Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Project by Consultants
Chief Engineer Environmental Health & Safety
Irrigation North Zone, Consultants Pvt. Ltd
Karnataka Neeravari Nigama Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka.
Belagavi, Karnataka (accredited by QCI-NABET)
NOVEMBER 2016
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
OF
at
BELAGAVI DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
Project By
Chief Engineer
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd
Irrigation North Zone
Club Road, Belagavi - 590 001
Karnataka
Consultants
NOVEMBER 2016
1
Cover page (front) photo: http://muxinternational.com/category/crops/, http://www.agrifarming.in/jowar-farming/
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
REVISION RECORD
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd iii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
ABBREVIATIONS
AIS & LUS All India Soil and Land Use Survey
APHA American Public Health Association
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BLIS Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BPL Below Poverty Line
BSI Botanical Survey of India
CA Compensatory Afforestation
CAD Command Area Development Plan
CADA Command Area Development Authority
CAT Catchment Area Treatment
CGWB Central Ground Water Board
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CWC Central Water Commission
DAP Diammonium phosphate
dB(A) Decibels - A scale rating
DC Deputy Commissioner
DDP Dry land Development Programme
DG Diesel Generator
DPAP Drought Prone Area Programme
DRSM Dry rubble stone masonry
DWL Depth to Water Level
E-FLOW Environmental/ecological flow
EIA Environment Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environment Protection Agency
EPH Environmental Public Hearing
ERDAS Earth Resources Data Analysis System
GBDP Green Belt Development Plan
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEM Ground Water Estimation Committee methodology
GIS Geographical Information System
GOI Govt. of India
GOK Government of Karnataka
Ha Hectare
HESCOM Hubli Electricity Supply Company
IMD Indian Meteorological Dept.,
IRS Indian Remote Sensing satellites
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources
IWDP Integrated Watershed Development Programme
KFD Karnataka Forest Dept.,
KNNL Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd
KPTCL Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Ltd
KSPCB Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
KSRSAC Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre
KWDT Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal
K Kelvin
LA Land Acquisition
LISS Linear Imaging Self-Scanning
M.CUM Million Cubic Meter
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Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd viii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
9.3.3 Species for green belt and Agro forestry development ..................................9.11
9.4 Fisheries Development Plan...............................................................................9.12
9.4.1 A matter of concern ...................................................................................9.12
9.4.2 Prevention of flow of domestic, municipal and industrial sewage into the Krishna
River .................................................................................................................9.13
9.4.3 Overfishing problems..................................................................................9.13
9.5 Muck Disposal plan ...........................................................................................9.14
9.6 Ground Water Management Plan .......................................................................9.14
9.7 Public Health Delivery plan ................................................................................9.15
9.8 Sanitary and Solid Waste Management Plan .......................................................9.15
9.9 Plan for Restoration of Quarry sites ...................................................................9.15
9.10 Cost for implementing EMP .............................................................................9.15
Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusion .........................................................................10.1
Chapter 11.Disclosure of Consultants ..........................................................................11.1
Chapter 12. Compliance to Terms of Reference ...........................................................12.1
Chapter 13. Photographs ...........................................................................................13.1
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xiii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1Drought details project command area Taluks ................................................. 2.5
Table 2.2 Salient Features of the project ...................................................................... 2.8
Table 2.3 Water yield calculations for the period from 1983-84 to 2008-09 ..................... 2.9
Table 2.4 Existing cropping pattern in the command area .............................................2.10
Table 2.5Proposed cropping pattern............................................................................2.10
Table 2.6 Crop water requirement ..............................................................................2.10
Table 2.7 List of benefitting villages, Athani taluk, Belagavi District ...............................2.10
Table 2.8 Technical details of the project ....................................................................2.11
Table 2.9 Benefit-cost ratio for BLIS............................................................................2.14
Table 3.1 Meteorological data collected at site for the study period ................................ 3.2
Table 3.2 Details of AAQM parameters with analysis methodology.................................. 3.5
Table 3.3 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations .......................................... 3.5
Table 3.4 Results of Particulate Matter (PM10) ............................................................... 3.7
Table 3.5 Results of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) .............................................................. 3.7
Table 3.6 Results of Sulphur di-oxide (SO2) .................................................................. 3.8
Table 3.7 Results of Nitrogen di-oxide (NO2) ................................................................ 3.8
Table 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Index for dust ................................................................ 3.9
Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Index for gases .............................................................. 3.9
Table 3.10 Details of Noise Level Monitoring ................................................................. 3.9
Table 3.11 Details of Noise Level Monitoring locations ................................................... 3.9
Table 3.12 Results of Ambient Noise levels ..................................................................3.11
Table 3.13 Geological succession of the study area ......................................................3.14
Table 3.14 Details of Water sampling locations ............................................................3.21
Table 3.15Status of ground water development ...........................................................3.24
Table 3.16 Details of Water sampling locations ............................................................3.25
Table3.17 Details of soil sampling locations .................................................................3.29
Table 3.18 Rating Chart for Soil Test values and their Nutrient Indices ..........................3.39
Table 3.19Land use and Land cover data of study area ................................................3.41
Table 3.20 Soil texture of study area...........................................................................3.41
Table 3.21 Slope pattern of study area........................................................................3.43
Table 3.22 List of plant species as under IUCN/Red Data Book category ........................3.50
Table 4.1 Noise levels of common construction equipments ..........................................4.10
Table 4.2 Sub catchment/Watershed and codification of study area ..............................4.14
Table 4.3 Watershed Details of Basaveswara LIS, Athani Taluk; Belagavi District ...........4.15
Table 4.4 Estimation of soil loss in Watersheds ............................................................4.15
Table 4.5 Proposed Fertilizers and Pesticides for BLIS command area ............................4.22
Table 4.6 Criteria for evaluation of impacts..................................................................4.23
Table 4.7 Evaluation of Impacts..................................................................................4.24
Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program for Construction phase ............................. 6.1
Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Program for Operation phase (3 years) ................... 6.3
Table 7.1 Details of project impacted villages ............................................................... 7.1
Table 7.2 Details of the project villages ........................................................................ 7.3
Table 7.3 Population and sex ratio of the project impacted villages ................................ 7.3
Table 7.4 Population and sex ratio among under 6 children ........................................... 7.4
Table 7.5 SC population in project villages.................................................................... 7.5
Table 7.6 ST population in project villages.................................................................... 7.5
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xiv EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
LIST OF FIGURES
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xvi EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xvii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
LIST OF ANNEXURES
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Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
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Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Project Proponent
Karnataka Neeravari Nigama Limited (KNNL) aims at reviewing the planning, design,
execution and monitoring of the irrigation projects by tracking the field periodically by
involving dedicated professional administrators, subject specialists and experienced
engineers and other specialists in the field in order to clear bottlenecks and ensure time
bound completion of projects. KNNL has been registered as a wholly owned Government of
Karnataka Company as per the provisions of the companies Act, 1956 with effect from 9th
December 1998.
Water is an essential replinishable natural resource for food production. Agriculture
production can be increased only by providing Irrigation whenever there is a need. It can
supply the water needed for the crop growth when rainfall is limited and it can also bridge
dry spells and reduce agricultural risks. 'The country's economy, health and welfare is
directly linked with irrigated agriculture. It is too important to be marginalized as it is vital
for world food security'2.
'Karnataka is the second driest state in India after Rajasthan'3. Large parts of the state are
prone to severe and repeated droughts and 3/4 of all farmland is rain-fed. As a result, farm
productivity is low. Rain Water is only available for 3 to 4 months in a year in the state and
the groundwater tables are falling drastically due to overuse and over exploitation. Hence
there is an urgent need to conserve both soil and water to raise farm productivity.
Karnataka State is endowed with limited water resources that are stressed and depleting
due to different sectoral demands which are growing rapidly. "Increase in population,
urbanization, rapid industrialization and rising incomes are putting this resource under
stress. Unless water resources are properly developed and managed, the State will face
acute crisis within the next two decades. Serious destabilization of the water sector
affecting the hydrology, economy and ecology of the State is likely"4.
In this direction, Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL), Water Resource Department,
Government of Karnataka intends to give more thrust to new areas of development such as
participatory irrigation management, encouragement to modern irrigation practices with
higher duty of water, exploration of new possibility of conjunctive use of water, advocating
a holistic approach towards agricultural farming practices for economic security to the
farmer and using modern technologies in survey and design of irrigation systems.
M/s Environmental Health & Safety Consultants Private Limited, Bengaluru is entrusted by
KNNL to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment & Environmental Management
Plan for Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme (BLIS). KNNL is the employer and executing
agency for the project. The proposed project is categorized as ‘A’ category project as the
command area is >10,000 Ha.The proposed project falls under 1(c) of EIA Notification,
2006 and its amendments and hence, the Terms of reference (ToR) for the project was
accorded by Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF) vide letter no.
No.J-12011/23/2015-I – A – I dated 17.11.2015 (Annexure-1).
This EIA report presents baseline data collected during three seasons viz, Pre -Monsoon
Season (Dec 2015 to Feb 2016), Post Monsoon season (March 2016 to May2016) and
Monsoon Season (June 2016 to Aug 2016) for physical, biological and socio-economic
components of environment, identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts based on
the project activities and to prepare Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for mitigation
of adverse impacts due to the proposed project.
2
T.C. Dougherty-A.W. Hall, HR Willingford (1995), Environment Impact Assessment of Irrigation and Drainage Projects, FAO Irrigation and
Drainage Paper 53, Page 6.
3
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2009/10/01/india-restoring-the-fertility-of-parched-lands-in-karnataka
4
Karnataka State Water Policy (2002), Water Resource Dept., Govt. of Karnataka, Page 1.
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 1.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
EIA integrates the environmental concerns in the developmental activities right at the time
of initiating for preparing the feasibility report. In doing so, it can enable the integration of
environmental concerns and mitigation measures in project development. EIA can often
prevent future liabilities or alterations in project design"5.
5
http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/iass/eia/Chapter1.htm
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Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
6
Belagavi District Karnataka, Central Ground Water Board, South Western Region, Bengaluru, August 2007, Pg 10 - 12.
7
James M. Campbell (2004), Belagavi District Gazetteer, Karnataka Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of Karnataka Pg 13-18
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
In 1973, the Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal (KWDT) adjudicated on the sharing of Krishna river
water between the three riparian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. KWDT
– 1 in its final order dated 24.12.1973 has allocated the 75% dependable flows of 2060 TM of
Krishna waters amongst three riparian states and the share of Karnataka aggregated to 734
TMC of water. Water utilization for the proposed scheme is within the state allocation of KWDT –
1 award for the state of Karnataka.
2.1.4 Erratic droughts in command area
The proposed command area Taluk is severely prone to erratic droughts due to lack of south-
west monsoons. The drought details from 2001 to 2015 are given below;
Table 2.1Drought details project command area Taluks8
From Year 20'
Taluk 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ground water
status
Athani Over Exploited
Drought causes agriculture a risky venture and the proposed taluks are considered to be the
more backward taluks9. Due to which people are constantly translocating to adjoining towns and
cities. The people of this region have no other employment opportunities except agriculture and
there is potential land bank to grow suitable crops in the region. Hence providing irrigation and
stabilizing the agricultural production, provides a much needed relief to the people. It improves
the per capita income and standard of living of the people. Further it utilizes the water and land
resources and substantially improves GDP contribution from agriculture.
2.1.5 Left out area of existing irrigation schemes
The major portion of Northern part of Athani taluk of Belagavi District is outside the scope of
any irrigation facilities. This area is flat and the gradient of the Krishna River bed is gentle. A
storage reservoir across Krishna River within the limits of State Boundary (upstream of Almatti
Reservoir) will involve huge submergence of land in the State of Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Therefore, it is proposed to irrigate this area by providing Lift Irrigation Scheme, which is the
only alternative measure to provide water for the development of drought prone areas of Athani
taluk.
Apart from the above, the existing Hippragi project across River Krishna at Hippragi with two
Foreshore lift irrigation schemes at Halyal and Ainapur to irrigate an area of 74,742 Ha by
utilizing 12.10 TMC of water for both Khariff and Rabi seasons. Though Hippargi irrigation
project was basically planned to mitigate the sufferings of drought prone villages of Athani taluk,
but, some of the northern side villages of Athani taluk had not been considered in Hippargi
irrigation project.
8
Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre, Govt. of Karnataka
9
Report of the High Power Committee on Redressal of Regional Imbalances (2002), Govt. of Karnataka, Page 17
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Belagavi District, Karnataka
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Belagavi District, Karnataka
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Command area
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10, 14
Karnataka State Profile, National Institute of Disaster Management, Govt. of India (http://nidm.gov.in/pdf/dp/Karnataka.pdf)
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
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Belagavi District, Karnataka
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Table 3.1 Meteorological data collected at site for the study period
Month Wind speed Wind direction Temperature Precipitation Relative Surface pressure Cloud cover
(m/s) (deg) ( ºc) rate (mm/hr) Humidity (%) (mb) (tenths)
Max 6.20 360.00 34.05 0.00 87.00 958.00 3.00
Dec,15 Min 0.00 0.00 11.75 0.00 12.00 946.00 3.00
Avg 1.86 141.96 23.63 0.00 48.90 951.37 3.00
Max 7.20 359.00 34.25 0.00 77.00 958.00 3.00
Jan,16 Min 0.00 0.00 12.05 0.00 12.00 946.00 2.00
Avg 1.87 151.30 23.41 0.00 43.29 951.60 2.54
Max 7.20 359.00 38.45 0.00 80.00 955.00 3.00
Feb, 16 Min 0.00 0.00 15.05 0.00 12.00 944.00 2.00
Avg 2.08 174.04 26.80 0.00 38.51 950.41 2.54
Max 9.30 360.00 39.45 0.00 76.00 955.00 5.00
Mar, 16 Min 0.00 0.00 19.05 0.00 9.00 943.00 1.00
Avg 2.21 185.55 29.88 0.00 33.61 949.05 2.09
Max 13.90 359.00 41.35 6.35 74.00 952.00 8.00
Apr, 16 Min 0.00 0.00 21.95 0.00 8.00 941.00 3.00
Avg 2.58 230.78 32.12 0.18 35.15 946.52 4.29
Max 13.40 358.00 40.85 6.10 91.00 950.00 8.00
May, 16 Min 0.00 0.00 20.85 0.00 9.00 937.00 4.00
Avg 3.74 249.90 31.58 0.16 41.63 945.33 4.76
Max 11.30 355.00 37.45 9.91 98.00 950.00 8.00
June, 16 Min 0.00 0.00 22.25 0.00 23.00 940.00 6.00
Avg 4.29 271.12 27.43 0.33 65.55 944.76 6.72
Max 12.30 355.00 32.25 6.10 99.00 950.00 8.00
July, 16 Min 0.50 91.00 21.45 0.00 34.00 940.00 7.00
Avg 4.54 277.39 25.77 0.31 71.84 944.83 7.22
Max 280.20 10.30 34.00 7.90 95.00 951.00 8.00
Aug, 16 Min -64.00 0.50 21.60 0.00 37.00 941.00 7.00
Avg 59.70 4.50 27.20 0.30 69.40 945.70 7.10
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11
Methods for Measurement of Air Pollution (2005), Part 14 Guidelines for Planning the Sampling of Atmosphere, IS 5182 (Part 14): 2000.
12
National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 2009, CPCB, New Delhi.
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120
100
Results in (µg/m3)
80
60
PM10
40
Standard
20
0
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegoan
Monitoring Locations
90
Results in (µg/m3)
80
70
60 PM2.5
50
40 Standard
30
20
10
0
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegoan
Monitoring Locations
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70
60
Results in (µg/m3)
50
40
30 SO2
20 Standard
10
0
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegoan
Monitoring Locations
70
60
Results in (µg/m3)
50
40
30 NO2
20 Standard
10
0
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegoan
Monitoring Locations
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13
National Air Quality Index, Control of Urban Pollution Sources Series, (2015), CUPC/82/2014-15, CPCB, New Delhi.
14
Protocol for Ambient Noise Level Monitoring (2015), CPCB, New Delhi
15
Noise (Regulation and Control) Rules (2000), MoEF, Govt. of India
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.9 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
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Fig 3.7 Ambient Noise Level Monitoring locations on study area map
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56
Pre - Monsoon
54
Leq (day)
52
Results in db(A)
50 Post -
48 Monsoon Leq
(day)
46 Monsoon Leq
44 (day)
42
40 Std Leq (day)
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegaon
Ingalgaon
Monitoring locations
Fig 3.8 Summary of Noise level trends during day in the study period
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Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
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50
45
Pre -
40
Monsoon
Results in db(A)
35 Leq (day)
30 Post -
25 Monsoon
20 Leq (day)
15 Monsoon
10 Leq (day)
5
0 Std Leq
(night)
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegaon
Ingalgaon
Monitoring locations
Fig 3.9 Summary of Noise level trends during night time in the study period
Post - Monsoon
60
leq day
50
Results in db(A)
40 leq
night
30 std day
20
std
10 night
0
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegaon
Ingalgaon
Monitoring locations
Fig 3.10 Noise level trends for Post Monsoon (Dec 2015 – Feb 2015)
Pre - Monsoon
60
50
Results in db(A)
leq
40 day
leq
30
night
20 std
10 day
std
0 night
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegaon
Ingalgaon
Monitoring locations
Fig 3.11 Noise level trends for Pre Monsoon (March 2016 – May 2016)
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Monsoon
60
Results in db (A)
50
leq day
40
30 leq
night
20
std day
10
0 std
Ainapura Agrani Malabad Pandegaon night
Ingalgaon
Monitoring locations
Fig 3.12 Noise level trends for Post Monsoon (June 2016 – July 2016)
3.2.5 Hydrology, Geology and Minerals
In any given environment the occurrence and movement of ground water and its quality &
quantity is chiefly controlled and governed by many factors such as geographical set-up, climate
and rainfall conditions, hydrological features, topography, soil characteristics, the nature and
thickness of underlying rock formations and other related aspects that prevail in an area.
