Original Article

Journal of Reinforced Plastics

and Composites

Jute-reinforced non-woven composites 2017, Vol. 36(3) 206–213

! The Author(s) 2016
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as a thermal insulator and sound sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0731684416679745
absorber – A review jrp.sagepub.com

Mohamed Zakriya1, G Ramakrishnan2, N Gobi3,

NK Palaniswamy4 and J Srinivasan2

Abstract
Natural fibres are widely used in different applications and one of the important applications is sound insulation. The
research trends in the improvement of thermal and sound insulation of the jute-based composite materials filled with
polymer materials are studied by the researchers. Jute fibres exhibit admirable heat and sound insulation properties but
this has not been completely researched as yet. A detailed information related to enrich the insulation properties of jute
non-woven-reinforced polymer composites based on its design of manufacturing, density of composites, morphology,
structural parameters of fibre batting, number of layers and recent strategies are discussed for its high-performance
potential applications.

Keywords
Jute, hollow-conjugated polyester, thermal insulator, sound absorber, composites

when compared with other natural fibre, such as sisal,

Introduction
To promote natural fibre and material, the year 2009 is
considered as the international year of the natural fibre
(IYNF).1 Natural fibres are significant agricultural
biomass contributing towards the economy. The mas-
sive and extensive range accessibility of natural fibre
can diminish the stress on forest and agriculture. The
usage of diverse natural fibres as raw materials will
support to retain an ecological balance of nature.2 So,
an upturn in the usage of composites reinforced with
natural fibre has been experimented due to the numer-
ous advantages such as easy availability, light weight,
nonabrasive nature, low cost, low CO2 emission, recyc-
lable, renewability, and biodegradability.3–6 It is an
alternative to the conventional glass–fibre polymer
composites in a variety of applications, especially in
transportation, due to its high-specific stiffness.7,8
Jute is an important natural fibre occupying second
place in the economic market after the cotton and
mainly utilized for industrial application.9 India,
Bangladesh, China, Nepal and Thailand are the major
producers of jute accounting for over 95% of the global
output.10 Good mechanical properties of jute fibres
coir, and ramie are intended to make reinforced non-
woven composites.11 The nonabrasive nature of jute,
which permits higher fibre loading and low rate of
damage to the mould is compared with the glass fibre
composite quality.12
The structure of jute is porous,13 and it is a good
insulator of heat.14 Jute fibres have a high potential to
be used as a sound absorber material.15 Krach et al.16
found shape and distribution of the voids which deter-
mines the effective thermal conductivity.16 The SEM
images show macroscopic structural feature of jute
1
Reley Intimate, Tamilnadu, India
2
Kumaraguru College of Technology, Department of Fashion Technology,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Anna University Chennai, Department of Textile Technology, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India
4
KS Rangasamy College of Technology, Department of Textile
Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
Corresponding author:
Mohamed Zakriya, Reley Intimate, 23-1 Kathirasan Road, Muniappan
Kovil Lane, B. Komarapalayam, Tamilnadu 638183, India.
Email: mohamedzakriya_razvi@rediffmail.com
Zakriya et al.
Figure 1. SEM images of Jute fibre.17
Table 1. Basic properties of jute fibre.19,20
Physical properties Chemical properties (%)
Density – 1.3 g/m3 Cellulose – 61 to 71.5
Fineness – 15–35 Denier Hemicellulose – 13.6
to 20.40
Elongation – 1.5 to 1.8 % Pectin – 0.2
Tensile strength – 393 Lignin – 12–13
to 773 Mpa
Young’s Modulus – 26.5 Wax – 0.5
Moisture content – 12.6 % – insulating ability of a material is stated by the thermal
such as the combination of porous structure and voids
of jute in the Figure 1.
Table 1 lists the basic physical and chemical proper-
ties of Jute fibre. The basic components of a fibrous
material contain fibre and often moisturized air, creat-
ing a complex multiphase and multi scale structure. The
fibre was settled in the space by certain spongy forms,
yielding numerous intersected voids that are filled by
the air. Once the heat flow passes through the material,
a complex thermal transfer process will take place in
the material. From the microview, the heat flow is car-
ried alternately between the air and the fiber.18
Lignin is the most complex polymer among the nat-
urally occurring high-molecular weight materials with
an amorphous structure.21 It degrades above 200 C,
and up to this limitation many kinds of thermoplastic22
and thermoset materials can be added and used as resin
material to produce composites. Generally, Jute fibre
composite materials are manufactured along with the
matrix comprising organic, polyester, polypropylene,
thermo stable, vinyl ester, phenolic and epoxy resins.
Jute non-wovens produced by the needle punched
method possess superior mechanical properties and
functional properties.23 Jute fibre is a good insulator
of heat compared to various blends of jute non-wovens.
Woolenised jute non-wovens show the improved
207
thermal insulation property.14,24 Jute non-wovens also
act as a sound absorber and exhibits superior sound
insulation characteristics.25,26 Generally, needle
punched non-woven fabric has the advantages of low-
manufacturing cost and good tensile strength, which
helps in easy fabrication of composites.27
Parameters for thermal insulation
Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer
between objects with different temperatures. The
conductivity which is the property of a material to con-
duct heat.28 The function of insulation materials is to
diminish the flow of heat through its construction.
The passage of heat can normally be shared in three
parts: conduction through solid, convection through
gas phase and radiation through pores.29
Natural convection is primarily a density
phenomenon. The size, shape and orientation of the
cell containing the fluid are the factors affecting the con-
vective heat transfer. Convection is controlled or elimi-
nated by the creation of small cells within which the
