Better Practice Guide Waste

for Waste Management
in Multi-unit Dwellings
Better Practice Guide
Better Practice Guide for Waste Management in Multi-unit Dwellings

Acknowledgement
The Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW acknowledges the work undertaken by GHD Pty Ltd in
the development of the draft version of the Better Practice Guide for Waste Management in Multi-Unit Dwellings.
The Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW (DECC) has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that
the contents of this document are factual and free of error, omission or inaccurate information. The Department of
Environment and Climate Change NSW shall not be liable for any damage or loss that may occur in relation to any
person taking or not taking action on the basis of this document.
Published by
Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW
59–61 Goulburn Street, PO Box A290, Sydney South 1232
Phone (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard)
Phone 131 555 (environment information and publications requests)
Phone 1300 361 967 (national parks information and publications requests)
Fax (02) 9995 5999
TTY (02) 9211 4723
Email info@environment.nsw.gov.au
Website www.environment.nsw.gov.au
ISBN 978 1 74122 594 5
DECC 2008/42
June 2008
Copyright © Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW 2008

Printed on 9lives, containing 80% recycled fibre and 20% totally chlorine free pulp and is ISO 14001 certified.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
What is better practice? 5
Why incorporate better practice? 5
What is in this guide? 7
How does the MUD Guide link in with other 8
planning requirements and other codes and policies?
What is my role? 8
How to use this guide 10
2 All Developments
Council service provision 13
Risks to health and safety associated with the 13
handling and disposal of waste and recycled material
Resident access to garbage and recycling services 15
Bins and containers 15
Waste handling equipment 16
Storage 16
Contracts 18
Collection point 19
Access to the collection point for service providers 20
Composting 21
Noise 22
Odour 22
Hygiene/vermin 22
Visual amenity 23
Security 23
Signs and education 23
Ongoing management 24
3 Villas and Townhouses
Issues for consideration 25
Better practice waste and recycling systems and services 25
Example diagrams 29
4 Low-Rise Developments
Better practice garbage and recycling systems and services 31
Storage – space and location 34
Garbage and recycling collection point 34
Example diagrams 35
5 Residential Blocks 4-7 Storeys
Supporting infrastructure 43
Access 44
Example diagrams 45
6 High-Rise Residential Blocks More Than Seven Storeys
Access 55
Example diagrams 56
7 Mixed Use Development
Better practice garbage and recycling systems 60
Access 68
Example diagrams 69
8 Integrated Housing Developments
Better practice garbage and recycling systems 72
Access considerations 72
Waste collection point 73
Example diagrams 74
Appendices
A Waste Generation Rates 77
B Waste Management Equipment 87
C Collection Vehicles 95
D Vehicle Access/Turning Circles 99
E Standard Signage 105
F Checklist 106
Glossary
Glossary
Better practice waste Better practice waste management refers to installing and maintaining services and
management infrastructure that enable garbage, recycling, organics and bulky waste handling
systems and collection services to be made in a way that achieves the best possible
waste minimisation and resource recovery outcome.
Better practice management systems include effective, efficient and safe systems for
both their ease of use by residents and their ability to be serviced by collection crews.
Bulk bins For the purpose of this guide, bulk bins refer to garbage and recycling bins
with capacity of 1m3 or greater. Bulk bins are generally fitted with wheels for
manoeuvrability.
Bulky waste services Services and facilities to manage bulky household items that would not be collected
in a typical garbage service, such as furniture or white goods.
Collection point The point from which garbage or recycling is collected and transferred from the
storage receptacle to the collection vehicle.
Development Development Control Plans (DCP) support local environmental plans and provide
control plan specific, more comprehensive guidelines for types of development or small sections
of the planned Local Government Area.
Garbage services Services and facilities to manage residual domestic wastes, ie those not collected
by a dedicated recycling or organics service.
Indemnity Indemnity means that a party providing services to a particular property will not be
held responsible for any loss or damage to such property as a result of the routine
provision of the service.
Local Environmental Local environmental plans are prepared by councils to guide planning decisions
Plan for Local Government Areas. Through zoning and development controls, they allow
councils to supervise the ways in which land is used.
Mobile garbage bin A bin with wheels that can be moved around. For the purpose of this guide, the term
‘MGBs’ is only applied to bins with up to 1m3 capacity, unless otherwise stated.
Note: MGBs can be used for various waste streams, including garbage, recyclables
and organics.
Organics services Services and facilities to manage garden and food organics, which may include
a bin-based collection system or onsite composting.
Presentation area An area on-site at the development that acts as an intermediate point (for bins)
between the normal storage area and collection point, which may be on- or off-site.
Recycling services Services and facilities to manage dry recyclable materials. The type of recyclables
collected in the recycling service may vary across different council areas, but
generally covers recyclable materials that are generated in a typical household.
These include: paper and cardboard, glass bottles and jars, steel cans and aerosols,
aluminium packaging, and plastic containers. Recyclables may be collected as
separate streams of each material type or as a commingled (mixed) stream.
State Environmental A planning instrument made by the State (the Minister for Planning). State
Planning Policy environmental planning policies (SEPPs) make sure that government policies are
carried out uniformly, deal with state-wide issues and set guidelines for regional
environmental plans and local environmental plans.
Undercroft The area underneath a building, but not underground, with architectural supports
like columns, pillars or posts. The area is open and often able to be used for parking
Waste Management A document that details the type and quantity of garbage and recyclable material
Plan that is likely to be generated during the construction, demolition, and ongoing
operation of a development. It also details where and how the garbage and recycling
should be stored, how it will be reprocessed or disposed of and handling procedures.
A Waste Management Plan is generally required as part of the documentation
supporting a development application. Requirements for Waste Management Plans
may vary between Local Government Areas.
Abbreviations
AS Australian Standard
BCA Building Code of Australia
DECC Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW)
MGB Mobile Garbage Bin
MUD Multi-Unit Dwelling
OH&S Occupational Health and Safety
Units
L Litre
m Metres
m3 Cubic metre
1.
Introduction
Introduction
Better Practice Guide for Waste Management in Multi-Unit Dwellings
This guide has been developed to assist council staff, architects, residential developers and building management
incorporate better practice in the design, establishment, operation and ongoing management of waste
services in residential multi-unit developments (MUDs). It outlines various essential points to be considered
when designing a waste management system for medium or high-density residential, mixed-use and integrated
housing developments.
Better practice encourages appropriate resident behaviour in relation to waste management and increases the
amenity, ease of use of waste services, environmental performance and reputation of developments with well-
managed waste facilities.
Early consultation with council engineers, planners and waste managers regarding specific requirements for waste
services in the local area is essential to developing better practice systems.
What is better practice?

Waste management systems in MUDs may incorporate any or all of the following:
■ Garbage services to manage residual domestic wastes, ie those not collected by a dedicated recycling
or organics collection service.
■ Recycling services to manage dry recyclable materials. The type of recyclables may vary across different
council areas, but generally covers recyclable materials generated in a typical household, including paper
and cardboard, glass bottles and jars, steel cans and aerosols, aluminium packaging and plastic containers.
Recyclables may be collected as separate streams of each material type or as a commingled (mixed) stream.
■ Organics services to manage garden and food organics, which may include a bin-based collection system
or onsite composting.
■ Bulky waste services to manage bulky household items, such as furniture or white goods. Note: materials
collected in bulky waste services differ across Local Government Areas.
Better practice waste management therefore establishes and maintains services and infrastructure that enables
garbage, recycling, organics and bulky waste services to be made in the best possible way in a particular
situation to improve resource recovery. Better practice requires continuously searching for ways to improve
infrastructure, systems and services as knowledge and experience accumulates over time.
Better practice management systems are effective and safe: residents can use them with ease and collection crews
can easily service them. The design, installation and ongoing management of better practice systems encourage
residents to use the services appropriately. This includes greater participation in the services provided, minimised
waste generation, increased resource recovery and a reduction in contamination of recyclables and organics.
Why incorporate better practice?

As a nation, we now consume more resources and generate more waste than at any time in history, mainly because
of our growing population and increasingly high standard of living1. It is important that we take steps to tackle
waste generation and put in place resource recovery services (such as recycling and organics services) to reduce the
environmental impacts of our consumption and disposal habits.
Resource recovery services to single-dwelling domestic households can divert more than 50% of domestic
waste from landfill2; however, the current recovery level in MUDs is often significantly less than this. Faced with
increasing MUD development and habitation, it is important to incorporate better practice waste management
systems in all new MUD developments to increase resource recovery and to improve overall environmental and
social outcomes.
In addition to wider environmental and social issues, better practice waste management can help maintain a
development’s aesthetic appeal and efficient management. Facilities for garbage, recycling and organics are essential
aspects of a building that are often overlooked or undervalued. If designed and managed properly, they are virtually
invisible to the occupants. If designed or managed poorly, they are a perpetual irritation, which can become
worse as the building ages. A small amount of planning in the design stage can save a great deal of difficulty and
inconvenience for residents, building managers and collection crews throughout the future life of the building.
1 Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, Australian Bureau of Statistics (2003)

2 Local Government Action Plan, NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2003)
5
Introduction
Better waste management practice will result in benefits for all stakeholders and the wider community, as shown below:
Stakeholder Benefits
Architects/designers Recognition of good building design leading to environmental and design awards
and achievements
Developers Improved reputation through increased satisfaction of buyers, building managers,

state agencies and local councils
Council and private certifiers Improved ability to assess developments against recognised better practice
principles where these form part of development consent conditions
Agents/building managers Increased ability to maintain waste areas and equipment in an efficient
and pleasing manner
Less risk of injury to caretakers
Happier tenants and owners
Reduced cost of maintenance and ongoing management
Residents Improved satisfaction with service provision

Increased ability and willingness to participate in recycling,
improved amenity and safety
Increased standardisation of services leads to improved knowledge
and awareness
Waste collection service providers Reduced safety risk

Ease and increased efficiency for collection
Ability to offer more flexible services that meet the needs of residents
living in MUDs
Wider community Improved aesthetics, amenity and public health and safety
Wider environment Increased recovery of recyclables and organics

Reduced contamination of the recyclables stream
Greater contribution to the state-wide targets for waste reduction
and resource recovery
6
Introduction
What is in this guide?

This guide provides a list of essential issues that should be considered when designing better practice waste
management systems for MUDs. Examples of system options, based on actual developments, have been
provided as a guide to better practices. However, architects and building designers who have good ideas
should not feel constrained by these examples. The main features, advantages and disadvantages of suggested
better practice systems are provided to help in the consideration and evaluation of alternative systems from
those showcased in the guide.
This guide is limited to multi-unit residential developments, which include:
Development Type Description
Villas and townhouses Villas and townhouses are taken to be 1-2 storey dwellings, where there are
three (3) or more dwellings on the same parcel of land all at ground level.
This type of dwelling often has a small yard and/or a car space per dwelling.
Elements of this development type are also relevant to nursing homes and
retirement villages and the residential component of caravan and holiday parks.
Low-rise developments This category includes 2-3 storey ’walk-ups’ that are generally held to be small blocks
of units (say 4-12 units) that are two or three storeys high, with separate dwellings on
each storey. They are called walk-ups because, as they are under four (4) storeys high,
they are not required to have a lift and access to the dwellings on the upper storeys
is by stairs.
Elements of this development type are also relevant to the residential component
of hotels and serviced units.
Residential blocks of 4-7 storeys These developments are medium-large blocks of units that are 4-7 storeys high,
with separate dwellings on each storey. Blocks of units with four (4) or more storeys
are required to have lift access to the dwellings on the upper levels.
High-rise developments (>7 storeys) High-rise blocks are large blocks of units that are more than seven (7) storeys high,
with separate dwellings on each storey. Blocks of units with four (4) or more storeys
are required to have lift access to the dwellings on the upper levels.
Mixed-use developments Mixed-use developments incorporate residential dwellings and commercial

establishments within the same development, and would include, for example,
shop-top housing.
Mixed-use developments may be small, for example two storeys incorporating a
residential property on the top floor and commercial outlet on ground level, or they
may be large with one or more levels of commercial property beneath low-rise or
larger medium to high-rise residential developments above.
Integrated housing developments Integrated housing developments incorporate different types of residential
dwellings or commercial buildings, including individual houses, MUDs and mixed-
use developments on one parcel of land. Integrated housing developments often
feature internal private access roads and are typically developed into community
title-type sub-divisions.
Garbage and recycling requirements for residential development categories not included in the guide
should be discussed with council.
This guide does not cover waste management requirements for commercial and industrial developments.
7
Introduction
How does the MUD Guide link in with other planning

requirements and other codes and policies?
The guide’s principles and objectives should be considered alongside relevant State Environmental Planning
Policies, Local Environmental Plans, local Development Control Plans and other applicable codes and policies.
Some councils may incorporate some or all of the guide’s principles in their local Development Control Plans.
This guide does not supersede state and local planning control requirements. When designing a development
you should consult with council staff, eg engineers, planners and waste managers, regarding specific requirements
for facility design and placement in accordance with local requirements.
What is my role?
Figure 1-1 provides an overview of how the guide fits into the overall development process and the various roles
and responsibilities of key stakeholders. In addition to these roles, council officers can support the implementation
of the guide by referring to it or incorporating it into local Development Control Plans.
Note that Figure 1-1 is a simplified representation of the development application, approvals and construction
process. Detailed information about each of these stages should be obtained by contacting council.
8
Introduction
Stage Stakeholder role Stakeholder responsibilities
Architects/ Obtain copies of relevant planning instruments (plans, codes,

Pre-lodgement
developers and policies) that may affect the proposed development.
Obtain a copy of the 'Better Practice Guide for Waste Management
in Multi-Unit Dwellings' (Better Practice Guide).
Check how planning instruments and the Better Practice Guide affect
the proposed development.
Lodgement
Contact council to discuss potential waste servicing requirements.
Determine waste services and infrastructure to be incorporated into the
Done in development, with regard to the principles outlined in the Better Practice
accordance Guide and relevant council codes and policies (see Figure 1-2).
Assessment
with planning Use the Checklist in Appendix F of the Better Practice Guide to make
requirements sure all key principles have been considered in the development design.
Prepare draft development application, including drawings.
Consent Make an appointment to meet with a council planning officer to discuss
proposed development and obtain feedback on draft documentation.
Prepare development application, including drawings, relevant
documentation, and a completed Waste Management Plan that
outlines proposed waste management practices during the construction,
demolition, and operation of the development.
Attempt to minimise construction and demolition wastes and maximise

Construction Developers resource recovery of materials.
Ensure adherence to the approved site Waste Management Plan.
Councils Monitor adherence of developers to Waste Management Plan.
Real estate Provide tenants with information about the waste management system
Operation
agents in place in their building at the time of initial occupancy.
Ensure residents are aware of the waste management systems in place,

Building their correct use and their individual roles and responsibilities.
managers Maintain waste areas and equipment so that they are safe, clean and
well-signed.
Work with building managers to deliver services and systems that meet
Council the particular needs of a development wherever possible.
Support building managers in requests for waste education materials.
Waste Provide a reliable and appropriate waste collection service.

management
Provide feedback to building managers/residents in regards to
service providers
contamination of recyclables.
(either council or
private) Work with building managers to customise waste systems where possible.
Residents Use waste management system correctly.
Figure 1-1 Getting it right – who’s responsible?
9
Introduction
How to use this guide

While the guide is designed to be a stand-alone information resource, it has been specifically developed to
assist architects and developers to effectively plan and design appropriate garbage, recycling and organics
management systems and facilities for MUDs.
To use the guide, readers should:
1. Read Section 2 for the essential requirements that are applicable to all development types.
2. Read the section of the guide that corresponds to your development type
(ie choose from Sections 3 to 8 as applicable).
3. Refer to the appendices as required.
An overview of how to use the guide as part of the overall design process is provided in Figure 1-2.
Read the essential requirements

applicable to all development
types (Section 2).
Read the section of this guide

that corresponds to your
development type (choose from
Sections 3 to 8. For example,
for a low rise development
read Section 4).
Calculate likely waste

generation rates for your
development
(refer to Appendix A).
Select the type of equipment

and system to be used (refer to
Appendix B).
Design waste management Rethink equipment use or

facilities. redesign facilities.
Determine how the system is

going to be managed and who Yes
does what?
Use the checklist in Appendix F Any potential issues in

Continue with preparation
to make sure all key principles the design identified?
No of development
for better practice have been (non-conformance with
application.
considered. better practice).
Figure 1-2 How to use the MUD Guide
10
Introduction
The appendices include information, tools and resources to support putting the guide and its principles into practice:
Appendix Description
Appendix A Provides information on domestic and commercial garbage and recycling rates.
This information should be used to estimate the likely garbage and recycling
Waste Generation Rates
generation for your development.
This appendix also includes examples of how to calculate bin storage area
requirements.
Appendix B Provides dimensions for crates, bins, worm farms and compost bins.
Waste Management Equipment An overview of the operation of chutes, compactors, in-sink disposal units and other
garbage and recycling handling equipment is included in this appendix.
Appendix C Provides dimensions for waste collection vehicles that are commonly used
for domestic waste collections from MUDs.
Collection Vehicles
Appendix D Provides information on vehicle access requirements, including road

and driveway construction and geometry and vehicle turning circles
Vehicle Access/Turning Circles
and manoeuvring requirements.
Turning circle templates and reverse entry templates are provided.
These templates can be used to check vehicle paths on intersection layout drawings.
The templates are taken from standard AS 2890.2 Parking Facilities: Off-Street
Commercial Vehicle Facilities and can be sourced from SAI Global Limited
(www.saiglobal.com).
Appendix E Provides information on standard signs that should be displayed in waste rooms
and on bins.
Standard Signage
Appendix F Includes a checklist that can be used to check if proposed garbage and recycling
facilities have been designed in accordance with better practice principles, and to
Checklist
highlight issues of concern.
Additional tools and resources, including case studies for different development types, are available on
the Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW (DECC) website www.environment.nsw.gov.au
11
Introduction
12
2.
All Developments
All Developments
Remember, this MUD Guide does not supersede State and local planning control requirements. You should
consult with council engineers, planners and waste managers regarding specific requirements for facility design
and placement in accordance with local requirements.
The underlying principles that were used to develop this guide are:
■ Hygiene, safety and cleanliness are a priority.
■ Systems should be as simple to use and as intuitive as possible.
■ Some systems, particularly in high rise blocks, require a caretaker or manager.
■ Systems should aim to maximise source separation and recovery of recyclables.
This section of the guide discusses essential issues that apply to all development types and should be considered
when designing garbage and recycling management systems.
Please note that the checklist in Appendix F has been developed to help you to confirm that these key issues have
been considered in your building design. Use the checklist in Appendix F to ensure that proposed garbage and
recycling facilities have been designed in accordance with better practice principles.
Council service provision

Local government has a number of roles and obligations including providing domestic waste management
services. Council services vary between Local Government Areas. To achieve better practice, it is therefore
imperative to consult early on with council engineers, planners and waste managers regarding specific
requirements and options for waste services in the local area.
It is important to note that the Local Government Act 1993 requires councils to levy an annual charge for providing
domestic waste management services on all parcels of rateable land for which the service is available, whether or
not the service is actually used.
Risks to health and safety associated with the handling

and disposal of waste and recycled material
Waste management systems and services should be designed and operated in a manner to prevent the potential
risk of injury or illness associated with the collection, disposal or recycling of material. This includes risk to:
■ residents using the service;
■ building management and cleaning staff (if applicable) that maintain the service;
■ collection staff providing the service; and
■ other people engaged in or affected by the waste management system.
Whilst others may be responsible for making collections and providing services once the development is
operational, the designer, developer and operator have an important role in considering the potential impact
of design on the subsequent ability of others to make collections and provide services in a safe manner.
Collection methods and systems used for waste management in MUDs must comply with the Occupational Health
and Safety Act (2000) and the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation (2001). The Code of Practice for Collection
of Domestic Waste (NSW WorkCover)3 should be referred to when designing waste facilities for MUDs. The code
provides guidance on how to prevent injury and illness caused by the collection of domestic waste and highlights
examples of common hazards and risk control measures.
Irrespective of the size of the development, all services to MUDs must comply with OH&S requirements.
A preliminary risk and hazard analysis should be done during the design phase to identify potential risks to health
and safety associated with the proposed services and design layout. This will assist the early identification of risks,
thus enabling modification of the proposed design to preferably eliminate, or minimise, the consequence or
likelihood of human injury or damage to property and equipment.
3 Code of Practice: Collection of Domestic Waste, WorkCover NSW (2005) (www.workcover.nsw.gov ) in the publications section.
13
All Developments
Examples of risks that should be eliminated or controlled through appropriate system design include:
Risk Examples of control measures to be considered in design
Manual handling injury from Ensure adequate storage space for easy manoeuvring of bins within the property
moving bins and to and from the storage area to the collection point.
Identify an appropriate collection point that is free from obstacles and traffic hazards.
Include sufficient space to accommodate required disposal capacity so that bins
do not become overloaded or overcrowded.
Paths for movement of bins should be free from steps and of an appropriate grade.
Collection points should enable the mechanical pick up of bins.
Damage to buildings, structures Ensure collection points are easily accessible for the collection vehicle and
and equipment appropriate in terms of overhead clearances, strength, width and geometric design.
Cuts and lacerations, or harm from Maintain areas so that all garbage and recycling is contained within appropriate bins.
contact with unknown hazardous Ensure education programs are in place addressing the safe and appropriate disposal
substances of garbage.
Potential conflict between building Provide adequate turning space for vehicles.
design and collection vehicles Ensure vehicle access and turning areas are free from obstacles that may impair
driver visibility.
The above are limited examples only. Further hazards and risks and appropriate management strategies should be
identified through a risk assessment and considering the recommended design standards included in this guide.
14
All Developments
Resident access to garbage and recycling services