Therefore the study envisages identifying the existing both surface & ground water conditions
comprising both quality and potential within the project site and its neighborhood, relating the
projected lift irrigation scheme activity, identifying the likely impacts on surface and ground
water resources and indicating mitigation measures. In order to accomplish the proposed
objective of the study, the scope and methodology adopted is as follows:
Collection of the relevant data contained in the EIA and EMP Reports, from the reports
and maps of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) Geological Survey of India (GSI),
other Institutions and Departments.
Identify Inter- related and Inter – dependent key factors that play vital role in the
occurrence of ground water its quality and potential.
Identify surface water resources in the project site and its catchment area.
Assess the ground water resource potential in the catchment area of the project site.
Bring out various events and processes that comprise the project activity.
Identify the site specific environmental issues and mitigation measures and
Compile a consolidated, comprehensive and meaningful report of the Project site and its
catchment area.
Initially the data and scientific information available in the Pre-feasibility Report & salient
features initiated by Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited, EIA and EMP reports published related
to the Project area and reports of Central Ground Water Board have been collected.
Subsequently field investigation was carried out during the second week of September, 2016.
During the survey surface rock outcrops, geological cross sections in the Road, Nala Cuttings
and Dug wells were observed. Data available from the Irrigation Department and also from IMD
authorities has been collected. Inventory of wells representing the entire Command area, Lift
pipe line corridor &ten kilometer buffer zone was carried out. The chemical quality of ground
water was assessed by measuring the Specific Electrical Conductance (E.C.) using a sensitive
pocket type Electrical Conductivity meter. Hydrogeological data of about 13 wells was collected
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and enclosed as Annexure - 3. Water levels were measured using an embossed steel measuring
tape from Dug wells and Electrical conductivity was recorded using EC meter.
Information already available and the data collected during the survey is collated and analyzed
to comprehend the overall groundwater situation in the area. An attempt is made to predict the
likely changes that could occur on account of the proposed Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme
and certain mitigation measures have been indicated to avoid adverse effect on the Surface &
Groundwater environment.
3.2.5.1 Drainage
The Project site and the command area form part of the Krishna River Basin. The lift point is
over the upper reaches of Almatti Reservoir. Bor Nala, Kalkatti Halla, and Agrani Nadi are the
other major tributaries of River Krishna in the study area. Most of these are seasonal rivers
which drain in to River Krishna. Drainage pattern is observed to be dendritic to sub-dendritic
with drainage density varying between 0.80 to 0.92 Kms. / Sq. Kms. Dense drainage is
observed in the command area All the stream courses flow from higher reaches to lower levels
following topography. Drainage Map of the study area is given below;
3.2.5.2 Geology
The main rock type observed in the command area is Basalt belonging to Deccan Traps of
various flows belonging to Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene Age. Geologic succession of the
study area and Geological map of the study area is given below;
Table 3.13 Geological succession of the study area16
Laterite Recent Cainozoic
Basalt Intertrappean Infratrappean Beds
Basalt As Flows sparsely to moderately porphyritic Upper Cretaceous
Deccan trap
Basalt Sparsely to moderately porphyritic
3.2.5.3 Structure
No major faults or any structural disturbances are observed in the buffer zone and command
area of the project excepting, minor Fractures/ Fissures and Lineaments along with the streams
are formed and these act as conduits for the movement of surface and groundwater. The
movement and occurrence of groundwater is controlled by these structures and these have been
marked in the Geology & Structure Map.
3.2.5.4 Geomorphology
Geomorphology of the study area environs is plateau dissected and Plateau weathered with
valleys.
3.2.5.5 Mineral Resources
High level aluminous laterite and bauxite occur as capping over Deccan Trap in a number of flat
topped plateaus at elevations of 930 m to about 1020m above MSL. Most of the deposits fall in
Khanapur taluk forming a part of Malaprabha valley. Fullers’ Earth is found at Doddi Kuppe in
Chikkodi taluk.
3.2.5.6 Hydrology, Rainfall and Climate
Belagavi District falls in the Krishna River Basin except small catchments of Khanapur, Belagavi
and Bailhongal taluks that fall in the catchments of Mahadayi and Kalinadi Rivers that flow
towards the west. The River Krishna, along with its tributaries Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are
perennial and effluent in nature and flow in easterly direction. The drainage density varies from
0.80 to 3.4 Km/Sq. Km.
16
Geological Quadrangle Map (1998), Geological Survey of India, GoI
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The study area i.e. Basaveshwara LIS falls in Krishna River basin drained by Agrani River,Bor
Nala and Kalkatti Halla which joins River Krishna in the south.
3.2.5.7 Hydrogeology
The study area forms a part of three districts namely Vijayapura, Belagavi and Bagalkot which is
a part of Krishna River Catchment / Basin. Hire Halla, Kud Don Halla, Kunt Don River and Don
River are the other major tributaries of River Krishna in the study area. Most of these are
seasonal rivers which drain in to River Krishna. Drainage pattern is observed to be dendritic to
sub-dendritic with drainage density varying between 0.90 to 1.60 Kms. / Sq. Kms.
Water table generally follows the topography of the study area and is at greater depths in the
water divide area and topographic heights but occurs at shallow depth in the valleys and low-
lying terrain and therefore groundwater moves down and follows the gradient from the higher to
lower elevations i.e. from recharge area to discharge areas. The general flow direction of
groundwater in the study area is towards South and East.
3.2.5.8 Hydrological surveys
Hydrogeological survey was carried out in the 10.0 Kms buffer zone of the Jack well / Intake
point of Krishna River and the total command area of the proposed project. 20 Wells were
inventoried mostly bore wells and few dug wells for deciphering the groundwater regime. The
details of the locations are marked on hydrology map enclosed as Map Plate-4 and as
Annexure- 3. Water samples have been collected from 13 wells representing the study area and
subjected to chemical analysis conforming to IS 10500:2012 standards to know the quality. The
test results are enclosed as Annexure - 3. The aquifer performance test conducted by the CGWB
authorities was referred to and concluded the field data observed randomly during the field
survey. Map showing the sampling locations are given below;
Groundwater occurs under water table and semi-confined to confined conditions in weathered
and fractured zones in basalts. The vesicular portion of different flows varies in thickness and
has the primary porosity. The nature and the density of vesicles, their distribution and
interconnection, depth of weathering and topography of the area are decisive factors for
occurrence and movement of groundwater in these units. The weathered and fissured basalts
occurring in topographic lows are the main water bearing formations in the study area.
The Deccan traps / basalts are the major litho-units in the study area i.e. command area and
buffer zone of the proposed project area (Lift Point and Jack well). The basaltic flows are mostly
horizontal to gently dipping. Deccan basalts mostly have low permeability depending upon the
presence of primary and secondary porosity. The weathered basalt serves as an effective
groundwater repository in this region. Occurrence of red bole at depth ranging between 30-50m
constitutes the major aquifer in the study area.
3.2.5.9 Depth to Water Level
The depth to water level in the study area was measured wherever it was feasible and recorded
as reported during the field study. The depth to water level varied between 8.0 to 35.0m.
Shallow water level of 8.0 m is observed at Shirur while deepest water level is observed at
Gundewadi at 35.0 m. The annual water level fluctuation is varying between 3.0 to 15.0 m in the
study area. The depth to water level arrived corresponds to the well inventory and the table is
annexed as Annexure-3.
3.2.5.10 Water Table Elevation
Water table elevation in the study area ranges from less than 603 mts to more than 546 mts.
Over the vast area it is between 520 and 620 m amsl. Water table less than 546 m is observed
in and around Kudachi. The flow direction follows the general topography of the area. The
general flow direction of groundwater in the study area is towards South.
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17
CGWG- Groundwater Information Booklet: Belagavi District, Karnataka, August ’2012
18
Furhan,I., Ali,M., Salam, A., Khan,B.A,. Ahmad,S,. Quamar M and Omer, Kashif (2004), Seasonal variations of physico-chemical characteristics of river
Soan water at Dhoak, Pathan Bridge (Chakwal), Pakisthan, International J. of Agriculture and Biology, 6(1):89-92
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19
Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring (2007), MINARS/27/2007-08, CPCB, New Delhi
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
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dependence and pressure on land and water resources, obviously, there will be an effect on soil
properties and crop productivity. As per some estimates, the soils have been degrading at the
rate of one million a hectare per year and 57% of geographical area is affected by various forms
of degradation viz., water and wind erosion, physical and chemical deterioration (NBSS & LUP
2014). The state department of Agriculture has estimated that about 10% of irrigated (1.27 lakh
ha) command area are affected by problems such as water logging, salinity and alkalinity (Dep.
of Agriculture, 1985). Similarly depletion of ground water levels has also been noticed at an
alarming rate in recent times through the rapid depletion of the ground water resources. In this
context, it is a great challenge to the scientific community, to evolve and develop appropriate
strategies, to increase productivity and production of food on a sustainable basis.
Among various natural resources, soil is one of the most vital components, on which living
beings depend for shelter and food security. During the management of soil resources it is
important to understand the soil type, its distribution, and their characteristics which are a pre-
requisite for appropriate land use practices, based on the suitability of soil for various
applications. Reclamation of degraded soil also needs to be undertaken during the conservation
process.
Irrigation is as much an activity with beneficial impact to begin with and continues to be
beneficial if proper management strategies are adopted. However, it may also pose problems in
terms of change in Physico-chemical properties of soil following heavy application of fertilizers
and pesticides to boost agricultural production, water logging, salinity etc., The objective of this
chapter is to document and evaluate the current characteristics of the Basaveshwara Lift
Irrigation scheme, Near old Ainapur village of Athani taluk, Belagavi district, which enables
implementers to plan for micro irrigation management strategies to ensure sustainable
production.
Land degradation is rampant and unchecked measures lead to soil loss and low productivity,
intensive agriculture from mono crops and flooding of water may lead to problems of water
logging or condition of short/long term water saturation of top soil, which results in changes in
hydrologic regime, landscape.
The processes leading to flooding are being attributed to increased sedimentation and reduced
capacity of the river drainage system. The adverse effects of water logging are being reflected
severely on overall ecology, reduced agriculture productivity, limited choice of crops and ageing
of soil in the longer term (Woomer and Swift, 1994)
Soil formation a dynamic process but inherent soil properties are also responsible to maintain
the residual capability of assimilating the soil properties. Nutrients and soil loss is a major
problem in black soils, besides continuous cropping, without adequate input of fertilizers and
organic manure. It is more rampant in areas where agriculture is practiced in poor or moderately
fertile soils without application of sufficient quantities manure, which certainly leads to decrease
in agricultural production. Loss of soil organic matter, following clearing the natural vegetation is
also another way of nutrient loss. Plant nutrients are also depleted from soil through crop
removal, run off and soil erosion. Middelton et al., (1934) noticed that the eroded material is
richer than the original soil in respect of colloidal clay and plant nutrients. The loss of nitrogen
by erosion is probably more serious than loss of any other nutrient (Woolley, 1943), since most
of the nitrogen being lost is combined with soil organic matter, which is under threat of erosion.
Actual nutrient status of tank silt was not found to be much different from that of the soil in the
catchment area studies carried out by the scientists of the Dry land Agriculture project of the
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru and also by the Department of Agriculture (1997).
Soils need continuous management and reclamation measures for optimal productivity. Their
sustained use depends more on the economic concerns and identification of sustainable
alternative uses rather than agricultural production (Perspective land use plan for Karnataka
2025.)
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Land degradation problems started emerging since the time of man’s civilization; as he started
cultivating land some 7000 years ago (Lowder milk, 1953) and because of the ever-increasing
population resulting in many environmental problems such as food deficit, environmental
pollution, leading to degraded soil.
The tragedy of land degradation is so alarming more so in Black soils that the food security of
the country will be at stake. In India, a large portion of land resource is under soil degradation,
which in turn, is affecting the country’s agricultural productivity. Socio-economic and ecological
consequences of land degradation are affecting well over 50 percent of the total geographical
area of the country. There is a dire need for soil reclamation measures of degraded lands to
increase soil productivity and more food to fulfill the demands of food security and also to
protect the original land resource from degradation processes.
Hence, it is important to possess knowledge of various soil degradation processes or
displacement of soil material, through different agents such as water, wind and accumulation of
chemical substances through physical processes. Soil degradation is a process that lowers the
existing and / or future fertility of the soil to produce, food, fiber, and fuel required in adequate
quantities to sustain human day to day activities. Anthropogenic activities like large-scale
irrigation, deforestation, extensive industrial growth etc., have led to over-exploitation of natural
resources, without due consideration of resulting ecological imbalance. This has led to problems
of salinity, flooding, drought, water logging and enhanced soil erosion processes all of which in
turn directly affect agricultural productivity in the area.
3.2.7.1 Study area
The Basaveshwara LIS command area covers about 22 villages around Ainapur of Athani, taluk
in Belagavi district. The area receives an annual rainfall of around 800 mm and the 101 years
(1903-2003) average annual rain fall of the district is 841.92mm and even this is erratic and
unevenly distributed. Athani taluk lies in Northern dry Agro-climatic region is subject to frequent
drought and crop failure, affecting the life and economic status of the population, whose main
stay is agriculture. The climate of the district is healthy and is characterized by general dryness
excepting monsoon season. In summer, Athani experiences normally high temperature and May
is the driest month. The district is influenced by the south west monsoon. The black soils
developed on basalt occur in Athani taluk and are shallow to moderately deep, well drained,
loamy to clay soils with moderate to moderately slow Permeability. The black soils formed on
Shale, limestone and basalt is deep, well drained, clay with low permeability. The detailed
description of the study area with respect to river, climate and vegetation, cropping pattern,
hydrology and geology are given below.
3.2.7.2 Soil types in the study area
In the study area the soil types found in the command area are predominantly shallow to deep
black, moderately well drained, clay soils with slow permeability, vertisol, Entisol and Incept sols
are found in the proposed command. The black cotton soil is rich in bases (alkaline condition)
and has a very high water holding capacity. Major area of BLIS is covered by black, clay soils
constitute roughly 95 percent, and are shallow to moderately deep (22.5 to 90 cm), clayey, with
45 to 55 per cent clay and contain free calcium carbonate throughout the profile. There is
generally a zone of calcium nodules and gypsum in the soil profile at a depth of 45 to 90 cm, the
principal salt being gypsum. Below the gypsum layer disintegrated impermeable murrum layer
exists, the internal drainage of the soil is lateral rather than vertical within the profile.
The soil types found in the command area are black colored. The study area is experiencing
relatively plain not affected by fully erosion in the past, but the analysis indicates that certain
areas were with rill and sheet erosion. The soil erosion intensity map is given below;
3.2.7.3 Crops and cropping pattern
Many parts of the proposed command area repeatedly experience drought and at times famine
conditions which directly affect the life style and economy of the population, mainly on
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agriculture. However various Khariff and Rabi crops that can be raised in the region by providing
micro-irrigation facilities would not only boost production but improve the socio-economic
constituents of the area. The entire population in the proposed command area is depending on
agriculture for livelihood and crops like Jowar, Maize, Bajra, pulses, and Groundnut etc., which
are traditionally grown in the area.
There are two distinct cropping seasons
Kharif
Rabi
Kharif and Rabi crops are grown mainly under rain fed conditions. In recent times bore wells are
being drilled in the proposed command area, but their utility is poor. Crops grown in Kharif
season: Jowar, Bajra, Maize, sugarcane, Black gram, Green gram Crops grown in Rabi season:
Jowar, Bengal gram.
3.2.7.4 Soil status
A preliminary soil survey was conducted in the study area and soil sampling locations were
identified followed by a wide-ranging sampling programme undertaken during the field survey.
Depending on the terrain conditions and soil types, 11 Soil samples were collected from different
agricultural lands in the command area. The details of soil sampling locations are given below:
Standard techniques of soil survey were used to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on the
soils. Various soil quality parameters viz., pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides, available calcium
and magnesium, phosphorus, exchangeable sodium and potassium, available nitrogen etc., were
determined employing standard methods of analysis.
3.2.7.5 Scope and Methodology
The EIA report shall identify the relevant environmental concerns and focus on the potential
impacts that may change due to the construction of the project. Based on the baseline data
collected for three seasons, the status of the existing environment in the area and capacity to
bear the impact on this should be analyzed. Based on this analysis, the mitigation measures for
minimizing the impact shall be suggested in the EIA/EMP.
