Base: Turns red litmus colour to blue Turmeric is a natural indicator Reaction with metals In most cases, metals replace hydrogen from acids Zn H 2SO4 ZnSO4 H 2 Acids with metal carbonate and hydrogen carbonate Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Water + CO2 Na 2CO3 2HCl 2NaCl H 2O CO2 Acid–Base reaction Acid + Base → Salt + Water NaOH HCl NaCl H 2O Metal oxide + Acid Metal oxide + Acid → Salt + Water In water solution Acid → H+ ion ; H+ + H2O → H3O+ Base → OH– ion H3O Cl HCl H 2 O NaOH H 2O Na OH Higher H+ concentration → Strong acid Lower H+ concentration → Weak acid Higher the OH– concentration → Stronger the acid pH Measure pH → Measure of acidity → Measure H+ concentration on the scale (0 – 14) pH 7 → Neutral solution pH < 7 → Acidic solution pH > 7 → Basic solution Human body pH = 7.0 – 7.8 Change in pH in body causes → Tooth decay, stomach pain, burning pain (Honey bee sting)
HCl Bleach For cleaning steel, production of ammonium chloride, medicines, cosmetics
Bleaching powder → CaOCl2
Preparation– Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O Use – cotton in textile industry o Bleaching of wood pulp clothes in laundry o Oxidising agent o Disinfecting material Baking soda – (NaHCO3) Sodium hydrogen carbonate Preparation– NaCl H 2O CO2 NH3 NH 4Cl NaHCO3 (Mild, non-corrosive base) Use – o Making baking powder (Baking soda + Mild acid, like tartaric acid) o Ingredient for antacids o Soda–acid fire extinguisher Washing soda – Na 2CO3.10H2O Preparation– Na 2CO3 10H 2O Na 2CO3 .10H 2O Use – o In glass, soap, paper industries o Making sodium compounds such as borax o As domestic cleaning agent o Removing permanent hardness of water Plaster of Paris – 1 1 CaSO 4 H 2O 1 H 2O CaSO 4 2H 2O (solid) 2 2 Gypsum