Waste management systems provided to different developments may
vary and be negotiable. In general, however, each development should be
Recycling bins should provided with access to garbage and recycling services. If there is little garden
never stand alone, area and/or a contractor maintains the garden, it may be possible that the
council will waive the garden organics service for a particular development.
they should always
be next to a garbage Within developments, the disposal of garbage and recyclables should be
disposal point. equally convenient for residents. Recycling facilities should be located
adjacent to garbage facilities and should never stand alone. Although located
near each other, garbage and recycling bins should be kept separated within
the storage area and not intermingled.
Systems provided should be convenient, simple to use and as intuitive as possible in order to maximise recycling
and minimise contamination. Intuitive systems are systems whereby the manner in which the system operates is
obvious to the uninformed resident.
Suggested methods to encourage recycling and minimise contamination include:
■ Provide adequate storage space inside each dwelling unit for temporary storage of at least two days’
worth of recycling.
■ Provide containers to residents that can be stored within dwellings and used to transport recyclables from
the dwelling to the storage area or recyclables disposal point. Note: ideally a requirement to return containers
could form part of the rental agreement.
■ Encourage ownership by numbering bins with unit numbers where individual bins are provided for individual units.
■ Display signs in public areas of the building clearly identifying garbage and recycling bins and storage areas.
■ Signs should provide instruction on how to use the garbage and recycling facilities, including identifying what
is and is not recyclable.
Bins and containers

All garbage, recycling and garden organics generated by a development needs to be stored in the appropriate
waste bins or containers with permanent well-fitting lids.
Waste bins and containers used should conform to the Australian Standard for Mobile Waste Containers (AS 4213)
if the standard is applicable for the selected bin or container type. Waste bins and containers greater than this
capacity (1,700L) should be designed to appropriate safety and other requirements.
Further detail about waste bins and containers is provided in Appendix B.
Waste handling equipment

Waste handling equipment, including chutes and compactors, should conform to the relevant design
and safety standards.
Further information about waste handling equipment can be found in Appendix B of this guide or by referring
to the DECC website www.environment.nsw.gov.au
15
All Developments
Storage
Storage space
Inside the dwellings
Consideration needs to be given to providing sufficient space within the kitchen, or other convenient location,
in each dwelling unit for interim storage of at least two days’ worth of garbage and recycling.
Space inside dwelling units should allow for separate storage of recyclables from the garbage stream. Ideally
sufficient space should also be allocated for the segregation of food organics in a separate waste container.
Bin storage areas

Whatever the specific arrangements, the building design
needs to incorporate sufficient space within the property
Provision of adequate storage boundary to store, in separate bins or containers, the volume
areas both within and external to of garbage and recycling (and garden organics where
dwellings is a key element of better appropriate) likely to be generated at the development
practice systems. during the period between collections. There should also
be space allowable for signs and educational materials to
be located adjacent to bins and equipment.
In order to assess the storage requirements, consideration should be given to the generation rates (see Appendix
A), the storage equipment to be used (see Appendix B) and the type of service offered. It is essential to provide an
adequate area to enable garbage, recycling and organics bins to be kept separated within the storage area and
not intermingled. However, bin storage areas that are too large may actually encourage dumping of bulky items.
The storage area should be designed for easy access and manoeuvring of bins to allow easy cleaning of the
storage area. Consideration should also be given to access for maintenance and servicing requirements. It is
undesirable to locate other services and appliances, such as electrical meter boards, gas meters or conduits,
in bin storage areas, as they may be damaged during collection or cleaning.
The greatest difficulty in calculating space allocation is predicting the collection service that will need to be
catered for in the future. Service requirements should be discussed with the local council, but some flexibility
needs to be allowed in the building design for the future. Examples of how flexibility can be incorporated in
building design include:
■ Identifying suitable locations for waste storage and collection points that would enable future onsite
collection if required.
■ Keeping waste storage areas clear of potential obstacles that would impair the ability to modify existing bin sizes.
For example, in communal bin areas the use of fixed structures to separate individual bins should be avoided,
as bin sizes and/or configurations may change.
■ Designing access paths and doorways greater than the minimum width requirements to allow for possible
future changes in bin sizes. For example, installing double doors on a communal garbage area would allow
easy movement of either mobile garbage bins (MGBs) or bulk bins should either system be installed.
■ Sizing communal bin storage areas to allow for a potential increase in waste generation from the development
or a change in allocated council services per dwelling. For example, from an increase in two bins per dwelling
(say for a villa development) to three bins per dwelling.
Refer to Appendix A for examples of possible layouts for bin storage areas.
16
All Developments
Storage location
Garbage and recycling storage facilities should be located in positions that:
■ Permit easy, direct and convenient access for the users of the facility.
■ Permit easy transfer of bins to the collection point if relocation of bins is required.
■ Permit easy, direct and convenient access for collection service providers.
■ Are well screened and do not reduce amenity.
■ Are secure and provide protection against potential vandalism.
Identifying the best location for communal bin storage areas can be difficult. Locating waste storage areas is a
balance between convenience to residents, space, access, noise, security, planning requirements and architectural
integration. The following points should be considered when deciding where to locate garbage and recycling
storage areas:
Better practice Reasons
Location of the bins should Conveniently located bins are more likely to be used appropriately by residents.
be convenient to residents
Bins should be in a high Locating bins in a high-pedestrian traffic area encourages good housekeeping, as
pedestrian-traffic area the bins are visible to a large number of people. It increases the ease of access and
convenience to residents as disposing of garbage and recyclables can occur as part
of the daily routine of walking to the post-box or entering
the parking area.
Bins located in a rarely frequented area of the property tend to attract dumped
rubbish and encourage poor practices.
Where collection of bins is from Manual moving of bins from storage areas to the collection point should be
the kerbside, the waste storage minimised where possible to reduce potential health and safety risks. A well-located
areas should be as close to the kerb storage area reduces the time required to take bins out for collection and bring
as possible them back.
Storage areas should be out of sight Bin storage areas should not affect the aesthetics of the development
or well screened from the street and should blend in with surrounding buildings and landscape.
Locating storage areas out of sight from the road also improves safety. Bin storage
areas that are too close to the street can be subject to vandalism.
Storage areas should be located an Locating bin bays and collection points away from residents will reduce the impact
appropriate distance from dwellings of noise during bin use and waste collection. It will also increase amenity through
reduced odour impacts.
17
All Developments
Contracts
The structure of service contracts plays an important role
in ensuring efficient servicing of MUDs. Indemnity and waste
service flexibility are two important contract issues that Requirements for onsite collection
should be considered in relation to deciding an appropriate vary between council areas. Be sure
better practice system for your development. It is important to check with council regarding
to talk to council as early as possible to identify potential the availability of onsite servicing
servicing issues. before assuming it is possible.
Indemnity
■ Some councils may provide on-site collection where:
■ There is insufficient space on the kerbside to temporarily place bins
for waste collection.
■ Collection of waste from the kerbside would be unsafe.
■ Collection of waste from the kerbside would cause significant traffic disruptions.
■ Collection of waste from the kerbside would occur in an excessively restrictive area.
■ Council considers kerbside collection inappropriate.
Most councils, however, will not enter private property with their vehicles unless indemnity against liabilities,
losses, damages, and other costs arising from the onsite collection service has been provided. In some council
areas, all bins are required to be presented at the kerb of a public road, and no on-property service is offered at all.
To enable better practice waste management in MUDs:
■ Designers/developers
Decide the preferred waste management system to install having regard to the principles outlined in this guide.
Before submitting your development application meet with council to discuss if on-site collection is required
or allowed:
If onsite collection is required:
– ensure design of facilities can safely accommodate on-site collection;
– liaise with council to find out if it can provide the on-site service; and
– identify indemnity arrangements that would be needed to service the development.
Service flexibility
The design of the waste management system should accommodate services provided by council where possible.
Some councils may only be able to offer MUD developments the same (or similar) services as those offered to
single dwellings. In many cases, particularly for medium to high-rise developments, the efficient provision of
cost-effective garbage and recycling collection services for MUDs may require using an alternative service option,
for example bulk bins or underground systems.
To enable better practice waste management in MUDs:
■ Designers/developers
Check with council about the garbage and recycling service options available and whether they
are suitable for the proposed development.
■ Councils
Seek a better practice contract structure that provides for variations to services during the agreed
contract period.
18
All Developments
Collection point
Location of garbage and recycling collection point
Consideration should be given to identifying a suitable waste collection point. Discuss collection
requirements with the council.
General requirements
Collection points where possible should not be located:
■ near intersections;
■ near roundabouts or slow-points;
■ along busy arterial roads;
■ in narrow lanes;
■ near possible obstructions, including trees, overhanging buildings, and overhead powerlines; or
■ where they pose a traffic hazard.
The collection point(s) should enable collection operations

Collectors need to be able to move to be carried out on a level surface away from gradients and
the bins from where they are left for vehicle ramps.
collection to the collection vehicle Where MGBs will be used and collected from the kerb, there
as quickly as possible, preferably should be sufficient space on the street for them to be lined
with no manual handling. up neatly in (preferably) a single row along the kerb. Remember
cars parked along the street and bins placed two or more rows
deep are an obstacle for safe and efficient kerbside collection,
as they require collection operators to get out of the collection vehicle and manually move bins to an appropriate
position for collection. They also create amenity issues for residents, can impede pedestrian access and can be a traffic
hazard for motorists.
Identifying a suitable collection point is particularly important for servicing developments where there are a large
number of bins to be collected, there is limited direct access to the development (for example battle-axe block
developments), or where the development has specialised servicing requirements due to equipment used to
provide the waste service. For example:
■ The collection point for bulk bins or bins containing compacted waste should be located such that the bins
can be accessed with minimal manual handling required.
■ Underground systems require suitable access for the collection vehicle to enable safe lifting of the underground
containers for servicing.
Developers should consider what alternatives are available for locating collection points, particularly for
developments built on small blocks with steep gradients, to enable safe presentation and uplift of bins.
Onsite collection
Some councils will not enter private property to make collections, or will only do so if an indemnity has been provided.
It is important to confirm potential arrangements for onsite collection with the council before assuming that it will
be possible. Where an agreement for onsite collection is made, the onsite collection points should be located:
■ So that collection vehicles do not interfere with the use of access driveways, loading bays or parking
bays during collections (see 2.7.1).
■ Close to waste storage facilities to permit easy transfer of bins to the collection point, if relocation
of bins is required.
■ In a relatively flat area and on the same level as the collection vehicle (ie bins should not be placed for collection
on elevated loading bays or nature strips/footpaths).
■ In a position that provides collection vehicles safe access to the collection point and which has adequate
clearance and manoeuvring space.
■ So oncoming traffic can be clearly seen as the collection vehicle leaves the property.
19
All Developments
Manoeuvring bins to the collection point

Where bins of up to 360L in capacity need to be wheeled to the collection point:
■ the distance should not exceed 75m in all circumstances;
■ for aged persons or persons with a disability, the distance should be limited to 50m;
■ the bin transfer grade should not exceed 1:14; and
■ bins should not need to be wheeled over steps (neither up nor down).
For bins greater than 360L capacity, if relocation of bins is required:

■ Bins should not need to be wheeled over steps (neither up nor down).
■ If less than or equal to 1.0m3 in capacity, bins should not need to be wheeled more than 5m from the interim
storage point to the collection point.
■ If greater than 1.5m3 in capacity, manual manoeuvring of bins should be avoided wherever possible.
Where it cannot be avoided (for example if bins are stored in a room or enclosure), the bins should not
need to be wheeled more than 3m from the interim storage point to the collection point.
■ The bin-transfer grade should not exceed 1:30.
Access to the collection point for service providers

Specific access requirements for collection vehicles will vary slightly from
council to council, depending upon the waste collection arrangements.
Wherever possible, In all cases, however, collectors need to be able to move bins from the
waste collection vehicle collection point to the vehicle as quickly as possible, preferably with no
manual handling. It is noted, however, that requirements for manual
movement should be in
handling may differ between councils.
a forward direction
with no need to reverse. Whatever bin type is used, the developer needs to ensure there is sufficient
space for the collection vehicle to drive to the collection point, empty the
bin and safely leave the collection point. Wherever possible, collection
vehicle movement should be in a forward direction with no need to reverse.
The design aspects to take into account for vehicle access include:
■ the presence of parked cars on access roads;
■ heavy vehicle access and turning circle requirements (refer Appendix D);
■ collection vehicle overhang and possible interference with bins and street furniture; and
■ clearance height for servicing, particularly when developments are serviced internally, or where an external
collection point is near trees or overhead obstacles.
In addition to the above design aspects, general access to the collection point should be considered in the
development design and operation. Locked gates and security systems that prevent access to waste collection
points can cause serious delays and problems in servicing if not well designed and/or waste collection
operators are not provided with the required authority for access. Designers and developers should consider
the likely ongoing operational arrangements for access to locked gate communities and how this needs to be
incorporated in the design. For example, some councils may require a set of keys or remote control access to
enter developments, whereas others may require security systems to be compatible with a single master key
held by council.
Remember, garbage and recycling collection may occur at different times depending on the Local Government
Area and service provider, thus access should not be restricted at any time.
20
All Developments
On-site collection
If a collection vehicle is required to drive onto a private road or private property, the driveway and road need
to be suitable for the collection vehicle in terms of strength, width, geometric design and height clearance
(see technical specifications in Appendix C and D). The access points and collection area should be free from
overhead obstacles and of an appropriate gradient. When making an on-site collection from within a building,
the ‘clearance height’ should be clear of any air conditioning ducts, sprinklers or other potential obstructions.
Appropriate heavy vehicle standards should be incorporated into the development design, including those specified
in acts, regulations, guidelines, and codes administered by Austroads, the NSW Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW
WorkCover and any local traffic requirements.
Presentation area
Where the collection of bins from either the normal storage location (inside the property) or a location on the
kerbside could cause amenity and safety concerns, some councils may require the use of a presentation area.
This is an area at the development that acts as an intermediate point between the normal storage area and
collection point, which may be on- or off-site.
Where a presentation area is used, someone (eg a caretaker) must be identified as responsible for moving the bins
from the storage area to the presentation area for collection. Collection operators would collect the bins from the
presentation area at the time of collection and return them to this area after collection. The caretaker would then
be responsible for moving the empty bins back from the presentation area to the normal storage location.
Presentation areas, if used, should be located as close as possible to the collection point.
Not all council areas support presentation areas, you should check with council regarding specific local
requirements and service options.
Composting
Space could be provided for a home unit worm farm or compost bin to allow residents to compost their own
food scraps. Individual worm farms could be located on the balcony for example.
If the development has a garden area, space could be allocated for a communal compost unit or worm farm.
However, experience of communal composting arrangements indicates this option should only be considered
where there is a caretaker or gardener able to manage the compost unit.
Communal composting areas, if appropriate to the development, should be located with consideration for:
■ Visibility and accessibility of the composting area. Location in an easily accessible and visible area would
increase awareness of the compost pile and the need to keep the area well maintained.
■ The positioning of dwellings (onsite and in adjoining properties).
■ Their potential to generate odours.
■ Ensuring any potential run-off is away from site drainage points.
Refer to Appendix B for size and space requirements of typical compost units and worm farms.
21
All Developments
Noise
The main sources of noise associated with domestic waste
collection are emptying glass into bins, emptying glass from
bins into the collection vehicle and reversing alarms on Remember – waste is collected
collection vehicles. at least once per week. In some
Better practice principles that should be incorporated areas, waste is collected daily and
to reduce noise include: therefore noise can be a significant
■ Locating bin bays and collection points far enough away concern for residents.
from residents as to reduce the impact of noise during bin
use and waste collection.
■ Eliminating the need for collection vehicles to reverse.
■ Chutes, if installed, should be well insulated to avoid noise disturbing neighbouring units. The noise associated
with waste falling out the bottom of the chute and with compactors can also be problematic and should be
dealt with.
■ Select appropriate surfacing materials that will assist in minimising noise for pathways and driveways that bins
will need to be wheeled over.
■ Consider how material will be transferred into bins or static compactors at storage points.
Odour
Odour problems can be minimised by having well-ventilated waste storage areas.
For enclosed storage and service areas, the air flowing from interim storage areas and central garbage rooms
should not exit close to units. Ventilation openings should be protected against flies and vermin and located
as near the ceiling and floor as possible, but away from the windows of dwellings.
If a forced ventilation or air conditioning system is used (for enclosed storage areas):
■ it should be in accordance with the ventilation requirements of the Building Code of Australia and Australian
Standard 1668.2 The use of Ventilation and Air Conditioning in Buildings; and
■ it should not be connected to the same ventilation system supplying air to the units.
Hygiene/vermin
Waste not sealed in containers attracts vermin and is
unhygienic. Do not allow bins to sit open for extended
Remember to locate drains to periods of time.
the sewer undercover to prevent
As far as possible, prevent vermin getting into waste
rainwater infiltration.
collection and storage areas. Keep waste collection
and storage areas free of clutter and dumped rubbish.
In communal bin areas

Communal bin storage areas need to be easy to clean, with access to water (a tap and a hose) and correct
drainage to the sewer. Never allow the water from washing bins and/or waste storage areas to flow into the
stormwater drain.
Ideally, having covered floor junctions at walls helps with cleaning and avoids the build up of dirt/spills.
To maintain hygiene:
■ assign responsibility for keeping communal areas clean; and
■ wash both bins floors and walls of garbage bays and rooms regularly.
22
All Developments
Visual amenity
All waste management facilities (including storage areas) should be adequately screened, not readily visible
from any public place and should blend in with the development.
A poorly designed and poorly located bin storage area can detract from the overall development, encourage
misuse of the facilities provided and affect recycling outcomes.
Remember to consult with council engineers, planners and waste managers regarding specific requirements
for facility design and placement in accordance with local development codes.
Security
As far as possible, the design of waste storage areas should allow easy access for residents but not non-residents.
One option is to ensure bin storage is out of sight from the road. Another option is to design bin storage areas
that can be locked.
Communal bin areas, if used, need to be sufficiently open and well lit to allow their use after dark.
All internal garbage and recycling rooms and storage areas should be designed to comply with the Building
Code of Australia with particular regard to fire prevention provisions.
Protect equipment from theft and vandalism.
Signs and education

