Bone orientation elements

CONTENTS

Vertebra.....................................................................................................................................................................2

Atlas (1st cervical vertebra)........................................................................................................................................2

Axis (2nd cervical vertebra).........................................................................................................................................2

Sacrum (and Coccyx).................................................................................................................................................2

Sternum.....................................................................................................................................................................2

Ribs (with the exception of 1st rib)............................................................................................................................2

1st rib..........................................................................................................................................................................2

Clavicle.......................................................................................................................................................................3

Scapula......................................................................................................................................................................3

Humerus....................................................................................................................................................................3

Ulna (Cubitus)............................................................................................................................................................3

Radius........................................................................................................................................................................3

Hip bone....................................................................................................................................................................3

Femur........................................................................................................................................................................3

Patella........................................................................................................................................................................4

Tibia...........................................................................................................................................................................4

Fibula (Peroneus)......................................................................................................................................................4

Mandible...................................................................................................................................................................4
VERTEBRA

- anterior: the cylindrical portion (the body)

- inferior: the posterior process (spinous process) points also inferiorly

ATLAS (1 S T CERVICAL VERTEBRA)

- the arch with a small articular facet oriented towards the foramen: anterior OR on the dorsal surface of
the anterior arch is a facet

- the concave and kidney-shaped articular processes face superiorly

AXIS (2 N D CERVICAL VERTEBRA)

- the dens points superiorly

- the body: anterior OR anterior: strong vertical process

SACRUM (AND COCCYX)

- anterior: the concave surface

- superior: the base

STERNUM

- superior: the base (enlarged extremity)

- dorsal: concave surface

RIBS (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF 1 S T RIB)

- Medial: concave surface

- Dorsal: round extremity (the head)

- Inferior: margin with groove

1 S T RIB

- Medial: concave margin

- Superior: surface with a tubercle

 - Dorsal: round extremity (the head)

CLAVICLE

- lateral: flat extremity

- inferior: surface with groove

- anterior: the margin which is concave in the lateral half

SCAPULA

- dorsal: surface with strong process

- superior: sharpest margin

- lateral: thickest angle

HUMERUS

- Proximal: extremity with spherical surface

- Medial: the spherical surface on the proximal extremity

- Ventral: groove on the proximal extremity

ULNA (CUBITUS)

- proximal: greater extremity

- anterior: large notch on proximal extremity

- lateral: sharpest margin on the shaf

RADIUS

- distal: larger extremity

- dorsal: surface with grooves on the distal extremity

- medial: sharpest margin on the shaf

HIP BONE

- lateral: surface with a great cavity

- inferior: the notch on the margin of the great cavity

- posterior: the border of bone with a deep notch

FEMUR
 - Proximal: extremity with spherical surface

- Medial: the spherical surface on the proximal extremity

- Dorsal: rough line on the shaf

PATELLA

- proximal: the base

- posterior: the surface with 2 articular facets

- lateral: the deeper and broader articular facet

TIBIA

- Distal: smaller extremity

- Anterior: sharpest border on the shaf

- Medial: strong process on the distal extremity

FIBULA (PERONEUS)

- Distal: flat extremity with a deep groove

- Dorsal: the deep groove on the distal extremity

- Medial: the polished (articular) surface on the distal extremity

MANDIBLE

- Superior: the margin with teeth sockets (alveoli)

- Posterior: the concave surface