A preliminary soil survey was conducted in the study area and soil sampling stations were
identified followed by a wide-ranging sampling programme undertaken during post monsoon
2015 in the command and catchment areas. Soil samples were collected from different
agricultural lands of each taluk. A total of 11 sampling sites extended over different villages,
were identified during preliminary survey. The data provided here are for these stations which
will be monitored during the construction and post operational stages of the project.
Standard techniques of soil survey (Jackson and Black 1965 & 1982) were used to obtain
qualitative and quantitative data on the soils. Various soil quality parameters viz., pH, electrical
conductivity, chlorides, available calcium and magnesium, phosphorus, exchangeable sodium
and potassium, available nitrogen etc., were determined employing standard methods of
analyses (Jackson and Black 1965, 1968, 1982).
Table 3.17 Details of soil sampling locations
Location code Location Geographical coordinates
S1 Near lift point - ainapur 16°41'48.70"N 74°56'13.73"E
S2 Near Masarguppi 16°46'28.30"N 75°0'9.58"E
S3 Near Agrani – Ingalgaon 16°46'31.01"N 75°2'1.19"E
S4 Near Shivanoor 16°48'49.44"N 75°2'27.85"E
S5 Near Gundewadi 16°50'47.07"N 75°5'36.91"E
S6 Near Bevanoor 16°51'7.35"N 75°4'19.34"E
S7 Near Anantpur 16°52'5.82"N 75°1'15.10"E
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In the study area one soil sample come under the category of Class-III, this indicates that the
soil samples are under high salinity that belongs to Sambaragi village is of high salinity during
post- monsoon indicating salt encrustations on the surface soil which needs drainage to leach
out salts. However the detailed soil survey has given an indication that soil CII was found in
almost 8 soil samples of Post – Monsoon. And 7 samples were of medium salinity.
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
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Colour
The different chrome soils collected from the study area were analyzed and identification, by
both visual methods and analytical. Soil colour varies from region to region. Soil derives its
colour from the parent material, and besides the colour may also vary due to,
Soil forming process
Moisture content and drainage capacity and
Nature and amount of organic matter, and mineral content.
Exchangeable Calcium
The minimum concentration of Exchangeable Calcium was found to be 14.2 during post-
monsoon season that belongs to the agricultural land of Sambargi village, while the maximum
value of 62 was found during post monsoon (expressed as Ca meq/100g which belongs to
agricultural land to the Shivanur. There was wide variation in the distribution of Exchangeable
Calcium content in the study area.
Exchangeable Magnesium
The minimum concentration of Exchangeable magnesium is found to be 1.6 meq/100g of post
monsoon which belongs to the agricultural land of Ananthpur, and similarly the maximum
Exchangeable magnesium value of 17.8 meq/100g in post monsoon agricultural land, which
belongs to Bevanur village. The Exchangeable magnesium value found ranged between 1.6
meq/100g and 17.8 meq/100g.
Percent Organic Carbon
Percent Organic Carbon was found to be in the range of 0.12 to 0.96 and the minimum value
was observed in post- monsoon which belongs to agricultural land of Anantpur While the
maximum percent Organic Carbon value of 0.96 was found in Sample, which belonged to
agricultural land of Madabhavi village during post monsoon.
Exchangeable Sodium
The exchangeable sodium content in the study area ranged between 16.90 to 693.5mg/100gm
as observed. The minimum Exchangeable sodium value of 16.90 mg/100gm was observed
during post- monsoon which belonged to agricultural land of Gundewadi village and the
maximum value was found during pre monsoon which belongs to agricultural land of Ainapura
village.
Exchangeable Potassium
The Exchangeable K values were found to be in a narrow range and ranged between 4.58 to
39.78 Kg/ha. The minimum potassium value was noticed in Ananthpur village, while the
maximum value was found in pre-monsoon season, which belonged agricultural land of Bevanur
village.
Available Nitrogen (%N).
The available nitrogen ranged between 154.55 to 305.76 Kg/ha and the minimum value was
found in sample which belongs to Agricultural land at Agrani ingalagoan village and the
maximum value was observed in sample which belonged to agricultural land at Shivanur village.
Percent Chlorides
The Chloride content of the soil is the measure of salinity of the soil. The Chloride content of the
soil ranged between 1.92 to 17.7meq/l. The chloride content was taken as major factor for the
estimation of salinity of the soil samples. The maximum chloride content was observed in post
monsoon which belongs to the Madabhavi; whereas the lowest chloride of 1.92 meq/L was
observed in post--monsoon soil in Pandegoan village.
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critical for tolerant crops, while EC values ranging between 1600 and 2500 are considered critical
for salt tolerant crops, only post monsoon season soil sample no 10 is considered as critical for
salt tolerant crops and EC values more than 2500 are not considered safe for most of the crops.
In the study area no samples have crossed 1500, and therefore almost all the soil samples are
found to be suitable for agriculture.
Colour
Soil colour is one of the visual judgment through which the soil type can be classified. The soil
colour may vary from region to region or spatially. Soil derives its colour from the source of the
material. However, the colour may also vary due to,
Soil forming process
Moisture content and drainage
Nature and amount of organic matter
Mineral sources
In the study area, the soil samples have shown similarity in colour. Majority of the soils are Black
in colour; whereas about 10 percent of the samples were grey to brown colour. The colour of
samples indicated that majority of the samples belong to Black soils.
Organic Carbon
Soil resource is a major anchor to all the life beings, such as plants, animals and microorganisms
in various stages of decomposition process, which gives the end products in the form of organic
matter. The organic substances are a major determinant of soil structure, moisture content, pH
and the soil nutrient status of the topsoil. The importance of organic matter in the soil is
improved soil structure and fertility status of the soil, which differentiates the soil and other non-
fertile soils.
In the study area the amount organic carbon ranged from 0.12 to 0.96, indicating variable
organic matter content and degradability rate. The percentage of organic matter varied spatially
and generally has a higher organic content in the case of thickly vegetated areas. The
requirement of optimum level of organic matter required by the plants slightly varies between
species, as it is not a single nutrient source required for all the plants and for all the soils. The
variation is also dependent on soil type, climate, existing plant and animal species.
Percentage organic carbon Rating
<0.40 Low
0.4 to 0.75 Medium
>0.75 High
In the study area it was noticed that the percent organic carbon was found to be in different
ranges in all samples of post monsoon season i.e., post monsoon season soil samples of
Ananthpur and Pendegoan contained low organic content i.e. less than 0.40 percent. The
samples of Khilegoan and Madhabhavi are having high organic content of more than 0.75 and in
all other 7 soil samples organic carbon.
Therefore most of the samples in the area appear to possess medium content of percent organic
carbon, which indicates that the farmer has to apply sufficient quantity of green manure and
farm yard manure to get higher yield of crops.
Available Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the second most important macronutrient available in the soil of the biological
systems, which covers more than 1% of the dry organic weight. It is a major component of
nucleic acids, phospholipids and many phosphorylated compounds. Similarly, it is also a second
most limiting factor often affecting plant growth. Chemically, phosphorus exists in the soil in the
form of both organic and inorganic forms. Generally Plants are dependent on inorganic
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phosphorus especially in the form of phosphate ions, whereas organic phosphates are also
important sources of phosphorus in almost all types of soils. Comparatively however the
phosphorus is, required in small quantities; but it may be the most likely limiting element in
productivity of the plant. Therefore ecologically it is very much significant.
Soils of the study area showed maximum range of low levels of phosphorous was found in all
the soil samples of pre-monsoon season except in sample collected from Masarguppi, Agrani and
Shivanoor, and soil sample at Ainapura village with 480.64 kgs/ha is having abundant
phosphorus and in all other soil samples of post monsoon samples, are having adequate range
of phosphorus availability. In general, the soil samples showing lower levels of available
phosphorus content have to be supplemented by applying phosphorus rich fertilizers as required
by a specific crop.
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
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In the study area, the soil samples showed a narrow range of potassium level. All season soil
samples come under the range of deficient level of exchangeable potassium, which can be
balanced by applying potassium rich fertilizers.
Particle size distribution
The soil particle size is major parameter and a relative proportion of the soil particles of various
sizes are an important physical parameter, which emphasizes the texture of soil of a particular
region. Larger particle size helps in providing the physical support to the plants, while smaller
particles encourage the soil to hold water and availability of nutrients.
As per the International System of Classification, the range of the particle sizes in the soil is as
under:
Sl.No. Category Particle Size
1 Coarse sand 0.2 to 2.0 mm
2 Fine sand 0.02 to 0.2 mm
3 Silt 0.002 to 0.02 mm
4 Clay <0.002mm
Textural class
Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of clay, silt and sand in a sample of soil. Based on
dominancy of the size fraction the soil texture can be classified as various types, such as clay,
sandy clay, silt clay etc, whereas the fine particle fraction of the soil is used to describe as loam.
Soil texture is an indicator parameter, through which the other soil properties can be studied,
but if used alone, it has limited predictive value; viz., ability of a soil to adsorb cations from
solution depends on the mineralogy of the clay fraction as well as on the percentage of clay. It
also depends on the amount and nature of the organic matter, the soil holds. The permeability
of soil to water depends on shape, mineral particles and organic matter into structural units with
pore spaces between them. Texture does however; indicate the ease with which the application
of the soil can be recommended. Higher content of clay in soils are often described, as ‘heavy’
and sandy soils are known as ‘light’. But clay soils retain more water against gravity and
consequently warm up more slowly in spring. Accordingly the soil texture of post monsoon
season varied from loam to clay loam. Overall, the soil texture class ranges from loamy sand to
clay loam in the project area.
Water holding capacity (WHC)
Water holding capacity is the amount of water that can be retained by the soil when all the
pores in the soil have been filled with water; soil is saturated with water, accompanied by very
poor drainage. The water retained at zero bar tension, is rarely utilized by plants as it reduces
the respiration rate and creates anaerobic conditions for the roots.
In the study area the soil samples exhibited a significant correlation between the clay content
and water holding capacity. WHC was more in the surface soil layer where a greater
accumulation of organic matter, litter and root mass etc., existed. Thereby it supports rather
stronger influence of soil organic matter on water holding capacity of the soil.
Available Nitrogen
Nitrogen is one among the four primary elements essential for the plant tissues. It is the major
component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. The atmospheric nitrogen gets trapped in
the soil during electro and photo-chemical fixation and also by the action of microorganisms. Soil
nitrogen is made available through a process of mineralization. The available nitrogen in soil
exists in the form of both organic and inorganic forms. However, relatively most of the nitrogen
content in organic form is at the most about 90 per cent. Organic content present in the soil
decaying by microbial activity, during process all the organic nitrogen gets converted to
ammonium, nitrates and nitrites. Nitrogen is having a major role in maintaining the fertility of
the soil and nitrogen content in almost all the soils are observed to be very low and is found as
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nitrates, nitrite and ammonium. Plants are more dependent upon nitrate nitrogen, during the
aerobic conditions and ammonia nitrogen during anaerobic conditions.
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developed, and which leads to the drainage basins without outlets to permanent streams. The
salty drainage waters enter from the higher lands of the basin leading to increase in the ground
water level to the soil surface on the low lands.
III. Low permeability of soils: Poor drainage mainly causes an effect on the downward
movement of water. The low permeability of soil is mainly because of unfavorable soil texture
(very fine) or it could be also due to the presence of hard layers in the form of clay pans,
caliches layer or a silica hard pan, as a result of ploughing with heavy tillage equipments.
IV. Irrigation practices: This is another important factor which has a bearing effect on salinity
of the region. Expansion of irrigation activities has become one of the key strategies to achieving
higher food production. In India the net irrigated area has increased from 20 million hectares
(1950) to more than 45 million hectares, at present. This extended irrigation activities have been
achieved through transported water. Irrigation practice also contributes to improve the ground
water table and when the ground water table is within 2 m of the surface, it contributes
significantly to increase in the salinity of the soil due to capillary rise of water and its evaporation
from the soil surface. In most of the canal irrigated areas, the problems of salt accumulation is a
matter of serious dimension.
V. Fertility Status of soils: Based on the results and nutrient indices, it is possible to classify
nutrient status of the particular area and classify each nutrient level i.e., low, medium or high
based on a rating chart, which was made use of while rating the soil analysis results, as follows:
Table 3.18 Rating Chart for Soil Test values and their Nutrient Indices
1. Soil pH
Acidity Neutral Alkaline
Range Below 6 6-8 Above 8
Soil Reaction Index I II III
2. Electrical Conductivity
Normal Critical Injurious
Range (µmhos/cm) below 1000 1000-2000 above 2000
Salt index I II III
3. Organic Carbon
Low Medium High
Range (%) Below 0.5 0.5-0.75 Above 0.75
Nutrient index I II III
4. Available Phosphorus
Low Medium High
Range (Kg/ha) Below 22 22-54 Above 54
Nutrient index I II III
5. Available Potassium
Low Medium High
Range (Kg/ha) Below 123 123-296 Above 296
Nutrient index I II III
6 Nutrient Index
Nutrient Index Range Remarks (OC, N, P, K)
I Below 1.67 Low
II 1.67-2.33 Medium
III Above 2.33 High
The nutrient index values are evaluated for the soil samples analyzed using the following
formula:
Nutrient index= [(1x No. of samples in low category) + (2 x No. Samples in medium category)
+ (3 x No. of samples in high category)] / Total number of samples The values are:
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checks. These datasets were digitized and analyzed to obtain land use/land cover statistics for
the areas under each of these categories.
The study has made use of various primary and secondary data. These include Survey of India
(SOI) topographic sheets of 1:50,000 scale and satellite image IRS LISS III (PAN merged)
geocoded data of 1:10,000 scale for the year 2015. The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)
data was visually and digitally interpreted by using the image interpretation elements (such as
tone, texture, shape, pattern, association etc.) and Arc GIS software was used for processing,
analysis and integration of spatial data to reach the objectives of the study. Adequate field
checks were made before finalization of the thematic maps. A digital elevation model (DEM) is a
digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface. It has been carried out using Arc GIS
software.
3.3.2 Results and Observations
3.3.2.1 Project location and Extent
The proposed project involved lifting of 4 TMC of water in Krishna River in Belagavi district to
provide irrigation facility to 27,462 Ha benefitting 22 villages during Kharif season. The spatial
data indicate that the buffer zone is predominately occupied by crop lands (Kharif + Rabi crops).
It also includes wetlands, barren rocky and scrub land. The ground truth survey revealed that
majority of the farmers cultivates Sugarcane. The drainage map for the buffer area shown that
Krishna River is flowing 13 km away from the proposed command area of the project.
3.3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover
The results indicate that the core zone is dominated by crop lands followed by forest and water
body (Table 3.19). It also includes Fallow land. The ground truth survey revealed that the crop
land shown in the satellite imagery is coming in semi-arid region and farmers depend on
monsoon for cultivation.
Table 3.19Land use and Land cover data of study area
Sl. No. Land use Area (Ha.) Percentage (%)
1 Fallow land 717.935 2.614
2 Gullied / Revinous Land 11.340 0.041
3 Kharif + Rabi (Double Crop) 9330.908 33.978
4 Kharif crop 7585.763 27.623
5 Lake / Tanks 104.363 0.380
6 Land with scrub 165.613 0.603
7 Land without scrub 898.155 3.271
8 Rabi crop 8058.233 29.343
9 River / Stream 357.933 1.303
10 Village 231.756 0.844
Total 27462.000 100.00
Table 3.20 Soil texture of study area
Area
Sl.No Soil Family Texture
Ha %
1 Clayey 7573.53 27.58
2 Fine 4725.17 17.21
3 Fine loamy 8988.62 32.73
4 Habitation mask 231.76 0.84
5 Loamy skeletal 5480.63 19.96
6 Water body mask 462.30 1.68
TOTAL 27462.00 100.00
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Fig 3.28 Map of 25 Km radius from the boundary of project showing forest areas
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with little effort. The details of forest types and areas are given below (Champion & Seth, 1967,
in “A revised survey of the forest types of India”).
The thorn forest formation, consisting mainly of bundurgi (Dodonaeaviscosa) and Acacias and
Cassias, is typical of the dry black soil region, but is now extremely restricted by agricultural
land, and only the banks of the major river Krishna and its tributary streams now show remnants
of such formation. Many species of Acacia genus and other species of scrub and open forest
and, grasses contribute to a typical landscape of this formation.
The thorn forest formation, consisting mainly of Dodonia viscosa and Acacias is typical of the dry
black soil region, but is now extremely restricted by agricultural land, and only the banks of the
major river Tungabhadra and its tributary streams now show a remnant of such formation.
Acacias and other species of thorn scrub and grasses contribute to a typical landscape of this
formation. There is no reserve forest or protected area in the proposed project site.
3.4.3.2 Bio-diversity Aspects of Flora in the Study Area
A total of 155 plant species were recorded in both core and buffer area of the proposed project
site. Of which 48 belong to tree species, 16 belongs to shrub species and 91 species belongs to
herbs respectively. The project site-wise species richness, density and diversity are given in
Table.
A total of 194/ha trees were recorded in the area. The dominant tree species recorded in the
project Acacia aureculiformis, Cocus nucifera and Eucalyptus tereticornis, followed by
Azhadirictha indica. The species list is dominated by horticultural and forestry plants. The
coconut trees have been planted all along the paddy bunds, and are scattered in submergence
area. The trees such as Acacia and Eucalyptus have been planted along the home garden edge
and in the periphery of agricultural holdings, which have been provided to the farmers under
social forestry program of the Forest Department.