Ongoing education, in addition to having dedicated ongoing management services, is one of the most important
factors in encouraging residents to continue to use services and systems to as originally planned.
The importance of signs and education is two-fold: to inform residents why it is important to recycle (raise awareness
and perceived importance of resource recovery and the environment), and secondly to provide clear instruction
on how to recycle using the services provided. Both these factors influence people’s attitude towards recycling.
Ensuring education is 'ongoing' is beneficial because it tackles the transient nature of residents and differences
between council services.
Clearly and correctly label all garbage and recycling bins or receptacles. Make sure communal waste storage areas
are well signposted, with signs instructing residents in the correct separation of garbage, recycling and organics.
Also clearly identify any hazards or potential dangers associated with the waste facilities, including those from
the use of any waste handling equipment.
It is recommended you also display information in communal areas that identifies who can be contacted to find
out more about the recycling and/or other services in the development.
Appendix E provides further information about standard signs that can be used to support waste facilities
and services.
23
All Developments
Ongoing management
Ongoing management of waste and recycling systems in MUDs is
Active caretakers imperative to maintain amenity, maximise safety for residents, caretakers
are vital for effective and collectors, maximise resource recovery and enable efficient servicing
ongoing management of the development.
in large developments. Ongoing management is required to monitor resident behaviour and
identify requirements for further education and/or signs. You must also
quickly address any negative behaviour, such as dumping waste and recyclables on the floor rather than in bins.
A fast response is desirable to prevent spreading of negative behaviour and to maintain the amenity, access and
convenience of services to others.
It is important to establish and delegate responsibility for the tasks involved in ongoing waste management, including:
■ Moving bins to and from the storage point to the collection point (if required) on collection day.
■ Washing bins and maintaining storage areas.
■ Arranging for the prompt removal of dumped rubbish.
■ Displaying and maintaining consistent signs on all bins and in all communal storage areas.
■ Managing communal composting areas (if applicable).
■ Ensuring all residents are informed of the garbage, recycling, organics and bulky waste arrangements.
The size of the development will influence the responsibility for ongoing management and maintenance of
bins. Active caretakers are recommended for all developments, particularly those with communal storage areas,
and are considered vital for effective ongoing management in large (in terms of scale and number of dwellings)
developments, whether they be, for example, townhouse, multi-storey or mixed-use developments.
Conditions of consent can require that a development comply with the submitted and approved Waste
Management Plan. If a caretaker is required, this may be detailed in the Waste Management Plan and, if so,
employment of a caretaker may form part of the conditions of consent, which must be adhered to.
24
3.
Villas and Townhouses
Villas and townhouses are taken to be 1-2 storey dwellings, where there are three (3) or more dwellings on the
same parcel of land and all dwellings are at ground level. This type of dwelling often has a small yard and/or
a car space per dwelling.
Elements of this development type are also relevant to nursing homes and retirement villages and the residential
component of caravan and holiday parks.
Issues for consideration

The issues discussed in this chapter need to be taken into consideration in addition to those applying to all
developments (as outlined in Section 2).
Better practice waste and recycling systems and services

Where the development is relatively small in scale, villas and townhouses may be treated like separate houses
when it comes to council waste services. In this case, each townhouse/villa may have its own bin(s), and the
resident is responsible for putting the bin(s) on the kerb on collection day. Alternatively, a centralised garbage
and recycling enclosure may be used for communal location of bins.
Examples of better practice waste management in villa and townhouse developments include:
■ Option 1: Use MGBs for garbage and recycling with bins stored in the resident’s own yard.
■ Option 2: Use MGBs for garbage and recycling, with bins stored in a communal storage area. A caretaker
may need to be allocated responsibility for transferring bins to the collection point and back into the property
in this situation.
■ Option 3: For large-scale villa/townhouse developments, some councils may provide bulk bins for garbage.
Councils may also provide bulk bins for recyclables, such as paper and cardboard, elsewhere the use of MGBs
is common for either source-separated or commingled recyclables. Bulk bins and/or MGBs would be stored in
a communal storage area.
For Option 1, many councils in metropolitan areas are moving toward providing an 80-140L garbage MGB
per dwelling (collected weekly) and a 240L recycling MGB per dwelling (collected fortnightly). Depending
on the quantity of garden organics generated, council may or may not offer a garden organics service
to these developments.
Services may vary across council areas, consult with council to find out the services provided in the local area.
Council’s waste management unit will be able to advise what the allocation of bins will be for use in communal
storage areas.
The key features of the above systems and their advantages and disadvantages are further outlined in Table 3-1.
Note these systems are provided as examples only. Architects and designers who have good ideas should not be
constrained by these examples.
25
Table 3-1 Villa/townhouse development – better practice examples
Option 1
MGBs (up to 240L) used for garbage and recycling.
Bins stored in individual yards.
Advantages Disadvantages System requirements4
MGBs are generally easy to manoeuvre. A large number of MGBs may be Allocate sufficient space in each
required to service the development. yard to store at least three bins
Residents have ownership of bins and
Large numbers of bins placed out for (for garbage, commingled recycling
are therefore more likely to take greater
collection on the kerbside can reduce and garden organics) for each
responsibility for maintaining the
amenity and pose risks to passers-by townhouse/villa.
system appropriately.
as a result of blocking pathways. They Provide side or rear access, of suitable
Residents are responsible for moving also pose a safety risk to collection grade and distance, to all villas/
bins to and from the collection point, operators if they are required to townhouses.
meaning less time is required by manually move bins around cars to
caretaker for ongoing management. the waiting collection vehicle. Identify suitable waste collection
point(s) for collection of the number
Bins may be collected from the Residents may leave bins at the of MGBs required that are free from
kerbside where there is sufficient kerbside for longer than necessary potential obstacles, including parked
room to do so safely and efficiently. (where they are taken out early and cars (remember on recycling days there
Simple and easy to use system in collected late) and could cause amenity may be twice as many bins placed out
regards to both garbage disposal and safety issues. for collection).
and recycling.
Ensure responsibilities for educating
Encourages participation in recycling residents about appropriate use of
through co-location of garbage and systems are clearly identified.
recycling bins.
4 In addition to the general requirements listed in Chapter 2.
26
Option 2
MGBs used for garbage and recycling.
Communal storage area(s).
MGBs are generally easy to manoeuvre. A large number of MGBs may be Design storage areas so that there is
required to service the development. easy access for residents and caretakers
MGBs can be numbered and shared
This would require a subsequent to all MGBs without the need to move
between allocated units. This would
large storage area (or a number of bins around.
increase perceived levels of ownership,
smaller areas). It would also require Identify suitable waste collection
leading to increased accountability and
considerable time for ongoing point(s) to collect the required number
appropriate behaviour of residents.
management, including cleaning bins, of MGBs that are free from potential
Bins may be collected from the and moving bins in and out from the obstacles, including parked cars
kerbside where there is sufficient room collection point. (remember on recycling days there
to do so safely and efficiently.
Large numbers of bins placed out for may be twice as many bins placed
Simple and easy to use system in collection on the kerbside can reduce out for collection).
regards to both garbage disposal amenity and pose risks to passers-by as Ensure responsibilities for cleaning
and recycling. a result of blocking pathways. They also communal areas and bins, educating
Encourages participation in recycling pose a safety risk to collection operators residents in the appropriate use of
through co-location of garbage and if they are required to manually move systems and for moving bins in and out
recycling bins. bins around cars to the waiting of the storage area for collection, are
collection vehicle. clearly identified. Engaging a dedicated
Recycling bins could be contaminated caretaker is recommended.
if there is an inadequate number of Display clear signs indicating
MGBs provided for garbage. appropriate use of recycling systems.
Ensure adequate garbage capacity
is provided to reduce possible
contamination of recycling bins.
27
Option 3
Bulk bins for garbage and either 240L MGBs or bulk bins used for recyclables. Communal storage area(s).
Could reduce footprint required Decreased ownership as a result of Design storage areas so that there is
for bin storage area. sharing bins between greater numbers easy access for residents and caretakers
of units. to all MGBs without the need to move
Could improve amenity compared
bins around.
with having a larger number of Bulk bins can be heavy when full and
MGBs to service. pose a serious health and safety risk Design the development to enable
if they have to be manually moved. efficient onsite collection of bulk bins.
Simple and easy to use system for
both garbage disposal and recycling. Access for safe and efficient emptying Identify suitable waste collection
of bulk bins may be limited. point(s) for collection of bulk bins to
Encourages participation in recycling
eliminate or minimise manual handling
through co-location of garbage and Onsite collection is generally required
as appropriate (refer to general
recycling bins. for bulk bins, which may
requirements in Chapter 2).
not be available in some local areas.
Ensure responsibilities for cleaning
Recycling bins could be contaminated
communal areas and bins, educating
if there is an inadequate disposal
residents in the appropriate use of
capacity provided for garbage.
systems and for moving bins in and
Potentially higher contamination of out of the storage area for collection
recyclables if collected in bulk bins. are clearly identified.
Bulk bins are generally suitable Implement clear signage indicating
for paper and cardboard collection, but appropriate use of recycling systems.
not commingled recyclables or source-
Ensure adequate garbage capacity is
separated glass due to glass breakage
provided to reduce contamination of
and safety issues during collection.
recycling bins.
Applicable for Options 2 and 3

Storage – space and location of communal bin areas
Storage of waste bins may be in either one or more communal areas, including:
■ external enclosures, such as a bin bay;
■ enclosures located at ground floor parking level, within the building undercroft; or
■ rooms located within the main building or basement.
Large-scale villa/townhouse developments may be spread across a large area, which could have dual or multiple street
frontages. Where this is the case, consideration should be given to incorporating more than one communal storage area.
Garbage and recycling collection point

Where villa/townhouse developments are spread across a large area and incorporate more than one communal
storage area, it may be appropriate to have more than one waste collection point for servicing the development
(subject to street frontage and access).
For MGB-based waste collection systems, the waste collection point is typically from the kerb.
The collection point for bulk bins, if used in the development, should be selected such that it meets the general
requirements specified in Section 2.7.
28
Example diagrams
The following figures provide examples of the possible location of bin storage areas for villas and townhouses.
These examples are provided as a guide only, many other arrangements could be suitable and in accordance with
better practice principles. Remember to consult with council engineers, planners and waste managers regarding
development requirements specific to a local area.
space allocated for bin
1
storage in carport/garage
carport/ carport/
garage garage residents elect to store
2
bins in backyard
2 3 4 2
bins taken to kerb
3
through carport/garage
villa villa
villa
bins taken to kerb via
4
side access patharound
the carport/garage
residents responsible
5
for taking bins to kerb
villa villa on collection day
1 1
carport/ carport/
garage garage
gazetted road
Figure 3-1: Example of Option 1: bins stored within each individual yard
This example demonstrates different bin storage locations that are possible for villas and townhouses where bins are stored within
each individual property. Bins would be collected from the kerbside, with residents responsible for the movement of bins to and from
the collection point on the collection day.
villa villa
villa villa
villa villa
communal villa
waste storage keep clear
area
mail boxes
gazetted road
Figure 3-2 Example of Option 2: communal storage area for MGBs

This example demonstrates the possible location of a communal storage area servicing a villa complex. Residents would be required to
take garbage and recycling to the communal storage area, which is conveniently located at the front of the property near the entrance
to the development. A caretaker or resident(s) may be responsible for transferring bins from the communal storage area to and from the
kerbside collection point on collection day, or there may be an arrangement in place for on-site servicing.
29
gazetted road
communal waste
keep clear
storage area
mail boxes
visitor parking
villa villa
villa villa
villa villa villa villa villa villa villa
Figure 3-3: Example of Option 3: communal storage area for bulk bins and MGBs
This example demonstrates the possible location of a communal storage area servicing a villa complex that would enable the onsite
collection of bulk bins. Residents would be required to take garbage and recycling to the communal storage area, which is conveniently
located at the front of the property near the entrance to the development.
A caretaker or resident/s may be responsible for transferring recycling MGBs from the communal storage area to and from the kerbside
collection point on collection day, or there may be an arrangement in place for onsite servicing. The bulk bins used for garbage
collection would be collected onsite, with there being sufficient space for the collection vehicle to safely access the collection area,
and then to reverse within the property so the vehicle could leave in a forward direction.
30
4.
Low-Rise Developments
Low-rise developments include 2-3 storey ‘walk-ups’ – small blocks of units (say 4-12 units), with separate dwellings
on each storey. They are called walk-ups because, being less than four storeys high, they are not required to have a
lift. Therefore, access to the dwellings on the upper storeys is by stairs.
Elements of this development type are also relevant to the residential component of hotels and serviced units.

The issues discussed in this chapter need to be taken into consideration in addition to those applying
to all developments (as outlined in Section 2).
Better practice garbage and recycling systems and services

Examples of better practice waste management in low-rise developments include:
■ Option 1: use MGBs for garbage and recycling, with bins stored in a communal storage area. Council’s waste
management unit will be able to advise what the allocation of bins will be. However, a rule of thumb is one
240L bin of each type (ie garbage, recycling) per two units.
■ Option 2: some councils in higher density areas offer a special service for MUDs, which may include bulk bins
for garbage. Some councils may also provide bulk bins for recyclables, such as paper and cardboard, elsewhere
the use of MGBs is common for either source-separated or commingled recyclables. Bulk bins and/or MGBs
would be stored in a communal storage area.
The main features of the above systems and their advantages and disadvantages are further outlined in Table 4-1.
Note these systems are provided as examples only. Architects and designers who have good ideas should not be
constrained by these examples.
31
Table 4-1 Low-Rise Development – Better Practice Examples
Option 1
240L MGBs used for garbage and recycling.
240L MGBs are generally easy A large number of MGBs may be Design storage areas so that there is
to manoeuvre. required to service the development. easy access for residents and caretakers
This would require a subsequent to all MGBs without the need to move
240L MGBs can be numbered and
large storage area (or a number of bins around.
shared between allocated units.
smaller areas). It would also require Identify suitable waste collection
This would increase perceived levels
considerable time for ongoing point(s) to collect the required number
of ownership, leading to increased
management, including cleaning bins, of MGBs that are free from potential
accountability and appropriate
and moving bins in and out from the obstacles, including parked cars
behaviour of residents.
collection point. (remember on recycling days there
Bins may be collected from the
Large numbers of bins placed out for may be twice as many bins placed out
kerbside where there is sufficient
collection on the kerbside can reduce for collection).
room to do so safely and efficiently.
amenity and pose risks to passers-by Ensure responsibilities for cleaning
Simple and easy to use system for both as a result of blocking pathways. They communal areas and bins, educating
garbage disposal and recycling. also pose a safety risk to collection residents in the appropriate use of
Encourages participation in recycling operators if they are required to systems and for moving bins in and out
through co-location of garbage and manually move bins around cars to of the storage area for collection, are
recycling bins. the waiting collection vehicle. clearly identified.
Recycling bins could be contaminated Display clear signs indicating
if there is an inadequate number of appropriate use of recycling systems.
MGBs provided for garbage.
recycling bins.
32
Option 2
Bulk bins for garbage and either 240L MGBs or bulk bins used for recyclables.
Could reduce footprint required Decreased ownership as a result of Design storage areas so that there is
for bin storage area. sharing bins between greater numbers easy access for residents and caretakers
of units. to all MGBs without the need to move
Could improve amenity compared
bins around.
with having a larger number of MGBs Bulk bins can be heavy when full and
to service. pose a serious health and safety risk if Design the development to enable
they must be manually moved. efficient onsite collection of bulk bins.
Simple and easy to use system in
regards to both garbage disposal and Access for safe and efficient emptying Identify suitable waste collection
recycling. of bulk bins may be limited. point(s) for collection of bulk bins to
Encourages participation in recycling Onsite collection is generally required
as appropriate (refer to general
through co-location of garbage and for bulk bins, which may not be
recycling bins. available in some local areas.
Ensure responsibilities for cleaning
communal areas and bins, educating
if there is an inadequate number of
residents in the appropriate use of
MGBs provided for garbage.
systems and for moving bins in and out
Potentially higher contamination of of the storage area for collection are
recyclables if collected in bulk bins. clearly identified.
Bulk bins are generally suitable for Display clear signs indicating
paper and cardboard collection, but appropriate use of recycling systems.
recycling bins.
33
Storage – space and location

Communal bin areas
Waste bins may be stored in either one or more communal areas, including:
■ external enclosures, such as a bin bay;
■ enclosures located at ground floor parking level, within the building undercroft; or
■ rooms located within the main building or basement.
Low-rise developments may be spread across a large area, encompassing a number of different low-rise blocks
within a single development. Where this is the case, consideration should be given to incorporating more than
one communal storage area within the development.
Bulky items storage

Consideration should be given to allowing space for residents to temporarily store unwanted bulky items, while
awaiting disposal. This is important in guarding against residents illegally dumping this material on the footpath,
thus detracting significantly from the quality and appearance of the development.
The space allocated for bulky items storage should consider the intended frequency of collection. Bulky items may
be collected by council or contractors. Alternatively, tenants or building managers may make arrangements to take
excess bulky items to a waste management centre.
If council provides a bulky items collection it is important to check the details of the service as the frequency
and the types and sizes of materials collected may differ between Local Government Areas.
Provide space for the temporary storage of bulky items adjacent to the waste storage area.
Where on-site collection is not available, a caretaker should be employed to move bulky items from the interim
storage area to the kerbside (or designated collection point).
Garbage and recycling collection point

Where low-rise developments are spread across a large area and incorporate more than one communal storage
area, it may be appropriate to have more than one waste collection point for servicing the development (subject
to street frontage and access).
For MGB-based waste collection systems, the waste collection point is typically from the kerb.
The collection point for bulk bins, if used in the development, should be selected such that it meets the general
requirements specified in Section 2.7.
34
Example diagrams
The following figures provide examples of the location of bin storage areas for possible low-rise developments.
parking area
in undercroft
stair well
building
entrance
bin storage
in undercroft
mail boxes
gazetted road
Figure 4-1 Example of Option 1: MGBs used for garbage and recycling
This example demonstrates locating a communal storage area at ground level, adjacent to resident parking. The storage area is easily
accessible to residents using the main building entrance. In this example a caretaker may transfer bins to and from the kerbside for
collection or an arrangement may be in place for onsite collection.
35
block 1
area 1 nal storage

oxes
commu
mail b
add ro
gazette
block 3
block 2
communal storage communal storage

area 2 area 3
mail boxes mail boxes
gazetted road
Figure 4-2 Example of Option 2: bulk bins used for garbage and MGBs for recycling
In the above example, multiple communal storage areas are used to service the overall development, with there being one communal
storage area for each block of units. Dual street frontage enables bulk bins and MGBs to be used for collection, with bins spread
between at least two collection points. It is possible to have on-site servicing of bins as the collection vehicle could enter and leave
the development in a forward direction, using the dual access points.
36
5.
Residential Blocks 4–7 Storeys
Residential Blocks 4-7 Storeys
Residential blocks of 4-7 storeys are medium-large blocks of units, with separate dwellings on each storey.
Blocks of units with four or more storeys are required to have lift access to the dwellings on the upper levels.


Examples of better practice waste management in developments with 4-7 storeys include:
■ Option 1: use MGBs or bulk bins for garbage and recycling, with bins stored in a communal storage area
(see note). Residents would be required to carry all waste and recyclables from their unit direct to the
communal storage area.
■ Option 2: provide room for interim storage of garbage (in MGBs) and recyclables (in MGBs or crates) on each
floor in an interim storage area. A caretaker takes garbage and recyclables from the interim storage area to a
Within the communal storage area, garbage and recycling may be stored in either bulk bins or MGBs (see note).
■ Option 3: install a chute system for garbage, leading to a central garbage room at the bottom of the building.
The chute can empty into either a bulk bin or an MGB carousel. However, there may also be a requirement for
the chute to empty into a compactor (see Appendix B for discussion on chutes).
Provide room for interim storage of recyclables is provided in an interim storage area (that also houses the
garbage chute inlet hopper) on each floor. A caretaker takes recyclables from the interim storage area to a
communal storage area where recyclables may be stored in either MGBs or bulk bins (see note).
Note: Bulk bins may be provided for recyclables, such as paper and cardboard, in some council areas, elsewhere
the use of 240L MGBs is common for either source-separated or commingled recyclables.
In each case, council’s waste management unit will advise what the allocation of garbage and recycling bins will
be according to available MGB or bulk skip sizes.
The key features of the above systems and their advantages and disadvantages are further outlined in Table 5-1.
Note these systems are provided as examples only. Architects and designers who have good ideas should not
be constrained by these examples.
37
Table 5-1 Residential blocks 4-7 storeys – better practice examples

Option 1
Use of 240L MGBs or bulk bins for garbage and recycling, with bins stored in a communal storage area.
Residents would be required to carry all waste and recyclables from their unit direct to the communal storage area.

