Protección de sistemas eléctricos de potencia II, 2013

Códigos ANSI/IEEE estándar de dispositivos de protección

En Norteamérica, los relevadores de protección son comúnmente nombrados por su número de

código estándar. Algunas veces, letras se agregan para especificar la aplicación (IEEE Standard
C37.2-2008).

1 – Elemento maestro
2 – Relevador de cierre o apertura con atraso de tiempo
3 – Relevador de chequeo o interconexión
4 – Contacto maestro
5 – Dispositivo de paro
6 – interruptor de circuito de arranque
7 – Relevador de relación de cambio
8 – Dispositivo de desconexión de potencia
9 – Dispositivo de reversa
10 – Interruptor de secuencia unitaria
11 – Dispositivo multifunción
12 – Dispositivo de sobrevelocidad
13 – Dispositivo de velocidad síncrona
14 – Dispositivo de baja velocidad
15 – Dispositivo de velocidad o de frecuencia constante
16 – Dispositivo de comunicación de datos
20 – Válvula operada eléctricamente (válvula solenoide)
21 – Relevador de Distancia
23 – Dispositivo de control de temperatura
24 – Relevador de monitoreo Volts por Hertz
25 – Dispositivo de sincronización o de chequeo de sincronismo
26 – Dispositivo térmico de aparatos
27 – Relevador de Bajo voltaje
30 – Relevador anunciador
32 – Relevador direccional de potencia
36 – Dispositivos de polaridad o de voltaje polarizado
37 – Relevador de baja corriente o de baja potencia (perdida de carga)
38 – Dispositivo de protección de rodamientos
39 – Monitor de conducción mecánica
40 –Relevador de campo (baja/sobre excitación)
41 – Interruptor de circuito de campo
42 – Interruptor de circuito en ejecución
43 – Dispositivo selector o de transferencia manual
46 – Relevador de corriente de fase invertida o de fase balanceada
47 – Relevador de voltaje de secuencia de fase o de fase balanceada
48 – Relevador de secuencia incompleta
49 – Relevador térmico de maquina o de transformador
Protección de sistemas eléctricos de potencia II, 2013

50 – Relevador de Sobrecorriente instantánea

51 – Relevador de sobrecorriente tiempo de CA
52 – Interruptor de circuito de CA
53 – Relevador de excitación de campo
55 – Relevador de factor de potencia
56 – Relevador de aplicación de campo
59 – Relevador de sobrevoltaje
60 – Relevador de balance de Voltaje o Corriente
62 – Relevador de cierre o apertura con atraso de tiempo
63 – Interruptor de presión
64 – Relevador detector de tierra
65 - Gobernador
66 – Dispositivo de arranques por hora
67 – Relevador de Sobrecorriente direccional de CA
68 – Relevador de bloqueo o de “fuera de paso”
69 – Dispositivo de control permisivo
74 – Relevador alarma
75 – Mecanismo de cambio de posición
76 – Relevador de Sobrecorriente de CD
78 – Relevador de medición de ángulo de fase
79 – Relevador de recierre de CA
81 – Relevador de frecuencia
83 – Relevador de control selectivo automático o de transferencia
84 – Mecanismo de operación
85 – Relevador comunicación piloto, carrier o hilo piloto
86 – Relevador de reinicio manual (lockout relay)
87 – Relevador de protección diferencial
89 – Interruptor de línea
90 – Dispositivo de regulación
91 – Relevador de voltaje direccional
92 – Relevador de voltaje y potencia direccional
94 – Relevador de disparo o disparo libre
B – Bus, barra
F – Field, campo
G – Ground or generator, tierra o generador
N – Neutro
T – Transformador
Protección de sistemas eléctricos de potencia II, 2013

Funciones de los relevadores de sobrecorriente

ANSI 50/51 – Sobrecorriente de fase

Three-phase protection against overloads and phase-to-phase short-circuits.

ANSI 50N/51N or 50G/51G – Falla a tierra

Earth fault protection based on measured or calculated residual current values:

 ANSI 50N/51N: residual current calculated or measured by 3 phase current sensors

 ANSI 50G/51G: residual current measured directly by a specific sensor

ANSI 50BF – Falla de interruptor

If a breaker fails to be triggered by a tripping order, as detected by the non-extinction of the fault
current, this backup protection sends a tripping order to the upstream or adjacent breakers.

