CASING

Introduction

It is impossible to drill from the surface to the production zone in one section due to the difference in
formations properties . Therefore, a well is drilled in sections.

Definition

Each section of formation, after being drilled, has to be sealed by running a steel pipe called casing.

The annular space between the casing and the borehole is filled with cement. The casing string is
consisted of pipe joints, of approximately 40 feet long with threaded connections

Design

There are several loads which have to be considered when designing a casing string.

Casing can be exposed to different loads while installation, drilling next section and producing from the
well.

Functions

Casing has many functions:

• Provide a support for fractured, weak and vulnerable formations.

• Prevent contamination of fresh water zones.

• Isolate abnormal pressure zones and also lost circulation zones.

• Provide support for surface equipment (BOP)

• Provide passage for production fluids in general, productions operations are performed
through tubing which is run inside the casing.

• Allow an adequate means for installing artificial lift equipment for production.

• Offer a known borehole diameter in order to perform further operations.

Types of casing

• The conductor casing

• Surface casing

• Intermediate casing

• Production casing

• Liners

• The conductor casing

• It is the first and largest casing to be run. It is usually set at 100 feet below the ground level.

• Function: The main function is to seal the consolidated formations which are near the surface.

• Surface casing

• The setting depth of this type of casing has to be accurately designed in areas where high
pressure is expected.
 • If the surface casing is set higher than planned or the setting depth is underestimated, the
formation at casing shoe cannot resist to the pressure while circulating gas.

Function: The main function is to seal the fresh water zones and providing a support for the BOP

Intermediate casing

Many troublesome formations can be encountered during drilling operations till getting to the
production zone.

The characteristics of this casing depends of the faced problems such as: lost circulation zones, unstable
shale, salts and abnormally pressured zones.

Function: The function is to isolate troublesome formation.

Production casing

It can be set above the production zone or run through it

function: The main function is to isolate production zone from the other formation. It is also used as a
conduit for production tubing.

Liner

Contrarily to the other types of casing strings that are hanged at the surface, the liners are suspended
inside the previous casing string by the liner hangers.

Advantages:

• Significant cost reduction.

• Liner can be rotated while cementing the hole which can improve the quality of cement.
DRILL STRING COMPONENTS

In situations where the BHA is differentially stuck, it may be necessary to impose a mechanical shock or
impact onto the BHA.

JAR

The jar is a mechanical device used downhole to deliver load to another downhole component which is
stuck.

Jars can be designed to strike up, strike down, or both.

OPERANTING SYSTEM:

The kinetics energy is loaded in the Drill string, and then it is suddenly set free.

There are two main types of impact tools:

• Hydraulic jars

• Mechanical jars

They are different in shape, but they have the same operating system.

The jar could push up or down according to the needs.

They are called:

• Down – Jar Blow

• Up – jar Blow

UP – JAR BLOW

Procedure:

• The driller pull slowly the Drill String, but the BHA doesn´t move.

• As a result, the DS stretches generating Energy.

• When the jars get their activation signal, a section of the jar suddenly moves in axial direction.

• The jars go up fastly, they hit another section causing shock.

HANDLING RECOMMENDATIONS

• If a service connection is found loose, call the shop for recommended torque.

• A mechanical jar is shipped in the cocked position.

• If a service connection is found loose, call the shop for recommended torque.

• A mechanical jar is shipped in the cocked position.

CLASIFICATION

There are two kinds of jars:

• Drilling jars

• Fishing jars

Drilling jars

• Allow torque transmission to the bit.

 • Allow jarring in both directions

Fishing jars

• Not designed to withstand drilling stresses.

-Usually used to jar upward

In vertical wells

• They are at least two Drill Collars above the jars.

• They have differential sticking prevention subs fitted.

• Stabilizers should not be placed above the jars.

In deviated wells

• The area in the Drill String to avoid placing jars is the pressure area neutral point. This is the
point in the string where tension in the steel is zero.

• Use jars with differential sticking prevention subs if sticking is a risk.

BUMPER SUB

The bumper Sub provides durable and economical upward or downward bumping action for fishing
operations.

Full torque transmission and circulation can be maintained through the tool at any time.

APPLICATIONS

• Place above a fishing tool or safety joint.

• Abandonment operations where low level jarring may be requieres.

• The accelerator incorporates a compressive fluid to store energy for rapid release when the jar
operates.

• The string mass between the accelerator and jar is accelerated towards an impact that occur at
the end of at the jar stroke.