Out of the 155 plant species recorded in quantitative study, 2 species one belongs to various
categories of IUCN. Among these one is tree and one belong to Keystone species. We have also
grouped Ficus species as Keystone species that means this tree is sacred to local community,
where people worshiping and protecting and promoting in the rural areas. List of flora and fauna
is enclosed as Annexure-6.
Table 3.22 List of plant species as under IUCN/Red Data Book category20
Sl. no Species Family RLF* Conservation Status
1 Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae Tree Vulnerable
2 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Tree Keystone species
Source: IUCN/Red data books: Karnataka Forest Department and Botanical Survey of India.
20
IUCN/Red data books: Karnataka Forest Department and Botanical Survey of India.
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area. Majority of the fauna recorded or reported for the region were also observed outside the
project area in semi-arid region of Karnataka.
3.5.2 Methodology
3.5.2.1 Hydrobiological studies
Water
The Physico – chemical features of the surface water samples such as air and water
temperature, weather, Color, odour, turbidity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, total hardness, total
alkalinity, free ammonia, free carbon – di – oxide, phosphate, nitrate, silicate, iron, potassium,
calcium and specific conductivity were analysed in the field and laboratory by following the
guidelines suggested by American Public Health Association (APHA).
3.5.2.2 Biological Parameters
Plankton
For the assessment of plankton constituents, 100lts of surface water from representative
portions of the river, at the project site, was strained through a plankton net made of 21XXX
nylon silk cloth (70 meshes/cm with aperture size of 0.067mm) in terms of catching efficiency of
themciroscopic organisms. The plankton samples so collected were fixed in 5.00 formaldehyde
solution and were subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analyses by using a microscope
and Sedgewick – Rafter plankton counting cell.
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Littoral Fauna
The littoral organisms were collected by operating a ‘D’ frame net in the shallow marginal areas
of the river covering a distance of 20ft. the collections, along with debris, were sieved through a
No.40 sieve and the fauna segregated were fixed in the formaldehyde solution and were
subjected to detailed systematic analysis.
Fish Species
Fishing was organized in the Krishna River, at the site and also areas located close – by, by
engaging the local fishermen by employing castnets, gillnets, uduvala etc., the fish species so
harvested and the ones floating when the water level, during the lean season, was low were
analysed. The catch, depending upon the seasons and the quantity one gets, is being sold
locally and, if the produce is good – enough is being exported to nearby districts or towns.
Fishermen And Fishermen Cooperative Societies
Local and migratory fishermen are engaged in the fishing activities in the river studied during
different seasons. These fishermen, as reports gathered and observed too, operate fishing nets
at the project site locations, as also in close – by areas all along the river course. Local
fishermen as also the migratory ones use coracles and also, sometimes, inflated tyre tubes for
laying and hauling of nets.
There is a well – organized fishermen cooperative society, based at Jamakhandi to which the
local fishermen of the area belong.
3.5.3 Results and Discussions
3.5.3.1 Krishna River Water Quality and its importance
The Krishna River, at the site, is around 200 to 800m in width, with sloping margins; bottom
being mostly boulders, rock strewed and sandy/ salty too. All along the river course, planned,
number of pipes with electrical connections, have been found laid – sown to draw water directly
from the river course to meet the irrigation of needs of the agricultural lands located on either
side of the banks of the biotope. The river had a very much reduced water level (14.12.2015)
and in the succeeding period (Feb to May 2016), reddening water level and dried – up
conditions were observed all the rive course covering a good part of it.
Air And Water Temperatures
Of the physical features, heat and light are essential for photosynthetic activity which is related
to productivity in an aquatic environment. Water temperature depends on latitude and altitude,
also, on the depth of the water column when observations are being made. The lotic biotope
situated in the tropical belt, temperature may not be a constraint for production. Air temperature
values of 29º to 34.5ºC were higher than that of water temperature readings of 25.8º to 30ºc.
Colour and Odour
The river water, when studies were carried out, was quite clear and odourless.
Turbidity
Light is another physical factor of importance. Its penetration into the water column is governed
by the turbidity caused by inorganic suspensoids and shadowing of plankton concentrate. The
transparency, in the present case, ranged between 0.98 and 2.56 NTU (Desirable range -1 NTU;
Permissible limit- 5 NTU. The two physical factors, the temperature and transparency, are
favorable for the production of biological wealth in the water body studied, although, the water
temperature, on account of advancing ‘summer period’, was quite ‘high’ as also, in view of the
reduced water level in the river Krishna at the site.
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pH
pH in the alkaline side of neutrality between 7.0 and 8.0, is considered to be ideal for sound
productivity norms. Acidic waters with values below 6.5 and alkaline medium above 8.5 tend to
bear ‘low’ productive status. The river water studied was ‘alkaline’ in nature with values ranging
from 7.4 – 8.2.
Dissolved Oxygen
Amongst chemical substances in natural waters, the dissolved oxygen is of prime importance
being a regulator of metabolic processor of plants and animals as well and also as indicator of
the water quality. Oxygen regime, when monitored over a period of time, will provide data on
the nature and productive potential of a given water body. Oxygen profile in the river water
studied, save the month of March, 2015 when the river water level was at its lowest ebb and the
aquatic life, fish species were found struggling and floating helplessly, was moderate and the
values ranged between 5.4 and 6.5mg/L congenial for fish growth and substance.
Free Carbon-di-oxide
Free carbon di- oxide values recorded ‘Nil’ status indicating that the river water is free from
pollutional threat of any kind.
Free Ammonia
Free ammonia values when sampled at the site, indicated non – pollutional nature of the
medium, the values being not – detectable to 0.24mg/L (Desirable/ Permissible level = 0.5mg/L)
Total Hardness
Total hardness refers to the concentrations of divalent metal ions in water expressed as
equivalent to calcium carbonate (CaCo3) which normally is related as the anion of alkalinity and
the cat ion of hardness which, usually, are derived from solutions of Carbonate minerals. The
values in the studies carried – out, 72.00 to 740.00mg/L due mostly on account of sudden
environmental / ecological changes (serious draw –down water level in the river) appears quite
abnormal which had a telling effect on the aquatic life present towards their substance (Desired
limits = 200mg/L and Permissible limits = 600mg/L).
Total Alkalinity
Alkalinity, the acid combining capacity of natural waters, in general, is influenced by Carbonates
(CO3) and bicarbonates (HCO3) of calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg). With dissolved carbon –di
oxide (CO2) carbonate – bicarbonate form an equilibrium which is essential for the productivity
in a given situation. The river water studied indicated that it is on the ascending trend, the
values ranging from 68.00 to 24.00mg/L (DL = 200.00mg/L; PL=600.00mg/L).
Phosphate and Nitrate
The role and importance of phosphate in aquatic productivity has been adequately recognised. A
concentration of 0.05 – 0.2mg/L has been considered to be quite favorable for ‘medium to high’
levels of productivity. The nutrient status of the water body studied appears to be in the
optimum range with values ranging between 0.06 – 0.17mg/L.
Like phosphate, Nitrate, a major constituent of protein occupies an important place in the
aquatic systems. A concentration of 0.2 to 0.5mg/L of inorganic nitrogen has been recognised
being quite favorable for ‘medium to high’ levels of productivity. The nutrient status of the river
water studied ranged between BDL to 5.47mg/L (Permissible level – 45.00mg/L) indicating
values being in the optimum status.
Silicate
In natural waters, silicon remains in silicate form which is reachable. Normally, silicate – silicon
(1.00 to 30.0mg/L) remains in natural waters. At high temperatures and pH, the solubility of
silicate greatly increases. As silica has been an important structural constituent of Diatoms
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(Bacillariophyceae), it is also able to regulate their growth 0.54 to 9.19mg/L, low in ‘status’
which had its influence on the diatom population.
Iron
Iron, with; below detection level to 1.43mg/L (Preferable value = 0.3mg/L)’ indicated that lot of
iron has been brought into the medium from the rich catchment area.
Potassium
Potassium, a required ingredient for all Algae and under ‘low’ concentrations, the growth and
photosynthesis or algae are poor and respiration high.
Calcium
Calcium is normally present in abundant format in good many fresh waters. In an average,
calcium make up around 14.00% of the total cat – ions present in soft waters. In average ‘hard’
waters, calcium percentage, amongst the cat – ions, increases to 53mg/L. calcium carbonate
forms the principal component of shells of molluscus and is incorporated in the exo – skeleton of
the Arthropods imparting stiffness to it. The value recorded in the present instance 16.8 to
72.0mg/L, supports its availability in desired format as the Molluscan population, in varied forms,
is found to be ‘high’.
Specific conductivity
Specific conductivity is an index of the amount of water soluble salts present in the medium.
Measurements of dissolved salts in the medium indicate the total concentrations of dissolved
ions having wide bearing on the over – all productivity. It also provides symptoms of status of
mineralisation in any aquatic ecosystem. Its values for fresh waters ranges, quite often, between
25 to 500micromhos/cm. in the studies carried – out the values recorded ranged from 76.7 to
2200.00micromhos/cm, apparently, on the higher side with good productive trend.
In general, the Krishna river water studied at the project site is ‘alkaline in nature, with optimum
nutrient status and is free from any pollutional threat’.
3.5.3.2 Planktons
The plankton constituents represented both by the Phyto and the zooplankton, in a lotic
environment especially such as hill-streams and rivers, depends mostly on local conditions and
also the seasons. The productivity in such systems, as such, has a direct bearing upon the fish
species present and the role the plankton, the food of scores of fish species, planktivore, and
the role it plays in the tropic cycles. The biological productivity of any aquatic ecosystem is
generally judged through the qualitative and quantitative estimations of plankton population
which, in turn, is dependent on the physic-chemical features of the water.
The plankton constituent of the river Krishna at the site complex, Ainapur, Athani taluk, Belagavi
district studied during the pre-summer / pre and monsoon seasons, recorded a very ‘poor’
picture whence the vagaries of nature and the water column in the river had a severe influence
on the plankton constituent at the time. It is also true to state that ‘pre-monsoon and monsoon’
seasons have been categorized as ‘poor’ plankton production periods. As the data indicate
through the phytoplankton, by species composition, represented better (21 species), but, by
numbers and percentage-wise, the zooplankton, fared well (13 species) and the miscellaneous
group. Phytoplankton, numerically, ranged between 2 and 123 u/l, the zooplankton ranged from
1 to 152 u/l, followed by miscellaneous group, between 10 and 30 u/l. (Annexure - 7)
The phytoplankton represented by Blue-green Algae, Myxophyceae (Anacystis cyanea &
Oscillatoria princeps), Algae, Chlorophyceae (Pandorina charkowiensis, Coelastrum chodati,
Pediastrum duplex, Chlororella vulgaris, Scenedesmus denticulatus, Closterium leibeinii,
Cosmarium granatum, Spirogyra varians, Ulothrix zonata & Cladophora glomerata) and
Bacillariophyceae (Melosira ambigua, Diatoma vulgare, Asterionella formosa, Fragilaria
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capcucina, Synedra ulna, Gyrosigma kutzingii, Navicula radiosa, Cymbella cistula and Surrella
straitula) were in poor concentration, both numerically and by percentage.
The zooplankton is constituted by Protozoa (Arcella mitrata & Difflugia corona), Rotifers
(Brachionus calciflorus, Keratella tropica, Filinia longiseta & Asplanchna spp.), Cladocera
(Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia reticulate, Moina branchiate & Bosmina longirostris) and
Copepoda (Cyclops & nauplius). The miscellaneous group (insect appendages) formed the last
one. As in the case of phytoplankton, even the zooplankton had a poor representation, by
species-wise, numbers and also by percentage.
3.5.3.3 Littoral Fauna
An important biological component of a lotic water body in particular are its faunal elements
which are well adapted to face natural hazards of considerable magnitude such as sudden water
force ,occurrence of flash floods, periodic inflows and rolling, as also, disturbing actions of
stones, pebbles, gravel, boulders etc. The organisms collected by operating a ‘D’ frame net in
the shallow marginal areas of Krishna River, in and around the project site, are systematically
presented in the table -3. Molluscan fauna, live, as also, dead specimens mostly found littered in
the exposed marginal banks of the river represented both by gastropods and bivalves could be
seen in good concentration.
3.5.3.4 Summary
Detailed Limnological and Fisheries investigation carried – out in the river Krishna, in and around
the project site, indicate ‘Optimum’ Physico – chemical and biological features to support and
sustain the aquatic life present.
The fish food organisms – the Phyto and the Zooplankton had a ‘poor presentation, both by
numbers and species – wise. Scores of planktivore fish recorded subsists on the available food
which is likely to improve during the post monsoon period due to the influx of nutrients for the
catchment area as they play a vital role in the over – all biological productivity of the system.
Although the Krishna River is reported to harbour 119 fish species, from its origin point and upto
its confluence with the Bay of Bengal, in the studies carried – out, close to the project site, 52
species of fish were recorded, which includes 4 exotic fish species.
Fish seed stocking and the fisheries developmental strategies have been highlighted which
should be taken – up with all sincerity and seriousness by the concerned Government
Institutions to facilitate fisheries development on the basis of scientific know – how available to
help the fisher folk to ekk – out their livelihood honorable.
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Gambusia affinis
Mastacembelus armatus
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Gonoproktopterus kolus
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21
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Ear plugs must be provided to all employees and laborers while working,
irrespective of the noise levels as protection, to receive the noise and as well as
exposure of the same for a longer period.
During construction time, possible chances of number of trucks coming to the
project area is more carrying debris, muck etc and the drivers of these vehicles
must be instructed with sign boards and not to use shrill horns for any purpose.
Silent Zone boards must be installed at all places where human activities are
there along with proper training to them to handle various equipments, tools and
other related items.
Personal protective equipments like ear plugs must be distributed to all and
compulsorily workers are made to use the same.
Acoustic hoods, silencers are used at these locations and these noise generating
sources are kept under enclosures.
Supervisory staff must check and monitor to ensure the workers to follow all the
above said measures while at work.
Controlled blasting will be undertaken wherever necessary to minimize the noise
even though it is cost effective.
4.1.2.4 Vibration
Since there are no heavy machineries are used, the vibration does not occur
during construction.
However, wherever the heavy equipments are used, which can generate
vibration; rubber beadings and proper support to the ground with thick blankets
of rubber mats are preferred.
4.1.3 Water Environment
4.1.3.1 Sources of water pollution
Improper treatment of sewage from labor camps leads to infiltration into the
subsurface soil and finally affects the ground water.
There will be creation of unaesthetic conditions in the site, attracts
mosquitoes/flies, thereby chances of deteriorating the health of the workers in
unhygienic conditions.
Improper disposal of construction debris, used oil, diesel for DG sets, etc will
result in ground water contamination and in turn affecting drainage of the area.
Spillage of excavated earth during construction of intake canal leads to turbidity
of river water.
4.1.3.2 Mitigation Measures
The sewage generated from the labour camps shall be treated in the Septic Tank
and Soak Pits designed and constructed as per IS 2470 Part-I & Part-II.
There will be no open discharge of sewage from labour camps and the labour
camps will be provided with sufficient bathrooms and toilets. Periodical health
check-ups for labors will be done.
Construction debris will be reused at site; used oil generated from the DG sets
will be stored separately and handed over to authorized recyclers.
During construction of intake canal, the river course and the point of contact of
intake canal will be provided with sand bags
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.9 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.9 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
For computing Kinetic Energy of Rain storm the equation proposed by Wishmeier (1959) is
KE=916+331
log I -------------------Equation (2)
Where
KE = Kinetic Energy of the storm in foot tons per acre inch and
I = Rainfall intensity in inch per hour
The Equation (2) has been modified into metric units by Wishmeier & Mannering (1965) and
Ranganath,et al., (1970) the equation in metric units is:
KE = 210.3 + 89 log I ---------- Equation (3)
Where,
EI30 is the erosion index
KE is the total storm kinetic energy in tonnes – m/ha
I30 is the maximum 30 minutes intensity of rainstorm.
The monthly, seasonal and yearly EI values will be determined by adding the storm EI values for
that length of period.
Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
The soil erodibility factor K is a measure of the susceptibility of soil particle detachment and
transport by rainfall and runoff. Texture is the principal factor affecting K, but structure, organic
matter and permeability also contribute K values ranging from 0.45 to 0.59.
Nomograph Method
The United States Department of Agriculture (1978) has suggested a Nomograph and the
following equation for the determination of soil erodibility for soils containing less than 70% silt
and very fine sand:
100K = 2.1M1.14 x 10-4 (12-a) +3.25 (b-2) +2.5(c-3) -------- Eqn (4)
Where, K is the soil erodibility factor,
M is the particle size parameter which is equal to: (percent silt + very fine sand) / (100% clay),
‘a’ is the percentage of organic matter content,
‘b’ is the soil structure and
‘c’ is the profile permeability class.
The preferred method for determining K values is the nomograph method. Use of the
nomograph requires a particle size. The soil samples collected from the field were characterizes
carefully for estimating, the K values.