ANSI 46 – De secuencia negativa / desbalance

Protection against phase unbalance, detected by the measurement of negative sequence current:

 Sensitive protection to detect 2-phase faults at the ends of long lines

 Protection of equipment against temperature build-up, caused by an unbalanced power
supply, phase inversion or loss of phase, and against phase current unbalance

ANSI 49RMS – Sobrecarga termica

Proteccion contra daño termico causado por sobrecargas en maquinas (transformadores, motores
o generadores). La capacidad térmica usada se calcula de acuerdo al modelo matematico que
considera:

 Valor de la corriente RMS

 Temperatura ambiente
 Corriente de secuencia negativa, una de las causas que la temperature del motor se
incremente

Recierre

ANSI 79

Automation device used to limit down time after tripping due to transient or semipermanent
faults on overhead lines. The recloser orders automatic reclosing of the breaking device after the
time delay required to restore the insulation has elapsed. Recloser operation is easy to adapt for
different operating modes by parameter setting.

Proteccion de corriente direccional

Protección de sistemas eléctricos de potencia II, 2013

ANSI 67 – Sobrecorriente direccional de fase

Phase-to-phase short-circuit protection, with selective tripping according to fault current direction.
It comprises a phase overcurrent function associated with direction detection, and picks up if the
phase overcurrent function in the chosen direction (line or busbar) is activated for at least one of
the 3 phases.

ANSI 67N/67NC – Falla a tierra direccional

Earth fault protection, with selective tripping according to fault current direction. 3 types of
operation:

 type 1: the protection function uses the projection of the I0 vector

 type 2: the protection function uses the I0 vector magnitude with half-plane tripping zone
 type 3: the protection function uses the I0 vector magnitude with angular sector tripping
zone

ANSI 67N/67NC tipo 1

Directional earth fault protection for impedant, isolated or compensated neutralsystems, based on
the projection of measured residual current.

ANSI 67N/67NC tipo 2

Directional overcurrent protection for impedance and solidly earthed systems, based on measured
or calculated residual current. It comprises an earth fault function associated with direction
detection, and picks up if the earth fault function in the chosen direction (line or busbar) is
activated.

ANSI 67N/67NC tipo 3

Directional overcurrent protection for distribution networks in which the neutral earthing system
varies according to the operating mode, based on measured residual current. It comprises an
earth fault function associated with direction detection (angular sector tripping zone defined by 2
adjustable angles), and picks up if the earth fault function in the chosen direction (line or busbar)
is activated.

Funciones de proteccion de potencia direccional

ANSI 32P – Sobrepotencia activa direccional

Two-way protection based on calculated active power, for the following applications:

 active overpower protection to detect overloads and allow load shedding

 reverse active power protection:
o against generators running like motors when the generators consume active
power
Protección de sistemas eléctricos de potencia II, 2013

o against motors running like generators when the motors supply active power

ANSI 32Q/40 – Sobrepotencia active direccional

Two-way protection based on calculated reactive power to detect field loss on synchronous
machines:

 reactive overpower protection for motors which consume more reactive power with field
loss
 reverse reactive overpower protection for generators which consume reactive power with
field loss.

Funciones de proteccion de maquina

ANSI 37 – Baja corriente de fase

Protection of pumps against the consequences of a loss of priming by the detection of motor no-
load operation. It is sensitive to a minimum of current in phase 1, remains stable during breaker
tripping and may be inhibited by a logic input.

ANSI 48/51LR/14 – Rotor bloqueado / tiempo de arranque excesivo

Protection of motors against overheating caused by:

 excessive motor starting time due to overloads (e.g. conveyor) or insufficient supply
voltage. The reacceleration of a motor that is not shut down, indicated by a logic input,
may be considered as starting.
 locked rotor due to motor load (e.g. crusher):
o in normal operation, after a normal start
o directly upon starting, before the detection of excessive starting time, with
detection of locked rotor by a zero speed detector connected to a logic input, or
by the underspeed function.