Simple and easy Less convenient to residents compared with other This option is really only viable in blocks with
to use system in systems, as they are required to carry all garbage a smaller number of units.
regards to both and recyclables down to the storage area.
Storage space and location
garbage disposal May lead to increased contamination of recyclables
and recycling. Locate communal storage areas so they are
as residents often use plastic bags to carry their
convenient for residents and servicing arrangements.
Encourages recycling to the waste area, and place both plastic
participation in bags and recycling in the recycling bin. Ensure adequate garbage capacity is provided
recycling through to reduce contamination of recycling bins.
Potential contamination of recycling bins if there is
co-location of inadequate disposal capacity provided for garbage. Access for residents and caretakers
garbage and
recycling bins. Design storage areas so that there is easy access for
■ Residents carrying garbage and recycling down
residents and caretakers to all bins without the need
System is still able main lifts and stairwells if there is no service lift
to move bins around.
to work fairly well in the building could reduce amenity.
in the absence If using MGBs: Access for collection
of a full-time If using MGBs, identify suitable waste collection
■ A large number of MGBs may be required to
caretaker, as long point(s) to collect the required number of MGBs that
as responsibility service the development. This would require a
are free from potential obstacles, including parked
for moving bins subsequent large storage area (or a number of
cars (remember on recycling collection days there
to and from the smaller areas). It would also require considerable
may be twice as many bins placed out for collection).
collection point is time for ongoing management, including
cleaning bins, and moving bins in and out from If using bulk bins, design the development to enable
clearly defined.
the collection point. efficient on-site collection of bulk bins. Identify
suitable waste collection point(s) to collect bulk
■ Large numbers of bins placed out for collection on bins to eliminate or minimise manual handling as
the kerbside can reduce amenity and pose risks to appropriate (refer general requirements in Chapter 2).
pedestrians and motorists as a result of blocking
pathways. It also poses a safety risk to collection Ongoing management
operators if they have to manually move bins Ensure responsibilities for cleaning communal areas
around cars to the waiting collection vehicle. and bins, educating residents in the appropriate use
If using bulk bins: of systems and for moving bins in and out of the
storage area for collection are clearly identified.
■ Decreased ownership as a result of sharing bins
Display clear signs indicating appropriate use
between greater numbers of units.
of recycling systems.
■ Access for safe and efficient emptying of bulk
bins may be limited.
■ Bulk bins can be heavy when full and pose a
serious health and safety risk if they must be
manually moved.
■ Onsite collection is generally required, which may
not be available in some local areas.
■ Potentially higher contamination of recycling
if using bulk bins compared with MGBs for
recyclables collection.
■ Bulk bins are generally suitable for paper
and cardboard collection, but not commingled
recyclables or source-separated glass due to glass
breakage and safety issues during collection.
38
Option 2
Room for interim storage of garbage and recyclables is provided on each floor in an interim storage area.
A caretaker takes garbage and recyclables from the interim storage area to a communal storage area.
MGBs or bulk bins for garbage and recycling used in communal storage area, into which waste from interim
storage areas is emptied.

Simple and easy Requires regular transfer of garbage and recycling Storage space and location
to use system in from the interim storage area to the communal
Locate an interim storage area on each floor that
regards to both storage area.
would hold one or more MGBs for garbage and MGBs
garbage disposal Residents may clutter the interim storage area with or crates for recyclables.
and recycling. bulky unwanted items that then need to be removed
The space allocated in the interim storage area
Encourages by a caretaker or cleaning staff.
should allow for the interim storage of at least
participation in This system requires a degree of ongoing management two days’ worth of garbage and recyclables from
recycling through in transferring bins to and from the collection point on dwellings on each floor.
co-location of collection day, and keeping the interim storage areas
garbage and Ensure adequate garbage capacity is provided
and communal storage area clean.
recycling facilities. to reduce contamination of recycling bins.
Recycling bins could be contaminated if there is
Storage of smaller Access for residents and caretakers
inadequate disposal capacity provided for garbage
quantities of in each interim storage area. Access for residents to waste facilities could be limited
recyclables in to the interim storage area on each floor and the bulky
each of the Residents transporting garbage and recycling down
items storage area. This would assist in preventing
interim storage main lifts and stairwells if there is no service lift in the
theft and vandalism of bins in communal storage
areas provides an building could reduce amenity.
areas, and also prevents residents placing full bags of
opportunity for If using MGBs in the communal storage area: rubbish and other large items in the recycling bins.
caretakers to more
closely monitor ■ A large number of MGBs may be required to Access for collection
contamination service the development. This would require a If using MGBs, identify suitable waste collection
and identify repeat subsequent large storage area (or a number of point(s) to collect the required number of MGBS that
offenders or the smaller areas). It would also require considerable are free from potential obstacles, including parked
need for further time for ongoing management, including cars (remember on recycling collection
education. cleaning bins, and moving bins in and out from days there may be twice as many bins placed out
the collection point. for collection).
■ Large numbers of bins placed out for collection If using bulk bins, design the development so they
on the kerbside can reduce amenity and pose can be efficiently collected on-site. Identify suitable
risks to pedestrians and motorists by blocking waste collection point(s) for collection of bulk
pathways. They also pose a safety risk to operators bins to eliminate or minimise manual handling as
if they have to manually move bins around cars to appropriate (refer general requirements in Chapter 2).
the waiting collection vehicle.
39
Option 2 cont...
If using bulk bins in the communal storage area: Occupational health and safety
■ Decreased ownership as a result of sharing Identify a suitable system to transfer garbage and
bins between greater numbers of units. recyclables from the interim storage areas, which
minimises occupational health and safety risks and
■ Access for safe and efficient emptying of bulk does not reduce amenity.
bins may be limited.
If crates are used for storing recyclables, some kind
■ Bulk bins can be heavy when full and pose a of trolley may be necessary, and the storage room will
serious health and safety risk if they need to need to accommodate manoeuvring the trolley.
be manually moved.
If the transfer of garbage from MGBs into bulk bins is
■ Onsite collection is generally required, which required the system must minimise or eliminate any
may not be available in some local areas. OH&S risks (see 5.4.1).
■ Potentially higher contamination of recycling Ongoing management
if using bulk bins compared with MGBs for Employment of a caretaker to regularly remove
recyclables collection. garbage and recyclables from the interim storage
■ Bulk bins are generally suitable for paper areas and transfer them to the communal storage
and cardboard collection, but not commingled area(s) is vital to the success of the system.
recyclables or source-separated glass due to glass Garbage and recycling bins (or crates) will need
breakage and safety issues during collection. to be changed regularly and stored in a communal
storage area on site between collections. It is
recommended garbage and recyclables be
transferred daily.
Ensure responsibilities for cleaning communal areas
and bins, educating residents in the appropriate use
of systems and for moving bins in and out of the
storage area for collection are clearly identified.
Display clear signs indicating appropriate use of
recycling systems.
40
Option 3
Install a chute system for garbage that leads to a central garbage room at the bottom of the building. The chute
can empty into either a bulk bin or an MGB carousel. However, there may also be a requirement for the chute to
empty into a compactor (see Appendix B for a discussion about chutes).
Room for interim storage of recyclables on each floor is provided in an interim storage area (that also houses the
garbage chute hopper) on each floor.
A caretaker takes recyclables from the interim storage area to a communal storage area.
MGBs or bulk bins for recycling are used in the communal storage area, into which recyclables from interim storage
areas are emptied

Simple and easy Requires regular transfer of recycling and bulky waste Storage space and location
to use system for items (unsuitable for disposal in the chute) from the
Locate an interim storage area on each floor to house
both garbage interim storage area to the communal storage area.
the chute inlet hopper for the garbage chute and
disposal and Residents may clutter the interim storage area with MGBs or crates for recyclables. Consult the chute
recycling. bulky unwanted items that then need to be removed manufacturer about space requirements for the
Encourages by a caretaker or cleaning staff. chute opening.
participation in Chutes are not suitable to transfer recyclables or The space allocated in the interim storage area
recycling through bulky items, therefore two means of transferring should allow for the storage of at least two days’
co-location of materials in each development are required (the worth of recyclables from all dwellings on the floor.
garbage and chute and manual methods)7.
recycling facilities. The interim storage area should:
Potential contamination of recycling bins if bulky
Interim storage of ■ be large enough to accommodate sufficient
items or other items that cannot fit down chutes are
smaller quantities MGBs/crates to store the recyclables generated
placed in the recycling stream.
of recyclables over the entire period between collection days;
in each of the Residents transporting recycling down main lifts
or
interim storage and stairwells if there is no service lift in the building
areas provides an could reduce amenity. ■ have systems in place to empty the containers
opportunity for This system requires a high degree of ongoing and transfer the materials to another area on-site
caretakers to more management in transferring bins to and from the in between collections.
closely monitor collection point on collection day, keeping the It is recommended that recyclables be transferred
contamination interim storage areas and central garbage room daily, where possible, to a central garbage area to
and identify repeat clean, etc. avoid hygiene and dumping issues.
offenders or the
need for further Locate the garbage chute outlet in the central
education. garbage room. The building caretaker should not
be required to transfer garbage from one side of the
building to the other to get it from the chute outlet
to the garbage room.
Where resident access is restricted to the garbage
room, additional garbage MGBs should be located
next to the recycling MGBs to avoid contamination
of recyclables.

7 Chutes are not suitable to transfer recyclables because the drop generally results in the damage, or even destruction, of the
recyclable material – particularly glass. In addition, cardboard could easily become stuck in the chute and cause a fire hazard.
Other recyclables, such as paper and plastics, are also highly flammable. Therefore, having large quantities of recyclables
stored at the bottom of a long shaft that runs the height of the building could constitute a fire hazard.
41
Option 3 cont...
Chutes enable Regular maintenance, including cleaning and Access for residents and caretakers
transfer of garbage unblocking chutes, is likely to be required. Regular
Access for residents to waste facilities could be
from the different inspection of the waste room into which the chute
limited to the interim storage area on each floor
floors within a empties is also required to ensure bins do not
and the bulky items storage area. This would prevent
development become overfull.
without the need Where chutes discharge into a compaction unit, areas, and also prevents residents from placing full
to manually carry the compacted waste bins can become very heavy bags of rubbish and other large items in the recycling
bags and bins up and increase occupational health and safety risks. bins. Resident access should be restricted, for safety
and down stairs Compacted waste may also get jammed in the base reasons, into garbage rooms where chutes empty.
and via lifts to of the bins making it difficult to empty the contents.
the waste storage Access for collection
area. This increases If using bulk bins in the communal storage area:
If using MGBs, identify suitable waste collection
convenience to point(s) to collect the number of MGBs required that
■ Access for safe and efficient emptying of bulk bins
residents and can are free from potential obstacles, including parked
may be limited.
result in improved cars (remember on recycling days there may be twice
amenity (due to ■ Bulk bins can be heavy when full and pose a as many bins placed out for collection).
reduced transfer serious health and safety risk if needing to be
of garbage in manually moved. If using bulk bins, design the development so they
trafficable areas) can be efficiently collected on-site. Identify suitable
■ Onsite collection is generally required, which may waste collection point(s) for collection of bulk
if well managed.
not be available in some local areas. bins to eliminate or minimise manual handling as
appropriate (refer general requirements in Chapter 2).
■ Potentially higher contamination of recycling
if using bulk bins compared with MGBs for Occupational health and safety
recyclables collection. Identify a suitable system to transfer recyclables from
■ Bulk bins are generally suitable for paper and the interim storage areas to the communal storage
cardboard collection, but not commingled area that minimises occupational health and safety
recyclables or source separated glass due to glass risks and does not reduce amenity.
breakage and safety issues during collection. If crates are used for storing recyclables, some kind
of trolley may be necessary, and the storage room
will need to accommodate manoeuvring the trolley.
Ongoing management
Employment of a caretaker is vital to the success
of the system for the regular removal of recyclables
from the interim storage areas and transfer to the
communal storage area(s).
Install clear signs indicating appropriate use of
recycling systems.
Provide residents with ongoing education in the
correct use of the chute, and the need to keep bulky
items and recyclables out of the chute system.
Ensure that if waste is compacted it does not result
in overloading the bins.
Regular maintenance, including cleaning and
possibly unblocking chutes.
Regularly inspect the room into which the waste
chute empties to ensure bins do not become overfull.
42

Communal bin areas
It is essential to provide, at some location in the building, sufficient space to store all garbage and recycling
likely to be generated in the period between collection days and the equipment used to manage and store it.
There may be more than one communal storage point.
Bulky items storage

Consideration should be given to allowing space for residents to temporarily store unwanted bulky items, while
awaiting disposal. This is important in guarding against residents illegally dumping this material on the footpath,
thus detracting significantly from the quality and appearance of the development.
The space allocated to store bulky items should consider the intended frequency of collection. Bulky items may
Provide space to temporarily store bulky items adjacent to the waste storage area.
Supporting infrastructure
Trolleys to accommodate recycling crates
Identify a suitable system to transfer recyclables from the interim storage areas that minimises occupational health
and safety risks and does not reduce amenity.
If crates are used for storing recyclables, some kind of trolley may be necessary, and the storage room will need
to accommodate manoeuvring the trolley.
Bin lifters
If MGBs containing garbage or recycling have to be emptied into bulk bins, provide equipment to eliminate
the need to manually lift and empty the bin.
In this situation, the waste storage area design needs to incorporate sufficient space to locate and operate the lifting
device. The lifting device should be fitted with safety features to prevent injury to operators, and should be secured
to prevent use by unauthorised persons (residents).
The cost of procuring and maintaining the bin lifter and the employment of a caretaker to operate it should be
considered and factored into the ongoing management of the development.
A further cost to be considered may be the requirement to purchase an additional set of bins. Most councils will
only provide one set of bins to a development (ie MGBs or bulk bins, but not both); therefore, if it is proposed to
empty waste from MGBs into bulk bins, an additional set of bins may be required.
Further information about bin lifters and their potential application in MUDs is included in Appendix B.
Service lifts
Where a development incorporates interim storage areas on each level, it is recommended that a service lift
also be provided to enable the transfer of materials from the compartment to the communal storage area.
43
Access
If vandalism or waste dumping is likely to be serious problem, consideration should be given to having a secure
centralised lockup to store bulky items.
Ongoing management
All waste management systems in 4-7 storey residential buildings require some degree of ongoing management.
A caretaker or manager is recommended for all 4-7 storey residential buildings to maintain clean waste storage
areas and keep them free of dumped rubbish, to ensure new residents are aware of the waste management
arrangements and to liaise with the council or collection contractor.
Where systems use interim storage areas on each floor, a caretaker is definitely required to manage the transfer
of waste and/or recycling from interim storage areas on each floor to communal storage areas and/or to the
collection point. A dedicated caretaker will need to be employed for these functions, with the cost factored into
the ongoing management of the development.
Management Plan for the development.8 If a caretaker is required, this may be detailed in the Waste Management
Plan and employment of a caretaker may then form part of the conditions of consent, which must be adhered to.
8 Chutes are not suitable to transfer recyclables because the drop generally results in the damage, or even destruction,
of the recyclable material – particularly glass. In addition, cardboard could easily become stuck in the chute and cause a
fire hazard. Other recyclables, such as paper and plastics, are also highly flammable. Therefore, having large quantities of
recyclables stored at the bottom of a long shaft that runs the height of the building could constitute a fire hazard.
44
Example diagrams
The following figures provide examples of the location of bin storage areas for possible 4-7 storey developments.
communal storage area
entrance to basement
parking area
collection vehicle out
collection vehicle in
mail boxes
gazetted road
Figure 5-1 Example of Option 1 or Option 2

This example demonstrates locating a communal storage area for a 4-7 storey MUD at the rear of the development, but adjacent
to the car park entrance so it is conveniently accessible and visible to car park users. In this example there is sufficient turning space
incorporated in the driveway design to accommodate a waste collection vehicle making a three-point turn to allow on-site collection
of bins. The collection vehicle would enter the property in a forward direction, nose into the start of the car park entrance driveway,
reverse to the area adjacent to the bin storage area where collection would take place and leave the property in a forward direction.
Alternatively, depending on the number and size of bins used in this development, and the distance between the storage area and
kerbside, it may also have been possible to arrange for the kerbside collection of bins. In this case, a caretaker would need to be
employed to manage the movement of bins to and from the collection point and storage area.
45
chute discharges into bulk bins

access for caretaker only to this area
restricted access
direct access for trucks basement entrance

to bulk bin storage
restricted
storage
access
bulky
items
vehicle loading area
gazetted road
carpark
recycling
area
access to building
basement exit
Figure 5-2 Example of Option 3: use chute for garbage and MGBs for recycling
This example demonstrates onsite collection of bulk garbage bins and MGB recycling bins from the basement of a 4-7-storey building.
There is no access to the bulk bin storage area for residents, however, they can access the recycling and bulky waste storage areas.
Direct access is provided for the garbage collection vehicle to drive forward up to the bulk bin storage area and use an overhead lift
and empty the garbage. The garbage collection vehicle would then proceed to drive through the car park and leave the basement,
always moving in a forward direction.
The recycling collection vehicle would enter the basement and proceed to directly in front of the recycling storage area. Sufficient space
has been provided to make the collection without obstructing traffic flow through the car park. This example assumes recycling bins
are wheeled from the storage area to a rear-loading collection vehicle. The vehicle would then leave the basement car park in a forward
direction. Similarly, bulky waste would be moved from the bulky waste storage area to the waiting bulky waste collection vehicle at the
time of collection.
Note: In the above example, additional MGBs for garbage would be available in the recycling area that are accessible to residents so as
to prevent contamination of recyclables.
46
Waste service compartment
chute hopper
Recycling in MGBs
garbage chute
lift well
bulky discard cage
recycling bin
storage
carpark
garbage skip bag carousel

with compactor
Figure 5-3 Cross-section of Option 3: interim storage area and chute system
This example demonstrates the general principles and operation of a garbage chute system supported by recycling bins located within
the interim storage area on each level. Additional recyclables storage and storage for bulky waste items are provided in the car park of
the building. The chute discharges into an MGB carousel (or possibly bulk skips), which are located in a room normally locked and not
accessible to residents.
Note: In the above example, additional MGBs for garbage would be available in the recycling area that are accessible to residents
so as to prevent contamination of recyclables.
47
48
6.
High-Rise Residential Blocks
More Than Seven Storeys
High-Rise Residential Blocks More Than Seven Storeys
High-rise blocks are large blocks of units that are more than seven storeys high with separate dwellings on each storey.
Blocks of units with four or more storeys are required to have lift access to the dwellings on the upper levels.


Considerable care and consideration needs to be given to designing a waste management system for high-rise
buildings. Due to the large amount of material generated, poor design decisions can have serious repercussions
on the management of the building throughout its lifetime.
Examples of better practice waste management in high-rise developments are:
■ Option 2: install a chute system for garbage that leads to a central garbage room at the bottom of the building.
The chute can empty into either a bulk bin or an MGB carousel. However, there may also be a requirement for
the chute to empty into a compactor (see Appendix B for a discussion about chutes).
Room for interim storage of recyclables is provided in an interim storage area (which also houses the garbage
chute inlet hopper) on each floor. A caretaker takes recyclables from the interim storage area to a communal
storage area where recyclables may be stored in either MGBs or bulk bins (see note).
Note: bulk bins may be provided for recyclables, such as paper and cardboard, in some council areas, elsewhere
the use of 240L MGBs is common for either source separated or commingled recyclables.
In each case, council’s waste management unit will advise what the allocation of bins will be, according to available
MGB or bulk bin sizes.
Note these systems are provided as examples only. Architects and designers who have good innovative ideas that
achieve a better outcome should not feel constrained by the following examples.
49
Table 6-1 High-rise development – better practice examples
Option 1
Provide room for interim storage of garbage and recyclables on each floor in an interim storage area.
MGBs or bulk bins for garbage and recycling used in a communal storage area, into which waste from
interim storage areas is emptied.

