

P2 = 18623.853 kg/m2

Apply the momentum Eqn. In X-direction

P1 A1 – 2 * P2 A2 cos 30 - Fx =2 * ρ Q/2 v2 cos 30- ρ Q v1= 2 ρ Q/2 v2 cos30 - ρ Q v1

2 * 104 * 9.81 * π/4(0.3)2 – 2 * 18623.853 * 9.81 * π/4(0.15)2 * cos30 - Fx

= 1000 * 0.212 (6 cos60 – 3 )

Fx = 7810.92 N Force exerted on water

Apply the momentum Eqn. In Y-direction

Fy - P2 A2 sin 30 + P2 A2 sin 30 = ρ Q/2 ( v2 sin 30 - v2 sin 30 )

Fy = 0

Force exerted on the Y – shaped connection = 7810.92 N

Problem (7):
Sol.

Q = 75 lit/sec = 0.075 m3/sec

Q = A1 v1 = A2 v2

V1 = Q / A1 = 4.244 m /sec

v2 = Q / A2 = 9.55 m /sec

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / γ = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / γ

0 + (4.244)2/ 2 g + P1 / γ = 0 + (9.55)2 / 2g + 0

P1 = 36588.21 N/m2

Apply the momentum Eqn. In X-direction

P1 A1 - Fx =- ρ Q v2 cos 45 - ρ Q v1= - ρ Q( v2 cos45 - v1)

36588.21 * π/4(0.15)2 - Fx = - 1000*0.06 ( 9.55 cos45 – 4.244 )

Fx = 496.073 N Force exerted on water

Apply the momentum Eqn. In Y-direction

Fy = ρ Q v2 sin 45

Fy = 1000 * 0.075* (9.55 sin 45)

Fy = 506.43 N Force exerted on water

Force exerted on the elbow

Fx = 496.073 N

Fy = 506.43 N

R = √ Fx2 + Fy2 = 708.913 N

θ= tan-1 (Fy/Fx) = 45.6°

R = the force exerted by elbow on the pipeline.

Problem (8):
Sol.

Cc = 0.6
Cd = 0.55

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / γ = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / γ

5 + Q2 / 2 g A12 + 0 = 0.5 + 0 + Q2 / 2 g A22

Where A1 = 5 * 1 = 5 m2 & A2 = 0.5 * 1 = 0.5 m2

Qth = 4.722 m3/sec

Qact = Cd * Qth = 2.833 m3/sec

v1 = Qact / A1 = 0.5666 m /sec

A2act = Cc * A2act = 0.6 * 0.5= 0.3 m/sec

v2 = Qact / A2act = 19.443 m /sec

Apply the momentum Eqn. In X-direction

F1 – F2 – R = ρ Q v2 - ρ Q v1

γ A1h1 - γ A2h2 – R = ρ Q( v2 - v1)

9810 * 5 * 2.5 – 9810 * 0.3 * 0.15 - R = 1000*2.833 ( 9.443 – 0.5666 )

R = 97034.05 N Force exerted by the gate on water

R = 97034.05 N Force exerted by water on the gate

Problem (9):
Sol.

Sudden Enlargement

v1 = Q/A1 = 0.06/(π/4(0.25)2) = 1.222 m/sec

v2 = Q/A2 = 0.06/(π/4(0.35)2) = 0.624 m/sc

hl1-2 = (v1-v2)2/2g = 0.018 m

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

0+ v12 / 2 g + P1 / γ = 0 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / γ + hl1-2

(P2 – P1 )/ γ = ( v12 – v22 )/ 2 g - hl1-2

ΔP = 0.038 m of water.

Sudden contraction

V2 = Q/A2 = 0.06/(π/4(0.25)2) = 1.222 m/sec

V1 = Q/A1 = 0.06/(π/4(0.35)2) = 0.624 m/sc

hl1-2 = (1/Cc –1)2 v22/2g = 0.0824 m

hl0-2 = (1/0.85) hl1-2 = 0.097 m

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

0+ v12 / 2 g + P1 / γ = 0 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / γ + hl1-2

(P1 – P2 )/ γ = ( v22 - v12 )/ 2 g + hl1-2

ΔP = 0.153 m of water.

Problem (10):
Sol.

Case 1
v = Cv √ 2gh = 14.25 m/sec

Fx = ρ Q v = 800 * π/4(0.05)2 *14.25 * 14.25 = 318.96 N

Case 2

Fx = ρ Q vr = 800 * π/4(0.05)2 * 14.25 * (14.25 – 5 ) = 207.05 N