temperature gradients are small. Conduction is con-
trolled by the use of less conductive elements and break-
ing the continuous structure. Radiation can be controlled
by the emittance of the surfaces involved or by the inser-
tion of absorbing or reflecting surfaces (sheets, fibers,
particles, etc.) between the two temperature boundaries.
Radiation is the primary mode of heat transfer.30 The
experiments of Hager and Steere31 show that fibre con-
duction accounts for only 0.3% of the total heat transfer.
When the density of the material decreased, it
reduces the solid conduction. The actual conductivity
in the solid will not change, but the cross section area of
the solid material will affect the solid conduction
per square meter.29 The gas conductivity can be
decreased by decreasing the pore size of the material.
The collisions between the gas molecules and the solid
are elastic in nature, which transfers small amount of
208
energy compared to the collisions between gas mol-
ecules. Smaller pores lead to a higher probability of
collisions with pore walls compared to gas molecules.32
Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by all the surfaces
and transfers the heat. The net radiation is due to the
difference of radiation from the warm surface to the
cold surface. The rate of heat transfer through radi-
ation is dependent by the surface temperature.29
Heat flow through the fibrous insulations has been
confirmed by the function of the thermal conductivity
and mechanical properties of the fibres. It purely
depends on each fibre contact, the amount of fibres,
stuffing geometry, and the temperature variance per
unit thickness. In the case of multilayer insulations,
local variations in compression and the thermal resist-
ance at each contact point, especially between the foils,
have a great effect on the heat flow properties of the
multilayer insulation assembly.33
The increase of thickness assembly improves the
thermal insulation, reduces the conduction and radi-
ation of heat transfer. By increasing the total amount
of entrapped air within the thicker webs reduces the
conduction of heat transfer.34 Tortuous path created
by the fibres of the thicker webs reduces the fibre to
fibre conduction.30 The ‘tortuous path’ or smaller
mean free path created by the fibres reduces the radi-
ation by increasing the absorption and/or scattering the
radiation within the batting.34,35
Non-woven batting materials typically possess suffi-
ciently small void spaces with entrapped air layers are a
reason to prevent the convective heat transfer.36 Web
layering is an actual means of increasing insulation
because it contributes air layers and thickness without
adding proportionally to the weight or to the thickness
of the batting.37
Parameters for sound insulation
Audio frequency is typically cited as approximately
20 Hz–20 KHz.38 The most important frequencies for
hearing and understanding the communication lie in
between 500 and 2048 Hz.39 Managing the acoustic
environment for the health, safety, and comfort of
people from the noisy environments necessitates a
need of good acoustic absorber. The morphology of
acoustic absorber, its pore size, isotropy and hybrid
structure with distinct regions of different materials
determines the efficiency of acoustic absorbent.40
The kinetic energy of the sound is converted into
heat energy when the sound strikes the fibres surface.
Sound dampened is happened through the porous sur-
face of fibrous material by means of frictional losses,
momentum losses and through the temperature fluctu-
ations.41 The mass law predicts that the transmission
loss will increase by approximately 6 dB for doubling of
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36(3)
the surface mass using thicker material or denser
material.42
The number of fibres per unit area increases; this
increases the apparent density of the material. High
density of the sample increases the sound absorption
value in the mid to high frequency ranges.43 The
increase in thickness results the decrease in air perme-
ability and improve the sound absorption properties of
the material.44
Non-woven samples show high-sound absorption
coefficients at high frequencies (2000–6300 Hz),
low-sound absorption coefficients at low frequen-
cies(100–400 Hz) and better sound absorption coeffi-
cients at mid (500–1600 Hz) frequencies.45 Increases of
distance between the sample and sound source, increase
the sound absorption value.46
Jute fibre composite as an insulator
Naturally occurring materials usually consist of a
number of constituents, its volume fractions, sizes,
shapes, orientations, and on how perfect the bonding
between these constituents decides its insulation phe-
nomenon.47 Natural fibre composites of thermoplastics
and thermosets have been adopted by the European car
makers, from the perception that they are green and
eco-friendly.48
Jute is a vegetable fibre belongs to plants genus of
Corchorus and the family of Tiliaceae. It is composed
primarily of cellulose and lignin, and thus a ligno-
cellulosic fibre called partially textile fibre and partially
wood.49 The jute fibre cell contains a closed longitu-
dinal void branded as lumen and has a finite hole in
the centre of the cell.50,51 Due to its good thermal insu-
lation and electrical insulation properties, jute fibre is
considered as a promising reinforcing material in com-
posites manufacturing technology.52–54
Jute anisotropy value is 5.4, its thermal conductivity
value in traverse and longitudinal direction is
0.268 W/mK and 1.712 W/mK, respectively, as com-
pared to cotton; jute exhibited more anisotropy value
and next to linen, among tested natural fibres.55 Siva
et al.56 found that, jute fibre thermal conductivity is
0.036 W/m K and he stated, incorporation of jute
fibre considerably increases the thermal stability of
hybrid composites which is possibly due to the higher
thermal stability of jute fibre than banana fibre.
Mohanty et al.57 in his experiment found that the
thermal conductivity value of jute felt is 0.064 W/m.K
in the temperature range from 50 to 80 C. From
thermo gravimetric analysis, he suggested to use jute
and its derivatives in an application up to a temperature
of 260 C and it can be further enhanced with suitable
chemical treatment.57 Juan et al.58 found that jute/poly-
ester resin skins have a thermal conductivity value of
Zakriya et al. 209