Simple and easy for Requires regular transfer of garbage and Storage space and location
residents to use system recycling from the interim storage area Locate an interim storage area on each floor that
for both garbage to the communal storage area. would hold one or more MGBs for garbage and
disposal Residents may clutter the interim storage MGBs or crates for recyclables.
and recycling. area with bulky unwanted items that then The space allocated in the interim storage area
Encourages need to be removed by a caretaker or should allow for the interim storage of at least
participation in cleaning staff. two days’ worth of garbage and recyclables from
recycling through This system requires a degree of on-going dwellings on each floor.
co-location of garbage management in transferring bins to and
and recycling facilities. Ensure adequate garbage capacity is provided
from the collection point on collection to reduce contamination of recycling bins.
Interim storage of day, keeping the interim storage areas and
smaller quantities central garbage room clean etc. Access for residents and caretakers
of recyclables in Recycling bins could be contaminated Access for residents to waste facilities could be
each of the interim if there is inadequate disposal capacity limited to the interim storage area on each floor
storage areas provides provided for garbage in each interim and the bulky items storage area. This would
an opportunity for storage area. prevent theft and vandalism of bins in communal
caretakers to more storage areas, and also prevents residents placing
closely monitor Residents transporting recycling down full bags of rubbish and other large items in the
system performance, main lifts and stairwells if there is no recycling bins.
contamination service lift in the building could affect
and identify repeat amenity. Access for collection
offenders or the need If using MGBs, identify suitable waste collection
for further education. point(s) to collect the required number of MGBs
that are free from potential obstacles, including
parked cars (remember on recycling collection days
there may be twice as many bins placed out for
collection).
If using bulk bins, design the development so they
can be efficiently collected on-site. Identify suitable
waste collection point(s) to collect bulk bins to
as appropriate (refer to general requirements
in Chapter 2).
50

If using MGBs in the communal Occupational health and safety
storage area: Identify a suitable system to transfer garbage
■ A large number of MGBs from and recyclables from the interim storage areas that
high-rise developments are likely minimises occupational health and safety risks and
to be acceptable to most councils does not reduce amenity.
and may be required to service the If crates are used for storing recyclables, some kind
development. This would require a of trolley may be necessary, and the storage room
subsequent large storage area (or a will need to accommodate manoeuvring the trolley.
number of smaller areas). It would also
If the transfer of garbage from MGBs into bulk bins
require considerable time for ongoing
is required the system must minimise or eliminate
management, including cleaning bins,
any OH&S risks (see 6.5.1).
and moving bins to and from the
collection point. Ongoing management
■ Large numbers of bins placed out for Employment of a caretaker to regularly remove
collection on the kerbside can reduce garbage and recyclables from the interim storage
amenity and pose risks to passers-by areas and transfer to the communal storage area(s)
as a result of blocked pathways. It is vital to the success of the system.
also poses a safety risk to collection Garbage and recycling bins (or crates) will
operators if they have to manually need to be changed regularly and stored in
move bins around cars to the waiting another communal storage area on site between
collection vehicle. collections. It is recommended that garbage and
If using bulk bins in the communal recyclables be transferred daily.
storage area: Ensure responsibilities for cleaning communal areas
■ Decreased ownership as a result and bins, educating residents in the appropriate
of sharing bins between greater use of systems and for moving bins in and out of
numbers of units. the storage area for collection are clearly identified.
Display clear signs indicating the appropriate
■ Access for safe and efficient emptying
use of the recycling systems.
of bulk bins may be limited.
■ Bulk bins can be heavy when full and
pose a serious health and safety risk
if they require to be manually moved.
■ Onsite collection is generally required,
which may not be available in some
local areas.
■ Potentially higher contamination of
recycling if using bulk bins compared
with MGBs for recyclables collection.
■ Bulk bins are generally suitable for
paper and cardboard collection, but
51
Option 2
Install a chute system for garbage, leading to a central garbage room at the bottom of the building. The chute can
empty into either a bulk bin or an MGB carousel. However, there may also be a requirement for the chute to empty
into a compactor (see Appendix B for a discussion about chutes).
Room for interim storage of recyclables on each floor is provided in an interim storage area (that also houses
the garbage chute hopper) on each floor.
MGBs or bulk bins for recycling are used in the communal storage area, into which recyclables from interim
storage areas are emptied.

Simple and easy to Requires the regular transfer of recycling Storage space and location
use system for both and bulky waste items (unsuitable for
Locate an interim storage area on each floor
garbage disposal and disposal in the chute) from the interim
housing the chute inlet hopper for the garbage
recycling. storage area to the communal storage area.
chute and MGBs or crates for recyclables. Consult
Encourages Residents may clutter the interim storage the chute manufacturer about space requirements
participation in area with bulky unwanted items that then for the chute opening.
recycling through need to be removed by a caretaker or
The space allocated in the storage area should allow
co-location of garbage cleaning staff.
for the interim storage of at least two days’ worth of
and recycling facilities. Chutes are not suitable to transfer recyclables from all dwellings on the floor.
Interim storage of recyclables or bulky items, therefore two
The interim storage area should:
smaller quantities of means of transferring materials in each
recyclables in each of development are required (the chute and ■ be large enough to accommodate sufficient
the interim storage manual methods)10. MGBs/crates to store the recyclables generated
areas provides an over the entire period between collection days;
opportunity for or
if bulky items or other items that cannot fit
caretakers to more
down chutes are placed in the
closely monitor ■ have systems in place to empty the containers
recycling stream.
contamination and transfer the materials to another area on-
and identify repeat Residents transporting recycling site in between collections.
offenders or the need down main lifts and stairwells if there
It is recommended that recyclables be transferred
for further education. is no service lift in the building could affect
daily, where possible, to a central garbage area to
amenity.
Chutes enable the avoid hygiene and dumping concerns.
transfer of garbage This system requires a degree of ongoing
Locate the garbage chute outlet in the central
from the different management in transferring bins to and
garbage room. The building caretaker should not
floors within a from the collection point on collection
be required to transfer garbage from one side of
development without day, keeping the interim storage areas and
the building to the other to get it from the chute
the need to manually central garbage room clean etc.
outlet to the garbage room.
carry bags and bins up Regular maintenance, including
and down stairs and Where resident access is restricted to the garbage
cleaning and unblocking chutes is likely
via lifts to the waste room, locate additional garbage MGBs next to
to be required. Regular inspection of the
storage area. This the recycling MGBs to avoid contamination of
waste room into which waste discharges
increases convenience recyclables.
is also required to ensure bins do not
to residents and if well become overfull.
managed can result
in improved amenity
(due to reduced
transfer of garbage
in trafficable areas).

52

Where chutes discharge into a compaction Access for residents
unit, the compacted waste bins can For safety reasons, restrict resident access
become very heavy and increase from garbage rooms where chutes empty
occupational health and safety risks. (if applicable).
Compacted waste may also get jammed
Ongoing management
in the base of the bins making it difficult
to empty the contents. Employment of a caretaker to regularly remove
recyclables from the interim storage areas and
If using bulk bins in the communal transfer to the communal storage area(s) is vital
storage area: to the success of the system.
■ Access for safe and efficient emptying Display clear signs indicating appropriate use of
of bulk bins may be limited. recycling systems.
Residents need ongoing eduction in the correct use
■ Bulk bins can be heavy when full and
of the chute, and the need to keep bulky items and
pose a serious health and safety risk
recyclables out of the chute system.
if they have to be manually moved.
Ensure if waste compaction of waste is used,
■ On-site collection is generally required, it does not overload bins.
which may not be available in some Regular maintenance, including cleaning and
local areas. unblocking chutes.
■ Potentially higher contamination of Regular inspection of the waste room into which
recycling if using bulk bins compared waste discharges is required to ensure bins do not
with MGBs for recyclables collection. become overfull.
■ Bulk bins are generally suitable for
paper and cardboard collection, but
53

Communal bin areas
It is essential to provide, at appropriate locations in the building, sufficient space to store all garbage and recycling
likely to be generated in the period between collection days and the equipment used to manage and store it.
There may be more than one storage point.
Consideration needs to be given to how the bins are to be emptied and how much room will be required
to manoeuvre the bins to where they will be emptied.
Bulky items storage

Given the number of dwelling units in high-rise buildings, there is an almost constant turnover of residents.
Consideration should be given to allowing space for residents to temporarily store unwanted bulky items.
Providing storage onsite for the disposal of bulky items is important in guarding against residents illegally
dumping this material on the footpath, thus detracting significantly from the quality and appearance of the
development. While education about available clean-up services can assist, serious dumping problems can
occur if a substantial proportion of the building’s population is transient.
The space allocated for bulky items storage should take into account the intended frequency of collection.
Bulky items may be collected by council or contractors. Alternatively, tenants or building managers may make
arrangements to take excess bulky items to a waste management centre.
Trolleys to accommodate recycling crates
Identify a suitable system to transfer recyclables from the interim storage areas that minimises occupational health
and safety risks and does not reduce amenity.
Bin lifters
If there is a requirement to empty MGBs containing garbage or recycling into bulk bins, provide equipment to
eliminate the need for manually lift and empty the bin.
In this situation the design of waste storage areas needs to incorporate sufficient space to locate and operate the
lifting device. Fit the lifting device with safety features to prevent injury to operators, and secure it to prevent use
by unauthorised persons (residents).
The cost of procuring and maintaining the bin lifter and employing a caretaker to operate it should be considered
and factored into the ongoing management of the development.
only provide one set of bins to a development (ie MGBs or bulk bins, but not both), therefore if it is proposed to
empty waste from MGBs into bulk bins it may require an additional set of bins.
Further information about bin lifters and their potential application in MUDs is included in Appendix B.
Service lifts
Where a development incorporates interim storage areas on each level, it is recommended that a service lift also
be provided to enable the transfer of materials from the compartment to the communal storage area.
54
Access
For residents
Access for residents to waste facilities should be limited to the interim storage area on each floor and the bulky
items storage area. This prevents theft and vandalism of bins in communal storage areas, and also prevents
residents placing large items in the recycling bins.
If vandalism or waste dumping is likely to be serious problem, consideration should be given to having a secure
centralised lockup area for bulky items.
For collectors
If using MGBs, identify suitable waste collection point(s) to collect the required number of MGBs that are free
from potential obstacles, including parked cars (remember on recycling days there may be twice as many bins
placed out for collection).
If using bulk bins, design the development for their efficient on-site collection. Identify suitable waste collection
point(s) to collect bulk bins to eliminate or minimise manual handling as appropriate (refer to general
Ongoing management
Employment of a caretaker is vital to the success of waste management systems in high-rise developments.
Caretakers are required to manage the regular removal of materials from the interim storage areas and their
transfer to the communal storage area(s); transfer receptacles to the collection point; keep waste storage areas
clean and free of dumped rubbish; ensure new residents are aware of the waste management arrangements;
and liaise with the waste collection contractor.
A dedicated caretaker will need to be employed for these functions, with the cost factored into the ongoing
management of the development.
Management Plan for the development11. If a caretaker is required, this may be detailed in the Waste Management
Plan and the continuous employment of a caretaker may then form part of the conditions of consent, which must
be adhered to.
11 A Waste Management Plan is generally required as part of the documentation supporting a development application.
Requirements for Waste Management Plans may vary between Local Government Areas.
55
Example diagrams
The following figures provide examples of the location of bin storage areas for possible high-rise developments.
chute discharges into bulk bins

access for caretaker only to this area
restricted access
direct access for trucks basement entrance

to bulk bin storage
restricted
storage
access
bulky
items
vehicle loading area
gazetted road
carpark
recycling
area
access to building
basement exit
Figure 6-1: Example of Option 1 or Option 2

This example demonstrates onsite collection of either MGBs or bulk garbage bins and MGB recycling bins from the basement of a high-
rise building. If a chute system was used, (as in Option 2), there would be no access to the garbage storage area for residents, however,
residents could still access the recycling and bulky waste storage areas.
Direct access is provided for the garbage collection vehicle to drive forwards up to the bulk bin storage area and make an overhead
lift and empty the garbage. The garbage collection vehicle would then proceed to drive through the car park and leave the basement,
always moving in a forward direction.
The recycling collection vehicle would enter the basement and proceed to directly in front of the recycling storage area. Sufficient space
has been provided for the collection to be made without obstructing traffic flow through the car park. This example assumes recycling
bins are wheeled from the storage area to a rear-loading collection vehicle. The vehicle would then leave the basement car park in a
forward direction. Similarly, bulky waste would be moved from the bulky waste storage area to the waiting bulky waste collection vehicle
at the time of collection.
Note: In the above example, additional MGBs for garbage would be available in the recycling area so they are accessible to residents to
prevent contamination of recyclables. In addition, it would be ensured that there was sufficient overhead clearance to allow the garbage
truck to operate.
56
1 carousel compactor at
base of garbage chute
1
2 access for caretaker only
3 skips for garbage -

caretaker access only
2 11 4 MGB for garbage

2
5 MGBs for recycling
10 6 caged area for discarded

bulky items
G 7 7 roller shutter doors - council

3 access (nb. 6m clearance
underground carpark
required for some skips)

9
8 slot access to recycling and
garbage MGBs for residents
9 bump rail
G
3 7 10 tap
11 drainage to sewer
11
8 G
4
gazetted road
7
8 R
8 R 5
7
R
8
11 6
gate
Figure 6-2 Example of Option 2: secure waste storage area for high-rise development
This example demonstrates a possible layout for a secure garbage area for a high-rise development. This type of arrangement may typically be
located in a basement or underground car park.
In this example, access for residents to garbage and recycling facilities is limited to the interim storage area and chute inlet hopper on
each floor. Access to rooms where the chute empties and extra bins are stored is restricted to the caretaker. This is for safety reasons and
to discourage dumping.
Secure recycling bins are also included in the lockable garbage room in an effort to prevent vandalism. In this example the recycling
bins are kept in a locked room or cage and access to the recycling bins for residents is by a slot in wall of the room or cage. This prevents
theft and vandalism of the bins, and also prevents residents placing full bags of rubbish and other large items in the recycling bins (as
they cannot fit through the slot).
Additional storage for bulky waste items and an area to wash down bins are incorporated in the facilities.
57
Waste service compartment
chute hopper
Recycling in MGBs
garbage chute
lift well
bulky discard cage
recycling bin
storage
carpark
garbage skip bag carousel

with compactor
Figure 6-3 Cross-section of Option 2: example interim storage area and chute system
This example demonstrates the general principles and operation of a garbage chute system supported by recycling bins located within
the interim storage area on each level. Additional storage for recyclables and bulky waste items is provided in the building’s car park.
The chute discharges into an MGB carousel (or possibly bulk skips), which are located in a room normally locked and not accessible to
residents.
Note: In the above example, additional MGBs for garbage would be available in the recycling area to prevent contamination of
recyclables.
58
7.
Mixed Use Development
Mixed use developments incorporate residential dwellings and commercial establishments within the same
development and would include, for example, shop-top housing.
Mixed use developments may be small, for example, two storeys incorporating a residential property on the top
floor and commercial outlet on ground level, or they may be large, with one or more levels of commercial property
beneath low-rise or larger medium to high-rise residential developments.

The issues discussed in this chapter need to be taken into consideration in addition to those applying
to all developments (as outlined in Section 2).
Key problems
There are often serious problems with commercial tenants using the residential waste facilities (or vice versa)
in mixed use developments, which can cause overloading of the waste management system, unhygienic
conditions and disputes over payment for collection.
Better practice waste management in mixed use developments requires the complete separation of the residential
and commercial waste facilities. Residential and commercial tenants should be actively discouraged from using
each other’s waste facilities.
Design garbage and recycling systems for the management of commercial wastes so they reduce potential
adverse impacts on residential units within the development.
Provision of services
Councils are not required to provide waste services to commercial businesses, so they may elect to only service
the residential dwelling component of mixed use developments. In this situation a private waste contractor
would need to remove the commercial waste, or a private waste contractor may be engaged to remove both
the residential and commercial garbage and recycling.
It should be noted that if a private contractor were used to provide the garbage and recycling services,
residents may still be required to pay a service availability charge to council as stipulated under section
146 of the Local Government Act 1993, in addition to the contractor’s fee.
Waste types and handling methods

Waste materials from residential and commercial properties differ in quantity and composition. In general,
commercial properties generate higher yields of waste than residential properties.
In determining waste handling and storage requirements, consideration should be given to:
■ The likely types of commercial activities that may occur in the development, and the types of waste
they may generate (refer to Appendix A).
■ The number of residential dwellings and the quantity of residential waste generation (typical residential
waste generation rates are provided in Appendix A).
■ The waste infrastructure that will be required to separately manage commercial and residential wastes.
For example, commercial units may generate a large volume of cardboard that cannot be accommodated
in MGB-based collection systems.
■ The need for service lifts (or a goods lift) to transfer waste from the various building floors to the waste
storage area(s).
59
Better practice garbage and recycling systems

Residential
Examples of better practice waste management in the residential component of mixed-use developments include:
■ Option 1: use MGBs or bulk bins for garbage and recycling, with bins stored in a communal storage area
(see note). Residents would be required to carry all waste and recyclables from their unit direct to the
This is more typical in developments of four residential storeys or more.
■ Option 3: install a chute system for garbage, leading to a central garbage room at the bottom of the building.
The chute can empty into either a bulk bin or an MGB carousel. However, the chute may also have to empty
Room for interim storage of recyclables is provided in an interim storage area (which also houses the garbage
chute inlet hopper) on each floor. A caretaker takes recyclables from the interim storage area to a communal
storage area where recyclables may be stored in either MGBs or bulk bins (see note).
This is more typical in developments of four residential storeys or more.
Note: Bulk bins may be provided for recyclables, such as paper and cardboard, in some council areas, elsewhere
the use of 240L MGBs is common for either source-separated or commingled recyclables.
In each case, council’s waste management unit will advise what the allocation of bins will be according to available
MGB or bulk bin sizes.
Note these systems are provided as examples only and architects and designers who have good ideas should not
be constrained by them.
Commercial
The garbage and recycling systems installed in commercial developments will vary according the types and
quantities of waste and recyclables generated.
The MUD Guide does not cover specific waste management requirements for commercial developments, other
than how the commercial waste management system should integrate with residential services in mixed use
developments. In general, however, better practice waste management should be achieved by applying the
general principles as outlined in Section 2 to commercial developments. Some indicative commercial waste
generation rates are included in Appendix A as a guide.
60
Table 7-1 Residential component of mixed use developments - better practice examples
Option 1
Use 240L MGBs or bulk bins for garbage and recycling, with bins stored in a communal storage area.
Residents would be required to carry all waste and recyclables from their unit direct to the communal storage area.
Advantages Disadvantages System requirement12

Simple and easy Less convenient to residents compared with This option is really only viable in blocks with
to use system for other systems, as they are required to carry a smaller number of units.
both garbage all garbage and recyclables down to the
Storage space and location
disposal and storage area.
recycling. Communal storage areas should be conveniently
May lead to increased contamination of
located for residents and servicing arrangements.
Encourages recyclables as residents often use plastic bags
participation in to carry their recycling to the waste area, and Ensure adequate garbage capacity is provided
recycling through place both plastic bags and recycling in the to reduce contamination of recycling bins.
co-location of recycling bin. Access for residents and caretakers
garbage and Recycling bins could be contaminated if
recycling bins. Design storage areas so that there is easy access for
there is inadequate disposal capacity residents and caretakers to all bins without the need
System will still provided for garbage. to move bins around.
work fairly well in Residents carrying garbage and recycling
the absence of a down main lifts and stairwells if there is no
full-time caretaker service lift in the building may affect amenity.
if responsibility for
moving bins to and If using MGBs:
from the collection
■ A large number of MGBs may be required
point is clearly
to service the development. This would
defined.
require a subsequent large storage area
(or a number of smaller areas).
It would also require considerable time for
ongoing management, including cleaning
bins, and moving bins in and out from the
collection point.
■ Large numbers of bins placed out for
collection on the kerbside are unlikely to
be satisfactory to most councils, especially
where the ground floor areas are for
commercial activity. They can reduce
amenity and pose risks to pedestrians and
motorists by blocking pathways. They also
pose a safety risk to collection operators if
they have to manually move bins around
cars to the waiting collection vehicle.
61
Option 1 cont...
If using bulk bins: Access for collection
■ Decreased ownership as a result of sharing If using MGBs, identify suitable waste collection
bins between greater numbers of units. point(s) to collect the required number of MGBs that
■ Access for safe and efficient emptying are free from potential obstacles, including parked
of bulk bins may be limited. cars (remember on recycling collection days there
■ Bulk bins can be heavy when full and pose may be twice as many bins placed out for collection).
a serious health and safety risk if they must If using bulk bins, design the development to
be manually moved. enable their efficient on-site collection. Identify
■ Onsite collection is generally required, suitable waste collection point(s) to collect bulk
which may not be available in some bins to eliminate or minimise manual handling
local areas. as appropriate (refer to general requirements in
Chapter 2).
recycling if using bulk bins compared Ongoing management
with MGBs for recyclables collection. Ensure responsibilities for cleaning communal areas
■ Bulk bins are generally suitable for and bins, educating residents in the appropriate use
paper and cardboard collection, but of systems and for moving bins in and out of the
not commingled recyclables or source- storage area for collection are clearly identified.
Option 2
Provide room for interim storage of garbage and recyclables on each floor in interim storage area.
MGBs or bulk bins for garbage and recycling used in communal storage area, into which waste from interim
storage areas is emptied.

