1.

Genre

There are many types of writing genre according to Siahaan and Shinoda (2008), they

are:

a) Narrative

Narrative is any written English text in which the writer wants to amuse, entertain

people, and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways..

b) Recount

Recount is also narration text too. Basically, it is written out to make a report about an

experience of a series of related event. Theoretically, the technique to write a recount

is similar to the way a narration is written. Specifically, a recount is written out to

inform an event or to entertain people.

c) Descriptive

Descriptive is a text which can be written out with a descriptive technique. It

describes an object to the readers. The length of the text depends on specific details of

the object being described

d) Headline (News Item)

Headline (news item) is neither paragraph nor an essay. Instead this conforms to any

written English text containing one or more than one paragraph in which the writer to

inform people about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

e) Expository
 It is about the truth of a fact of a certain object. It is written to expose the truth of the

fact of the object to the reader. The aim is just to expose the truth of the fact. In this

case, it is just to persuade them to believe it. However, the purpose does not include

persuading in order the readers take a certain course of action related to the truth of

the fact of the object.

f) Anecdote

Anecdote is any written English text which the writer shares with the others an

account of an unusual or amusing accident.

g) Procedure

Procedure is any written English text in which the writer describes how something is

accomplished through a sequence of action or step.

A. Narrative Text

1. The Definition of Narrative Text

According to Knapp and Watkins (2005:221) narrative is a powerful medium for changing

social opinions and attitudes. Think about the way that some soap operas and television dramas

use narrative to raise topical social issues and present their complexities and different

perspectives in ways that are not possible in news reports and current affairs program.

According to Siahaan and Shinoda (2008:73), narration deal with problematic events

which lead to crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution. This means

that in narrative text, there are some problems developed or happened and finally can be solved

at the end of story.

Narrative is about telling story but in written form. Such as telling story by voices,

narrative has the purpose to entertain the readers but, there must be provide in an organize way.
Moreover, the story in narrative text sets up one or more problems, which must find a way to be

resolved.

Narrative, as kind of story genre that can be imaginary or factual, has many types. They

are fairy stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables,

myth, legends, historical narratives, ballads, and etc

2. Social Function

Gerot and Wignell (1994:162) said that the social function of narrative text is to amuse,

entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narratives deal with

problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind finds a resolution and can

be adding by re-orientation at the end of story. However, it is optional to use. Narrative text is

told to entertain the readers or listeners about the story (fairy tales, legends, fables, etc) and take

some moral values on it.

3. Generic Structures

Based on Gerot and Wignell (1994: 204) narrative text consist of an Orientation (to

introduce the participants and the setting place and time), evaluation (to evaluate the before

condition of story. It is optional), complication (to show the problem arises), resolution (to show

the problem is solved), re-orientation (optional).

Meanwhile, Siahaan and Shinoda (2008: 73-74) explained that the structures of narrative

text are orientation (setting the scene and introducing the paticipants), evaluation (a stepping

back evaluate the plight), complication (a crisis arise), resolution (the crises is resolved, for

better or for worse), and reorientation (optional).

From the explanation above, it can be stated that the main structures in narrative text are:
 a) Orientation

It is about opening paragraph that tells or introduces about ‘who’ (characters or

participants), ‘when’ (time), and ‘where’ (place) of the story.

b) Complication

Complication explores the conflict in the story. This part shows and describes the

problem or the rising crises which the participants or characters of the story have to

do with.

c) Resolution

In this part, the crises or the problems in the story ar resolved and ended for better or

worse, happily or unhappily.

4. Lexicogrammatical Features

Narrative text uses some lexicogrammatical features as the sign. The lexicogrammatical

features used in narrative text are described by Gerot and Wignell (1994: 208) as follows:

a) Focus on specific participants and individualized participants

b) Use of Material, Behavioral, and Verbal Processes.

c) Use of Relational Processes and Mental Processes.

d) Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal Circumstances.

e) Use of simple past tense.