ANSI 66 – Arranques por hora

Protection against motor overheating caused by:

 too frequent starts: motor energizing is inhibited when the maximum allowable number of
starts is reached, after counting of:
o starts per hour (or adjustable period)
o consecutive motor hot or cold starts (reacceleration of a motor that is not shut
down, indicated by a logic input, may be counted as a start)
 starts too close together in time: motor re-energizing after a shutdown is only allowed
after an adjustable waiting time.

ANSI 50V/51V – Sobrecorriente restringido por voltaje

Protección de sistemas eléctricos de potencia II, 2013

Phase-to-phase short-circuit protection, for generators. The current tripping set point is voltage-
adjusted in order to be sensitive to faults close to the generator which cause voltage drops and
lowers the short-circuit current.

ANSI 26/63 – Termostato/Buchholz

Protection of transformers against temperature rise and internal faults via logic inputs linked to
devices integrated in the transformer.

ANSI 38/49T – Monitoreo de temperatura

Protection that detects abnormal temperature build-up by measuring the temperature inside
equipment fitted with sensors:

 transformer: protection of primary and secondary windings

 motor and generator: protection of stator windings and bearings.

Funciones de proteccion de voltaje

ANSI 27D – Bajo voltaje de secuencia positiva

Protection of motors against faulty operation due to insufficient or unbalanced network voltage,
and detection of reverse rotation direction.

ANSI 27R – Bajo voltaje residual

Protection used to check that remanent voltage sustained by rotating machines has been cleared
before allowing the busbar supplying the machines to be re-energized, to avoid electrical and
mechanical transients.

ANSI 27 – Bajo voltaje

Protection of motors against voltage sags or detection of abnormally low network voltage to
trigger automatic load shedding or source transfer. Works with phase-to-phase voltage.

ANSI 59 – Sobrevoltaje

Detection of abnormally high network voltage or checking for sufficient voltage to enable source
transfer. Works with phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral voltage, each voltage being monitored
separately.

ANSI 59N – Desplazamiento de voltaje neutro

Detection of insulation faults by measuring residual voltage in isolated neutral systems.

ANSI 47 – Sobrevoltaje de secuencia negativa

Protección de sistemas eléctricos de potencia II, 2013

Protection against phase unbalance resulting from phase inversion, unbalanced supply or distant
fault, detected by the measurement of negative sequence voltage.

Funciones de proteccion de frecuencia

ANSI 81H – Sobre frecuencia

Detection of abnormally high frequency compared to the rated frequency, to monitor power
supply quality.

ANSI 81L – Baja frecuencia

Detection of abnormally low frequency compared to the rated frequency, to monitor power
supply quality. The protection may be used for overall tripping or load shedding. Protection
stability is ensured in the event of the loss of the main source and presence of remanent voltage
by a restraint in the event of a continuous decrease of the frequency, which is activated by
parameter setting.

ANSI 81R – Relacion de cambio de frecuencia

Protection function used for fast disconnection of a generator or load shedding control. Based on
the calculation of the frequency variation, it is insensitive to transient voltage disturbances and
therefore more stable than a phase-shift protection function.

Disconnection In installations with autonomous production means connected to a utility, the “rate
of change of frequency” protection function is used to detect loss of the main system in view of
opening the incoming circuit breaker to:

 protect the generators from a reconnection without checking synchronization

 avoid supplying loads outside the installation.

Load shedding The “rate of change of frequency” protection function is used for load shedding in
combination with the underfrequency protection to:

 either accelerate shedding in the event of a large overload

 or inhibit shedding following a sudden drop in frequency due to a problem that should not
be solved by shedding.

Algunos de los estándares de la IEEE relacionados con el area de protecciones:

•C37.110-2007 IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective
Relaying Purposes

•C37.102-2006 IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection

•C37.101-2006 IEEE Guide for Generator Ground Protection

•C37.091-2008 IEEE Guide for Protecting Power Transformers

Protección de sistemas eléctricos de potencia II, 2013

•C37.234-2009 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power System Buses

•C37.109-2006 IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Reactors

•C37.099-2000 IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks

•C37.230-2007 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lines

•C37.113-1999 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines

•C37.117-2007 IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relays Used for Abnormal Frequency
Load Shedding and Restoration

•C37.119-2005 IEEE Guide for Breaker Failure Protection of Power Circuit Breakers