Simple and easy Requires regularly transferring garbage and Storage space and location
to use system for recycling from the interim storage area to the Locate an interim storage area on each floor that
both garbage communal would hold one or more MGBs for garbage and
disposal and storage area. MGBs or crates for recyclables.
recycling. Residents may clutter the interim storage area The space allocated in the interim storage area
Encourages with bulky unwanted items that then need to should allow for the interim storage of at least
participation in be removed by a caretaker or cleaning staff. two days’ worth of garbage and recyclables from
recycling through This system requires a degree of on-going dwellings on each floor.
co-location of management in transferring bins to and from
garbage and Ensure adequate garbage capacity is provided
the collection point on collection day, keeping to reduce contamination of recycling bins.
recycling facilities. the interim storage areas and communal
storage area clean. Access for residents and caretakers
Recycling bins could be contaminated if there Access for residents to waste facilities could be
is inadequate disposal capacity provided for limited to the interim storage area on each floor
garbage in each interim storage area. and the bulky items storage area. This would prevent
areas, and also prevents residents placing full bags
of rubbish and other large items in the recycling bins.
62
Option 2 cont...
Interim storage of Residents transporting garbage and recycling Access for collection
smaller quantities down main lifts and stairwells if there is
If using MGBs, identify suitable waste collection
of recyclables no service lift in the building could affect
point(s) to collect the required number of MGBS that
in each of the amenity.
are free from potential obstacles, including parked
interim storage If using MGBs in the communal storage area: cars (remember on recycling collection days there
areas provides an may be twice as many bins placed out for collection).
opportunity for ■ A large number of MGBs may be required
caretakers to more to service the development. This would If using bulk bins, design the development to enable
closely monitor require a subsequent large storage their efficient on-site collection. Identify suitable
contamination area (or a number of smaller areas). It waste collection point(s) to collect bulk bins to
and identify repeat would also require considerable time eliminate or minimise manual handling as appropriate
offenders or the for ongoing management, including (refer to general requirements in Chapter 2).
need for further cleaning bins, and moving bins in and Occupational health and safety
education. out from the collection point.
Identify a suitable system to transfer garbage
■ Large numbers of bins placed out for and recyclables from the interim storage areas that
collection on the kerbside can reduce minimises occupational health and safety risks and
amenity and pose risks to passers-by does not reduce amenity.
because of blocked pathways. It also poses
If crates are used for storing recyclables, some kind
a safety risk to collection operators if they
have to manually move bins around cars
to the waiting collection vehicle.
If the transfer of garbage from MGBs into bulk bins
If using bulk bins in the communal
is required the system must minimise or eliminate
storage area:
any OH&S risks.
■ Decreased ownership as a result of sharing Ongoing management
bins between greater numbers of units.
Employment of a caretaker, on a continuous basis,
■ Access for safe and efficient emptying to regularly remove garbage and recyclables from the
of bulk bins may be limited. interim storage areas and transfer to the communal
storage area(s) is vital to the success of the system.
■ Bulk bins can be heavy when full and pose
a serious health and safety risk if needing Garbage and recycling bins (or crates) will need
to be manually moved. to be changed regularly and stored in another
communal storage area on-site between collections.
■ On-site collection is generally required,
It is recommended that garbage and recyclables be
which may not be available in some
transferred daily.
local areas.
Ensure responsibilities for cleaning communal areas
■ Potentially higher contamination of and bins, educating residents in the appropriate use
recycling if using bulk bins compared of systems and for moving bins in and out of the
to MGBs for recyclables collection. storage area for collection are clearly identified.
■ Bulk bins are generally suitable for Display clear signs indicating appropriate use of
paper and cardboard collection, but recycling systems.
63
Option 3
Install a chute system for garbage, leading to a central garbage room at the bottom of the building. The chute can
empty into either a bulk bin or an MGB carousel. However, there may also be a requirement for the chute to empty
Room for interim storage of recyclables on each floor is provided in an interim storage area (that also houses
the garbage chute hopper) on each floor.
MGBs or bulk bins for recycling are used in the communal storage area, into which recyclables from interim
storage areas are emptied.

Simple and easy Requires regular transfer of recycling and Storage space and location
to use system for bulky waste items (unsuitable for disposal Locate an interim storage area on each floor that
both garbage in the chute) from the interim storage area would house the chute inlet hopper for the garbage
disposal and to the communal storage area. chute and MGBs or crates for recyclables. Consult the
recycling. Residents may clutter the interim storage area chute manufacturer about space requirements for
Encourages with bulky unwanted items that then need to the chute opening.
participation in be removed by a caretaker or cleaning staff. The space allocated in the storage area should allow
recycling through Chutes are not suitable to transfer recyclables for the interim storage of at least two days’ worth of
co-location of or bulky items, therefore two means of recyclables from all dwellings on the floor. A decision
garbage and transferring materials in each development needs to be made as to whether the space allocated
recycling facilities. are required (the chute and manual methods) 13. will allow the MGBs/crates to store the recyclables
Interim storage of generated over the entire period between collection
Potential contamination of recycling bins if
smaller quantities days, or whether they will need to be changed
bulky items or other items that cannot fit down
of recyclables over and stored in another area on-site between
chutes are placed in the recycling stream.
in each of the collections. It is recommended that recyclables be
interim storage Residents transporting recycling down main transferred daily to a central garbage area.
areas provides an lifts and stairwells if there is no service lift in
Locate the garbage chute outlet in the central
opportunity for the building may affect amenity.
garbage room. The building caretaker should not
caretakers to more This system requires a high degree of ongoing be required to transfer garbage from one side of the
closely monitor management in transferring bins to and building to the other so as to get it from the chute
contamination from the collection point on collection day, outlet to the garbage room.
and identify repeat keeping the interim storage areas and central
offenders or the Where resident access is restricted to the garbage
garbage room clean, etc.
need for further room, additional garbage MGBs should be located
education. Regular maintenance, including cleaning and next to the recycling MGBs to avoid contamination
unblocking chutes, is likely to be required. of recyclables.
Regular inspection of the waste room into
Access for residents and caretakers
which the chute empties is also required to
ensure bins do not become overfull. Access for residents to waste facilities could be
limited to the interim storage area on each floor
Where chutes discharge into a compaction
and the bulky items storage area. This would
unit, the compacted waste bins can become
prevent theft and vandalism of bins in communal
very heavy and increase occupational health
storage areas, and also prevents residents from
and safety risks. Compacted waste may also
placing full bags of rubbish and other large items
get jammed in the base of the bins making it
in the recycling bins. Resident access should be
difficult to empty the contents.
restricted, for safety reasons, into garbage rooms
where chutes empty.

64

Chutes enable the If using bulk bins in the communal storage area: Access for collection
transfer of garbage
■ Access for safe and efficient emptying If using MGBs, identify suitable waste collection
from the different
of bulk bins may be limited. point(s) to collect the required number of MGBs that
floors within a are free from potential obstacles, including parked
development ■ Bulk bins can be heavy when full and pose cars (remember on recycling days there may be
without the need a serious health and safety risk if they twice as many bins placed out for collection).
to manually carry need to be moved manually.
bags and bins up If using bulk bins, design the development to
and down stairs ■ On-site collection is generally required, enable their efficient on-site collection. Identify
and via lifts to which may not be available in some suitable waste collection point(s) to collect bulk
the waste storage local areas. bins to eliminate or minimise manual handling
area. This increases as appropriate (refer to general requirements in
convenience for Chapter 2).
recycling if using bulk bins compared
residents and if with MGBs for recyclables collection. Occupational health and safety
well managed can
improve amenity ■ Bulk bins are generally suitable for Identify a suitable system to transfer recyclables
(due to reduced paper and cardboard collection, but from the interim storage areas to the communal
transfer of garbage not commingled recyclables or source- storage area that minimises occupational health
in trafficable areas). separated glass due to glass breakage and safety risks and does not reduce amenity.
and safety issues during collection. If crates are used for storing recyclables, some kind
Ongoing management
Employment of a caretaker to regularly remove
recyclables from the interim storage areas and
transfer to the communal storage area(s) is vital
to the success of the system.
Provide residents with ongoing education in the
correct use of the chute, and the need to keep bulky
items and recyclables out of the chute system.
Ensure if waste compaction is used, it does not
overload bins.
Needs regular maintenance, including cleaning
and unblocking chutes.
Requires regular inspections of the room into which
the waste chute empties to ensure bins do not
become overfull.
65

Use separate bins and storage areas to handle domestic and commercial garbage and recycling from mixed use
developments.
Allow sufficient space to separate garbage and recycling streams in both the commercial and residential waste
storage areas.
Residential waste
Communal bin areas
Provide sufficient space in an appropriate location within the building to store all garbage and recycling likely to
be generated in the period between collection days and the equipment used to manage and store it. There may
be more than one storage point.
Consideration needs to be given to how the bins are to be emptied and how much room will be required to
manoeuvre the bins to where they will be emptied.
Bulky items storage

Consideration should be given to allowing space for residents to temporarily store unwanted bulky items.
Providing storage on-site for the disposal of bulky items is important in guarding against residents illegally
dumping this material on the footpath, thus detracting significantly from the quality and appearance of the
development.
The space allocated for bulky items storage should consider the intended frequency of collection. Bulky items may
Where on-site collection is not available, employ a caretaker to move bulky items from the interim storage area
to the kerbside (or designated collection point).
Commercial waste
Inside each commercial unit
Each commercial unit should have a clearly defined storage space sized to sufficiently store all the garbage,
recyclables and other wastes generated by that unit for at least one day.
66
Communal storage areas

It is often difficult to predict commercial waste services and infrastructure requirements during the development
design stage where the ultimate commercial tenancy of the building is unknown. A further difficulty with sizing
communal storage areas is the intended frequency of servicing, which may be daily or less frequent.
You can obtain an indication of the likely commercial tenancy in a mixed use development by referring to relevant
planning controls for the proposed development area, and by considering the available floor space of each
commercial unit and similar developments elsewhere.
Commercial activities, such as cafes and restaurants, may generate large amounts of putrescible food organics or
high volumes of cardboard and paper (for example offices and retail stores). Appendix A provides typical wastes
generated from different commercial operations. Where possible, size waste storage areas for commercial units as
follows to increase the flexibility and long-term efficiency of servicing:
■ Where there are a small (less than five) number of commercial units proposed:
Estimate waste generation based on worst-case (highest) likely waste generation, ie assume 660L garbage
and 240L recycling generated for each 100m2 of floor area per day.
■ Where greater than five commercial units are proposed:
Estimate waste generation based on the average waste generation rates for various commercial
developments. To determine an ‘average’ waste generation rate:
– consider the floor space available for each commercial property; and
– consider a range of both high and low to medium waste generators, such as restaurants, retail (food),
retail (non-food), office, and service-based industries (such as hairdressers), which would fit in the
available floor space. Refer to Appendix A for a range of commercial waste generation rates.
Example: to estimate the waste generated from ten commercial units where the available floor space of each
unit is 100m2 or less, the average garbage generation rate is estimated at 200L/100m2/day and the average
recycling generation rate is 60L/100m2/day based on the following mix of assumed occupancies.
Type of premises Garbage generation Recycling generation
Office 40L/100m2 floor area/day 80L/100m2 floor area/day
Butcher/deli/fish shop 80L/100m2 floor area/day Information not available
Greengrocer 240L/100m2 floor area/day 120L/100m2 floor area/day
Restaurant (1) 660L/100m2 floor area/day 130L/100m2 floor area/day
Restaurant (2) 660L/100m2 floor area/day 130L/100m2 floor area/day
Takeaway 80L/100m2 floor area/day Information not available
Shop with less than 100m2 floor area (1) 50L/100m2 floor area/day 25L/100m2 floor area/day
Shop with less than 100m2 floor area (2) 50L/100m2 floor area/day 25L/100m2 floor area/day
Showrooms 40L/100m2 floor area/day 10L/100m2 floor area/day
Hairdresser 60L/100m2 floor area/day Information not available
Average 200/100m2 floor area/day 60/100m2 floor area/day
67
Trolleys to accommodate recycling crates from residential intermediate storage areas
If interim storage areas are used in the residential component of the development, identify a suitable system
for transfer of recyclables from the interim storage areas that minimises occupational health and safety risks
and does not reduce amenity.
Bin lifters
If there is a requirement for MGBs containing garbage or recycling to be emptied into bulk bins, provide
equipment to eliminate the need to manually lift and empty the bin.
In this situation, the design of waste storage areas needs to incorporate sufficient space to locate and operate
the lifting device. The lifting device should be fitted with safety features to prevent injury to operators, and should
be secured to prevent use by unauthorised persons (residents).
The cost of procuring and maintaining the bin lifter and employing a caretaker to operate it should be considered
and factored into the ongoing management of the development.
only provide one set of bins to a development (ie MGBs or bulk bins, but not both), therefore if it is proposed to
empty waste from MGBs into bulk bins an additional set of bins may be required.
Appendix B includes further information about bin lifters and their possible application in MUDs.
Service lifts
Where a development incorporates interim storage areas on each level for residents, or where there are commercial
units on more than one storey, it is recommended that a service lift also be provided to enable the transfer of
materials to the relevant communal storage area.
Access
For residents
Access for residents to waste facilities should be limited to residential services only; there should be no resident
access to commercial waste bins and storage areas.
Where interim storage areas are incorporated in residential towers, access for residents to waste facilities should
be limited to the interim storage area on each floor and the bulky items storage area. This prevents theft and
vandalism of bins in communal storage areas, and also prevents individuals placing full bags of rubbish and other
large items in the recycling bins. Resident access should be restricted, for safety reasons, into garbage rooms
where chutes empty.
If vandalism or waste dumping is likely to be a serious problem, consideration should be given to having a secure
centralised lockup area for bulky items.
For commercial units

Access for commercial operators should be limited to commercial waste bins and storage areas only. There should
be no access to residential waste bins and storage areas.
68
Ongoing management
All waste management systems in mixed use developments will require the services of a caretaker. A caretaker or
manager is required to ensure both residents and commercial tenants are educated and informed about the waste
management services provided. The caretaker would also be responsible for maintaining the separate residential
and commercial waste services, including transferring garbage and recycling receptacles to the collection point,
keeping waste storage areas clean and free of dumped rubbish and liaising with the waste collection contractor(s).
A dedicated caretaker will need to be employed for these functions, with the cost factored into the ongoing
management of the development.
Conditions of consent can require that a development comply with the submitted and approved Waste Management
Plan for the development14. If a caretaker is required, this should be detailed in the Waste Management Plan;
employment of a caretaker will thus form part of the conditions of consent, which must be adhered to.
Example diagrams
The following figures provide examples of the location of bin storage areas for possible mixed use developments.
footpath
lift resident access only

ground well carpark entrance
level access
to kerbside resident access to
collection waste storage area
point
residential waste
gazetted road
carpark
storage area
carpark exit
commercial tenant access to parking
commercial waste
storage area
commercial service path

ground
level access commercial access only to service path &
to kerbside
driveway
commercial waste storage area

collection
point
commercial commercial commercial commercial
tenant 1 tenant 2 tenant 3 tenant 4
footpath
gazetted road
Figure 7-1 Example of Option 1 or Option 2

This example demonstrates separate waste storage areas for residential and commercial waste in a mixed use development. Resident
access to the resident communal waste storage area is via a passageway adjacent to the residential lift well. Access to the waste room
is limited to residents and caretakers only. Only commercial tenants and caretakers can use the commercial waste storage area, as
access is via a service area at the rear of the commercial units.
Caretakers have additional access to each of the waste rooms direct from the parking area. This is normally kept locked and opened
only as required, such as to allow regular cleaning and maintenance of the waste storage areas.
There is ground-level access from both the residential and commercial waste storage areas such that bins can be easily wheeled to
and from the kerbside for collection. A caretaker would be required to do this.
14 A Waste Management Plan is generally required as part of the documentation supporting a development application.
Requirements for Waste Management Plans may vary between Local Government Areas
69
waste service compartments

on residential levels
lift to basement
commercial
recycling and commercial waste transferred to
waste storage collection point via service path
area (option 1)
service door
commercial
recycling and
waste storage
area (option 2)
resident recycling and resident and commercial tenant

waste storage area access to parking and basement
storage areas
Figure 7-2 Example of Option 3: chute system for residential garbage supported by recycling in MGBs
This example demonstrates the potential layout of a secure waste storage area for residents in the basement of a mixed use
development. Access for residents to garbage and recycling facilities is limited to the interim storage area and chute inlet hopper on
each residential floor. Access to rooms where the chute empties and extra bins are stored in the basement is restricted to the caretaker.
This is for safety reasons and to discourage dumping.
Waste storage areas for commercial developments, located on the ground floor of the building, are provided either at ground level,
or in a separate storage area in the building basement.
In the above example, additional MGBs for garbage would be available in the recycling area to prevent contamination of recyclables.
70
8.
Integrated Housing Developments
Integrated housing developments incorporate different types of residential dwellings or commercial buildings,
including individual houses, MUDs and mixed use developments, on one parcel of land. Integrated housing
developments often feature internal private access roads and are typically developed into community title
type sub-divisions.