Determination of LS
Since the LS factor has a considerable effect on predicted erosion, care in figuring values for the
factor is warranted. In particular, results of the soil loss calculation will be more accurate if the
USLE is individually applied to portions of a site with similar slopes (similar gradient and length)
and summing the individual soil loss estimates. Slope gradient is the field or segment slopes,
usually expressed as percentage. The topographic component, LS, was evaluated by using the
contour length method for large watersheds.
LS was calculated base on the following equation
LS = (L)m / 22.1(0.065 + 0.0454S + 0.0065 S2) --------- Eqn (5)
Where,
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Belagavi District, Karnataka
11 Shambargi 4D7F4C
12 Kurlahatti 4D7F4D
13 Singanapur South 4D7F4E
14 Naganur 4D7F4F
15 Ananthapur 4D7F4G
Table 4.3 Watershed Details of Basaveshwara LIS, Athani Taluk; Belagavi District
Region Basin Catchment Sub catchment Watershed Sub Watershed
LB Krishna upto confl.wth Agrani 2 4D7F3A,3B,3C
confluences with Bhīma Yerla near Sangli (4D7F) (4D7F3) 3D,3E,3F,3H
Main Krishna above
Bay of Bengal(4)
3I & 3J (Nos 9)
Krishna (4D)
Agrani 1 4D7F4B,4C
(4D7)
(4D7F4) 4D,4E,4F& 4G
RB along Krishna upto confl. (Nos 6)
And Panchaganga(4D7E)
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estimating sediment yield of a catchment are drainage area, annual water discharge, relief ratio,
mean stream length and total stream length etc.
Regression analysis was carried out to know the relation between discharges and sediment load
in Basaveshwara lift irrigation project area. The relationship has been found to be,
Y=7.47*10-6 x+3401.28, with r=0.97
Where, Y= suspended sediment load in tones/year
X=stream flow in m3/year (monsoon flow only).
General Sediment Loads
It is observed a fairly relationship exists between annual discharge and annual sediment load
and hence the problems of sedimentation is not much encountered in the proposed
Basaveshwara lift irrigation project.
4.1.5 Land use assessment
4.1.5.1 Anticipated impacts
4.1.5.1.1 Impacts on the natural drainage system and soil erosion
There shall not be any affects in the core or buffer area either on the drainage or on the water
regime of the area. KNNL will undertake afforestation using native species to prevent top soil
erosion. However we proposed to construct check dams with gully plugs, retaining walls against
slope coming in command area of Krishna river basin.
4.1.5.1.2 Loss of productive soil and impact on natural drainage system
The majority of the land coming in buffer area is belonging to crop land. The proposed project
doesn’t affect the land use or drainage of the area. The project proponent won’t acquire
additional land for the proposed project, so it has any impact on soil/land of the buffer area.
4.1.5.2 Mitigation Measures
Top soil patches are scattered with thickness varying from 5cm to 50 cm. This
soil will be removed in advance and staked separately at designated area with a
height not exceeding 2m.
Select soil stockpile location to avoid slopes, natural drainage ways and approach
road points.
Temporary seeding - protect topsoil stockpiles by temporarily seeding preferably
grass and legume species as soon as possible, within 30 days after the formation
of the stockpile.
Permanent vegetation - if stockpiles will not be used within 12 months they
should be stabilized with permanent vegetation to control erosion and weeds.
Before spreading topsoil, establish erosion and sedimentation control structures
such as diversions, dikes, waterways and sediment basins.
Maintain grades on the areas to be top soiled according to the approved plan.
Roughening - Immediately prior to spreading the topsoil, loosen the subgrade by
disking or scarifying to a depth of at least 100 mm to ensure bonding of the
topsoil and subsoil.
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Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.18 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.19 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
during the past 50 years. However, the recent recorded major earth quake to the project site
was in Later, Maharashtra.
4.1.7.4Major impact on Groundwater
As the agricultural practices flourish with availability of water usage of pesticides
and application of fertilizers will naturally increase as such the soil quality
deterioration is anticipated.
The recharge to aquifer will be boosted once extensive agriculture is practiced a
portion of water will be infiltrated in to ground recharging the aquifers.
As the drawl of water is minimized the water table will rise and many of the
boreholes yield substantial water.
4.1.7.5 Mitigation Measures
The sewage generated from the labour camps shall be treated in septic tank and
soak pits designed and constructed as per IS 2470 Part-I and domestic solid
waste shall be disposed to nearby panchayat/municipal landfills. Frequent
monitoring of surface and groundwater shall be carried out not to deteriorate the
water in the river.
The discharges and leakages of septic tank and soak pits have to arrest by
regularly repairing and arrest of malfunctioning.
The leakages of oil spills from machinery shall be collected in leak proof barrels
and then disposed off to KSPCB authorized dealers.
BOD and COD limits of the water shall be checked regularly as part of EMP to
monitor eutrophication.
Restrictions on time, method and rate of application of fertilizers and pesticides
shall be imposed to avoid surface run-off and leaching on to the groundwater
regime.
Since the project is run-off the river scheme the flow of river will not be
disturbed.
Conjunctive use of groundwater.
Resort to drip/ sprinkler irrigation storing in small sumps.
Artificial recharge of the aquifers by construction of suitable harvesting structures
like farm ponds, nala bunds, check dams and also desilting of tanks.
Scientific development of groundwater exploitation.
4.1.8 Impact on Biological Environment
A total 438 Ha area (includes, barrage site & Canals) is going to be acquired for the proposed
project area. There is no reserve forest either in barrage or in proposed canal area of the
project. Also there were no trees coming in proposed barrage site and canal area. Hence we can
safely conclude that it won’t have any impact on biodiversity of the area.
4.1.8.1 Predicted project impacts on Flora and Fauna
Over time, a number of EIA methodologies and tools have been developed for use in impact
identification. In practice, relatively simple methodologies and tools are applied to impact
identification. Vast experience of the experts in the field indicates these simple methods are of
proven value for undertaking a systematic approach to impact identification. Checklists,
matrices, networks, overlays and geographic information systems (GIS), expert systems, and
professional judgment are the most common formal methods used for impact identification.
The impacts may further be divided in to reversible or irreversible; direct or indirect; severe,
moderate or light depending on magnitude; short term or long term depending on duration of
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impacts. Prediction of impacts is based both on the direct and indirect; short-term as well as
long-term; irreversible and irreversible impacts that are most likely to occur owing to the
proposed port activity during establishment and operation. The ecological factors that are
considered most significant as far as the impact on flora and fauna concerned are:
Whether there shall be any reduction in species diversity?
Whether there shall be any habitat loss or fragmentation?
Whether there shall be any additional risk or threat to the rare or endangered or
endemic or threatened (REET) species?
Whether there shall be any impairment of ecological functions such as (i)
disruption of food chains, (ii) decline in species population and or (iii) alterations
in predator-prey relationships?
Whether it is possible to attain the global objectives of ‘no net loss of
biodiversity?
Whether it is possible to improve the biological diversity through the proposed
activity?
Parameter based ecological sensitivity score of the core and buffer areas is shown in Table . It is
evident from the information in table that neither the core area nor the buffer area of the
project site is ecologically sensitive. The different parameters and the parameter importance
based criteria used for evaluation of impacts are shown in below table. Based on the above it
may be concluded that no impact from the proposed project on flora and fauna of the
region.Table 4.6 Parameter based ecological sensitivity of the study area
Parameter Importance scale Weightage Impact of BLIS
Catch-ment Command area
Wildlife Number of Schedule-I & II (> 20 100
importance numbers)
(Threatened Number of Schedule-I & II (10-20 50
species*) numbers)
Number of Schedule-I & II (<10 25 25 <25
numbers)
Endemic flora High(>10 species) 100
Medium(5-10 species) 50
Low(<5 species) 25 0 0
Endemic fauna High(>10 species) 100
Medium(5-10 species) 50
Low(<5 species) 25 0 0
State of Relatively undisturbed forest 100 0
terrestrial ( Govt/private)
vegetation Totally managed estate with three type 50
of vegetation
Totally managed estate such as coffee 25
and cardamom
Agricultural land with crops such as 0 0
coconut
State of Relatively undisturbed wetland visited 100
wetland by migratory waterfowl
vegetation Relatively undisturbed wetland not 50 25
known to be visited by migratory
waterfowl
Other wetlands with frequent human 25 <25
activity
Agricultural land with crops such as 10 0
paddy
Legal status National Park 100
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Wildlife sanctuary 50
Reserve forest/wetland 25
Agricultural land 0 0 0
Conservation Location unique in terms of habitat( 100
importance world heritage site) or species
Habitat although present elsewhere is 75
under threat in those places
Habitat present elsewhere and is not 50
under any serious threat
Habitat is very common elsewhere 25 25 0
Parameter based sensitivity score out of a maximum of 700 50 50
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Without EMP
Environmental
Sl.No Project Activities
Irreversible
Short Term
Long Term
Magnitude
Reversible
Attributes
With EMP
Negative
Indirect
Positive
Direct
A. Construction Phase
1.Impacts on Land Environment
Construction of intake
canal, pump house and M
1 Land rising main
Excavation for canal H
Vehicular movement M
Construction of intake
Change in
2 canal, pump house and M - -
Topography
rising main
Construction site,
temporary offices, workers M
Loss of camps, stockyards
3
Productive Soil Construction of Haul roads L
Excavation for canal H
Compaction of Site Clearance L
4 Movement of vehicles
Soil L
Machinery and operation
Contamination of of the Diesel Generator M
5 Sets
Soil
Labor camps H
2. Impacts on Water Environment
1 Eutrophication Sewage from labor camp H
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Nature of Impacts
Without EMP
Environmental
Sl.No Project Activities
Irreversible
Short Term
Long Term
Magnitude
Reversible
Attributes
With EMP
Negative
Indirect
Positive
Direct
Muck disposal H
Construction of Intake
canal, jack well cum pump M
house, sumps, disnets
Diversion of river water H
Change in River
2 Decomposition of
Water Quality
sediments and deposition M
of organic matter
Washing of equipments L
Muck disposal M
Change in
surface and
3 Sewage from labor camp H
ground water
quality
3. Impacts on Air Environment
Increase in dust Construction equipments,
M
1 concentration operation of DG sets,
Excavation H
Vehicular movement H
Fugitive Loading and dislodging
2 Emissions from Use of sand, fine M
various sources aggregates
Batching plant M
Vehicular movement M
Increase in SO2,
Operation of DG sets M
PM, NOx
3 Fuel Combustion in
M
equipments and Vehicles
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Nature of Impacts
Without EMP
Environmental
Sl.No Project Activities
Irreversible
Short Term
Long Term
Magnitude
Reversible
Attributes
With EMP
Negative
Indirect
Positive
Direct
Burning of fuels from
M
construction workers
Impact on
4 Emission of Dust particles M
Human Health
4. Impact on Noise Environment
1 Increase Noise Movement of vehicles M
Level Operation of D.G sets L
Movement of vehicles
M
carrying raw materials
5. Impact on Biological Environment
1 Pressure on Immigration of labor
existing natural population L
resources
2 Reduced Transportation of
M
Photosynthetic construction materials
activity, Wilting
Site Clearance M
of plants
3. Impacts on Increase in turbidity of
Fishes and water due to Washing of M
Aquatic machineries
Ecosystem Sewage from labor camp H
6. Impact on Socio-economic Environment
1 Land acquisition Affecting livelihood H
Due to water/air borne
Impact on
2 diseases, traffic H
Human Health
movement
B. Operation Phase
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Nature of Impacts
Without EMP
Environmental
Sl.No Project Activities
Irreversible
Short Term
Long Term
Magnitude
Reversible
Attributes
With EMP
Negative
Indirect
Positive
Direct
Impacts on Land Application of natural
1 H
Environment fertilizers and pesticides
Impact on water Application of fertilizers
2 M
environment and pesticides
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Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
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Fig 5.1 Google map showing proposed BLIS Command Area and surrounding irrigated areas
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Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 6.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 6.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 6.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Agriculture is the back-bone of economy of the region, as entire population is dependent mainly
on it. Lack of adequate rainfall will break this back bone, leading to famine. Athani taluk lies in
rain-shadow area with an annual average rainfall of 687 mm. To minimize the dependence of
agriculture on Kharif season, Basaveshwara (Kempawad) Lift Irrigation Scheme has been
proposed by the Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd, Govt. of Karnataka to provide irrigation the
villages of Athani Taluk. This will provide stability to agriculture and thus improving the per
capita income and standard of living of the people. Command area benefited is 27,462 Ha
spread across 22 villages in Athani taluk, Belagavi district. The list of benefiting villages is given
below:
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most ancient place in the district is Halsi.Yadur is situated beside Krishna River, there is famous
veerbhadra temple.
7.4.1.1 Highlights – 2011 census
Belagavi is the largest district in the state with the total area of 13433 sq. km.
The district has a density of 356 and is placed at 8th rank in the State. Belagavi
District has the 1,275 number of villages, 18 Statutory Towns and 13 Census
Towns.
Total population of Belagavi district is 47, 79,661 and it is the 2nd most
populous district in the State. The district ranks 1stin terms of rural population
and 3rd in terms of urban population.
The district has a Sex ratio of 973 for general population and 934 among the
child population in the age-group 0-6. The proportion of child population, (0-6
age-group) is 13.1% in the district and ranks 9th in the State.
The district has a literacy rate of 73.5 percent and the male literacy rate is 82.2
percent and the female literacy rate is 64.6 percent. The male – female literacy
gap in the district is 17.6 percentage points, which is higher than the male –
female literacy gap registered by the State.
The district has registered a work participation of 44.1 percent .The work
participation rates for male and female population is 56.6 and 31.1 respectively.
Among the total workers in the district 82.4 percent are Main workers and 17.6
percent are Marginal workers. Major work force of 64.6 percent is engaged in
Agricultural sector i.e., Cultivators (33.8 percent) and Agricultural Labourers
(30.8 percent).
Cultivators constitute 33.8 percent of the total workers in the district and 2.9
percent of the total workers are engaged in Household Industry and 32.5 percent
are ‘Other workers’.
About 55.9 percent of the total population in the district is non-workers.
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Table 7.3 Population and sex ratio of the project impacted villages
Sl. No. Impacted villages Population details
Total Male Female Sex ratio
1 Khilegaon 3535 1785 1730 969
2 Ajur 2831 1432 1399 977
3 Anantapur 8123 4168 3955 949
4 Malabad 4117 2073 2044 986
5 Bevanoor 2312 1182 1130 956
6 Tawashi 2401 1225 1176 960
7 Naganur 2030 1047 983 939
8 Shirur 2385 1202 1183 984
9 Sambaragi 4116 2093 2023 967
10 Aralihatti 2148 1092 1056 967
11 Bammanal 1448 756 692 915
12 Jambagi 3653 1894 1759 929
13 Kallotti 1254 645 609 944
14 Kiranagi 3374 1749 1625 929
15 Balligeri 5096 2654 2442 920
16 Gundewadi 5176 2633 2543 966
17 Shivanoor 2650 1374 1276 929
18 Madabhavi 8119 4172 3947 946
19 Hanamapur 1836 949 887 935
20 Masarguppi 2131 1084 1047 966
Total 68735 35209 33506 952
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Khilegaon
1000
Masarguppi Ajur
Hanamapur 980 Anantapur
960
Madabhavi 940 Malabad
920
Shivanoor 900 Bevanoor
880
Gundewadi 860 Tawashi sex ratio
Balligeri Naganur
Kiranagi Shirur
Kallotti Sambaragi
Jambagi Aralihatti
Bammanal
Khilegaon
Masarguppi
1200 Ajur
Hanamapur 1000 Anantapur
Madabhavi 800 Malabad
600
Shivanoor 400 Bevanoor
200
Gundewadi 0 Tawashi sex ratio
Balligeri Naganur
Kiranagi Shirur
Kallotti Sambaragi
Jambagi Aralihatti
Bammanal
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Sl. No. Villages Children below 6yrs Boys Girls Sex ratio
8 Shirur 304 143 161 1126
9 Sambaragi 540 275 265 964
10 Aralihatti 273 141 132 936
11 Bammanal 190 112 78 696
12 Jambagi 410 224 186 830
13 Kallotti 196 101 95 941
7.5.1.3 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population
Details of SC and ST families in the project impacted villages are shown in Table 7.5. On an
average, there are16.62percent of SCs and 2.79 percent of ST families residing in these villages.
Madabhavi village have the highest percentage of SC (36.74%) and Kalotti village have the
highest percentage of ST (3.77%) families. Aralihatti village reports the lowest number of SC
(5.26%) and no ST families are reported from four villages viz- Ajur, Shirur, Hanampur,
Masarguppi villages. Only nominal numbers of ST families are there in villages like Khilegaon,
Malabad, Tawashi, Naganur, Aralihatti and Kiranagi villages.