0.092 W/m.K and jute fibre honey comb have a thermal
conductivity value of 0.094 W/m.K shown the best per-
formance insulator Value. Zakriya et al.59 in their
research work of thermal properties of jute and
hollow-conjugated polyester fibre-reinforced non-
woven composite, the thermal conductivity value
0.0193W/m.K is predicted by response surface
method graph.59 A material can be considered as an
appropriate thermal insulator if its thermal conductiv-
ity is 0.15 W/m.K or less.60
The technical sectors of composites using bicompo-
nent fibres yield interesting results. Low-melting tem-
perature of sheath fibre would be a key bonding
technique to produce a thermo-bonded composite
using hot compression pressing method,61–63 whereas
core of the fibre would not melt and remains in the
hollow form. The core fibre has a duty to upkeep
the sheath in its fibrous state.64 Sheath of bi component
fibre melting would promote a homogeneous
matrix.65,66 The un-melted polyester non-woven
granules, fragments along with fibres, porous structure
possessed excellent performance for absorption of
high-frequency sound waves, especially above 2000 Hz.67
Table 2. LOI.51
Limiting oxygen
Material volume index (%)
Natural rubber 18.5
Cellulose 19
Fibre board 22.1
Wool 25
2.5% NR latex jute composite 29.3
5% NR latex jute composite 30.2
Thermal bonding of wool and bi-component polyester
mixture exhibits very good sound absorption properties
in the mid and high frequency ranges.44
The degradation of jute composites occurred in two
stages but glass fibre composites occurred in one stage.68
Compared to glass or carbon-reinforced composites, a
better sound-absorbing property is shown by unique
hollow and multi-scale structures of natural fibre-rein-
forced composites. Ramie, flax and jute fibres (higher
than 0.9) show highest sound absorption coefficient
values in 1000 to 2000 Hz frequencies ranges.69
Jute composites exhibit more significant acoustical
attenuation properties as well as flammability properties
than glass fibre in terms of limiting oxygen volume index.
Comparatively LOI values are provided in Table 2. The
pores between cylindrical fibres of the jute fibres are of
approximately triangular in cross section. Therefore, the
thermal characteristic length is 1.14 times to the viscous
characteristic length from the Allard model.70
Oldham et al. found that the jute fibre shows 0.20
absorption coefficient at 500 Hz53,71 and compressed
jute fibres in the form of felt is an excellent insulating
and acoustic material.72 Sound absorption coefficient
value of jute composites are shown in Table 3. Low thick-
nesses of 5 mm jute-based composites have a sound trans-
mission class of 39.5, whereas 88.9 mm thickness of fibre
glass had 52 STC.73 Hybrid structures could be added to
improve the efficiency of the acoustic absorber.40
Mechanical strength of jute-based
composites
Chandan9 reported that nonabrasive nature of jute
permits higher fibre loading and low rate of damage
to the mould compared to glass. The random