The following principles (in regards to access, storage, and ongoing management) should be applied to the
integrated housing development as a whole. Please refer to the relevant chapters in this guide for specific
requirements for storage as it applies to specific housing types within each of the properties included in the
integrated housing development.
Key problems
Integrated housing developments can include a number of different types of residential and commercial properties;
they may include private roads and share-ways between properties, and there may be limited public street frontage
for servicing the development as a whole.
Problems in integrated housing developments therefore typically occur where:
■ There has been a failure to adequately design waste systems to accommodate the required waste
storage and handling capacity of the total development.
■ Where there are problems with access for tenants and collection vehicles to the various parts
of the development and where there is no separation of residential and commercial wastes.
Provision of services
It should be noted that if a private contractor is used to provide the garbage and recycling services,
residents may still be required to pay a service availability charge to council as stipulated under section
146 of the Local Government Act 1993, in addition to the contractor’s fee.
Waste types and handling methods – general

In identifying waste handling and storage requirements, consideration should be given to:
■ The proposed location of residential and commercial properties within the development.
■ The likely types of commercial activities that may occur in the development, and the types of waste
they may generate (refer Appendix A).
■ The number of residential dwellings and residential waste generation (typical residential waste generation
rates are provided in Appendix A).
■ The waste infrastructure that will be required to separately manage commercial and residential wastes.
For example, commercial units may generate a large volume of cardboard that cannot be accommodated
in MGB-based collection systems.
71
Better practice garbage and recycling systems

In addition to the principles outlined in Section 2, better practice waste management in integrated housing
developments requires:
■ Installing waste systems in each property within the development that meet individual property needs
(for example, waste systems for villas and townhouses will differ from those required in high-rise
residential buildings).
■ Ensuring waste management systems, for each building type in the development, can be effectively
serviced and maintained.
■ Complete separation of the residential waste system and any commercial waste management facilities.
Residential and commercial tenants should be actively discouraged from using each other’s waste facilities.
■ Designing garbage and recycling systems for the management of commercial wastes that reduce potential
adverse impacts on residential units within the development.
Residential
Depending on the size of the development and the types of residential properties that it includes, it may be
necessary to use different garbage, recycling and organics services in the different properties. An integrated
development may include, for example, a three-story walk-up and a series of villas and townhouses. Waste
services used in each of these buildings may be different.
Garbage, recycling and organics services should be incorporated in accordance with the better practice system
of both the individual property (as specified in the relevant chapters in this guide) and the development as a
whole (as specified in this chapter), particularly in relation to access and servicing. Each resident in an integrated
development, regardless of the type of unit complex that they are a part of (villa versus high-rise for example),
should have equal and efficient access to garbage and recycling services.
Please refer to relevant chapters in this Guide for further information about better practice systems in different
types of residential MUDs.
Mixed use developments

Garbage and recycling systems installed in mixed use developments within integrated housing developments
should conform to the principles outlined in Section 7.
Access considerations
Service requirements that influence the design of the integrated housing development as a whole, such as
requiring heavy vehicle access through the development to service each building (if applicable), also need
to be considered.
Construct any roads or pavements within the development that council garbage and recycling vehicles will drive
on to allow for large heavy vehicles (car parking areas, landscaping and overhead construction etc), and design
road geometry and strength accordingly, or council will need to be indemnified against potential damages.
Design roads so the collection vehicles do not have to reverse.
Access requirements for vehicles are outlined further in Appendix D.
72

Provide each property within the integrated development with adequate storage inside individual building areas,
in communal storage areas, and for bulk items, in accordance with the general guidance principles for the different
development categories as outlined in this guide.
Locate storage areas so they are easily accessible by all residents.
Depending on the layout of the integrated development and property management structure, it may be possible
to use shared communal storage areas between properties, otherwise provide separate storage within each
property boundary. Regardless, storage space and the location of storage should still meet the general principles
outlined in Section 2 and other relevant sections of this guide.
Waste collection point

Consideration should be given to identifying suitable waste collection points for the development. Depending
on the size of the development, there may need to be a number of collection points that use both kerbside and
on-site collection.
In identifying suitable waste collection points, special consideration should be taken to identify if there will
be a need for waste collection to access private roads, and design road geometry and strength accordingly.
Lack of footpaths, the presence of narrow streets, and cars parked on internal roads within integrated
developments can also be problematic and should be addressed in the development design to enable suitable
kerbside collection points (if appropriate).
Take particular care in selecting the location of the collection point(s) where there are narrow or one-way streets
throughout the development. Bins presented for collection in one-way streets will need to be presented on the
off-side (passenger’s side) of the street to enable a side-lift collection vehicle to safely uplift the bins. Parking
restrictions may also need to be put in place throughout the development to allow for safe movement of
collection vehicles in space-restricted areas.
If bins are to be collected from a communal presentation area located at the entrance to the development,
special consideration should be given to:
■ the area’s visual amenity;
■ providing adequate space for the efficient management of services;
■ how to collect the bins; and
■ how to transport the bins to and from the communal presentation area.
It is recommended you discuss collection requirements for an integrated development with the council at the
early planning and design phase.
73
Example diagrams
The following figures provide examples of the location of bin storage areas for possible integrated developments.
access to gazetted road
single dwellings/villas single dwellings/villas

(bins stored within individual properties) (bins stored within individual properties)
kerbside collection kerbside collection
low-rise low-rise
single dwellings/villas
residental (A) residental (C)
low-rise low-rise
residental (B) residental (D)
kerbside collection
loading bay loading bay

low-rise mixed use bin storage area
bin storage area for A and B for C and D
loading bay
ground level bin storage
access to s
basement ey bin
collection or storage
st
point 7 area
4-
loading bay
high-rise
4-7 storeys
access to bin storage

gazetted road area
Figure 8-1 Example of possible collection options within an integrated development

This example demonstrates on-site collection of bins from an integrated development that has very limited access and no direct street
frontage. The integrated development consists of a number of different residential developments and a mixed-use development.
Bins from the single dwellings and villas located on the northern and western sides of the development are collected from the kerbside
of internal roads. Communal bin storage areas have been incorporated into each low-rise and 4-7 storey development, with communal
storage areas located adjacent to a dedicated waste loading/unloading bay. This enables collection crews to safely pull up to the
property and wheel bins in and out of the adjacent storage area to the waiting vehicle, thus negating the need for kerbside presentation
of bins, which would be difficult for this number of units.
Waste from the high-rise development in this example is collected on-site from the basement storage area.
74
gazetted road
open space kerbside collection kerbside collection

and
low-rise carpark
low-rise mixed low-rise mixed
kerbside collection
residential use development use development

flats
residential (D)
residential (E)
4-7 storey
4-7 storey
supermarket
waste high-rise
managed via residential (A)
internal loading dock
gazetted road
open space
supermarket
ga
zet
ted
roa
d
high-rise
kerbside collection
residential (B)
commercial
onsite collection areas
high-rise
residential (C)
direction of truck movements
for onsite servicing
low-rise mixed
use development
direction of bin placement
for kerbside collection
Figure 8-2 Example of possible collection options within an integrated development

This example demonstrates collection of bins from an integrated development that has limited internal access but some street frontage.
The integrated development consists of a number of different residential, mixed use and commercial developments.
Collection requirements are met through a mixture of on-site servicing and kerbside collection of bins. The mixture of on- and off-site
collection minimises the movement of collection vehicles within the narrow streets of the development.
75
76
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix A
Waste Generation Rates (MUDs)
Domestic waste
A domestic waste study by the Southern Sydney Waste Board in 2001 found that the average total generation
of waste per unit per week is approximately 8.5 kg/unit/wk. Of this, about 6.4 kg/unit/wk is garbage and 2.1 kg/
unit/wk recyclables.
Volume/weight conversion figures supplied by the NSW EPA are 0.131 tonnes/m3 for uncompacted domestic
waste and 0.262 tonnes/m3 for compacted domestic waste.
Allowing for variance and increase in waste generation, as a RULE OF THUMB, the allowance for waste storage
for MUDs should be:
Waste stream Allowance
Garbage 80 L/unit/week
Commingled recycling 40 L/unit/week
If paper and containers collected separately
Paper recycling 25 L/unit/week
Containers recycling 15 L/unit/week
For further information on domestic waste generation rates as they become available, please refer to the
DECC website www.environment.nsw.gov.au
77
Appendix
The current standard NSW commercial waste generation rates are those established by the Combined Sydney
Region of Councils15:
Type of premises Garbage generation Recycling generation
Food premises
Butcher 80L/100m2 floor area/day Information not available
Delicatessen 80L/100m2 floor area/day Information not available
Fish shop 80L/100m2 floor area/day Information not available
Greengrocer 240 L/100m2 floor area/day 120L/100m2 floor area/day
Restaurants 660L/100m2 floor area/day 130L/100m2 floor area/day
Supermarkets 660L/100m2 floor area/day 240L/100m2 floor area/day
Takeaway 80L/100m2 floor area/day Information not available
Retail (non-food sales)
Shops with less than 100m2 floor area 50L/100m2 floor area/day 25L/100m2 floor area/day
Shops with over 100m2 floor area 50L/100m2 floor area/day 50L/100m2 floor area/day
Showrooms 40L/100m2 floor area/day 10L/100m2 floor area/day
Hairdresser 60L/100m2 floor area/day Information not available
Other
Backpacker accommodation 40L/occupant/week 20L/occupant/week
Boarding house/guesthouse 60L/occupant/week 20L/occupant/week
Offices 10L/100m2/day 10L/100m2/day
Hotel 5L/bed/day 50L/100m2 of bar and dining

areas/day
50L/100m2 floor area/day
660L/100m2 dining area/day
Licensed club 50L/100m2 floor area/day 50L/100m2 of bar and dining

areas/day
Motel (without public restaurant) 5L/bed/day 1L/bed/day

2
660L/100m dining area/day
For further information on commercial waste generation rates as they become available, please refer to the
DECC website www.environment.nsw.gov.au
15 'Model Development Control Plan and Local Approvals Policy', The Combined Sydney Regional Organisations of Councils (1996)
78
Appendix
Examples of how to calculate garbage and recycling bin storage area requirements
Note: Councils may provide a standard number of bins to the development based on the number of units and the bin
sizes used for local services. The following examples that calculate the number of bins required are provided as examples
only. Consult with council engineers and waste managers to find out about local services and the likely number of bins
to be accommodated in waste storage areas.
Example 1: Sizing of a communal storage area used for garbage and recycling bins that service 12 units.
Standard council services are 240L bins for garbage, a separate 240L bin for paper and cardboard and a 240L
bin for containers. The development is also provided with one 240L bin for garden organics.
Garbage is collected weekly. Recycling and organics are collected fortnightly.
1. Estimate number of garbage bins required

Waste generated = 12 units X 80 L/unit/week = 960L/week
Number of garbage bins required = 960L/week / 240L/week (weekly garbage collection)
=4
2. Estimate number of recycling bins required

Note: As the 240L recycling bins are collected fortnightly, the equivalent weekly storage capacity is only 120L,
hence this figure is used in the calculations to identify the number of recycling bins required.
Paper and cardboard generated = 12 units X 25 L/unit/week = 300L/week
Number of recycling bins required = 300L/week / 120L/week (fortnightly recycling collection)
=3
Containers generated = 12 units X 15 L/unit/week = 180L/week

Number of recycling bins required = 180L/week / 120L/week (fortnightly recycling collection)
=2
3. Estimate number of organics bins required

Garden organics bins required = 1 (chosen by council in this example)
4. Total number of bins required

Garbage 4
Recycling – paper and cardboard 3
Recycling – containers 2
Organics 1
Total 10*
*Note: this does not include allowance for contingency/spare bins
5. Bulky items storage

Given the relatively small number of units in the development, it is decided that bulky items storage should not
be provided for this development.
79
Appendix
Possible communal area layout
3m
hose cock
organics spare
spare recycling
garbage recycling
5m
room graded and

drained to sewer
garbage recycling
garbage recycling
garbage recycling
access door
Scale 1:30
80
Appendix
Standard council services are 240L bins for garbage and 240L bins for commingled recyclables. Garbage and
recyclables are collected weekly.
The development is not provided with a garden organics service, as open space and garden areas are limited.
A gardening contractor removes from site any garden prunings that are generated during routine maintenance.

Waste generated = 24 units X 80 L/unit/week = 1920L/week
Number of garbage bins required = 1920L/week / 240L/week (weekly garbage collection)
=8

Commingled recycling generated = 24 units X 40 L/unit/week = 960L/week
Number of recycling bins required = 960L/week / 240L/week (weekly recycling collection)
=4

Garden organics bins required =0
(Determined by building management in consultation with council.)

Garbage 8
Recycling 4
Organics 0
Total 12*

It is decided to provide bulky items storage for this development. An allowance of 15m2 is there for this purpose.
Note: Storage areas for bulky items should be provided in multi-unit dwellings. To calculate the size of the storage area
the following factors should be considered: the number of units in the building; the frequency between collections of
bulky items; and the anticipated turnover of residents. A figure of 15m2 is provided here as an example only – this area
may not be applicable to all developments accommodating 24 units.
81
Appendix
4.5m 3m
hose cock hose cock
garbage garbage garbage
garbage spare
garbage recycling
bulky goods storage area
5m
room graded and

garbage drained to sewer recycling
roller door access to

garbage recycling bulky goods area
garbage recycling
double access or roller door
Scale 1:30
OR
4.5m 3m
hose cock hose cock
garbage recycling garbage
room graded and

garbage recycling drained to sewer garbage
bulky goods storage area

5m
roller door access to

bulky goods area
spare spare spare
double access door or roller door
Scale 1:30
82
Appendix
Garbage services to the development will be provided using 1.5m3 skips. Commingled recycling is collected
in 240L MGBs. Garbage and recyclables are collected weekly.
The development is provided with a garden organics service consisting of two 240L MGBs, which are
collected fortnightly.

Waste generated = 36 units X 80 L/unit/week = 2880 L/week
Number of garbage bins required = 2880 L/week / 1500 L/week (weekly garbage collection)
=2

Number of recycling bins required = 1440 L/week / 240L/week (fortnightly recycling collection)
=6

Garden organics bins required = 2 (determined by council in this example)

Garbage (skips) 2
Recycling (MGBs) 6
Organics (MGBs) 2
Total 10*
*Note: this does not include allowance for contingency / spare bins

It is decided to provide bulky items storage for this development. An allowance of 18m2 is there for this purpose.
the following factors should be considered: the number of units in the building; the frequency between collections of
bulky items; and the anticipated turnover of residents. A figure of 18m2 is provided here as an example only – this area
83
Appendix

3m 8m
organics organics spare

garbage garbage
access door
bulky items
(lockable caged area)
garbage & recycling area
internal (lockable)
access between garbage 6m
& bulky items area
recycling recycling
room graded and

drained to sewer
recycling recycling
recycling recycling
hose cock spare spare
roller door access for collection

roller door access for collection (normally closed) hose cock
(normally closed)
Scale 1:30
OR
3m 5.5m
organics organics spare recycling recycling
access door
bulky items garbage & recycling room
spare recycling recycling recycling recycling
6m
bump rail
bump rail
garbage garbage
room graded and

drained to sewer
hose cock
roller door access for movement of large items roller door used to undertake garbage collection (normally closed)
Scale 1:30
84
Appendix
Garbage services to the development will be provided using 240L MGBs. Garbage is transferred from the
development to the communal storage area via a chute. The chute discharges waste into a MGB rotating
carousel compactor with a compaction ratio of 2:1.
Commingled recycling is collected in 240L MGBs.
Garbage is collected twice per week. Recycling is collected weekly.
The development is not provided with a garden organics service as limited open space and garden areas
are limited. A gardening contractor removes from site any garden prunings that are generated during
routine maintenance.

Waste generated = 50 units X 80 L/unit/week = 4000 L/week
Equivalent compacted volume of waste = 4000 L/week / 2 (compaction ratio)
= 2000 L/week
Waste generated between collections = 2000 L/week / 2 collections/week
= 1000 L/collection
Number of garbage bins required = 1000 L / 240 L
=5

Number of recycling bins required = 2000 L/week / 240L/week (weekly recycling collection)
=9

Garden organics bins required = 0 (determined by council in this example)

Garbage 5
Recycling 9
Organics 0
Total 14*

It is decided to provide bulky items storage should be provided for this development. An allowance of 20m2
is there for this purpose.
the following factors should be considered: the number of units in the building, the frequency between collections of
bulky items and the anticipated turnover of residents. A figure of 20m2 is provided here as an example only – this area
85
Appendix

Note: In the above example resident access is restricted to the room housing the garbage chute and rotational
compactor. Additional garbage MGBs are therefore provided next to the recycling MGBs to avoid contamination
of recyclables. Spare garbage MGBs are also located adjacent to the rotational compactor so the caretaker can
replace the full garbage bins (under the compactor unit) as required.
4m 4m 4m
hose cock hose cock hose cock
recycling spare
recycling recycling
chute discharges into rotational compactor

spare (note: check manufacturers specifications
for actual sizing)
recycling recycling
bulky items
room graded and
spare
recycling drained to sewer
5m
spare
recycling garbage
garbage & recycling room

room graded and garbage room resident access
drained to sewer no resident access
spare recycling garbage
spare recycling
doorway wide enough to allow installation
roller door access for movement of large items & maintenance of equipment access door
Scale 1:30
86
Appendix
Appendix B
Waste Management Equipment
Worm farms
lid, newspaper or hessian cover Space requirements for a typical worm
farm for an average household:
Height – 300mm per level
worms enter Width – 600mm

through
Length – 900mm
holes in floor
There are many worm farm arrangements.
The above dimensions are indicative only.
scraps have been
converted into
worm castings
tap
lower bin collects
Compost bins and piles

The footprint area requirement for a typical compost pile
is 1000m x 1000m.
A variety of compost bins are available from manufacturers
or through many local councils.
There are many compost bin and compost pile arrangements.
The above dimensions are indicative only.
87
Appendix
Crates
Crate size 50L Crate 70L Crate 90L Crate
Height 320 mm 395 mm 420 mm
Length 575 mm 575 mm 450 mm
Width 445 mm 445 mm 450 mm
The above dimensions are indicative only of common crate sizes
Mobile garbage bins (MGBs)

MGBs with capacities up to 1700L should comply with the Australian Standard for Mobile Waste Containers (AS
4123). AS 4123 specifies standard sizes and sets out the colour designations for bodies and lids of mobile waste
containers that relate to the type of materials they will be used for.
Indicative sizes only for common MGB sizes are provided below. Note that not all MGB sizes are shown; the
dimensions are only a guide and differ slightly according to manufacturer, if bins have flat or dome lids and
are used with different lifting devices. Refer to AS 4123 for further detail.
Mobile containers with a capacity from 80L to 360L with two wheels
Bin Type 80 Litre 120 Litre 140 Litre 240 Litre 360 Litre
MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB
Height 870 mm 940 mm 1065 mm 1080 mm 1100 mm
Depth 530 mm 560 mm 540 mm 735 mm 885 mm
Width 450 mm 485 mm 500 mm 580 mm 600 mm
88
Appendix
Mobile containers with a capacity from 500L to 1700L with four wheels
Bin Type 660 Litre 770 Litre 1100 1300 1700

MGB MGB Litre Litre Litre
MGB MGB MGB
Height 1250 1425 1470 1480 1470
Depth 850 1100 1245 1250 1250
Dome or flat lid containers Width 1370 1370 1370 1770 1770
Bulk bins greater than 1700L capacity

The following bulk bin dimensions are a guide only and may differ slightly according to manufacturer.
Not all available bulk bin sizes are shown.
Bin Type 2.0 m3 Skip 3.0 m3 Skip 4.5 m3 Skip
Height 865 mm 1225 mm 1570 mm
Depth 1400 mm 1505 mm 1605 mm
Width 1830 mm 1805 mm 1805 mm
89
Appendix
Underground bins
Underground bins use hidden capacity by installing large collection containers below ground level. The general
user does not see the container but simply a small portion of the container or a small bin above ground.
Underground bins are available in sizes up to 5,000L or more. These bins offer the advantage of having a large
storage capacity that can effectively manage the waste from many dwellings, with a small, above ground
footprint requirement. Below ground storage of waste is an advantage, particularly in summer as the waste
is kept cool. The frequency of bin collection may also be reduced significantly, subject to appropriate control
of odour and leachate.
A waste collection vehicle that has been modified with a hook-arm or crane typically collects waste from
underground bins. The hook attaches to the bin and draws it from the ground. The bin is held over the hopper of
the waste collection vehicle and emptied by a trap-door system or by pulling a cord holding the lining at the base
of the bin (this differs between bin manufacturers). An appropriate location for the bin and access for collection
vehicles are therefore very important due to the servicing method.
Underground bins are well suited to collect garbage. However, depending on the bin capacity, they may not be
as suitable for collecting recyclables as the greater the depth of the bin, the greater the risk of glass breakage
when recyclables are dropped in. The bulky nature of cardboard and the weight of source-separated paper may
also detract from the potential suitability of underground bins for recycling. Information and further details of
potential materials that can be managed using this type of bin should be sought from manufacturers.
Note: both dome and litter-bin-type underground bins are collected using a similar overhead crane mechanism.
The connection of the bin to a rope (as shown above) may not be required for some automated systems.
Dome/round type underground bins Litter bin-type underground bins
Collection of underground bins.
90
Appendix
Chutes
Chutes are only suitable to transfer garbage, and are not suitable to transfer recyclables. Firstly, the drop generally
results in the damage, or even destruction, of the recyclable material – particularly glass. Secondly, cardboard
could easily become stuck in the chute and cause a fire hazard. Other recyclables, such as paper and plastics, are
also highly flammable. Therefore, having large quantities of recyclables stored at the bottom of a long shaft that
runs the height of the building could constitute a fire hazard.
Chutes should be designed to reduce noise and fire risks associated with their use. They should be cylindrical
in section to avoid waste being caught within the chute, and with a diameter of 500mm or greater.
A service room (or compartment) needs to be provided on each floor of the development to allow access to the
garbage chute. Chutes should not open onto any habitable or public space. Hopper doors are to have an effective
self-sealing system.
Chutes should terminate in a garbage and recycling room and discharge directly into a receptacle or waste
compactor in a manner that avoids spillage and overflow.
Chutes should be completely enclosed in a fire-rated shaft constructed of an approved material and fitted
with sprinklers in accordance with the Building Code of Australia.
See manufacturer(s) for exact specifications.
level 4
level 3
hand loading door
level 2
level 1
basement
91
Appendix
Service lifts
A service lift (or service elevator) may be appropriate in place of a waste chute in developments where a caretaker
will be employed.
A service lift is dedicated to the transport of garbage and recycling containers and other equipment required
for the operation of the development.
Provide an interim storage room on each floor of the development to allow residents to store waste and
recyclables. Residents place their waste and recyclables in bins provided and these are transported daily by the
caretaker to the waste storage room. Each service room needs to be designed with sufficient space for the storage
of one day’s garbage and recycling for all residents on that level.
Developers will need to check with council whether this option is acceptable.
Compactors
Compactors are used to compress the waste (or recyclables) into smaller collection containers. The compaction ratio
is typically set at around 2:1. Higher ratios are not used as they may result in heavier bins, causing OH&S problems,
mechanical damage and may break recyclable materials. They may also cause compacted waste to get jammed in
the base of the bins, making it difficult to empty the contents.
Better practice compaction systems compact directly into a 240-litre MGB or a skip, reducing the requirement
to manually load the compacted waste into bins or skips.
Compactors are extremely useful for mixed garbage or cardboard/paper or plastic/aluminium containers.
They are less useful for steel containers and should not be used for glass.
Compactors require regular maintenance. In particular, systems fed from a chute can be prone to blockages
or failure of the ‘electronic eye’, which can result in garbage overflowing or backing up the chute.
The 2:1 compaction ratio will halve the requirement for garbage storage bins.
Rotational (carousel) compactors
92
Appendix
Static compactors
Bin lifters
If there is a requirement to empty MGBs of waste into bulk skips or compactors, a hydraulic bin-lifting device
should be provided to eliminate the need for manual lifting.
Bin lifters are available for a variety of tipping applications, including various size bins and containers, and
designed to tip into containers of various heights. They can be battery powered or connected to mains power.
Some models also come with safety cages.
93
Appendix
In-sink food waste disposer units