Table 7.6 ST population in project villages
ST Population
Sl. No. Villages Male Female Total Percentage
1 Khilegaon 1 0 1 0.02
2 Ajur 0 0 0 0
3 Anantapur 108 109 217 2.67
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ST Population
Sl. No. Villages Male Female Total Percentage
4 Malabad 4 0 4 0.1
5 Bevanoor 3 2 5 0.22
6 Tawashi 9 5 14 0.58
7 Naganur 11 5 16 0.79
8 Shirur 0 0 0 0
9 Sambaragi 46 39 85 2.07
10 Aralihatti 2 2 4 0.19
11 Bammanal 187 184 371 25.62
12 Jambagi 22 26 48 1.31
13 Kallotti 273 279 552 44.02
14 Kiranagi 12 13 25 0.74
15 Balligeri 62 38 100 1.96
16 Gundewadi 28 35 63 1.22
17 Shivanoor 35 30 65 2.45
18 Madabhavi 157 149 306 3.77
19 Hanamapur 0 0 0 0
20 Masarguppi 0 0 0 0
Total 960 916 1876 2.79%
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70
60
50
40
30 Total Population
20 Male
10 Female
0
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Sl. No. Villages Total Population Total worker Work Participation (%)
15 Balligeri 5096 3114 61
16 Gundewadi 5176 3827 74
17 Shivanoor 2650 1565 59
18 Madabhavi 8119 3927 48
19 Hanamapur 1836 1133 62
20 Masarguppi 2131 1329 62
Total 68735 39485 58
A village with more main workers means that more workers have stable employment with more
than 6 months a day. Among the total workers in the project villages, on an average, 70 percent
are Main workers and 30 percent are Marginal workers. But when the villages are analyzed
separately there is wide variation as detailed in Table 7.8.
Table 7.9 Work participation rate of Main and Marginal workers
Total Main % of Main Marginal % of Marginal
Villages
workers workers Workers Workers Workers
Khilegaon 2308 1281 56 1027 44
Ajur 1784 1230 69 554 31
Anantapur 4172 2697 65 1475 35
Malabad 2114 1675 79 439 21
Bevanoor 1103 726 66 377 34
Tawashi 1491 844 57 647 43
Naganur 1156 637 55 519 45
Shirur 736 732 99 4 1
Sambaragi 2159 1694 79 465 21
Aralihatti 1225 590 48 635 52
Bammanal 735 704 96 31 4
Jambagi 2719 1855 68 864 32
Kallotti 708 529 74 189 26
Kiranagi 2180 1798 83 382 17
Balligeri 3114 2339 75 775 25
Gundewadi 3827 2544 67 1238 33
Shivanoor 1565 1126 72 439 28
Madabhavi 3927 2915 74 1012 26
Hanamapur 1133 1007 89 126 11
Masarguppi 1329 573 43 756 57
Total 39485 27496 70 11954 30
In Shirur village 99 percent of the workers are main workers and only one percent is marginal
workers. Similarly, main workers are very high as reported from in Bammanal (96%) and
Hanamapur (89%) villages while Masarguppi (57%) and Aralihatti (52%) villages have more
marginal workers than main workers.
Male /female work participation among main workers is 69percent for male workers and 31
percent for female workers. But among marginal workers women are more with 74 percent
participation while only 26 percent of the men workers are there as marginal workers. This
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shows the lower status of women workers, who get temporary and unstable works only while
men enjoy more stability in work. May be the status of women as ‘additional bread winners’ as
they are the main home makers is a reasonable explanation for such situations. Further
classification of workers is given below.
120
100
80
main
60 workers%
Marginal
40 workers%
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Major work force of 86.2 percent is engaged in Agricultural sector i.e., Cultivators (62.8 percent)
and Agricultural Labourers (23.4 percent).Male –female participation among the cultivators
group is 46.6 percent males and 16.2 percent females. Among the laborers, there is an almost
equal participation with 11.6 percent males and 11.8percent females. Among 2.4 percent of
workers engaged in Household Industry 1.8 percent is males and 0.6 percent is females. 11.5
percent are ‘Other workers’ engaged on various activities where 9.2 percent of the male workers
outnumber 2.3 percent of female workers. Table 7.9 gives main workers and type of
employment.
7.5.1.7 Non workers
Among the 20 project influence villages, on an average, about 42 percent of the total population
is non-workers, which is much less than the district averages. Among the non- workers females
outnumber men as 55 percent while only 45 percent of the men are registered. This still is a
better position for females compared to the district averages. And the non-workers include aged
persons, chronic patients, handicapped, students and children and house wives, whose work is
always unseen and unpaid.
7.5.1.8 Social Infrastructure available
In the close proximity of the project site, educational, religious and transportation facilities are
found. The habitants have a good transportation facility to access these. There are few
educational infrastructures like the Vidya Vardhak School, C S Kittur High School, Sankonatti
Primary School, J A High School and Mallattikhodi Govt etc nearest to project site. There are few
colleges like the Balchandra Jarakiholi Pre University College Kakamari, G H College, M G PU
College Teslang and Govt First Grade College etc.,
The command area has many village roads and 3 state highways SH34, SH43 and SH12
connects the command area to other parts of the state. The project site (Head works) is
approachable by road and is at a distance of 4 km off Dharwad-Bijapur state highway 34. The
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lift point near Ainapur village is at the distance of 29.3 km from Athani taluk headquarters along
the state highway. Ugar Railway Station is situated at 5 Km from the lift point towards South.
Nearest airport is Belagavi airport which is at 145 km from the lift point towards east.
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
Total No
Total No
Total No
Total No
CULTIVATORS AGRI LABORERS HH workers OTHER WKERS
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3% below 6yrs
3%
9% 7 to18yrs
14%
19 to 30yrs
0.80% 0.70%
1.50% 0
4.30% illiterate
literate
9% primary school
42.50% Middle school
High School
19.60%
SSLC
PUC
6.60% Graduate
10% PG
Prof degree
Diploma
0.50%
4.50%
there are 0.30% of professionals such as Engineers. 37% are jobless categories mainly House
wives (24.5%) and students (12.6%).
0%
0% 0
Agriculture
15000-20000
30000- 40000
40000- 50000
< 50000
Number of Title holders, PAPs and extent of land required, varies from village to village and the
maximum impact is seen in Madabhavi and Ananthapura in terms of land requirement.
Hanamapur and Masaraguppi villages have minimum impact.
100
80
60 No of Title
holders
40
Extent of land
20 required (Ha)
The land required for the project is estimated as 437 Ha, which includes land for the main canals
and distributory system as detailed in Table No 4.8 below.
Table 7.13 Land requirement for project
Villages Main Canal Distributory Acre Ha.
Madabhavi 61.65 146.05 207.7 83.08
Bammanal 25.4 13.25 38.65 15.46
Aralihatti 32.45 15.25 47.7 19.08
Shirur 34.35 34.38 68.73 27.492
Khilegaon 30.28 34.63 64.91 25.964
Ajur 23.78 36.7 60.48 24.192
Anantapur 50.28 90.18 140.46 56.184
Malabad 34.72 17.35 52.07 20.828
Balligeri 42.53 15.63 58.16 23.264
Gundewadi 16.82 24.4 41.22 16.488
Hanamapur - 10.05 10.05 4.02
Masarguppi - 14 14 5.6
Jambagi - 28.65 28.65 11.46
Sambaragi - 77.5 77.5 31
Kallotti - 21.74 21.74 8.696
Shivanoor - 33.33 33.33 13.332
Naganur - 27.38 27.38 10.952
Tawashi - 28.35 28.35 11.34
Bevanoor - 33.1 33.1 13.24
Kiranagi - 39.6 39.6 15.84
Total 352.26 741.52 1093.78 437.512
15.84
Bevanoor 13.24
11.34
Naganur 10.952
13.332
Kallotti 8.696
31
Jambagi 11.46
5.6
Hanamapur 4.02
16.488 Hector
Balligeri 23.264
20.828
Anantapur 56.184
24.192
Khilegaon 25.964
27.492
Aralihatti 19.08
15.46
Madabhavi 83.08
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
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Type of work
Work location
Status of tools, equipment and temporary structures
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Poor housekeeping
Violation of workplace safety standards
Poor supervision and checking of work progress, tools, equipment and temporary
structures
Unsafe acts of workers
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(3) Electrocution;
(4) Trapping of people; and
(5) Accidents during erection and dismantling as well as loading and unloading.
The causes of different crane failures have been infers that the overturning of a crane or parts
of it occur due to overloading, differential settlement of the crane support or foundation,
operating on slope (for mobile cranes) and/or operating method. It has been reported that basic
causes of dropping the load are overloading and improper maintenance of the crane and its
parts. Finding also infers that electrocution and trapping are caused due to lack of
communications between the operator, slingers and flagman/supervisor whereas erection and
dismantling injuries are caused by unsafe work practice of erectors and lack of supervision.
7.17.14 Construction machinery and tools hazards
Of all the construction industry fatalities may also occur with construction machinery The types
of machinery involved in accidents include excavators and shovels, earthmoving equipment (i.e.
crawler tractors and bulldozers, scrapers and graders), dumpers and dump trucks, forklift trucks,
road rollers and lorries. Accidents in construction machinery usage occur in one of the following
modes;
Workers being run-over or struck by machinery moving forward or reversing;
Collision between machinery or with fixed objects such as false works or
scaffoldings; Overturning of machinery while in operation; and Workers falling
from machinery.
These accidents are caused by the following major factors: Failure of machinery-
inoperative back-up alarms, brake failures, etc
Inadequate site planning resulting in poor visibility, inadequate man oeuvre
space, inadequate signboards and poor site traffic control;
Lack of supervision and training of workers and operators; and
Construction noise that masks the sound of back-up alarms and the sound of
plant.
It is also observed that in the some of event in accidents the primary
external factor was hand-held tools as sorted construction tools in descending
order of hazard, viz: (1) Knife; (2) Hammer, sledge hammer, etc.;
(3)Grinding/cutting machine; (4) Jackhammer; (5) Drill; (6) Manual saw; (7)
Crowbar, spit, etc.; (8) Tools for screwing; (9) Welding equipment – gas; (10)
Axe; (11) Spade/excavation tools; (12) Gripping, holding, pinching, pulling tools;
(13) Chainsaw; (14) Nail gun; (15) Compass saw, hole saw, etc.; (16) Welding
equipment –electrical; (17) Circular saw; (18) Cutting tools; and (19) Other tools.
Use of construction tools cause injuries and fatalities to workers by the following
ways;
Eye injuries caused by foreign objects getting into eyes by operations such as
grinding, welding, cutting, drilling and breaking;
Finger/hand injuries by cut and burns;
Injuries caused by moving/broken machine parts;
Electrocution; and Vibration from powered hand-held tools, causing a group of
diseases. One of them is blood circulation disturbance known as “vibration white
finger”.
Specialty systems. Most of the hazards are the result of faulty tools and/or
unsafe handling of tools. Moreover, the type of tools and duration of use also
dictate the hazard.
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Major hazards and mitigation measure shall be delineated and shall be considered in OHS
management towards safety in all respect due to multidiscipline activity. It also need extremely
well coordination and sync in activity under project leader. All contractors, team, stakeholders
shall comply with OHS policy prepared exclusively. It will be a duty of employer to get all
employees aware of hazards and risk they may be vulnerable and ensure that it to be his
conscious decision as being instrumental in part of project activity. Mock drill shall also be
planned to bring alertness as well as preparedness for the mishaps
We have considered all hazards and risk associated with projects. However it can be checked
and stalled with OHS plan in place before and during execution. It should be specific to this
particular activity and shall be evaluated at regular interval during construction as well as after
construction. Post installation an offsite DMP shall be prepared in line with district authority
requirement and shall be approved.
Table 7.17 Emergency contact numbers
Sl.No Name of the Dept. Contact No.
A. General Emergency Numbers
1 Police 100
2 Fire 101
3 Ambulance 108
4 DC Office, Belagavi 0831-2407275
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Throughout
Emission of the
Burning of fire Labor camps supplied Reduction in Contractor &
pollutants (C, Labor camp construction
wood with LPG facility emission levels KNNL
SO2) period (24
months)
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Responsibility
&
Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Time frame
Monitoring
Agency
Throughout
Intake canal, jack well cum
Health the
Operation of DG Healthy working pump house, access roads, Contractor &
problems to Usage of Nose masks construction
sets, excavation environment around construction site, KNNL
labors period (24
disnets
months)
2. Noise Environment
PPEs such as, ear plugs Throughout
Operation of DG Intake canal, jack well cum
and ear muffs will be the
sets and usage of Increase is Reduction in noise pump house, access roads, Contractor &
provided to the construction
construction noise levels levels around construction site, KNNL
workers, Acoustic period (24
equipments disnets
enclosures for DG sets months)
Throughout
Intake canal, jack well cum
Construction activities the
Vehicular Increase is Reduction in noise pump house, access roads, Contractor &
shall be restricted only construction
Movement noise levels levels around construction site, KNNL
to day time period (24
disnets
months)
3. Water Environment
Sewage from Surface and Treatment through Reduction in Throughout
labor camps ground water septic tank and soak pit pollution load the
Contractor &
pollution Labor camps construction
KNNL
period (24
months)
Stagnation of Mosquito Providing proper Healthy environment Throughout
water breeding sanitary facilities the
Contractor &
grounds Labor camps construction
KNNL
period (24
months)
Excavation and Muck Reuse of muck at site, Reduction in surface Intake canal, jack well cum Contractor Throughout
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Responsibility
&
Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Time frame
Monitoring
Agency
operation of DG generation, disposal of used oil and ground water pump house, disnets &KNNL the
sets blockage of KSPCB authorized contamination construction
natural drains preprocessors period (24
and months)
contamination
of ground
water
Construction of Increase in Provision of sand bags Healthy aquatic Intake canal
Contractor &
intake canal turbidity levels ecosystem 4 Months
KNNL
in river
4. Soil Environment
Construction of Loss of fertile Waste land will be used Land resource Waste land Throughout
labor camps, soil for erection of labor optimization the
Contractor &
stock yards camps construction
KNNL
period (24
months)
Mantainance of Soil Maintenance at service Reduction in soil Throughout
Intake canal, jack well cum
DG sets and contamination centres contamination the
pump house, access roads, Contractor &
construction construction
around construction site, KNNL
machineries period (24
disnets
months)
5. Solid and Hazardous waste Environment
Excavation Change in Reuse of excavated Natural drainage Throughout
hydraulic earth pattern maintained the
Intake canal, jack well cum Contractor &
regime construction
pump house, disnets KNNL
period (24
months)
Improper Water Labor camps at 1 km Reduction in siltation Intake canal and river course Throughout
dumping of solid pollution away from river, and eutrophication Contractor the
waste from labor Disposal to Municipal &KNNL construction
camps Authorities period (24
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Responsibility
&
Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Time frame
Monitoring
Agency
months)
6. Biological Environment
Construction Wilting of Water sprinkling Normal Throughout
Intake canal, jack well cum
activities plants photosynthetic the
pump house, access roads, Contractor &
activity construction
around construction site, KNNL
period (24
disnets
months)
Labor camps Riverine water Labor camps at 1 km Zero water pollution Labor camps Throughout
pollution away from river, the
Contractor &
restrictions for not construction
KNNL
using the river water period (24
months)
Use of fire wood Cutting of LPG for labor camps Positive ecosystem Labor camps and its Throughout
trees services surrounding the
Contractor &
construction
KNNL
period (24
months)
Washing of Reduced DO Washing at authorized Aquatic system Krishna river Throughout
construction levels service stations maintained the
Contractor &
equipments construction
KNNL
period (24
months)
7. Socio-economic environment
Land acquisition Affecting Compensation as Sustainability for Khilegaon, Ajur, Anantapur, KNNL 6 months
livelihood RFCLA&TRR Act 2013 livelihood Malabad, Bevanoor, Tawashi,
opportunities Naganur, Shirur, Sambargi,
Aralihatti,Bammanala,Jambagi,
Kalloti, Kiranagi, Balligeri,
Gundewadi, Shivanoor,
Madabhavi, Hanamapur,
Masarguppi
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Responsibility
&
Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Time frame
Monitoring
Agency
Vehicular Health Water sprinkling and Healthy environment Ainpura village, Athani taluk Throughout
movement problems movement of vehicles the
Contractor &
carrying raw materials construction
KNNL
only during night time. period (24
months)
B. Operation phase
Excess application Soil and water Awareness on organic Reduction in Command area KNNL and 3 years
of fertilizers and contamination farming practices pollution load Water user
pesticides Associations
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transform the longitudinal gradient into a series of steps with low risers and long flat treads.
Different types of check dams would be required for different conditions comprising different
materials, depending upon the site conditions and by using the locally available materials. This is
often the most acceptable soil conservation measures that can easily establish and should form
a dense thicket near the ground level when planted in close vicinity. The following materials are
recommended for the purpose.
Brushwood check dam
Dry rubble stone masonry (DRSM)
Check dams with stones available at the site
Combination of DRSM and crate works – for moderate to deep gullies with locally
available stones at sites
The advantage of brushwood check dams is that they are quick and easy to construct and are
inexpensive as they are constructed by using readily available materials at the site. In addition
to the vegetative measures used for stabilization of gullies, temporary or permanent mechanical
measures are used as supplementary measures to prevent the washing away of young
plantations by large volume of runoff. The gullies get stabilized over a period of time with the
establishment of vegetative cover. With passage of time mechanical structures weaken and
vegetative measures get strengthened.
The drainage basin of the river, usually referred to as catchment area needs some kind of
treatment in the overall interest of the development of the area extending along the river with a
view to improve land management through biological and engineering measures, with the
objective of arresting soil erosion and improve its vegetation, and control over grazing by cattle.