Table 3. Absorption coefficient of jute composites.45,74,75

Thickness Aerial 100–400 700 1200 2200 2500 3000 3200

Composition (%) (mm) density (g/m2) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)

Jute/PET/PP 15.5 871 – – – – 0.619 0.728

(35/35/30)
Jute/PET/PP 7.87 679 – – – – 0.374 0.451
(35/35/30)
Jute/PET/PP 10.1 1008 0.1 0.21 0.49 0.573 0.698 0.71
(35/35/30)
Jute/PP (50/50) 8.37 728 – – – – 0.738 0.515
Jute/PP (50/50) 10.05 920 – – – – 0.871 0.643
Jute non-woven (100) 5.64 560.9 0.03 – 0.1 – – – 0.47
Jute non-woven (100) 11.3 – 0.06 – 0.26 – – – 0.87
Jute non-woven (100) 16.7 – 0.09 – 0.44 – – – 0.92
Jute non-woven (100) 22.6 – 0.12 0.64 – – – 0.95
210
distribution of short fibre is the simplest feasible form
to produce composites for complex components espe-
cially for automobile parts.76–78 The best mechanical
properties were achieved on 40% jute containing
PVC-based composites79; 40% jute fibre-reinforced
PP composite exhibited the highest tensile strength80;
45% of untreated jute fibre content composites shows
the highest mechanical properties.81 When the fibre
weight content increased, the Izod impact strength
and the total impact energy of jute mat composites
were increased.82
Acha et al.83 used 4–656% weight of jute fabric
reinforced with unsaturated polyester resin proved
that Young’s modulus of the composites increased sig-
nificantly. Dash et al.84 found that 60% weight of jute
fibre unsaturated polyester composites has the max-
imum tensile strength of 132 MPa and Young’s modu-
lus of 2.9 GPa.84 The thermal mechanical properties of
composites did not differ very much for the different
natural fibres. It is largely dependent upon the selection
of bonding fibres and its percentage of volume, critic-
ally important for manufacturing high-performance
automotive non-woven composites.85 Polyester has
higher thermal resistance and specific heat resistance
than polypropylene.86
Applications of insulated composites
Composites intended for structural application have a
void content less than 1% is required for aerospace
applications, 5% is acceptable for automotive and
marine applications.87 Functional requirements of build-
ing regarding to acoustic and thermal insulation per-
formance will be improved by adopting the insulated
composites. A good insulator on interior walls may
reduce the energy consumption for heating and cooling.
Composite alone may be used as wall coverings, ceilings
and side coverings in building blocks, which reduces the
cost of building construction, operation, end of life and
save the natural blue metals.88 Composites can be
attached to various components of automotive interior
trims such as door panels, headliners, floor-coverings,
trunk liners, package trays and etc. Furniture could be
made by this insulated composites, would provide safety
at the working place of surrounded electronic gadgets.
Low weight and less bulky insulated composites can be
utilized in winter jackets.89
Conclusion
Jute is an effective natural fibre which can be used for
the thermal insulation and sound absorption applica-
tions.90 The composites which are made up with jute
results in excellent thermal insulation and sound
absorption properties than the fibrous form of jute.
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36(3)
Jute-based composites performance and its different
properties attained by altering various design param-
eters such as thickness, needling density, weight and
composition of fibre percentage and the process param-
eters such as pressure level, time and temperature vari-
ations on compression moulding of composites.
Number of layers, hybrid structure, bi- component
fibre, bonding fibre selection or matrix, etc. provides
a wide range of designs to composites. Choices of
right process selection can be made for the expected
outcome material, which have intended for a particular
application with specific requirements.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research,
authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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