An in-sink food waste disposer unit is an electrical and mechanical appliance that is installed under the kitchen
sink and connected to the drain. Food waste is fed into the unit. The disposer grinds the food waste until it is
liquid enough to flow through the pipes and into the sewage system or septic tank.
Some councils and local water authorities do not support the use of this technology due to the increased
load they place on the sewage system and because they could detract from organics recovery objectives.
Before incorporating an in-sink food waste disposer unit in MUDs:
■ liaise with council to investigate what garden and/or food organics collection service will be available
to the development; and
■ consult with the local water authority and council to find out if it is permissible to install this technology
in the local area.
94
Appendix
Appendix C
Collection vehicles
Waste collection vehicles may be side loading, rear-end loading, front-end loading or crane trucks. The size of
vehicle varies according to the collection service. Thus it is impossible to specify what constitutes the definitive
garbage vehicle. Developers should consult the local council and/or relevant contractors regarding the type of
vehicle used in that area.
The following characteristics represent the typical collection vehicle, however, these are only for guidance.
It may be possible to engage a collection service provider to use smaller collection vehicles to service
developments with narrow roadways and laneways, or for on-site collections. However, as the availability
of smaller vehicles to make services varies between councils and private contractors, wherever possible the
development should be designed to accommodate vehicles of a similar size to that reported below.
Rear loading collection vehicle This is commonly used for domestic garbage and
recycling collections from MUDs. It can be used to collect
waste stored in MGBs or bulk bins, particularly where
Rear loading collection vehicle bins are not presented on the kerbside.
Length overall 10.24m
Width overall 2.5m
Operational height 3.5m
Travel height 3.5m
Weight (vehicle only) 12.4 tonnes
Weight (payload) 9.5 tonnes
Turning circle 18.0m
95
Appendix
Side-loading collection vehicle
This is the most commonly used vehicle for domestic

Side-loading collection vehicle garbage and recycling collections. It is only suitable
for collecting MGBs up to 360 litres in size.
Front overhang 1.51m
Wheelbase 5.20m
Rear overhang 2.93m
Turning circle kerb to kerb 17.86m
Turning circle wall to wall 20.56m
Front of vehicle to collection arm 3.8m
Maximum reach of side arm 3.0m
Travel height 3.63m
Clearance height for loading 3.9m
96
Appendix
Front-lift loading collection vehicle
This is mainly used for collecting commercial and

Front-lift loading collection vehicle industrial waste, and is only suitable for bulk bins
with front lift pockets (not MGBs).
Front overhang 1.51m
Wheelbase 5.84m
Rear overhang 3.17m
Turning circle kerb to kerb 22.10m
Turning circle wall to wall 23.66m
Travel height 3.82m
97
Appendix
Crane trucks
This type of truck is used to collect underground bins.

Crane truck collection vehicle
Width overall 2.5m
Weight (vehicle only) 13.0t
Weight (payload) 9.5t
Turning circle 18m
Travel height 3.8m
98
Appendix
Appendix D
Vehicle access/Turning circles
General
Appropriate heavy vehicle standards should be incorporated into the development design including those
specified in Acts, regulations, guidelines, and codes administered by Austroads, Standards Australia, the NSW
Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW WorkCover and any local traffic requirements.
Designers are encouraged to consult with council and other relevant authorities prior to the design of roads
and access points to ascertain specific requirements for the proposed development.
Road and driveway construction and geometry

Roads and driveways must be designed and constructed in accordance with the relevant authority requirements
to allow the safe passage of a laden collection vehicle in all seasons.
Factors to be considered in design include:
■ gradients for turning heads;
■ longitudinal road gradients;
■ horizontal alignments;
■ vertical curves;
■ cross-falls;
■ carriageway width;
■ verges;
■ pavement widths;
■ turning areas (see below);
■ local area traffic management requirements (for example speed humps);
■ sight distance requirements;
■ clearance heights (for example a vertical clearance of 6.5m is required to load front-lift vehicles);
■ manoeuvring clearance; and
■ road strength (industrial-type strength pavement required, designed for a maximum wheel loading of seven
tonnes per axle to accommodate garbage and recycling collection vehicles).
99
Appendix
Collection from basements

Collection vehicles may enter building basements to collect waste and/or recyclables provided the following
requirements are met:
■ compliance with Australian Standard AS 2890.2 Parking Facilities: Off-Street Commercial Vehicle Facilities;
■ the height to the structural members and upper floor ceiling should allow for a typical collection vehicle travel
height/operational height consistent with the type of vehicle employed;
■ adequate provision of space clear of structural members or vehicle parking spaces to allow a typical three-point
turn of collection vehicles; and
■ the basement floor should be of industrial-type strength pavement and designed for a maximum wheel
loading of seven tonnes per axle to accommodate garbage and recycling collection vehicles.
Vehicle turning circles

Turning circles and clearances to kerbs, existing buildings or other obstructions should be designed to
accommodate the largest size collection vehicle that could service the property.
Any turning circle considerations must also include allowances for driver steering error (manoeuvring clearance)
and overhangs.
As a guide, a turning circle of 25m diameter kerb to kerb (27.8m diameter wall to wall, swept circle)16 would
accommodate most standard waste collection vehicles. A manoeuvring clearance of at least 0.3 metres (absolute
minimum) on both sides of the theoretical swept circle path should be accommodated.
Better practice design for access and egress from a development calls for a separate entrance and exit to allow
the collection vehicle to travel in a forward direction at all times. Where there is a requirement for collection
vehicles to turn at a cul-de-sac head within a development, the design should incorporate either a bowl, T- or Y-
shaped arrangement. Vehicles should only be expected to make a three-point turn to complete a U-turn.
Vehicle turning circles can be reduced from that listed above (or as noted in the table below) by using a
mechanical turntable (or similar) equipment. However, this type of equipment comes at an associated cost
and requires regular maintenance to ensure it remains in good operating condition.
16 Kerb-to-kerb measurements are based on the movement of the front outside tyre. Wall-to-wall (swept circle) measurements
consider vehicle overhang and are based on the outermost extremity of the vehicle as it corners.
100
Appendix
Templates
Turning circle templates and reverse entry templates for medium and heavy rigid vehicles are provided below.
■ Turning path templates – should be used in the design of access driveways and circulation roadways,
and in checking on the path of vehicles leaving service bays.
■ Reverse entry templates – should be used in the design of service bays and service area aprons
to accommodate the backing manoeuvres required to undertake a Y-shaped turn.
These templates can be printed and copied onto a transparent medium or imported into computer drawing
packages to check vehicle paths on intersection layout drawings.
These templates are applicable for the following vehicle dimensions:
Vehicle class Overall Design Design Swept circle Clearance

length (m) width (m) turning (m) (travel)
radius (m) height (m)
Medium rigid 8.80 2.5 10.0 21.6 4.5

vehicle
Heavy rigid vehicle 12.5 2.5 12.5 27.8 4.5
Templates have been sourced from AS 2890.2 Parking Facilities: Off-Street Commercial Vehicle Facilities.
Please refer to this standard for the latest vehicle access requirements. This standard is available from SAI Global
(www.saiglobal.com) through its webshop.
90˚
60˚
45˚
Exit path
30˚
90˚
60˚
0˚
Entry path
30˚
0˚
Limit of loading dock Minimum depth of loading dock
Template 1 Reverse entry manoeuvre –

medium rigid vehicle
Dimensions in metres
Note: manoeuvring clearances are required
to be added for design purposes.
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW (DECCW)

reproduced under copyright Licence number 1002-c048
101
Appendix
Exit path
Entry path
Limit of loading dock Minimum depth of loading dock
Template 2 Reverse entry manoeuvre – heavy rigid vehicle

Note: manoeuvring clearances are required to be added for design purposes.

102
Appendix
1.50
5.00
8.80
2.30
2.50
Template 3 Turning path template – medium rigid vehicle

Minimum radius turn 10m

103
Appendix
30
60
90
Path of front overhang
Outside front wheel path
d.
Ra
m
12.5
0
12
Path of rear overhang
Inside rear wheel path

0
15
2.5m
2.4m
180
12.5m
6.6m
1.4m
3.5m
Template 4 Turning path template – heavy rigid vehicle

Minimum radius turn 10m

104
Appendix
Appendix E
Standard signage
Waste signs
Signs for garbage, recycling and organics bins should comply with the standard signs promoted by the DECC.
Standard wall posters and bin lid stickers are available for download and printing from the Local Government
section of the DECC website www.environment.nsw.gov.au, in black and white and appropriate coloured versions
where applicable.
Example wall posters
Glass Bottles Plastic Garbage

& Jars bottles
Example bin lid stickers
Glass Bottles & Jars Plastic bottles Paper & cardboard Garbage
Safety signs
The design and use of safety signs for waste rooms and enclosures should comply with AS 1319 Safety signs for
the occupational environment. Safety signs should be used to regulate and control safety related to behaviour,
warn of hazards and provide emergency information, including fire protection information. Below are some
examples. Each development will need to decide which signs are relevant for its set of circumstances and
services provided.
Examples of Australian Standards:
Australian Standards are available from the SAI Global Limited website (www.saiglobal.com).
105
Appendix
Appendix F
Checklist
The following checklist has been developed to confirm that the main issues essential for waste management have
been considered in the building design. Use this checklist as a tool to ensure better practice principles have been
considered in the design of proposed garbage and recycling facilities.
Key issues Completed Not applicable

Initial planning
■ Have you consulted planning authorities and council to find out what
planning regulations, codes and policies apply to the development? ¨ ¨
■ Have you talked to council to find out available garbage and recycling
services and identify future service requirements? ¨ ¨
Selected garbage and recycling systems (general)
■ Does the development incorporate sufficient provisions to meet the

garbage and recycling requirements for each tenant (both residential ¨ ¨
and commercial)?
■ Are systems easy to use and intuitive? ¨ ¨

■ Will waste bins and containers conform to relevant design standards? ¨ ¨
■ Will waste handling equipment, including chutes and compactors, conform
to the relevant design and safety standards? ¨ ¨
Storage space
■ Is there sufficient space within each residential unit to accommodate interim

storage of at least two days’ segregated garbage and recycling? ¨ ¨
■ Is there sufficient space within the property boundary to store, in separate
bins or containers, the volume of garbage and recycling (and garden
organics where appropriate) likely to be generated at the development ¨ ¨
during the period between collections?
■ Is bulky waste storage space required and has it been allowed for, taking
into account potential servicing requirements specific to council? ¨ ¨
■ Have storage areas been designed to accommodate easy access
for manoeuvring bins and cleaning the storage area(s)? ¨ ¨
■ Have storage areas been designed to allow space for signs and education
materials to be displayed? ¨ ¨
■ Is there allowance for future service flexibility incorporated in the design? ¨ ¨
■ In communal storage areas, if applicable, has the design taken into account
the need to separate services (such as meter boards) from waste storage
areas? Where this is not possible, has additional space been allowed to ¨ ¨
prevent potential damage to services?
■ Is there room for each unit to have a home worm farm or compost bin? ¨ ¨
106
Appendix
Storage location
■ Are storage locations conveniently located for residents? ¨ ¨

■ Are storage areas located in a high pedestrian traffic area? ¨ ¨
■ Are storage areas out of sight or well screened from the street? ¨ ¨
■ Are storage areas located an appropriate distance from dwellings
to reduce potential amenity impacts? ¨ ¨
■ Are communal composting areas, if appropriate to the development, located
with consideration for the potential amenity and environment impacts? ¨ ¨
Waste collection points
■ Have collection points been identified that are not located:
near intersections; ¨ ¨
near roundabouts or slow-points; ¨ ¨
along busy arterial roads; ¨ ¨
in narrow lanes; ¨ ¨
near possible obstructions, including trees, overhanging buildings
and overhead powerlines; or ¨ ¨
where they pose a traffic hazard. ¨ ¨
■ Is on-site servicing required? If so, have you talked to council to find out
if it provides this service? ¨ ¨
■ Where there is agreement for on-site collection with the service provider,
has an on-site collection point(s) been identified so that:
Collection vehicles do not interfere with the use of access driveways,

loading bays or parking bays during collections. ¨ ¨
They will be in a position that enables collection vehicles safe
access to the collection point and has adequate clearance and ¨ ¨
manoeuvring space.
There is clear vision of oncoming traffic as the collection vehicle

leaves the property. ¨ ¨
■ Are collection point(s) located on a level surface away from gradients
and vehicle ramps? ¨ ¨
■ Where MGBs are to be used and collected from the kerb, is there sufficient
space on an adjacent street for them to be lined up neatly in (preferably) a ¨ ¨
single row?
Transfer of bins to the collection point
■ Is the bin transfer route free of steps? ¨ ¨
107
Appendix

■ Where bins of 360L need to be wheeled to the collection point, are the
following criteria met:
The distance should not exceed 75m in all circumstances. ¨ ¨

the distance should be limited to 50m where elderly persons will
be moving bins. ¨ ¨
the bin transfer grade should not exceed 1:14. ¨ ¨
■ Are the following criteria met where bins or skips of greater than 360L
capacity need to be wheeled from the intermediate storage point to
the collection point:
If less than or equal to 1.0m3 in capacity, should not need to be wheeled

more than 5m from the intermediate storage point to the collection point. ¨ ¨
If greater than 1.5m3 in capacity, manual manoeuvring of bins should
be avoided wherever possible. Where it cannot be avoided (for example
if bins are stored in a room or enclosure), the bins should not need to ¨ ¨
be wheeled more than 3m from the intermediate storage point to the
collection point.
The bin transfer grade should not exceed 1:30. ¨ ¨

Access for collection vehicles
■ Does the design allow for the waste collection vehicle to move in a forward
direction with no (or minimal) need to reverse? ¨ ¨
■ Does the design accommodate access for heavy vehicles to collection
points in accordance with relevant acts, regulations, guidelines, and codes
administered by Austroads, the NSW Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW ¨ ¨
WorkCover and any local traffic requirements?
Occupational health and safety
■ Has there been a preliminary risk and hazard analysis to identify potential
OH&S risks associated with the proposed services and design layout? ¨ ¨
■ Has the design been modified to eliminate or minimise wherever possible
the identified risks? ¨ ¨
Noise
■ Has the development design considered better practice measures

to minimise noise associated with use and servicing of the waste ¨ ¨
management facilities?
Odour
■ Does the design incorporate ventilation for enclosed storage areas? ¨ ¨

■ Does ventilation comply with the relevant codes and standards? ¨ ¨
■ Are ventilation openings located as near the ceiling and floor as possible,
but away from the windows of dwellings? ¨ ¨
■ Are ventilation openings protected against flies and vermin? ¨ ¨
108
Appendix
Hygiene
■ Have storage areas been designed to prevent the entry of vermin? ¨ ¨

■ Are provisions for a tap and hose and correct drainage to sewer
incorporated in communal bin storage areas? ¨ ¨
Amenity
■ Does the design of waste storage areas blend in with the development? ¨ ¨
Security
■ As far as possible, does the design allow easy access for residents but not
non-residents to waste services? ¨ ¨
■ Are bin areas sufficiently open and well lit to allow their use after dark? ¨ ¨
■ Are all internal garbage and recycling rooms and storage areas fitted
with fire sprinklers, and rated to fire safety according to the Building ¨ ¨
Code of Australia?
Signage and education
■ Does the design specify the need for signs in public areas of the building
identifying the location of garbage and recycling bins and storage areas? ¨ ¨
■ Does the design specify requirements for signs providing instructions on
how to use the garbage and recycling facilities, including identifying what ¨ ¨
is and isn’t recyclable?
■ Have requirements for safety signs been identified? ¨ ¨

Ongoing management
■ Is there a need to employ a building manager/caretaker and/or gardener:
To manage communal composting or worm farms? ¨ ¨

For transporting bins to the collection point? ¨ ¨
■ Has an ongoing management plan been developed that identifies
responsibilities for:
Moving bins to and from the storage point to the collection point
(if required) on collection day? ¨ ¨
Washing bins and maintaining storage areas?
¨ ¨
Arranging for the prompt removal of dumped rubbish?
¨ ¨
Arrangements for consistent signs on all bins and in all communal
storage areas? ¨ ¨
Ensuring all residents are informed of the garbage and recycling
arrangements? ¨ ¨
109

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Better Practice Guide for Waste Management in Multi-unit Dwellings

Copyright © Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW 2008

What is better practice?

Why incorporate better practice?

1 Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, Australian Bureau of Statistics (2003)

Developers Improved reputation through increased satisfaction of buyers, building managers,

Residents Improved satisfaction with service provision

Waste collection service providers Reduced safety risk

Wider environment Increased recovery of recyclables and organics

What is in this guide?

Development Type Description

Mixed-use developments Mixed-use developments incorporate residential dwellings and commercial

How does the MUD Guide link in with other planning

Stage Stakeholder role Stakeholder responsibilities

Architects/ Obtain copies of relevant planning instruments (plans, codes,

Attempt to minimise construction and demolition wastes and maximise

Councils Monitor adherence of developers to Waste Management Plan.

Ensure residents are aware of the waste management systems in place,

Waste Provide a reliable and appropriate waste collection service.

Residents Use waste management system correctly.

Figure 1-1 Getting it right – who’s responsible?

How to use this guide

Read the essential requirements

Read the section of this guide

Calculate likely waste

Select the type of equipment

Design waste management Rethink equipment use or

Determine how the system is

Use the checklist in Appendix F Any potential issues in

Figure 1-2 How to use the MUD Guide

Appendix D Provides information on vehicle access requirements, including road

Council service provision

Risks to health and safety associated with the handling

Risk Examples of control measures to be considered in design

Resident access to garbage and recycling services

Bins and containers

Waste handling equipment

Bin storage areas

Better practice Reasons

The collection point(s) should enable collection operations

Manoeuvring bins to the collection point

For bins greater than 360L capacity, if relocation of bins is required:

Access to the collection point for service providers

In communal bin areas

Signs and education

Issues for consideration

Better practice waste and recycling systems and services

Table 3-1 Villa/townhouse development – better practice examples

Advantages Disadvantages System requirements4

4 In addition to the general requirements listed in Chapter 2.

Advantages Disadvantages System requirements4

4 In addition to the general requirements listed in Chapter 2.

Advantages Disadvantages System requirements4

Applicable for Options 2 and 3

Garbage and recycling collection point

4 In addition to the general requirements listed in Chapter 2.

Figure 3-2 Example of Option 2: communal storage area for MGBs

villa villa villa villa villa villa villa

Issues for consideration

Better practice garbage and recycling systems and services

Table 4-1 Low-Rise Development – Better Practice Examples

Advantages Disadvantages System requirements5

5 In addition to the general requirements listed in Chapter 2.