The catchment area treatment involves intensive and highly technical measures, which require
the expertise of technical skill. The watershed committees have to be constituted at the
panchayath level in the Panchayaths covered in the proposed command areas of Basaveshwara
LIS spread over in the jurisdiction of Mudhol and Athani taluks of Belagavi District with the
objective of an integrated approach involving multi disciplinary experts dealing with forest,
agriculture, horticulture, watershed, sociologists, besides local panchayat members and
community members. The area under each watershed has been planned on the basis of Land
use / land cover and topographic conditions. The total area proposed for treatment is 7000 ha,
in the Basaveshwara project basin.
For the plain regions, Watershed Development Department, Karnataka, Bengaluru has
suggested the following soil conservation practices. The most important practice among those is
mentioned below, is contour and broad based bunding:
Table 9.3 Soil conservation Measures and Practices Recommended for the Krishna River at
Basaveshwara LIS Catchment Area
Sl. Type of Soil Conservation Practices recommended
No.
1 Contour bunds with open <750mm Rain fall, Black soil areas;, slopes of 1-
ends 6%
2 Zing terraces with raised Black soils (Medium and Deep)
waste weirs(15 to 23 cms) Rain fall 600-750 mm
Land slopes, 1-5 %
Infiltration rate >6 mm h‾⅓
3 Water ways Surplus storm water due to high intensity rains
4 Compartment bunds For medium Black soils
5 Broad Bed and Furrow Deep black soil with rain fall upto 750 mm
6 Land leveling Low (bottom) flat deep areas leveled.
Bench terraces are also leveled by cut and fill.
7 Check dams/Nala Gully sites having restricted width and
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Use of special planting procedure that minimise salt accumulation around the
seed otherwise lowers Germination percentage.
Use of the appropriate irrigation method for the root characteristics of the crop
Use of sloping beds and other special land preparation procedures and tillage
methods to provide a low salt environment
Use of canal or surface irrigation water to dilute the salts and to leach out the
salts from the root zone for good germination.
Application of amendments such as manure, compost, etc. for improving soil
structure and tilt. Conservation tillage to incorporate crop residues will help
create drainage.
Deep ploughing of soil to break up sodic and other hardpans or other impervious
layers to provide internal drainage.
Use of chemical amendments as described.
Good, sound agronomic farming practices and careful need based fertilizer
management.
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and canal banks for prevention of erosion and for species conservation. Only the native forest
trees will be grown in the compensatory forests.
9.3.2 Agro forestry activities in command area
Agro-forestry refers to the practice of Agriculture and Forestry in the same piece of land. The
Karnataka Forest Department (KFD) has accorded high emphasis on farm forestry as a
component in the afforestation programmes. The sector of Agro-forestry or Farm Forestry has a
good potential as most of the agriculture lands are devoid of any trees, in the district. The trees
if planted on the bunds and on the boundary of the lands, protect the crops from the desiccating
high winds and also provide additional income from the trees to the farmer apart from providing
him fodder and fuel as well.
Table 9.7 Green belt developments Plan around intake canal and jack well
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Further, to obtain sustainable results in the green cover management, afforestation programs,
canal bank plantations and agro-forestry programs will be handed over to the Forest
Department, Government of Karnataka.
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In order to maintain desirable ecological and biological norms and also the aquatic life, fish
species inhabiting in particular in the Krishna river at the site and all – along its run, attention is
being drawn to the following points for long – term benefits.
9.4.2 Prevention of flow of domestic, municipal and industrial sewage into
the Krishna River
The human population explosion and the rapid industrialisation in the country have resulted in
generation of greater volume of domestic sewage and industrial wastes. These being discharged
indiscriminately into the rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs etc., are influencing alterations,
physically, chemically and biologically waters by the addition of substance or mixture of these
which interfere by hampering the use of the medium by creating a condition known as
‘pollution’. Besides, flow of industrial and municipal/ domestic wastes, all the time and the
extensive use of pesticides for greater yield of crop and protection of food grains and their entry
into the water bodies existing during the monsoon seasons in particular, also cause pollution of
both the water and the soil.
Every water body affirms certain inbuilt capacity of ‘Self - Purification’ and ‘Self-cleansing’ within
which, it is perfectly capable of cleaning itself. However, ever – increasing population,
consumption of the elixir of life and land – usage are causing increased water pollution and thus
the amount of polluted water getting discharged into the systems are constantly exceeding their
self – purification capacities and, being so, the external purification process cannot affect proper
treatment of the water entirely. Caution should be exercised to release only the treated waters
into the rivers and such other biotope.
9.4.3 Overfishing problems
All animals produce a greater number of off springs than would be necessary to perpetuate
them and these bear a natural tendency to further their respective populations as time advance.
In fact, of course, no single kind of animal has the world to itself and its rate of increase is
modified by the presence of other, complimentary or other –wise inhabitants in nature. Most of
these merely compete for the food, water, breeding grounds and the like that makes life
possible.
There are no animals existing that are free from ‘adversaries’ or competitors, and, as a rule,
normally, in fact, the population of any kind of animal is in equilibrium. But when the enemies,
need – based or selfish, are so powerful that there is a decrease each year of the number of
specimens reaching ‘maturity’, then, the stock is ‘threatened’ with destruction.
Fish like all other animals show a natural tendency to increase in numbers and some species
produce as much as 10,000,000 eggs at each spring,. But, life is very dangerous for these,
particularly when young and in certain instances, as much as around 99.99% of their eggs may
perish, due mostly to pollutional or ecological stresses. Amongst the many animals which are the
enemies of fish is the fisherman himself. Although, in oceans and such other expansive water
areas, he may at best be a slight nuisance to the fish and its habitat; in small and larger
fluviatile and impounded water sheets, he is often the ‘worst’ enemy who can destroy, and will,
the entire stock. If one is a good fisherman, an autodidact, he will farm the stock by exploiting
only a rational yield so that his supply of fish lasts for days to come, and, if one is a bad
professional, he will grab all he can get and, if there are many others like him, they, between
themselves, will over-fish the stock, result being, ultimately, the natural or farmed stock gets
harvested faster than it can be replenished by the natural reproduction processes. If persisted to
continue in this format, rapidly, the numbers gets reduced and may, in extreme cases, the entire
stock gets destroyed.
Over-fishing may be brought about simply by fishing as intensively that not enough numbers are
left in nature to produce young ones to make good the loss. or, it may be caused by exploiting
the available stock of all sizes by unsuitable unethical and unscientific methods like operation of
small-meshed gillnets, poisoning, dynamiting, etc., so that a large proportion of young
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specimens in the form of juveniles are taken out which have not yet had time to reproduce
themselves. This is precisely what is being done by the local and migratory fishermen, at the site
and closely related locations of the Krishna River. In such instances, as soon as the power of
reproduction of the stock is reduced, it deduces as an act of over-fishing. Farming of fish in
nature, other than the fish farms is quite possible for long-term gains. Nevertheless, it can be
done, as in fish sanctuaries located across many rivers in the State/ Country, though, of course,
the results are slower to get recognition and appreciation for the overall benefits of the society
at large. For this very reason, if for no other, there is nearly, always, intense opposition to any
scheme to save the stock by declaring the “breeding season as closed season” to facilitate fish
to breed and improve the stock. This opposition, most unfortunately, invariably, comes from the
fishermen themselves and others like the fish merchants, fish contractors directly concerned in
the fishery and is the reflection of their own ignorance, conservatism and also inability to look
into the future.
In order to derive life-long benefits, one has to, as Martin H. Fisher (1879-1962) puts “just go
into partnership with nature, she does more than half the work and asks none of the fee”.
Sustainable development, conservation and harvest should be the principles one should follow
and adhered-to.
9.4.4 Occurrence and proliferation of alien fish species:
The introduction of exotic fishes in Indian waters is still a subject of controversy due to their
possible and proven deleterious effects on the indigenous fish germplasm. The fish species,
Oreochromis mossambica (South America), Oreochromis nilotica (Egypt) and Clarias gariepinus
(Africa) are recognized, the world-over, as “Flag-ship” species in aquatic environments due to
their destructive efficiency in establishing themselves and their produce, which multiplies at will
and dominates the systems in a very short-time ever. Their total extermination becomes a very
serious challenge, especially, in larger water bodies where these are already well established.
The species have been well recorded/ reported to occur in the river Krishna located close to the
site studied. Their inadvertent/ accidental/ intentional entry in good many water sheets and the
serious influence, negative, on the piscine-and other faunal elements is well-documented. Very
serious and concrete efforts are to be made for their total elimination in order to secure all other
fish species in particular and, other forms of aquatic life present in the lotic and the lentic water
bodies. It is on record that “unequivocal evidence exists to prove the ill-effects of culture of alien
species, be it floral or faunal, on the native ‘biodiversity’ of a given area”. It is to be noted
seriously that “once a species becomes EXTINCT, it is lost to the society together with its
potential contribution towards sustainable development”. The precautionary principle is
therefore, an important part of the rationale for CONSERVATION.
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.14 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
should be envisaged to study the potential of groundwater and conjunctive management could
be planned.
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.15 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.16 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 10.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
The main rock type observed in the command area is Basalt belonging to Flows
sparsely to moderately porphyritic of various flows belonging to Upper
Cretaceous to Lower Eocene Age.
The depth to water level in the study area was measured wherever it was
feasible and recorded as reported during the field study. . The depth to water
level varied between 8.0 to 35.0m.
Water table elevation in the study area ranges from less than 603 mts to more
than 546 mts. Over the vast area it is between 520 and 620 m amsl. Water table
less than 546 m is observed in and around Kudachi.
The black soils on shale, limestone and basalt are deep, are moderately well
drained, clay with slow permeability and is rich in bases (alkaline condition) and
has a very high water holding capacity. The soils in the Basaveshwara LIS
project area are mostly black soil, while the red and mixed soils constitute only
20 percent, and are two to four feet deep, heavy in texture, with 45 to 55 per
cent clay and contain free calcium carbonate throughout the profile. There is
generally a zone of salt concentration in the soil profile at a depth of 18 to 36
inches, the principal salt being gypsum. Below the gypsum layer occurs ‘murrum’
which is practically impermeable to water, so that the internal drainage of the
soil is lateral rather than vertical within the profile.
In the study area one soil sample come under the category of Class-III, this
indicates that the soil samples are under high salinity. i.e., soil sample no 10 of
Sambaragi village is of high salinity during post- monsoon indicating salt
encrustations on the surface soil which needs drainage to leach out salts.
However the detailed soil survey has given an indication that soil CII found in 8
soil samples of post-monsoon season (nos 1to 5 and 8 to 10) and 7 soil samples
of pre-monsoon season(Nos 1,3 to 6,8 and 10,11) were of medium salinity when
used for irrigation, moderate leaching is required.`
The estimated potential soil erodibility is 6.8 in the command area, which is less
than 8 and therefore it is inferred that this is a moderately erodable land.
The results indicate that the core zone is dominated by crop lands followed by
forest and water body. It also includes barren rocky land agricultural plantation.
A total of 155 plant species were recorded in both core and buffer area of the
proposed project site. Of which 48 belong to tree species, 16 belongs to shrub
species and 91 species belongs to herbs respectively.
The field sighting and published records for the region indicated that 9 mammals
were reported for the region. There are about 29 birds recorded for the region,
which are more common found in outside the project area. There are 9 species
of butterflies were observed in core and buffer area of the project. A total of 8
reptiles and 2 amphibians were also observed in the project area. Majority of the
fauna recorded or reported for the region were also observed outside the project
area in semi-arid region of Karnataka.
Detailed Limnological and Fisheries investigation carried – out in the river
Krishna, in and around the project site, indicate ‘Optimum’ Physico – chemical
and biological features to support and sustain the aquatic life present.
The plankton constituent of the river Krishna at the site complex, Ainapur, Athani
taluk, Belagavi district studied during the pre-summer / pre and monsoon
seasons, recorded a very ‘poor’ picture whence the vagaries of nature and the
water column in the river had a severe influence on the plankton constituent at
the time. It is also true to state that ‘pre-monsoon and monsoon’ seasons have
been categorized as ‘poor’ plankton production periods.
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 10.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Fishing was organized in the Krishna River, at the site and also areas located
close – by, by engaging the local fishermen by employing castnets, gillnets,
uduvala etc., the fish species so harvested and the ones floating when the water
level, during the lean season, was low were analysed. The catch, depending
upon the seasons and the quantity one gets, is being sold locally and, if the
produce is good – enough is being exported to nearby districts or towns.
Fish seed stocking and the fisheries developmental strategies have been
highlighted which should be taken – up with all sincerity and seriousness by the
concerned Government Institutions to facilitate fisheries development on the
basis of scientific know – how available to help the fisher folk to ekk – out their
livelihood honorable.
The environmental impacts are conferred only to the construction phase which is
short term, temporary in nature. No major structures are proposed in the project
except Jack well; pump house, intake canal and distributory network. During
operation phase, excess application of fertilizers and pesticides will have impact
on soil and water.
Environmental Monitoring is proposed during the construction and operation
phase of the project. Rs. 55.4 lakhs was estimated for environmental monitoring
during construction phase (24 months) and Rs. 11.52 lakhs is estimated for
operation phase of the project.
The project will impact 404 titleholders in 20 villages. The total land required as
per the alignment survey is 438 Ha spread across various villages for
implementation of the scheme. Land acquisition will have to be done as per the
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement (Compensation, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, Development
Plan) Rules, 2015 published in the Govt. of India Gazette on 18th December,
2015. Total cost of 93.5 crores is worked for compensation to be paid for the
land losers.
Direct employment opportunities for 300 people, 50 technical and 250
construction laborers for the construction of intake channel, jack well cum pump
house, rising main, delivery chambers and distribution network consisting of Lift.
The project allows a greater area of land to be used for crops in areas where
rain fed production is impossible or marginal.
Effective EMP is proposed to mitigate the impacts during construction and
operation phase of the project on various environmental components such as air,
water, noise, soil, solid and hazardous waste, biological and social environment.
Catchment area treatment plan, command area development plan, green belt
development plan, muck disposal plan and fisheries development plan is also
proposed for implementation. For this Rs. 97.58 crores is earmarked for
construction phase and 10.09 crores is earmarked for operation phase of the
project.
Overall, the project will have minor impacts during construction phase but the
project will bring substantial improvement on environment during operation
phase of the project.
&&&&&
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 10.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 11.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.4 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.5 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.6 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.7 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.8 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.9 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Soil sampling
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 13.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru
Basaveshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Draft EIA Report
Belagavi District, Karnataka
Table – 1 Details of Monitored wells for water levels in the Command Area and Buffer Zone (10 Kms from lift point)
Sl.No. Village Name Geo coordinates Type of Well Date of Sampling Code
Parameter Units Kudachi Ainapura Fareed Khan Wadi, Sri Mangasoli Madbhavi Madbhavi, R M Jambagi
(GW) Lift Point PrakashGurupadeKat (GW) (SW) Patil petrol bunk (GW)
(SW) egue (GW) (GW)
pH -- 7.34 7.69 7.98 8.11 7.98 7.14 7.85
Conductivity µs/cm 722 563 1943 2130 710 1793 1772
Carbonate mg/L ND ND ND 24 40 ND ND
Bicarbonate mg/L 148 116 196 196 48 232 284
Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 490 431 1566 1697 324 1382 1861
Total Hardness mg/L 150 200 840 720 250 720 800
Calcium mg/L 48 56 208 136 48 212 136
Magnesium mg/L 7.29 14.5 77.76 92.34 31.59 46.17 111.78
Sulphate mg/L 37.31 33.37 141.76 68.67 27.31 ND 3.27
Nitrate mg/L 2.62 1.35 20.94 14.28 3.05 23.5 5.93
Chloride mg/L 57.98 57.98 259.91 419.86 103.9 319.9 329.89
Iron mg/L 0.02 ND 0.09 ND 0.41 0.02 0.67
Fluoride mg/L ND ND 0.02 0.4 ND ND ND
Potassium mg/L 1 2.4 0.6 0.6 1.6 0.4 0.2
Sodium mg/L 61.6 35.2 120 142 43.2 63.6 116
Parameter Units Sambargi Shirur, Tukaram Agrani river Anantapura Malabad Gundewadi,
(GW) Baba Hazare (SW) (GW) (GW) Mr.SadasivaMagre (GW)
(GW)
pH -- 7.8 7.81 8.29 7.59 8.04 8.24
Conductivity µs/cm 1025 3480 1070 2330 871 836
Carbonate mg/L ND ND 16 ND 8 32
Bicarbonate mg/L 228 504 124 380 212 188
Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 1676 2212 734 1578 610 562
Total Hardness mg/L 410 450 250 1100 400 270
Calcium mg/L 108 52 52 216 88 52
Magnesium mg/L 34.02 77.76 29.16 136.08 43.74 34.02
Sulphate mg/L 43.18 82.13 55.88 75.11 33.56 27.69
Nitrate mg/L 13.88 ND 1.66 22.18 11.65 8.6
Chloride mg/L 93.97 639.8 159.95 379.88 93.97 83.97
Iron mg/L 0.19 0.18 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.01
Fluoride mg/L ND 0.95 0.07 0.13 0.3 0.3
Potassium mg/L 0.2 0.2 3 0.8 1 1
Sodium mg/L 50 390 75.2 79.6 37.2 66.8
Fig – 1 Variation of pH in the study area
Fig – 2 Variation of TDS in the study area
Fig – 3 Variation of Total Hardness in the study area
Fig – 4 Variation of Calcium in the study area
Fig – 5 Variation of Bicarbonate in the study area
Fig – 6 Variation of Magnesium in the study area
Fig – 7 variation of Nitrate in the study area
Fig – 8 Variation of Potassium in the study area
Fig – 9 Variation of Sodium in the study area
Fig – 10 Variation of Sulphate in the study area
Fig – 11 Variation of Total Hardness in the study area
ANNEXURE-4
Annexure – 4 Results of Surface and Ground water quality
Table 1:- Physico-Chemical characteristics of surface water quality – Ainapur (Lift Point)
ND : Not Detected
Table 2:- Physico-Chemical characteristics of Ground water quality Post – Monsoon
2
Temperature
˚C 25 25 25 25
2
Temperature
˚C 29 29 29 29
Table 1: Physico – chemical characteristics of Soil Samples collected in Post – Monsoon season (Dec 2015 – Feb 2016)
Sl. Locations pH Organic Total Alkalinity Conductivity Moisture Calcium Chloride Magnesium Available Available
No. carbon (%) (mg/100g) (µ s/cm) content (%) (meq/L) (meq/L) (meq/L) Nitrogen Phosphorus
(Kg/ha) (Kg/ha)
1 Ainapura 7.92 0.3 58.5 643 28.8 31 4.8 11.4 395.8 18.13
2 Masarguppi 8.33 0.42 146.4 792 3.97 36 2.4 14.4 195.49 120.1
3 Agrani 8.95 0.54 488 610 7.14 29 2.88 4.8 154.55 63.48
4 Shivanoor 8.03 0.66 170.8 281 6.11 62 4.8 3.4 219.6 ND
5 Gundewadi 8.1 0.6 146.4 521 5.75 34.4 2.8 8.4 311.5 185.9
6 Bevanoor 7.79 0.48 73.2 2.13 16.7 47.6 5.28 17.8 234.2 77.08
7 Anantpur 8.01 0.12 122 209 6.11 54.8 8.1 1.6 206.3 ND
8 Khilegaon 8.05 0.84 122 686 8 33.8 4.32 12.4 277.7 133.7
9 Pandegaon 8.34 0.24 170.8 279 5.69 30.2 1.92 4.6 198.6 97.4
10 Sambaragi 9.03 0.66 170.8 1979 13.7 14.2 6.24 14.8 171.15 83.88
11 Madabhavi 8.22 0.96 82.9 12.28 6.25 59.8 17.7 2.8 190.5 185.8
Sl. Locations Available SAR Sodium Porosity Bulk density Salinity Texture Hydraulic Water holding Potassium
No. Potassium (mg/100gm) (%) (g/cm3) (µs/cm) conductivity capacity (%)
(mg/100g) (cm/hr)
Sl. Locations pH Organic Total Conductivity (µ Moisture Calcium Chloride Magnesium Available Available
No. carbon Alkalinity s/cm) content (%) (meq/L) (meq/L) (meq/L) Nitrogen Phosphorus
(%) (mg/100g) (Kg/ha) (Kg/ha)
1 Ainapura 7.65 0.6 195.2 352 8.18 44.4 12.48 7.6 325.14 480.64
2 Masarguppi 7.98 0.48 122 181.3 6.23 36.4 9.6 15.6 285.87 18.09
3 Agrani 8.36 0.3 244 291 3.2 37 5.28 12 284.79 13.6
4 Shivanoor 8.38 0.4 146.4 591 25.11 41 6.24 9 305.76 13.5
5 Gundewadi 7.98 0.42 170.8 285 3.7 57 5.76 3 266.6 6.75
6 Bevanoor 8.03 0.24 195.2 653 3.61 41 3.36 16 259.91 6.75
7 Anantpur 7.84 0.54 122 202 1.78 42 4.8 3 242.57 6.75
8 Khilegaon 7.83 0.12 146.6 619 3.2 26 3.84 6 245.96 15.84
9 Pandegaon 7.97 0.36 219.6 235 3.87 46 9.6 4 279.94 6.75
10 Sambaragi 7.99 0.18 170.8 364 3.41 22 6.24 6 298.35 4.51
11 Madabhavi 7.58 0.54 122 576 1.08 28 9.6 8 278.72 6.75
Sl. Locations Available SAR Sodium Porosity Bulk density Salinity Texture Hydraulic Water holding Potassium
No. Potassium (mg/100gm) (%) (g/cm3) (µs/cm) conductivity capacity (%)
(mg/100g) (cm/hr)
1 Ainapura 12.08 6.22 728.5 47 1.45 338.6 Loam 0.05 27.83 12.09
2 Masarguppi 17.16 5.02 588.8 66.5 1.16 162.3 Loam 0.19 38.24 17.16
3 Agrani 19.89 2.45 279.22 52.49 1.24 168 Sandy loam 0.02 50.31 19.89
4 Shivanoor 34.99 6.03 693.45 59 0.95 490 Loam 0.02 28.53 34.91
5 Gundewadi 19.89 1.7 214.36 59 1.04 198 Clay Loam 0.05 47.42 19.89
6 Bevanoor 39.78 3.45 424.13 55 1.06 158 Loam 0.2 42.9 39.78
7 Anantpur 7.41 2.28 249.32 48.45 1.5 156 Sandy loam 0.21 42.06 7.41
8 Khilegaon 29.64 3.52 324.3 55 1.14 556 Loam 0.02 40.35 29.64
9 Pandegaon 17.16 2.5 287.5 50 1.31 192 Sandy loam 0.05 59 17.16
10 Sambaragi 9.75 3.53 304.29 48 1.3 256 Clay Loam 0.12 40.06 9.75
11 Madabhavi 14.82 3.01 294.4 44 1.55 362 Loam 0.04 22 14.82
Table 3: Physico – chemical characteristics of Soil Samples collected in Monsoon season (June 2016 – Aug 2016)
Sl. No. Locations pH Organic Total Alkalinity Conductivity Moisture Calcium Chloride Magnesium Available Available
carbon (%) (mg/100g) (µ s/cm) content (%) (meq/L) (meq/L) (meq/L) Nitrogen Phosphorus
(Kg/ha) (Kg/ha)
Sl. No. Locations Available SAR Sodium Porosity Bulk density Salinity Texture Hydraulic Water holding Potassium
Potassium (mg/100gm) (%) (g/cm3) (µs/cm) conductivity capacity (%)
(mg/100g) (cm/hr)
1 Ainapura 3.51 0.15 17.02 52 1.25 102 Clay Loam 0.748 33.2 3.51
2 Masarguppi 3.51 0.14 16.33 58 1.16 76 Loam 0.391 37.97 3.51
3 Agrani 9.36 0.13 19.55 70 0.73 196 Clay Loam 0.01 58.81 9.36
4 Shivanoor 12.09 1.23 145.5 62 0.94 265 Loam 0.062 48.59 12.09
5 Gundewadi 12.87 0.23 27.14 61 1 275 Clay Loam 0.099 33.87 12.87
6 Bevanoor 59.6 1 121.6 55 1.06 725 Loam 0.544 60.01 59.6
7 Anantpur 8.97 0.09 15.41 60 0.95 147 Clay Sand 0.267 66.24 8.97
8 Khilegaon 4.68 0.12 14.95 56 1.14 46.8 Clay Loam 0.014 25.69 4.68
9 Pandegaon 14.04 0.19 24.84 49 1.3 145 Clay Loam 0.079 32.95 14.04
10 Sambaragi 11.7 0.66 73.83 64 0.91 57 Clay Loam 0.158 48.17 11.7
11 Madabhavi 30.81 0.25 29.67 51 1.35 150 Loam 0.011 21.33 30.81
ANNEXURE-6
ANNEXURE - 6 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY
Table 2: Number of species per hectare of sampling sites during different seasons
Density/Ha Species
Season Area
Trees Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs
Post Monsoon Core 188 3308 412067 41 14 56
2015 Buffer 194 3526 570267 39 13 47
Pre Monsoon Core 179 3102 352346 47 13 91
2016
Buffer 142 4520 421324 48 16 89
Core 147 2102 781089 42 12 71
Monsoon 2016
Buffer 154 1638 432277 43 15 64
Table 3: Shannon – Wiener Indices of Diversity of the proposed project site during the rainy, winter and summer seasons
Sl.
Common Name Scientific Name Conservation status
No.
1 Bandicoot Rat Bandicootaindica Common
2 Black napped Hare Lepusnigricollis Common
3 Common House rat Rattusrattus Common
4 Common Langur Prebytus entellus Common
5 House mouse Musmusculus common
6 Indian false vampire Megadermalyra Common
7 Indian Pangolin Maniscrasscaudata Common
9 Jungle cat FelisChaus Common
10 Wild Boar Susscrofa Common
Source: IUCN/Red data books: Schedule 1 of Wildlife protection Act, 1972: Karnataka Forest
Department and Zoological survey of India records
Sl.
Common Name Scientific name
No.
1 Ashy crowned sparrow-lark Eremopterixgrisea
2 Ashy prinia Priniasocialis
3 Asian brown flycatcher Musicapadaurica
4 Asian Koel Eudynamysscolopacea
5 Bar-headed Goose Anserindicus*
6 Baya weaver Placeusphillippinus
7 Black drongo Dicrurusmacrocereus
8 Black headed Ibis Threskiornismelanocephalus*
9 Black kite Milvusmigrans
10 Brahminy starling Sturnuspagodarum
11 Cattle egret Bulbulcus ibis*
12 Comb duck Sarkidiornismelanotus*
13 Common babbler Turdoidesoffinis
14 Common myna Acridotherestristis
15 Common Redshank Tringa tetanus*
16 Common snipe Galinagogallinago*
17 Common tailer bird Orthotomussutorius
18 Common teal Anascrecca*
19 Demoiselle Crane (Hovering) Grusvirgo*
20 Eurasian collared dove Streptopeliadecaocto
21 Great egret Cameroidesalbus*
22 Great tit Parus major
23 Greater Coucal Centropussinensis
24 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterusruber*
25 Green sandpiper Tringaochropus*
26 Indian robin Saxicoloidesfulicata
27 Little cormorant Phalacrocoraxniger*
28 Little egret Egrettagarzetta*
29 Purple Heron Ardeapurpurea*
*Wetland based birds
Source: IUCN/Red data books: Schedule 1 of Wildlife protection Act, 1972; Karnataka forest
Department and, Zoological survey of India; Salim Ali, 1940; Birds of the Indian Sub-continent
by Richard Grimettet al. 1999
Sl. Conservation
Common name Scientific name
No. Status *
1 Blue Pansy Junonialemonias Rare
2 Blue Tiger Paranticaaglea Common
3 Bush brown Mycakesis sp. Common
4 Common castor Ariadne merione Common
5 Common crow Euploea core Common
6 Common crow Euploea core Common
7 Great egg fly Hypolimnasmissipus Rare
8 White orange tip Ixias marianne Common
9 Yellow pansy Junoniahierta Common
Source: IUCN/Red data books: Schedule 1 of Wildlife protection Act, 1972:Karnataka Forest
Department and Zoological Survey of India.
Table 10: Reptiles and Amphibians reported for the project site
Conservation
Sl.NO. Common name Scientific name
Status *
Reptiles
1 Rock Gecko Hemidactylus maculates Common
2 Indian Chamaeleon Chamaeleonzeylanicus Rare
3 Monitor Lizard Varanusbengalensis Common
4 Spectacled cobra Najanaja Rare
5 Russels’s viper Viperarusseli Common
6 Peninsular rock agama Psammophilusdorsalis Common
7 Rat snake Ptyasmucisus Common
8 Cobra Najanaja Endangered
Amphibians
9 Southern Hill toad Bufomicrotympanum Common
10 Common Indian toad Bufomelanosticus Common
Source: IUCN/Red data books: Schedule 1 of Wildlife protection Act, 1972:Karnataka Forest
Department and Zoological Survey of India
ANNEXURE-7
ANNEXURE – 7 AQUATIC ECOLOGY
TABLE 1 – Physico Chemical analysis of Krishna River water at Lift Point
TAXONOMIC STATUS
INSECTS
Order Ephemeroptera
Family BAETIDAE
Genus Caenis Stephenus
1. Caenis spp.
Genus Cloeon Leach
2. Cloeon spp.
Order Odonata
Suborder Anisoptera
Family AESHNIDAE
Genus Anax Leach
3. Anax spp.
Family LIBELLULIDAE
Subfamily Libellulibnae
4. Urothemissignata (Rambur)
Order Hemiptera
Family GERRIDAE
Subfamily Gerrinae
Genus Geris Fabricius
5. Geris spinolae Leth. &Sev.
Family PLEIDAE
Genus Plea Leach
6. Plea striola Fieber
Family CORIXIDAE
Genus Micronecta
7. Micronectamerope Dist.
MOLLUSCS
Class Gastropoda
Sub-class Prosobranchia
Order Mesogastropda
Family VIVIPARIDAE
Subfamily Bellamyinae
Genus Bellamya Jousseaune
8. Bellamyabengalensis (Lamarck)
Family BITHYNIDAE
Subfamily Bithyninaes.str.
Genus Gabbis Tryon
9. Gabbiastenothyroides (Dohrn)
Family THIARIDAE
Subfamily Thiarinaes. str.
Genus Thiara Roding
Thiaras.str.
10. Thiara (Thiara) scabra (Muller)
Subgenus Melanoides (Oliver)
11. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Muller)
Family PLANORBIDAE
Subfamily Bulininae
Genus Indoplanorbisannadale & Prashad
12. Indoplanorbisexuctus (Deshayes)
Subfamily Planorbinae
Genus Gyraulus Charpentier
13. Gyraulusconvexiusculus (Hutton)
Class Bivalvia
Subclass Paleoheterodonta
Order Unionida
Family UNIONIDAE
Subfamily Unioninae
Genus Lamellidens Simpson
14. Lamellidenscorianus Lea
15. Lamellidensmarginalis (Lamarck)
Order Veneroida
Family CORBICUIDAE
Genus Carbicula Mergerle von Muechfeld
16. Corbiculastriatella Deshayes
FISH
Order Cypriniformes
Family CYPRINIDAE
Subfamily Dainoninae (=Rasborinae)
Tribe Oxygasterini
Genus Salmostoma Swainson
17. Salmostomaacinaces (Valenciennes)
Tribe Danionini
Genus Rasbora Bleeker
18. Rasboradaniconius (Hamilton – Buchanan)
19. Rasborarasbora (Hamilton – Buchanan)
Genus Amblypharyngodon Bleeker
20.Amblypharyngodonmola (Hamilton – Buchanan)
Tribe Systomini
Subtribe Systomi
Genus Puntius Hamilton – Buchanan
21.Puntinuschola (Hamilton – Buchanan)
22.Puntinussophore (Hamilton – Buchanan)
23. Puntinusticto (Hamilton – Buchanan)
Family BALITORIDAE
Subfamily Nemacheilinae
Genus Nemacheilus Bleeker
24.Nemachelius Anguilla Annanadale
Subfamily Cobitinae
Genus Lepidocephalus Bleeker
25.Lepidocephalusthermalis (Valenciennes)
Order Cyprinodonti formes
Family POECILIDAE
Subfamily Poecilinae
Genus Gambusia Poey
26.Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard)
Genus Poecilia Bloch
27.Poecilia (Lebistes reticulates Schneider)
Order Perciformes
Suborder Percoidei
Family CHANDIDAE (=AMBASSSIDAE)
Genus Chanda Hamilton- Buchanan
28.Chand nama (Hamilton – Buchanan)
Genus Parambassis Bleeker
29. Parambassisranga (Hamilton- Buchanan)
Suborder Labroide
Family CICHILIDAE
Genus Oreochromis Gunther
30.Oreochromis mossambica (Peters)
Suborder Gobioidei
Family GOBIIDAE
Subfamily Gobinae
Genus Glossogobius gill
31.Glossogobius giurisgiuris (Hamilton – buchanan)
ARTHROPODA
Class Crustacea
Sub class Malacostracea
Order Decapoda
family PALAEMONIDAE
32. Macrobrachium spp.
family POTAMONIDAE
33. Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) jaquemoniti Rathban
CHORDATA
Class Amphibia
Order Salentia
Suborder phaneroglossa
Family RANIDAE
34.Rana cynophyctes schneieer
Table-4: Systematic list of the fish species of the Krishna River, Ainapur, Athani
taluk, Belagavi district
NOTE: C= Common; EN= Endangered; Vu= Vulnerable; LRNt= Lower Risk – Near threatened;
LRic= Lower risk – least concern; M= Male; F=Female
ANNEXURE-8
ANNEXURE – 8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC QUESTIONER
BASAVESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME
3.Name and address of the owner of the property :- 4. How many owners are there? Name them
Hut with mud Stone brick Stone brick Cement plastered Cement Multi storied
walls wall and tiled walled and walls with tiled roof plastered building
roof
applicable
8. Occupation of the owner of the property: agriculture/ shop owner/ labourer/ private job/ Govt job /
professionals
1
10. Household Member Information
Monthly
SL Relation
Relationship status Age M/F Education Occupation income
NO with HoF
Date of survey
2
Consultants
l